Pennod 6

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0:00:23 > 0:00:27- This week, Rhys Mwyn - follows Darwin to Denbigh.

0:00:28 > 0:00:32- Lisa Gwilym - burrows in a badge collection.

0:00:33 > 0:00:39- And Abergavenny Castle's link - with a stone in the Black Mountains.

0:00:47 > 0:00:50- What were the big stories of 2011?

0:00:51 > 0:00:53- The fate of the Eurozone?

0:00:53 > 0:00:55- The Arab Spring?

0:00:55 > 0:00:59- Legislative powers - for the Welsh Assembly?

0:00:59 > 0:01:02- What was the big story in 1607?

0:01:03 > 0:01:07- Here in Cardiff, - a devastating event occurred...

0:01:07 > 0:01:11- ..that reinforced - the ordinary man's belief...

0:01:11 > 0:01:15- ..in the destructive - and inexorable power of God.

0:01:15 > 0:01:20- In the Middle Ages, - Cardiff was a town of note.

0:01:20 > 0:01:25- In 1580, Rhys Meurig praised - its wide streets and fine buildings.

0:01:25 > 0:01:30- He also cited a lack of space - to build within the town walls.

0:01:31 > 0:01:36- But John Speed's 1610 map suggests - the town had shrunk a great deal.

0:01:36 > 0:01:41- It shows most of the land - as gardens or vineyards.

0:01:41 > 0:01:46- Three years before, - they had been inundated by seawater.

0:01:47 > 0:01:49- That's what happened in 1607.

0:01:50 > 0:01:54- Cardiff was struck - by what we now call a tsunami.

0:01:54 > 0:01:58- Today, there's a modern barrage - in the Bay.

0:01:58 > 0:02:00- It wasn't there 400 years ago.

0:02:00 > 0:02:03- Imagine a wave coming upriver...

0:02:03 > 0:02:07- ..overflowing the banks - and sweeping through the town.

0:02:09 > 0:02:12- The town wall - used to follow the riverbank.

0:02:12 > 0:02:16- But on Speed's map, - the wall has disappeared...

0:02:16 > 0:02:19- ..possibly because of the wave.

0:02:19 > 0:02:24- Written accounts of the disaster - are scarce.

0:02:26 > 0:02:29- But things like this did exist.

0:02:29 > 0:02:33- This is a 1607 pamphlet, - giving an account of the disaster.

0:02:33 > 0:02:35- It has pictures too.

0:02:36 > 0:02:39- Were these the forerunners - of the popular press?

0:02:39 > 0:02:42- That's the question - I'll try to answer.

0:02:44 > 0:02:49- In the pamphlet, it mentions - that 26 parishes were flooded.

0:02:49 > 0:02:53- "All spoiled by the greevous - and lamentable furie of the waters."

0:02:54 > 0:02:57- It then compares the disaster - to the Flood.

0:02:58 > 0:03:01- "We see that Almighty God - being mooved unto wrath...

0:03:01 > 0:03:05- "..by their enormous vices, - sent a flood upon them...

0:03:05 > 0:03:08- "..and swept them away - from the face of the earth...

0:03:08 > 0:03:10- "..like dung and excrements."

0:03:11 > 0:03:13- Not much mercy there.

0:03:13 > 0:03:18- The SCOLAR section - of Cardiff University Library...

0:03:19 > 0:03:21- ..houses special collections.

0:03:21 > 0:03:25- With rare travel books, - maps and religious prints...

0:03:25 > 0:03:29- ..it's heaven - for a bibliophile like me.

0:03:30 > 0:03:34- Another bibliophile - is Dr Wyn James.

0:03:35 > 0:03:40- I'm here today to see this pamphlet - about the tsunami.

0:03:40 > 0:03:43- How popular were these pamphlets?

0:03:43 > 0:03:45- They were quite popular.

0:03:46 > 0:03:49- Thousands were produced in England, - especially in London.

0:03:50 > 0:03:55- Printing wasn't legally permitted - in Wales at this time.

0:03:55 > 0:03:58- Were they all about topical events?

0:03:58 > 0:04:03- No, although many were - about unusual events.

0:04:03 > 0:04:08- For example, there's a ballad - in Welsh from Monmouthshire...

0:04:09 > 0:04:12- ..about a woman giving birth - through her navel.

0:04:12 > 0:04:16- So very unusual events - did attract attention.

0:04:16 > 0:04:20- But there were other themes, - some of them educational.

0:04:20 > 0:04:23- Many pamphlets and books - were religious.

0:04:24 > 0:04:26- That's true of this one.

0:04:27 > 0:04:32- Half the pamphlet describes - how God created the world...

0:04:32 > 0:04:38- ..and how mankind's sins were then - punished by the Flood and so on.

0:04:38 > 0:04:44- When were pamphlets first produced - in Welsh for the market in Wales?

0:04:45 > 0:04:49- That began in the second half - of the 17th century...

0:04:50 > 0:04:51- ..in the 1680s.

0:04:51 > 0:04:53- A certain Thomas Jones of Corwen...

0:04:54 > 0:04:57- ..moved to London - at a very eventful time.

0:04:58 > 0:05:02- It was the time of the Great Plague - and the Great Fire.

0:05:02 > 0:05:06- He established - his own printing press...

0:05:06 > 0:05:10- ..and started to produce almanacs, - as they're called.

0:05:11 > 0:05:16- This is an example - of his work from 1699.

0:05:16 > 0:05:19- It lists such things - as sunset times...

0:05:19 > 0:05:23- ..and the location of fairs - during the year.

0:05:24 > 0:05:29- He even lists 30 illnesses - that he had contracted.

0:05:29 > 0:05:31- He was quite a hypochondriac.

0:05:31 > 0:05:32- He was.

0:05:33 > 0:05:37- These pamphlets were very useful - if you wanted to check...

0:05:37 > 0:05:40- ..when the next fair - was in a certain place.

0:05:40 > 0:05:42- In subsequent years...

0:05:43 > 0:05:48- ..balladeers sold ballads at fairs - in the industrial valleys.

0:05:48 > 0:05:53- Did that begin - in the wake of these almanacs?

0:05:53 > 0:05:55- In effect, yes.

0:05:55 > 0:06:00- By 1695, the laws on printing - had been relaxed.

0:06:00 > 0:06:02- It was permitted in other places.

0:06:03 > 0:06:07- Balladeers sold thousands of copies - of their works.

0:06:07 > 0:06:09- They took copies with them.

0:06:10 > 0:06:15- They kept them in their hatbands - or in their pockets.

0:06:15 > 0:06:18- Some pegged their ballads on ropes.

0:06:18 > 0:06:22- They used all sorts of ways - to display and sell their work.

0:06:22 > 0:06:24- It gave them a good income.

0:06:25 > 0:06:29- These pamphlets came first, - with their striking pictures...

0:06:29 > 0:06:33- ..and gripping stories, - then almanacs, then ballads.

0:06:33 > 0:06:38- Is it fair to say these are - the origin of today's popular press?

0:06:39 > 0:06:41- Definitely.

0:06:41 > 0:06:44- In the 19th century...

0:06:44 > 0:06:47- ..as newspapers proliferated...

0:06:48 > 0:06:53- ..pamphlets like these, - almanacs and ballads disappeared.

0:06:53 > 0:06:56- They were usurped by newspapers.

0:06:56 > 0:06:58- You're quite right.

0:06:59 > 0:07:04- These are the Sun and Mirror - of the 17th century.

0:07:05 > 0:07:10- On that sensationalist note, - rather aptly, we'll end our chat.

0:07:10 > 0:07:11- Thank you.

0:07:11 > 0:07:12- Thank you.- - Thank you.

0:07:15 > 0:07:20- You'll often find that - when someone wears a badge...

0:07:20 > 0:07:22- ..they're making a statement.

0:07:22 > 0:07:28- It can be a way of telling everyone, - not too stridently...

0:07:28 > 0:07:33- ..about your political affiliation - or your social tribe.

0:07:33 > 0:07:37- They can reflect who exactly we are.

0:07:39 > 0:07:43- I'm in Aberystwyth - to meet Rhodri ap Dyfrig.

0:07:43 > 0:07:47- He has collected badges - since he was a boy.

0:07:47 > 0:07:48- Hi, Rhodri.

0:07:48 > 0:07:49- Hi, Rhodri.- - Hi. How are you?

0:07:49 > 0:07:51- Come in.

0:07:56 > 0:07:59- I can't wait - to see your badge collection.

0:07:59 > 0:08:01- I'm glad to see you're wearing one.

0:08:01 > 0:08:03- I'm glad to see you're wearing one.- - I got this three weeks ago.

0:08:04 > 0:08:08- I was taking part - in a photo marathon in Aberystwyth.

0:08:08 > 0:08:10- Everyone who took part got a badge.

0:08:10 > 0:08:12- Everyone who took part got a badge.- - So that's a new badge.

0:08:12 > 0:08:13- Where are the old ones?

0:08:13 > 0:08:15- Where are the old ones?- - Here they are.

0:08:17 > 0:08:19- The box is full of badges.

0:08:19 > 0:08:21- The box is as old as the badges.

0:08:22 > 0:08:23- May I sit?

0:08:23 > 0:08:24- May I sit?- - Yes.

0:08:25 > 0:08:27- Let's have a look.

0:08:27 > 0:08:28- How many have you got?

0:08:28 > 0:08:31- How many have you got?- - There must be about 100, I'd say.

0:08:31 > 0:08:34- "Socialism to the left, peace."

0:08:34 > 0:08:37- Were you a political child?

0:08:37 > 0:08:40- We were a political family, really.

0:08:41 > 0:08:43- I picked up badges wherever I went.

0:08:44 > 0:08:47- I'm still quite proud of that.

0:08:47 > 0:08:49- "Thatcher out of Wales."

0:08:49 > 0:08:51- Sbondonics - oh!

0:08:52 > 0:08:55- There's a real mix here.

0:08:55 > 0:08:57- I picked up political ones...

0:08:58 > 0:09:02- ..and lots of childhood ones - from events I attended.

0:09:02 > 0:09:03- May I?

0:09:03 > 0:09:05- May I?- - Go for it, that's the best part.

0:09:05 > 0:09:07- No, you do it. They're yours!

0:09:09 > 0:09:10- Wow!

0:09:11 > 0:09:12- I'm so envious.

0:09:13 > 0:09:15- These are some of my favourites.

0:09:16 > 0:09:18- The Dolgellau - Celtic Folk Festival.

0:09:20 > 0:09:25- Dad was involved in it - when I was very young.

0:09:25 > 0:09:28- In 1980, I was three years old.

0:09:29 > 0:09:34- I went to the caravan where they - sold tickets on Eldon Square.

0:09:34 > 0:09:36- They had these badges.

0:09:36 > 0:09:40- I don't know - if anyone else has these.

0:09:40 > 0:09:42- They bring back memories.

0:09:43 > 0:09:46- This one is from the 1985 - Lombard RAC Rally.

0:09:48 > 0:09:52- The rally came to Dolgellau Mart, - where Dad worked.

0:09:52 > 0:09:56- I got up at 5.00am - to see the rally cars.

0:09:56 > 0:10:00- It brings back memories immediately.

0:10:01 > 0:10:05- They tell us something - about your family too.

0:10:05 > 0:10:10- As a child, you go - where your family take you.

0:10:10 > 0:10:16- This USSR badge - comes from East Germany.

0:10:17 > 0:10:22- I picked it up - on a school trip to Berlin.

0:10:22 > 0:10:26- They begin to reflect my interests - and places I went to on my own...

0:10:27 > 0:10:29- ..rather than with my family.

0:10:30 > 0:10:32- There are musical badges here too.

0:10:33 > 0:10:35- Guns N' Roses!

0:10:35 > 0:10:38- That was one of my favourites - when I was younger.

0:10:38 > 0:10:43- It made holes in my school jumper - because it was so heavy.

0:10:44 > 0:10:48- I really liked Guns N' Roses and - the skulls, silly things like that.

0:10:49 > 0:10:51- Some of them are still relevant.

0:10:52 > 0:10:54- "No Channel, No Licence."

0:10:55 > 0:10:59- Yes, it's funny - how things come back.

0:10:59 > 0:11:05- If you saw that in the 1990s, - you'd think it was old-fashioned.

0:11:05 > 0:11:07- Now, it's relevant again.

0:11:07 > 0:11:10- Has there been a revival recently?

0:11:10 > 0:11:13- Like me, you have - a Record Goch badge.

0:11:13 > 0:11:15- It's odd.

0:11:15 > 0:11:18- Maybe in the last decade, - or the last five years...

0:11:18 > 0:11:22- ..there has been a revival - in badge-wearing.

0:11:23 > 0:11:28- You see more worn than in the 1990s, - when it wasn't fashionable to do so.

0:11:28 > 0:11:31- I've begun to pick up - a few recently.

0:11:32 > 0:11:35- People are handing them out - to promote things again.

0:11:36 > 0:11:39- Thanks for sharing your collection. - I've really enjoyed it.

0:11:40 > 0:11:44- I'm a little sad. - I had a similar collection.

0:11:44 > 0:11:46- I got rid of them two months ago.

0:11:46 > 0:11:47- So, these aren't for sale, are they?

0:11:47 > 0:11:48- So, these aren't for sale, are they?- - No, sorry.

0:12:10 > 0:12:12- Clatter, Powys.

0:12:12 > 0:12:16- At first, you might think - it's an anglicized Welsh name.

0:12:17 > 0:12:18- But it isn't.

0:12:18 > 0:12:23- There's a record - of the name Clatter-gate in 1836.

0:12:23 > 0:12:26- It refers to the noise - the toll gate made...

0:12:27 > 0:12:31- ..as it was opened and closed, - and as it rattled in the wind.

0:12:31 > 0:12:33- Clatter - there you have it.

0:12:35 > 0:12:35- .

0:12:41 > 0:12:41- Subtitles

0:12:41 > 0:12:43- Subtitles- - Subtitles

0:12:48 > 0:12:52- In August 1831, a horse-drawn - carriage travelled on the new A5...

0:12:52 > 0:12:56- ..from Shrewsbury - towards North Wales.

0:12:58 > 0:13:03- In it was Professor Adam Sedgwick - of Cambridge University.

0:13:03 > 0:13:07- With him was Charles Darwin, - one of his most gifted students.

0:13:08 > 0:13:14- Sedgwick coined the term Cambrian - for the geological period.

0:13:14 > 0:13:19- It's a tribute to the fact - that it was here in North Wales...

0:13:19 > 0:13:21- ..that he made his discoveries.

0:13:26 > 0:13:31- On 7 August, three days into the - journey, they arrived in Denbigh.

0:13:31 > 0:13:33- In the evenings...

0:13:34 > 0:13:38- ..they discussed the day's - exciting geological finds.

0:13:38 > 0:13:42- Sedgwick inspired the young - Charles Darwin's enthusiasm...

0:13:43 > 0:13:45- ..in the geology of North Wales.

0:13:45 > 0:13:50- On 8 August, they left Denbigh - and headed for Abergele.

0:13:50 > 0:13:53- Today, I'm following - in their footsteps.

0:13:53 > 0:13:56- It was mainly on foot, - using a map and compass...

0:13:57 > 0:14:00- ..that Darwin and Sedgwick - apparently travelled.

0:14:01 > 0:14:06- It's hard to be certain - that this was the path they took.

0:14:06 > 0:14:11- There are many inconsistencies - between the diaries' evidence...

0:14:11 > 0:14:16- ..and Darwin's autobiography, - published 56 years later.

0:14:18 > 0:14:23- Walking from Denbigh to Abergele - in a day sounds quite a feat.

0:14:24 > 0:14:29- But maybe the enthusiasm - of two geologists in the field...

0:14:30 > 0:14:32- ..was enough to keep them going!

0:14:35 > 0:14:40- To avoid getting lost, - I've recruited a local historian...

0:14:40 > 0:14:44- ..Meirick Lloyd Davies, - who knows the area well.

0:14:45 > 0:14:48- When the geologists - came to Cefn Meiriadog...

0:14:48 > 0:14:50- ..they were looking for caves.

0:14:50 > 0:14:54- The caves would come to influence - Darwin's new theories...

0:14:55 > 0:15:00- ..and distance him from the beliefs - of creationists like Sedgwick.

0:15:01 > 0:15:03- Here we are.

0:15:03 > 0:15:07- Here's the cave in all its glory.

0:15:07 > 0:15:12- I can imagine Sedgwick and Darwin - arriving here.

0:15:12 > 0:15:14- Isn't it marvellous?

0:15:14 > 0:15:15- Isn't it marvellous?- - Yes.

0:15:15 > 0:15:19- Thinking about what they would find - in this ancient cave.

0:15:20 > 0:15:23- Shall we go in - to see what they found?

0:15:24 > 0:15:26- During the 19th century...

0:15:26 > 0:15:30- ..scientists began to take - more interest in caves.

0:15:30 > 0:15:34- They searched for sources - to find new evidence...

0:15:34 > 0:15:39- ..of the presence of animals - and people in prehistoric times.

0:15:39 > 0:15:42- Cefn Caves, - above the glacial Elwy Valley...

0:15:43 > 0:15:48- ..were formed over 250,000 years ago - and were a great attraction.

0:15:48 > 0:15:54- Sedgwick and Darwin came here - and made their discoveries.

0:15:54 > 0:15:56- What bones did they find?

0:15:57 > 0:16:02- Rhinoceros bones were the most - important find, under their feet.

0:16:02 > 0:16:07- We don't know where exactly - because it was a while ago.

0:16:07 > 0:16:09- They found human bones too.

0:16:09 > 0:16:11- We're a long way into the cave.

0:16:11 > 0:16:15- Humans probably lived - near the cave's entrance.

0:16:16 > 0:16:17- Yes.

0:16:17 > 0:16:18- Why are there remains so far in?

0:16:18 > 0:16:20- Why are there remains so far in?- - It's an interesting point.

0:16:21 > 0:16:25- The glacier pushed everything in - from the entrance.

0:16:25 > 0:16:27- That's why things were found here.

0:16:27 > 0:16:30- Most of them have gone now.

0:16:30 > 0:16:34- So the finds - weren't in their original location?

0:16:34 > 0:16:35- Exactly.

0:16:35 > 0:16:37- Exactly.- - People didn't live here.

0:16:37 > 0:16:40- They had to work out - where people lived.

0:16:41 > 0:16:46- We're not sure - what happened to Darwin's finds.

0:16:47 > 0:16:49- Sadly, the artefacts have been lost.

0:16:49 > 0:16:53- Maybe people thought - they weren't important.

0:16:53 > 0:16:57- Today, we know how important - they would have been.

0:16:57 > 0:17:02- The account of Darwin and Sedgwick's - journey in North Wales is patchy.

0:17:02 > 0:17:07- It's unclear if they worked together - or just met in the evening.

0:17:07 > 0:17:12- In Glascoed, a little up the road, - some say they split up.

0:17:12 > 0:17:17- Others say that both came here. - It's very interesting.

0:17:17 > 0:17:22- So it's unclear - whether both were here.

0:17:23 > 0:17:24- One of them must have been!

0:17:24 > 0:17:25- One of them must have been!- - Yes.

0:17:25 > 0:17:27- But what they found is what counts.

0:17:27 > 0:17:28- But what they found is what counts.- - Exactly.

0:17:29 > 0:17:33- "I have never ceased to be thankful - for that short tour in Wales."

0:17:34 > 0:17:35- So said Darwin.

0:17:35 > 0:17:40- Although details about their visit - are vague, one thing is certain.

0:17:40 > 0:17:45- North Wales's geology - influenced Darwin's exposition...

0:17:45 > 0:17:50- ..of South America's geology - on his voyage on HMS Beagle...

0:17:51 > 0:17:53- ..that contributed so much...

0:17:53 > 0:17:57- ..to his groundbreaking work, - On The Origin Of Species.

0:17:57 > 0:18:01- It was derided at the time, - but was so revolutionary.

0:18:02 > 0:18:04- What about Professor Sedgwick?

0:18:04 > 0:18:08- This is part of a letter - he wrote to Darwin...

0:18:08 > 0:18:11- ..after the book was published.

0:18:11 > 0:18:14- "I have read your book - with more pain than pleasure.

0:18:14 > 0:18:16- "Parts of it I admired greatly.

0:18:17 > 0:18:19- "Parts I laughed at - till my sides were almost sore.

0:18:20 > 0:18:23- "Other parts - I read with absolute sorrow...

0:18:24 > 0:18:29- "..because I think them utterly - false and grievously mischievous."

0:18:29 > 0:18:33- Yes, history can be - very cruel sometimes.

0:18:52 > 0:18:53- I'm Frank Olding.

0:18:53 > 0:18:58- I'm the Heritage Officer - for Blaenau Gwent Council.

0:18:59 > 0:19:04- This is Abergavenny Castle, one - of Wales's most significant castles.

0:19:04 > 0:19:08- The Normans' influence - on Wales's landscape is great...

0:19:08 > 0:19:13- ..especially in Gwent, where there - are more castles per square mile...

0:19:14 > 0:19:16- ..than anywhere else in Britain.

0:19:16 > 0:19:21- By 1136, to all purposes, - Wales had been conquered.

0:19:23 > 0:19:27- But then, - something revolutionary happened.

0:19:28 > 0:19:31- The story begins - with Richard de Clare...

0:19:32 > 0:19:35- ..one of the richest - and most powerful Norman lords.

0:19:35 > 0:19:40- He stayed here on his way back - to his lands in Ceredigion.

0:19:40 > 0:19:46- But his road home passed through - the Black Mountains' wooded valleys.

0:19:51 > 0:19:54- In the woods of Coed Grwyne...

0:19:54 > 0:19:57- ..de Clare sent his soldiers - back to Abergavenny.

0:19:58 > 0:19:59- He said he didn't need them.

0:20:00 > 0:20:05- But Morgan and Iorwerth ab Owain, - the princes of Gwent Uwch Coed...

0:20:05 > 0:20:09- ..had heard of de Clare's journey - through the Black Mountains.

0:20:09 > 0:20:13- They and their followers - lay in wait in the woods.

0:20:14 > 0:20:18- As the Normans travelled - leisurely through the woods...

0:20:18 > 0:20:24- ..the Welsh rushed out of hiding - and attacked their enemy fiercely.

0:20:24 > 0:20:27- De Clare and his entourage - were all killed.

0:20:27 > 0:20:32- The Gwenhwys, - the men of Gwent, had struck back.

0:20:40 > 0:20:45- Within days, great tracts of Wales - had risen against the Normans.

0:20:46 > 0:20:50- Morgan and Iorwerth - regained all their lands in Gwent.

0:20:50 > 0:20:53- Similar revolts broke out - across South Wales.

0:20:54 > 0:21:00- Morgan and Iorwerth's local victory - sparked a national uprising...

0:21:00 > 0:21:05- ..that destroyed the Normans' power - in Wales for generations.

0:21:09 > 0:21:14- This is Ffawyddog, above Coed Grwyne - in the Black Mountains.

0:21:17 > 0:21:19- This is where the story ends.

0:21:19 > 0:21:23- To commemorate their sweeping - victory over the Normans...

0:21:24 > 0:21:27- ..Morgan and Iorwerth - erected a memorial.

0:21:27 > 0:21:29- Here it is.

0:21:31 > 0:21:37- Known locally as the Revenge Stone, - it has stood here for 900 years.

0:21:37 > 0:21:42- This isn't the best day to see it, - but it's a worthy memorial...

0:21:42 > 0:21:47- ..to the bravery of the Gwenhwys, - the men of Gwent, so long ago.

0:21:47 > 0:21:50- It's truly - a little piece of history.

0:21:50 > 0:21:52- GALE BLOWS

0:22:00 > 0:22:03- Last week, I asked you - to name this artefact...

0:22:03 > 0:22:07- ..from St Fagans - National History Museum.

0:22:07 > 0:22:09- It's a swordstick.

0:22:09 > 0:22:13- As you see, the sword - is hidden in the stick.

0:22:13 > 0:22:17- It was popular among the nobility - in the 1880s...

0:22:17 > 0:22:22- ..to protect themselves from rogues, - and as a walking stick, of course.

0:22:22 > 0:22:25- This week's artefact - looks very dangerous.

0:22:26 > 0:22:29- I wouldn't like to see it - in a dentist's hands.

0:22:29 > 0:22:33- It has to do with animals, - if you need a clue.

0:22:33 > 0:22:37- It extends and has - very painful-looking spikes.

0:22:37 > 0:22:41- But what is it? - Send your answers in on Facebook.

0:22:41 > 0:22:45- The answer will be on the website. - Thanks, Gareth.

0:22:46 > 0:22:51- And thank you for watching - because that's all for this series.

0:22:52 > 0:22:54- We still want artefacts - and stories.

0:22:55 > 0:22:58- Send them to us - via the Facebook page.

0:22:59 > 0:23:04- I'll be blogging from time to time, - just to keep things fresh.

0:23:20 > 0:23:22- S4C Subtitles by Gwead

0:23:22 > 0:23:22- .