0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:03 > 0:00:05- Foreign soldiers.
0:00:07 > 0:00:11- For more than 1,000 years, - Wales was a target for them.
0:00:13 > 0:00:16- The Saxons and the Romans.
0:00:16 > 0:00:20- The Vikings and the Normans.
0:00:20 > 0:00:23- They succeeded in - changing the course of our history.
0:00:24 > 0:00:28- But what traces have they left - in terms of their genetics?
0:00:31 > 0:00:34- There's a new way - of trying to answer that question.
0:00:38 > 0:00:40- And its name is DNA.
0:00:40 > 0:00:42- DNA Cymru.
0:00:55 > 0:01:00- In 1066, William the Conqueror - sailed across the English Channel.
0:01:04 > 0:01:06- And seized the English crown.
0:01:13 > 0:01:16- The next target for the Normans? - Wales.
0:01:17 > 0:01:20- Within a quarter of a century...
0:01:20 > 0:01:23- ..they erected - Chepstow Castle's large tower.
0:01:26 > 0:01:30- The paths to the coastline - of South Wales were open to them.
0:01:33 > 0:01:36- They swept through to the west.
0:01:37 > 0:01:41- And they left - an indelible mark on Pembroke...
0:01:41 > 0:01:44- ..and every other castle - throughout the country.
0:01:46 > 0:01:50- However, it's much harder - to retrieve their DNA.
0:01:54 > 0:01:59- Though the Normans exercised - substantial political influence...
0:02:00 > 0:02:02- ..in south Pembrokeshire...
0:02:02 > 0:02:05- ..they left - very few of their genes behind.
0:02:05 > 0:02:07- Why is that?
0:02:07 > 0:02:10- They were elitist - and powerful people...
0:02:11 > 0:02:15- ..who didn't want to marry outside - their own aristocratic circles.
0:02:15 > 0:02:18- Their genetic influence - is scarce...
0:02:18 > 0:02:24- ..although their cultural influence - can be seen everywhere here.
0:02:26 > 0:02:29- The ambience - in south Pembrokeshire bewilders me.
0:02:30 > 0:02:32- There's a linguistic divide.
0:02:32 > 0:02:36- A line they call the Landsker...
0:02:36 > 0:02:40- ..which stops me marvelling - at the ancient ruins.
0:02:40 > 0:02:45- It deflects my attention from the - landscape and spectacular coastline.
0:02:47 > 0:02:52- This is Roch Castle - the most - westerly in a frontier of castles...
0:02:52 > 0:02:57- ..erected by the Normans between - St Brides Bay and Carmarthen Bay.
0:02:57 > 0:03:01- If you drew a line - between these castles...
0:03:01 > 0:03:04- ..from this very point - to Laugharne...
0:03:04 > 0:03:06- ..that is the Landsker.
0:03:11 > 0:03:13- Unlike Offa's Dyke...
0:03:14 > 0:03:18- ..no visible line or border - can be seen on land...
0:03:18 > 0:03:21- ..but the Landsker - is a definite division...
0:03:21 > 0:03:24- ..between - the Welsh-speaking north...
0:03:24 > 0:03:26- ..and English south.
0:03:26 > 0:03:32- The Landsker Line's history can - be sought at the county's libraries.
0:03:32 > 0:03:35- It's also been the focus - for scientists...
0:03:35 > 0:03:40- ..who've compiled the DNA study, - the People of the British Isles.
0:03:40 > 0:03:43- It's interesting - we found two genetic groups...
0:03:43 > 0:03:46- ..matching pretty well - the Landsker Line.
0:03:46 > 0:03:50- For 1,000 years, these communities - have spoken different languages...
0:03:51 > 0:03:56- ..which is probably an impediment to - inter-marriage between the groups.
0:03:56 > 0:04:00- People within the English-speaking - group married each other...
0:04:00 > 0:04:03- ..and the Welsh-speaking group - did the same.
0:04:03 > 0:04:07- The isolation of the two groups - will mean that over time...
0:04:07 > 0:04:10- ..they'll be different genetically.
0:04:11 > 0:04:13- The history is plain to see.
0:04:14 > 0:04:20- However, not everyone agrees with - the significance of the schism.
0:04:20 > 0:04:22- The Welsh in the north...
0:04:22 > 0:04:26- ..and Little England Beyond Wales - in south Pembrokeshire.
0:04:26 > 0:04:30- No, no, - south Pembrokeshire is Welsh too.
0:04:32 > 0:04:34- There's nowhere in Wales...
0:04:35 > 0:04:38- ..that's further - from the border with England.
0:04:41 > 0:04:43- The more time - a person spends here...
0:04:43 > 0:04:46- ..the more one becomes enchanted.
0:04:51 > 0:04:56- The area's history is slightly - more complicated than I suspected...
0:04:56 > 0:05:00- ..though this ancient county - is familiar territory to me.
0:05:01 > 0:05:05- Down there - is the village of Langham.
0:05:05 > 0:05:08- I've always known it as Llangwm.
0:05:08 > 0:05:11- But when I spoke - to a resident of the village...
0:05:12 > 0:05:16- ..he said, - "No, my dear, we call it Langham."
0:05:16 > 0:05:19- I thought, - 'Here we go, another example...
0:05:19 > 0:05:23- '..of an Anglicization - replacing the Welsh name.'
0:05:23 > 0:05:26- But do you know what? He's right.
0:05:29 > 0:05:33- The original name - for the village was Langheim...
0:05:33 > 0:05:37- ..a Norse name which notes - the arrival of the Vikings...
0:05:37 > 0:05:40- ..who came here - to shelter during winter.
0:05:40 > 0:05:43- There are - still boats on the estuary...
0:05:43 > 0:05:47- ..but nowadays, it's - the women of the village rowing.
0:05:47 > 0:05:52- Welsh Champions. They're worthy - successors to the Vikings.
0:05:54 > 0:05:58- But it was the Normans - who established the current village.
0:06:02 > 0:06:07- Reacquainting themselves with their - history, villagers arrange events...
0:06:08 > 0:06:12- ..to raise money for the restoration - of the Norman church.
0:06:12 > 0:06:17- But the Normans themselves - aren't their main focus..
0:06:18 > 0:06:23- The Llangwm project focuses on a - different aspect of the Norman era.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26- The people who came from Flanders.
0:06:26 > 0:06:28- They settled here...
0:06:28 > 0:06:32- ..because they had special ties - with William the Conqueror.
0:06:33 > 0:06:35- William's wife came from Flanders...
0:06:35 > 0:06:37- ..and it was through her...
0:06:38 > 0:06:41- ..that he gained powerful allies - to conquer Britain.
0:06:41 > 0:06:44- To show his gratitude - to these aristocrats...
0:06:45 > 0:06:47- ..William - gave them land and favours.
0:06:50 > 0:06:52- The project asked for our help.
0:06:53 > 0:06:57- Does the DNA of the Flemish people - still exist here today?
0:06:59 > 0:07:03- Villagers like Graham Stephens - have traced their ancestry...
0:07:03 > 0:07:05- ..from written records.
0:07:05 > 0:07:10- We can trace the male-line ancestry - back into the 1700s.
0:07:10 > 0:07:14- George Stephens, and there on, - we have a direct male line...
0:07:14 > 0:07:17- ..all the way down - to myself and to my son.
0:07:18 > 0:07:22- It's really since retirement - that I've had the opportunity...
0:07:23 > 0:07:25- ..to trace the family history.
0:07:25 > 0:07:29- It'd be fantastic - to be able to trace your line...
0:07:29 > 0:07:31- ..back to the 12th century.
0:07:32 > 0:07:34- We don't have those records.
0:07:34 > 0:07:37- But the church - is a record in itself.
0:07:38 > 0:07:42- A record of the special connection - this corner of Wales has...
0:07:43 > 0:07:45- ..with the old Flemish world.
0:07:45 > 0:07:47- Another matter entirely...
0:07:48 > 0:07:53- ..is finding DNA in Pembrokeshire - that's derived from Flanders.
0:07:55 > 0:07:58- You can feel the history - in these walls.
0:07:58 > 0:08:01- The Flemish - are part of that history.
0:08:01 > 0:08:06- The Flemish - were an important part of Llangwm.
0:08:06 > 0:08:11- They came here in the 12th century, - it might've been the 11th century.
0:08:11 > 0:08:14- They've contributed greatly...
0:08:14 > 0:08:18- ..to the area's - culture and history...
0:08:18 > 0:08:20- ..and that's very important.
0:08:21 > 0:08:24- Prominent Flemish people - are buried in the church.
0:08:24 > 0:08:29- In time, the hope is - to conduct DNA tests on their bones.
0:08:29 > 0:08:33- Some of the village's men - strongly believe...
0:08:33 > 0:08:37- ..they are the direct descendants - of the Flemish invaders.
0:08:38 > 0:08:40- One or two of them believe...
0:08:40 > 0:08:45- ..that they may possibly belong - to the noble De La Roche family.
0:08:45 > 0:08:48- They've taken DNA tests...
0:08:48 > 0:08:52- ..in the hope of - being able to prove the connection.
0:08:52 > 0:08:55- But what exactly - can their DNA reveal?
0:09:00 > 0:09:04- DNA Cymru's scientists - will look for genetic markers.
0:09:07 > 0:09:09- These are small changes.
0:09:09 > 0:09:13- Changes in the chain of chemicals - in the double helix...
0:09:13 > 0:09:19- ..the famous molecule which carries - the code which governs our life...
0:09:19 > 0:09:21- ..from generation to generation.
0:09:22 > 0:09:25- Identifying the markers - is one thing.
0:09:25 > 0:09:28- The results must then be analyzed...
0:09:28 > 0:09:31- ..to connect - the individual with his ancestors...
0:09:31 > 0:09:35- ..and their movements - through the ancient world.
0:09:38 > 0:09:42- We're only talking about one lineage - on each side of the family...
0:09:43 > 0:09:46- ..among the thousands - of other ancestors.
0:09:48 > 0:09:51- Will there be enough evidence - to trace the ancestry...
0:09:52 > 0:09:56- ..of Llangwm's current residents - back to Flanders 800 years ago?
0:09:59 > 0:10:02- While the villagers - await their results...
0:10:02 > 0:10:06- ..this is a chance for us - to consider the others...
0:10:06 > 0:10:09- ..who attacked Wales - before the Normans.
0:10:11 > 0:10:13- The Irish came from the west.
0:10:16 > 0:10:18- The Picts came from the north.
0:10:19 > 0:10:21- And the Saxons from the east.
0:10:24 > 0:10:26- And from overseas...
0:10:26 > 0:10:29- ..the most ferocious invaders - of them all.
0:10:36 > 0:10:38- But how much Viking blood...
0:10:38 > 0:10:42- ..still runs through our veins?
0:10:42 > 0:10:46- And how much - of the other attackers' DNA...
0:10:46 > 0:10:49- ..is in - the population of Wales today?
0:10:49 > 0:10:53- We begin with the first time - a professional army...
0:10:53 > 0:10:56- ..came from overseas - to the British Isles.
0:10:59 > 0:11:04- What was the Romans' contribution - to our DNA pool?
0:11:07 > 0:11:07- .
0:11:10 > 0:11:10- Subtitles
0:11:10 > 0:11:12- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:11:16 > 0:11:20- The year 43AD
0:11:21 > 0:11:25- The Roman Army - sweeps across continental Europe.
0:11:28 > 0:11:30- The British Isles - are its next target.
0:11:31 > 0:11:33- An enormous fleet of 800 ships...
0:11:33 > 0:11:36- ..off the coast - of northern France...
0:11:36 > 0:11:40- ..prepares to launch an attack - across the Channel.
0:11:40 > 0:11:44- 40,000 soldiers, - thousands of tonnes...
0:11:44 > 0:11:46- ..of equipment and animals.
0:11:49 > 0:11:53- Enough to occupy the land and - enslave the population of Britain.
0:11:56 > 0:12:00- They brought something else - with them too, of course.
0:12:01 > 0:12:02- Their DNA.
0:12:07 > 0:12:10- Many tribes withstood them - for as long as they could.
0:12:13 > 0:12:16- But their efforts were in vain.
0:12:20 > 0:12:23- The Britons would soon be - paying homage to Rome...
0:12:24 > 0:12:27- ..and living under - the legions' rule.
0:12:30 > 0:12:34- Many of the natives were enslaved.
0:12:35 > 0:12:38- To others more fortunate, - life was good...
0:12:39 > 0:12:41- ..thanks to the conquerors.
0:12:41 > 0:12:43- Pax Romana.
0:12:43 > 0:12:45- Roman Peace.
0:12:47 > 0:12:52- And that's how it was - for close to four centuries.
0:12:54 > 0:12:58- These days, the era's history - is popular in Wales...
0:12:58 > 0:13:00- ..especially with children.
0:13:01 > 0:13:05- It's also fun - dressing up as a Roman soldier.
0:13:07 > 0:13:09- Make sure - you put it on the right way.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13- But the Romans had a profound - and lasting influence on Wales.
0:13:16 > 0:13:19- Roman history is familiar to us.
0:13:19 > 0:13:23- But have the Romans - left a mark on our DNA?
0:13:23 > 0:13:26- In principle, - it should be possible...
0:13:26 > 0:13:29- ..to find - the legions' genetic markers...
0:13:29 > 0:13:35- ..if there are soldiers' descendants - among the population of Wales today.
0:13:35 > 0:13:39- The Y chromosome of every Welshman - carries a genetic code...
0:13:39 > 0:13:42- ..made up of billions of letters.
0:13:42 > 0:13:46- As the father passes - the chromosome's DNA to his son...
0:13:47 > 0:13:50- ..the four chemicals in the code - appear in the same order...
0:13:50 > 0:13:53- ..generation after generation.
0:13:55 > 0:14:00- This code can lead all the way back - to the era of the Roman legions...
0:14:00 > 0:14:05- ..in places like Caerleon, Gwent, - home to thousands of Roman soldiers.
0:14:08 > 0:14:13- Soldiers who practised fighting - skills in Risca's amphitheatre...
0:14:13 > 0:14:17- ..brought their fathers' - genetic markers with them.
0:14:17 > 0:14:20- But where did - these markers come from?
0:14:20 > 0:14:24- By the time - they built this amphitheatre...
0:14:24 > 0:14:30- ..and amenities for the soldiers - nearby, the Roman Empire was vast.
0:14:30 > 0:14:33- Military power - was responsible for that.
0:14:34 > 0:14:40- But don't disregard the civilized - society it offered its citizens.
0:14:41 > 0:14:46- This is the place to come if you - want to feel close to the Romans.
0:14:46 > 0:14:50- The soldiers who came to use - these incredible baths...
0:14:50 > 0:14:53- ..would've come from - every corner of the empire.
0:14:55 > 0:14:59- Since the Romans - kept written records...
0:14:59 > 0:15:03- ..we know the names of many men - who came to enjoy these baths...
0:15:03 > 0:15:05- ..and minor details of their lives.
0:15:09 > 0:15:14- Titus Flavius Candidus came from - the island of Xanten on the Rhine...
0:15:14 > 0:15:16- ..though he died here in Wales.
0:15:18 > 0:15:20- One man raised in Caerleon...
0:15:20 > 0:15:23- ..was Tadius Exuperatus.
0:15:24 > 0:15:28- He died on the battlefield in - Germany when he was 37 years old.
0:15:30 > 0:15:34- The inhabitants of Isca - regularly came and went.
0:15:35 > 0:15:37- More and more soldiers - were required.
0:15:38 > 0:15:43- Neither Rome nor Italy - could provide the full complement.
0:15:44 > 0:15:49- They recruited men from countries - the Romans had already conquered.
0:15:49 > 0:15:52- France, Spain, Bulgaria...
0:15:52 > 0:15:55- ..the Netherlands and Germany.
0:15:55 > 0:15:59- It's possible - that many soldiers were recruited...
0:15:59 > 0:16:02- ..from the people we'd call Celts...
0:16:02 > 0:16:06- ..and would carry - similar genetic markers...
0:16:06 > 0:16:10- ..to those from the indigenous - population of Wales at the time.
0:16:10 > 0:16:14- The people we regard as Romans - were an international mix.
0:16:15 > 0:16:18- They weren't just people - from Rome and Italy.
0:16:18 > 0:16:20- With such a wide diversity...
0:16:21 > 0:16:23- ..how is it possible - to determine anything...
0:16:24 > 0:16:27- ..about the DNA of the legions - who came to Britain?
0:16:27 > 0:16:32- As it happens, some striking remains - have emerged...
0:16:32 > 0:16:35- ..that begin to offer answers.
0:16:36 > 0:16:40- Here, at the National Roman Legion - Museum is a stone tomb...
0:16:41 > 0:16:45- ..and the skeleton of a man - who died in the year 200AD.
0:16:49 > 0:16:52- The Romans - usually cremated their dead...
0:16:52 > 0:16:55- ..making these bones very rare.
0:16:57 > 0:17:00- Archaeologists - set about recreating his face...
0:17:01 > 0:17:04- ..but his nose and the - centre of his head were missing.
0:17:04 > 0:17:09- They had to sift through fine - bone fragments in order to succeed.
0:17:10 > 0:17:14- Is this the face of a man who - kept the ancient Britons in order?
0:17:17 > 0:17:22- This is how he'd look if an artist - from the era painted a portrait.
0:17:22 > 0:17:26- Some people think - he resembles Richard Burton.
0:17:26 > 0:17:29- A romantic picture perhaps...
0:17:29 > 0:17:33- ..but archaeologists have - also created a digital image of him.
0:17:34 > 0:17:38- I'm looking at an image - of a real Roman here...
0:17:39 > 0:17:43- ..but the question is, from which - part of the empire did he hail?
0:17:44 > 0:17:48- Soon, perhaps it'll be possible - to analyze the bones' DNA.
0:17:48 > 0:17:50- In the meantime...
0:17:50 > 0:17:55- ..we must follow the Romans - to the other end of the country...
0:17:55 > 0:18:00- ..in pursuit of a DNA mystery - that has baffled the experts.
0:18:01 > 0:18:04- Abergele, - a town that is no different...
0:18:04 > 0:18:07- ..from any other town - on the North Wales coast.
0:18:08 > 0:18:10- But in a science paper in 1992...
0:18:11 > 0:18:15- ..attention was drawn - to very interesting differences...
0:18:15 > 0:18:18- ..in the genetic markers - of local men.
0:18:18 > 0:18:23- Scientists were searching for - the DNA of Saxons...
0:18:23 > 0:18:25- ..to try and understand...
0:18:26 > 0:18:29- ..to what extent they'd settled - on the North Wales coast.
0:18:30 > 0:18:34- But it was here - that something else came to light.
0:18:34 > 0:18:37- Genetic markers - that were unusual in Britain.
0:18:38 > 0:18:42- AV13 is very common - in the Balkans...
0:18:42 > 0:18:48- ..but why were so many of them among - the men of this particular area?
0:18:48 > 0:18:52- At the time, - not far from Abergele...
0:18:52 > 0:18:56- ..the ancient copper mines - of the Great Orme began to emerge.
0:18:57 > 0:18:59- People - started to see a connection...
0:18:59 > 0:19:04- ..between this old trading centre - and DNA from the Balkans.
0:19:05 > 0:19:09- As the copper was going out, - was the DNA coming in?
0:19:10 > 0:19:14- It's a question - for archaeologist Spencer Smith.
0:19:14 > 0:19:17- This site - is very important in the world.
0:19:17 > 0:19:20- It's been 1,000 years - since this mine operated...
0:19:21 > 0:19:23- ..and there are - five miles of tunnels.
0:19:23 > 0:19:28- This is where they found - a huge seam of copper.
0:19:28 > 0:19:30- It starts with locals.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34- At the end of the Neolithic Age, - they know there's copper here...
0:19:34 > 0:19:36- ..and they begin mining.
0:19:36 > 0:19:41- Later on, incomers realize - there's business to be made here.
0:19:43 > 0:19:47- They claim that this is the - largest mining shaft in the world.
0:19:48 > 0:19:52- And then it's imported. - They go to all kinds of places.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57- DNA evidence tells us - that people from the Balkans...
0:19:58 > 0:20:02- ..people of that haplogroup, - had come to this site.
0:20:02 > 0:20:07- What they're trying to work out is - if the DNA came in the Bronze Age...
0:20:07 > 0:20:10- ..the Roman Age or later?
0:20:12 > 0:20:17- Personally, as an archaeologist, I'd - date it earlier rather than later.
0:20:17 > 0:20:22- I'd say it belongs to the Bronze Age - because we'd see a difference.
0:20:22 > 0:20:27- I want to know the answer because - I was involved in testing this DNA.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31- I don't know the answer yet - and I'm keen to know.
0:20:32 > 0:20:36- You say the Roman connection - is tenuous, Spencer...
0:20:36 > 0:20:39- ..but there are written records - from the Roman Era...
0:20:40 > 0:20:43- ..which link - North Wales to the Balkans.
0:20:44 > 0:20:47- In the Notita Dignitatum, - the Order of the Empire...
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- ..documents who did what and when.
0:20:50 > 0:20:54- In the fifth century, - the people of Caernarfon...
0:20:55 > 0:20:57- ..went to work, or rather fight...
0:20:57 > 0:21:01- ..in Illyria, - which is the present-day Balkans.
0:21:01 > 0:21:05- There are Caernarfon folk - in Albania or somewhere like that!
0:21:08 > 0:21:10- As testing continues...
0:21:10 > 0:21:15- ..the Balkans' DNA mystery - on the North Wales coast rumbles on.
0:21:17 > 0:21:22- The Romans had left their mark - on the landscape, religion...
0:21:22 > 0:21:25- ..and our language.
0:21:25 > 0:21:28- But not necessarily on our DNA.
0:21:31 > 0:21:35- In the fifth century, - Roman legions fled Britain...
0:21:35 > 0:21:40- ..and new waves of soldiers arrived - to capitalize on that.
0:21:41 > 0:21:46- The Irish came from the west and - occupied territory on the coast...
0:21:46 > 0:21:50- ..and in the east, the Saxons' - power and influence grew.
0:21:50 > 0:21:54- It was the beginning - of a bleak and turbulent time...
0:21:55 > 0:21:57- ..across the island.
0:22:01 > 0:22:03- The Deisi tribe came from Ireland...
0:22:03 > 0:22:07- ..and penetrated the - ancient kingdoms of the Britons.
0:22:09 > 0:22:12- The Irish occupation...
0:22:12 > 0:22:14- ..reached as far east...
0:22:15 > 0:22:18- ..as Llangorse Lake - in Brecknockshire.
0:22:19 > 0:22:22- Archaeologists - from Cardiff University...
0:22:23 > 0:22:27- ..have discovered - the ruins of one of their palaces.
0:22:27 > 0:22:31- For a while, it was - a time of plenty and of luxury...
0:22:32 > 0:22:36- ..resulting from commerce with - continental Europe and the Far East.
0:22:36 > 0:22:39- But it came to a sudden end...
0:22:39 > 0:22:43- ..and was under threat - from the not-too-distant east.
0:22:45 > 0:22:49- The Saxons came from overseas - and occupied England.
0:22:50 > 0:22:53- They were now threatening - the Welsh border.
0:22:54 > 0:22:57- DNA tests carried out - on British people today...
0:22:58 > 0:23:02- ..show - that they couldn't vanquish Wales.
0:23:02 > 0:23:06- We see clear evidence - of the Anglo-Saxon migration.
0:23:06 > 0:23:11- There's a group we call Germany 3 - which comes from northwest Germany.
0:23:11 > 0:23:15- That DNA we see evidence of - in all of the groups in England.
0:23:15 > 0:23:18- So we do see - clear evidence of Anglo-Saxon DNA...
0:23:18 > 0:23:21- ..but that DNA did not reach Wales.
0:23:22 > 0:23:26- According to DNA Cymru's tests...
0:23:26 > 0:23:31- ..Offa's Dyke is a genetic border - as well as a political one.
0:23:31 > 0:23:36- These are our figures for - a key genetic marker on both sides.
0:23:38 > 0:23:41- It's very significant - in genetic terms.
0:23:44 > 0:23:47- Scientists - can measure the difference...
0:23:47 > 0:23:50- ..in the DNA of - the populations in both countries.
0:23:53 > 0:23:56- But there was - another wave of invaders...
0:23:56 > 0:23:59- ..threatening the Welsh coastline.
0:24:01 > 0:24:02- .
0:24:02 > 0:24:02- Subtitles
0:24:02 > 0:24:03- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:24:04 > 0:24:07- Parc y Scarlets - at the beginning of the year.
0:24:07 > 0:24:10- We're asking fans - about their ancestry.
0:24:12 > 0:24:16- It's surprising - how many relate to the Vikings.
0:24:19 > 0:24:22- I think there might be - a touch of Viking in me.
0:24:23 > 0:24:24- I'm a Viking.
0:24:24 > 0:24:26- I'm a Viking.- - But not everyone.
0:24:26 > 0:24:28- There aren't many Vikings - in Merthyr.
0:24:29 > 0:24:34- Someone who claims he's one - is actor John Pierce Jones...
0:24:34 > 0:24:38- ..though his family's recent history - is Welsh to the core.
0:24:38 > 0:24:40- My family hails from Anglesey.
0:24:41 > 0:24:46- My great-great-great-grandfather - from the 18th century was from Llyn.
0:24:46 > 0:24:49- His son, Iwan, - was adopted from Haiti...
0:24:49 > 0:24:52- ..and his wife, Inge, is American.
0:24:52 > 0:24:54- Where do you come from?
0:24:54 > 0:24:56- Where do you come from?- - My father came from Arizona...
0:24:56 > 0:24:58- ..and my mother from Illinois.
0:24:58 > 0:25:01- Before that, - I'd say Sweden, probably.
0:25:02 > 0:25:04- My father's name was Thor.
0:25:06 > 0:25:08- He was a proper Viking!
0:25:11 > 0:25:13- No Celt at all?
0:25:13 > 0:25:16- Just John, and Iwan, partially.
0:25:19 > 0:25:21- I told him he'd married an invader.
0:25:21 > 0:25:23- Me!
0:25:24 > 0:25:26- Invaders.
0:25:26 > 0:25:30- That's the popular portrayal - of the Vikings.
0:25:31 > 0:25:36- Ferocious soldiers threatening - ancient seaside communities...
0:25:36 > 0:25:39- ..with violence - and other kinds of treachery.
0:26:02 > 0:26:07- Is there a chip shop around here? - The sea air has made me hungry.
0:26:12 > 0:26:16- John has recently learned to sail.
0:26:16 > 0:26:20- He's keen to ensure - that his new skills at the helm...
0:26:20 > 0:26:23- ..are passed on to Iwan too.
0:26:24 > 0:26:27- But for John, - the experience means more...
0:26:27 > 0:26:30- ..than enjoying - a leisurely pursuit together.
0:26:34 > 0:26:38- The first inkling I had, which - planted the seed in my head ...
0:26:38 > 0:26:40- ..that I was a Viking...
0:26:40 > 0:26:44- ..was when I had a problem - with my toes.
0:26:44 > 0:26:47- They shrivelled up.
0:26:47 > 0:26:51- It wasn't just that, - I had a rough patch at the back too.
0:26:51 > 0:26:54- They call it Viking's disease.
0:26:54 > 0:26:58- There's something in me. - I enjoy being at sea.
0:26:58 > 0:27:01- I love sailing, - and it's in my blood, of course.
0:27:01 > 0:27:06- I come from a long line of sailors. - It runs in the family.
0:27:06 > 0:27:11- Maybe that's an indication - of these Viking genes.
0:27:11 > 0:27:16- Having given it considerable thought - the entire family has decided...
0:27:16 > 0:27:18- ..to take DNA Cymru's test.
0:27:18 > 0:27:23- Iwan wants to learn something about - his ancestry to share with friends.
0:27:23 > 0:27:28- They know a great deal about their - families, where they came from...
0:27:28 > 0:27:31- ..and they know - their mother and father...
0:27:31 > 0:27:35- ..came from the Valleys - and places like that in Wales.
0:27:35 > 0:27:38- I want to know where - my mother and father came from.
0:27:39 > 0:27:42- Somewhere nice and hot - like Haiti or Africa.
0:27:43 > 0:27:47- For Iwan, I think DNA - is something very important...
0:27:47 > 0:27:52- ..because we know nothing about - his biological family in Haiti.
0:27:52 > 0:27:55- The DNA test - will be important for him...
0:27:55 > 0:27:58- ..to give him an idea - of his background...
0:27:58 > 0:28:01- ..and where - his family's from originally.
0:28:02 > 0:28:05- A bit more - about where his ancestors came from.
0:28:05 > 0:28:10- As an American, - I'm very interested in my roots.
0:28:10 > 0:28:15- I like reading about the Vikings...
0:28:15 > 0:28:20- ..just to try and get an idea, - or if there's a possibility...
0:28:20 > 0:28:22- ..in my past.
0:28:23 > 0:28:28- Scientifically it's interesting to - find out where you've come from...
0:28:28 > 0:28:30- ..and the origins of your existence.
0:28:31 > 0:28:33- Scientifically, that is.
0:28:33 > 0:28:36- But philosophically speaking...
0:28:36 > 0:28:37- ..who I am and what I am...
0:28:38 > 0:28:41- ..well, - I'm basically a man from Anglesey.
0:28:41 > 0:28:43- That's who I am.
0:28:43 > 0:28:47- Anglesey has a connection - with the Vikings, of course.
0:28:48 > 0:28:52- The English name - for the island, Anglesey...
0:28:52 > 0:28:55- ..is derived from Old Norse.
0:28:56 > 0:28:58- The question - for the historians is...
0:28:59 > 0:29:03- ..did the Vikings land, wreak havoc - and leave immediately afterwards...
0:29:04 > 0:29:06- ..or did they settle here?
0:29:06 > 0:29:08- To find the answer...
0:29:08 > 0:29:12- ..there's no better place to come - than Llanbedrgoch.
0:29:13 > 0:29:16- In 1992, someone came here - with a metal detector...
0:29:17 > 0:29:21- ..and found coins and trading tools - from the Viking era.
0:29:21 > 0:29:26- Next came the archaeologists - to excavate the site.
0:29:26 > 0:29:31- That's when they realized - that this was a significant site...
0:29:31 > 0:29:34- ..at one stage in its history.
0:29:34 > 0:29:38- Though it's situated - close to his birthplace...
0:29:38 > 0:29:42- ..this is the first time John - and family have visited the site.
0:29:42 > 0:29:46- I knew nothing about this location.
0:29:46 > 0:29:50- I knew about the discovery - because of the media coverage.
0:29:50 > 0:29:54- I'm interested in Vikings - and it grabbed my attention...
0:29:54 > 0:29:57- ..but until today, - I had no idea where it was.
0:29:58 > 0:30:04- The only thing I knew was that - they'd been here and the discovery.
0:30:04 > 0:30:06- And what a discovery it was.
0:30:06 > 0:30:08- There was plenty of evidence...
0:30:09 > 0:30:12- ..to recreate its appearance - in its heyday.
0:30:12 > 0:30:16- Thick walls rising - three metres from the ground...
0:30:16 > 0:30:20- ..with a large space in the centre - which served as a marketplace.
0:30:21 > 0:30:26- This was the central hub of - an international trading network.
0:30:27 > 0:30:31- Archaeologists - unearthed a treasure trove...
0:30:32 > 0:30:34- ..of the Viking's handiwork.
0:30:34 > 0:30:37- They also unearthed - something else too.
0:30:39 > 0:30:41- Human remains.
0:30:46 > 0:30:48- The skeletons - were relatively intact.
0:30:49 > 0:30:51- They remained - where they'd been buried.
0:30:52 > 0:30:54- Together in a shallow grave.
0:30:55 > 0:30:59- It was scary enough finding them.
0:30:59 > 0:31:02- But the fear didn't subside...
0:31:02 > 0:31:06- ..as the experts studied the bones.
0:31:12 > 0:31:17- The skeletons are housed in - Cardiff's National Museum of Wales.
0:31:17 > 0:31:22- It's possible to tell - exactly how they died.
0:31:23 > 0:31:28- This man exhibits - clear signs of violence.
0:31:28 > 0:31:31- He was old in years, for the era.
0:31:31 > 0:31:35- He was - about 40 years old when he died.
0:31:35 > 0:31:40- For example, - at the back of the skull...
0:31:40 > 0:31:44- ..there are signs that - some sort of sword had struck him.
0:31:45 > 0:31:50- It proves - that he suffered extreme violence.
0:31:52 > 0:31:55- The four who were killed...
0:31:55 > 0:31:58- ..showed signs on the face...
0:31:58 > 0:32:01- ..that were similar to one another.
0:32:01 > 0:32:04- For example, - the shape of the chin here...
0:32:04 > 0:32:07- ..that's quite square.
0:32:07 > 0:32:10- They might've been related.
0:32:10 > 0:32:14- They certainly came from the - same group, if not the same family.
0:32:15 > 0:32:19- Tests show that the group - hailed from Scandinavia...
0:32:19 > 0:32:25- ..though they died much later than - expected in terms of our history.
0:32:25 > 0:32:27- It suggests...
0:32:28 > 0:32:32- ..that it wasn't the Vikings - who were responsible...
0:32:32 > 0:32:35- ..for these executions.
0:32:35 > 0:32:39- It's much more likely...
0:32:39 > 0:32:43- ..that the executions happened...
0:32:43 > 0:32:46- ..in some sort of civil war - between the Welsh.
0:32:47 > 0:32:51- We've recently started...
0:32:51 > 0:32:55- ..extracting ancient DNA - from similar skeletons...
0:32:55 > 0:32:57- ..but it's problematic.
0:32:57 > 0:33:03- However, we can say that there are - some markers or a code...
0:33:03 > 0:33:05- ..some haplogroups...
0:33:06 > 0:33:12- ..that are associated - with the Vikings and Scandinavia...
0:33:12 > 0:33:15- ..and especially Norway.
0:33:15 > 0:33:20- I'd be very surprised if they - didn't also appear in Anglesey.
0:33:21 > 0:33:26- Once again, it's been possible - to recreate the individuals' faces.
0:33:28 > 0:33:31- John and the family - have come to see them...
0:33:31 > 0:33:34- ..along with - the tools found at Llanbedrgoch.
0:33:34 > 0:33:37- This reminds me of my brother.
0:33:38 > 0:33:40- His nose is very similar.
0:33:40 > 0:33:43- Yes, he's similar to Lars.
0:33:44 > 0:33:46- What's that?
0:33:47 > 0:33:50- It's enamel - and it's come from Ireland.
0:33:51 > 0:33:54- The glass has come from Palestine...
0:33:54 > 0:33:55- ..or at least that area.
0:33:55 > 0:33:58- ..or at least that area.- - What are those things?
0:33:58 > 0:34:02- They're pins - that kept pieces of fabric together.
0:34:03 > 0:34:09- It's possible that they discovered - coins with Islamic symbols on them.
0:34:09 > 0:34:14- That is to say, with text from the - Quran inscribed on them, in Bangor.
0:34:14 > 0:34:16- The Vikings brought them with them?
0:34:16 > 0:34:17- The Vikings brought them with them?- - Yes.
0:34:17 > 0:34:20- They had - international trade links...
0:34:21 > 0:34:23- ..yet these were found - in Llanbedrgoch.
0:34:25 > 0:34:27- In Cardiff Bay...
0:34:27 > 0:34:30- ..Inge, Iwan and I - join John on the boat...
0:34:31 > 0:34:35- ..to reveal DNA Cymru's results - to the entire family.
0:34:37 > 0:34:40- Now then, Inge...
0:34:40 > 0:34:42- ..here it is.
0:34:43 > 0:34:46- Inge shares a haplogroup - on her mother's line...
0:34:47 > 0:34:51- ..with the first women to return to - northern Europe after the Ice Age.
0:34:55 > 0:34:58- They left their shelters - in the Pyrenees...
0:34:58 > 0:35:02- ..and spread far and wide - across the continent.
0:35:05 > 0:35:07- There's also a map here, Inge.
0:35:07 > 0:35:11- The women's migration - started 10,000 years ago.
0:35:13 > 0:35:19- Inge's sub-haplogroup - was among the very first to migrate.
0:35:23 > 0:35:26- You were pioneers.
0:35:26 > 0:35:29- You led the way.
0:35:29 > 0:35:32- Well done, me, and my family too!
0:35:32 > 0:35:34- That's very interesting.
0:35:34 > 0:35:40- Many people think - that Americans are pioneers...
0:35:40 > 0:35:43- ..so that's true enough too!
0:35:46 > 0:35:48- And now for Iwan's results.
0:35:49 > 0:35:51- These are very interesting.
0:35:53 > 0:35:56- Iwan was born in Haiti.
0:35:56 > 0:36:01- But as he expects, - his DNA originates from Africa.
0:36:04 > 0:36:07- Iwan has genetic markers - on his father's line...
0:36:07 > 0:36:11- ..that have been traced - to tribes in central Africa...
0:36:11 > 0:36:14- ..such as the Baka, Efe and Mbuti.
0:36:17 > 0:36:19- But there's much more to learn...
0:36:19 > 0:36:22- ..about the DNA of Africans.
0:36:22 > 0:36:26- The researchers - who compiled the work...
0:36:26 > 0:36:29- ..asked, - "Who is Iwan Pyrs Jones?"...
0:36:30 > 0:36:34- ..because the marker, the BM247...
0:36:34 > 0:36:36- ..is so rare...
0:36:37 > 0:36:40- ..they want to conduct - further research.
0:36:42 > 0:36:46- On his mother's line, - Iwan's DNA is very ancient.
0:36:47 > 0:36:50- Scientists believe his haplogroup...
0:36:50 > 0:36:56- ..was prevalent 70,000 years ago, - and that the mitochondrial DNA...
0:36:56 > 0:37:01- ..of everyone on the planet today, - outside of Africa, emanate from him.
0:37:01 > 0:37:03- Wow!
0:37:04 > 0:37:06- Good grief, Iwan!
0:37:06 > 0:37:08- Very ancient roots.
0:37:08 > 0:37:11- You've more right to be here - than anyone.
0:37:11 > 0:37:14- You connect everyone!
0:37:14 > 0:37:18- Everyone throughout the world! - You're related to everyone!
0:37:18 > 0:37:22- We all know about - your fondness for the sea, John.
0:37:23 > 0:37:25- However, John...
0:37:26 > 0:37:30- ..you didn't - cross the water from the north.
0:37:30 > 0:37:32- Am I a Frenchman or an Italian?
0:37:33 > 0:37:35- I'm Iberian.
0:37:36 > 0:37:39- I'm only...
0:37:39 > 0:37:40- You're an Arab!
0:37:40 > 0:37:43- You're an Arab!- - No, I'm not an Arab! I'm a Spaniard.
0:37:45 > 0:37:48- John's haplogroup - on his father's line...
0:37:48 > 0:37:53- ..is associated with the Beaker - People, the first masters of metal.
0:37:53 > 0:37:57- They migrated from Iberia - to the North Atlantic.
0:37:57 > 0:38:01- They brought their special skills - and crafts to Wales.
0:38:01 > 0:38:04- They showed the Welsh - how to do things.
0:38:04 > 0:38:07- They discovered - many minerals in Wales too...
0:38:08 > 0:38:10- ..such as copper and so on.
0:38:10 > 0:38:12- Are they an ancient people?
0:38:12 > 0:38:14- Yes, indeed.
0:38:14 > 0:38:18- Some 4,500 years ago...
0:38:18 > 0:38:22- ..the Beaker People came here - and transformed society.
0:38:23 > 0:38:26- They brought new rituals...
0:38:26 > 0:38:30- ..and introduced - the smelting process to Wales.
0:38:32 > 0:38:38- I can still say, - disregarding this Viking theory...
0:38:38 > 0:38:40- ..that my mother's family...
0:38:40 > 0:38:43- ..came from northern Europe.
0:38:44 > 0:38:47- Where do the Vikings come from? - Northern Europe.
0:38:47 > 0:38:49- It's still possible.
0:38:49 > 0:38:53- That's incredible news about Iwan.
0:38:54 > 0:38:55- 70,000 years ago.
0:38:56 > 0:38:58- We're all related to you!
0:38:58 > 0:38:58- .
0:39:00 > 0:39:00- Subtitles
0:39:00 > 0:39:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:39:04 > 0:39:08- The highlands of Wales, - the stronghold of the nation.
0:39:09 > 0:39:12- An obstacle for foreign soldiers...
0:39:13 > 0:39:15- ..and an obstacle for their DNA.
0:39:16 > 0:39:18- The lowlands pose no such obstacles.
0:39:19 > 0:39:21- During the Middle Ages...
0:39:21 > 0:39:25- ..the Normans were the final wave - of invaders to threaten Wales.
0:39:27 > 0:39:30- They came to Pembrokeshire...
0:39:31 > 0:39:33- ..and built a chain of castles.
0:39:33 > 0:39:37- It was a defensive border between - the north and south of the county.
0:39:38 > 0:39:41- But does that border divide people?
0:39:42 > 0:39:45- One local historian - flouts the notion of a schism...
0:39:45 > 0:39:50- ..between Pembrokeshire's Welsh - speakers and non-Welsh speakers...
0:39:50 > 0:39:52- ..along the Landsker Line.
0:39:53 > 0:39:56- The term has been hijacked - from the legal world.
0:39:56 > 0:40:00- Its original meaning - was showing a boundary on land...
0:40:00 > 0:40:04- ..whether it was a hedge or a river.
0:40:06 > 0:40:10- Language can jump over a hedge.
0:40:10 > 0:40:13- Language can swim across the river.
0:40:13 > 0:40:17- It's been a bogus divide...
0:40:18 > 0:40:21- ..that has done - psychological damage to the county.
0:40:21 > 0:40:24- We're the same people, - we've the same culture...
0:40:25 > 0:40:28- ..but we use two dialects - to express our identity.
0:40:28 > 0:40:32- But this research into - the people of the British Isles...
0:40:32 > 0:40:35- ..shows - there's a genetic difference...
0:40:36 > 0:40:40- ..between people in the north and - those in the south of the county.
0:40:40 > 0:40:43- It's possible to explain that...
0:40:43 > 0:40:47- ..when you consider - Norman migration to the county.
0:40:47 > 0:40:50- The Flemish, to a smaller degree.
0:40:50 > 0:40:55- You have to remember that many - of the Deisi tribes from Ireland...
0:40:55 > 0:40:59- ..came to the eastern coast - in the north of the county...
0:40:59 > 0:41:03- ..between the fourth - and sixth centuries.
0:41:05 > 0:41:07- Researchers believe...
0:41:08 > 0:41:11- ..that the genetic differences - are the natural result...
0:41:12 > 0:41:14- ..of two linguistic communities...
0:41:14 > 0:41:19- ..and their tendency to marry people - who speak the same language.
0:41:19 > 0:41:23- Little England Beyond Wales is - merely a stereotype that continues.
0:41:25 > 0:41:28- The villages - of south Pembrokeshire...
0:41:28 > 0:41:31- ..have followed - the English pattern...
0:41:31 > 0:41:33- ..of building around - a church or castle.
0:41:34 > 0:41:39- But the Flemish chimney - found in many of them...
0:41:39 > 0:41:42- ..is a sign - of another chapter in its history.
0:41:44 > 0:41:47- The residents of Llangwm, - or Langham...
0:41:47 > 0:41:50- ..has asked for DNA Cymru's help - to study its genetics...
0:41:51 > 0:41:53- ..and the village's ties - to Flanders.
0:41:54 > 0:41:57- Hello. Come on in.
0:41:57 > 0:41:59- The project - has excited the villagers.
0:41:59 > 0:42:03- It's brought everyone together. - Everyone's interested.
0:42:04 > 0:42:07- Earliest I can quote here is 1779.
0:42:07 > 0:42:12- Some had traced their ancestry - back a century or two...
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- ..but it can possibly be confirmed - by these DNA tests.
0:42:17 > 0:42:22- As far as I can go back, - they've been around since 1770...
0:42:22 > 0:42:26- ..living in - the Sardis, Burton, Llangwm area.
0:42:26 > 0:42:29- There are six or seven men - in the village...
0:42:29 > 0:42:32- ..who want to trace their ancestry.
0:42:32 > 0:42:35- It's been rumoured - that some family members...
0:42:35 > 0:42:38- ..go back to the Flemish era.
0:42:39 > 0:42:43- The Llangwm project - combines history and technology.
0:42:43 > 0:42:49- It's fitting that villagers receive - their results at Pembroke Castle...
0:42:49 > 0:42:52- ..via a modern platform, however.
0:42:52 > 0:42:55- I'd like to welcome - the next volunteer.
0:42:55 > 0:42:57- Graham Stephens, please.
0:42:57 > 0:42:59- Graham Stephens, please.- - For the villagers...
0:42:59 > 0:43:02- ..there's plenty of information - to interest them.
0:43:03 > 0:43:05- This sub type - accounts for 0.2% of Welshmen...
0:43:06 > 0:43:09- ..and about 0.8% of Dutchmen.
0:43:09 > 0:43:11- Absolutely fascinating.
0:43:11 > 0:43:13- Absolutely fascinating.- - For one of the men...
0:43:13 > 0:43:18- ..DNA Cymru's results suggest a - Flemish connection on the continent.
0:43:18 > 0:43:22- It's that 1.2% in the Netherlands.
0:43:22 > 0:43:26- I think your patriline, your - father line, may indeed be Flemish.
0:43:27 > 0:43:29- It's a bit of a surprise.
0:43:29 > 0:43:33- I didn't expect it - but it's interesting.
0:43:33 > 0:43:38- One result has struck upon - a strong connection with Flanders.
0:43:38 > 0:43:43- When we compared your chromosome - to their chromosome, they match.
0:43:43 > 0:43:47- One man is the descendant - of the village's founders.
0:43:48 > 0:43:49- You descend from these people.
0:43:50 > 0:43:53- Norman Roche - couldn't make it to the meeting...
0:43:53 > 0:43:57- ..but the news has caused a stir - among his neighbours.
0:43:57 > 0:44:00- He's got to be connected - to the De La Roche...
0:44:00 > 0:44:03- ..the founders - of the church and village.
0:44:03 > 0:44:09- It's interesting to find out that - of the seven who took the tests...
0:44:09 > 0:44:12- ..one is more important - than the rest!
0:44:13 > 0:44:17- Hopefully we'll be able - to find out more about them.
0:44:20 > 0:44:25- Over the centuries, foreign soldiers - have left an indelible mark...
0:44:25 > 0:44:29- ..on Wales's history, - but is their DNA still here?
0:44:31 > 0:44:35- It's very difficult for us - to find definite proof.
0:44:36 > 0:44:40- Substance diminishes - with the passing of time.
0:44:41 > 0:44:43- The research continues...
0:44:43 > 0:44:48- ..but at the moment, - there's very little to say.
0:44:49 > 0:44:53- But wait a minute, there's - one small test to be conducted...
0:44:53 > 0:44:56- ..in one of - our presenters' hometown.
0:44:58 > 0:45:02- Anwen and her husband, - rugby player Alun Wyn Jones...
0:45:03 > 0:45:06- ..have recently welcomed - their first baby, Mali.
0:45:06 > 0:45:09- Alun Wyn's DNA result has arrived.
0:45:09 > 0:45:12- You are chromosome I...
0:45:13 > 0:45:18- ..but a sub-group of S27836.
0:45:18 > 0:45:21- And from the haplogroup Teutonic...
0:45:21 > 0:45:25- ..which is the same haplogroup - as Gareth Edwards.
0:45:26 > 0:45:28- Doesn't explain a lot.
0:45:29 > 0:45:30- Why are you laughing?
0:45:30 > 0:45:33- Why are you laughing?- - But there's something else too.
0:45:33 > 0:45:37- It's likely you might be - a descendant of a leader...
0:45:38 > 0:45:43- ..a Norman leader that lived - less than 2,000 years ago.
0:45:44 > 0:45:47- DNA Cymru has studied - the Y-chromosome genetics...
0:45:48 > 0:45:50- ..of hundreds of Welshmen today.
0:45:50 > 0:45:55- The tests - suggest something very interesting.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00- Up to 20% of them - are the descendants...
0:46:00 > 0:46:03- ..on the father line...
0:46:03 > 0:46:05- ..to a small number - of powerful leaders...
0:46:06 > 0:46:09- ..who lived in Wales - at the beginning of the Middle Ages.
0:46:11 > 0:46:14- Alun Wyn's results connects him...
0:46:14 > 0:46:18- ..to a similar cluster - with a Norman nuance.
0:46:21 > 0:46:25- They have found - that some of those Norman leaders...
0:46:25 > 0:46:29- ..are strongly associated - with Oystermouth...
0:46:29 > 0:46:31- ..so in and around Mumbles.
0:46:31 > 0:46:33- So that does explain a lot.
0:46:33 > 0:46:35- Interesting?
0:46:35 > 0:46:36- Yes.
0:46:36 > 0:46:38- Yes.- - So now you can tell Mali...
0:46:39 > 0:46:41- ..where her dad came from.
0:46:41 > 0:46:44- I'm with Gareth Edwards, - so I'm happy.
0:46:45 > 0:46:49- The result - is similar to the DNA of many men...
0:46:50 > 0:46:52- ..with Norman surnames...
0:46:52 > 0:46:55- ..which brings us - to Norman history in the Gower.
0:47:02 > 0:47:06- It's possible - that we've discovered the link...
0:47:06 > 0:47:09- ..between the warriors - who came to Wales...
0:47:10 > 0:47:13- ..to build their castles - close to 1,000 years ago...
0:47:13 > 0:47:15- ..and one of our heroes...
0:47:16 > 0:47:18- ..today.
0:47:18 > 0:47:21- I've always thought - about doing a family tree.
0:47:21 > 0:47:26- I always had the ambition but - never had the energy to fulfil it.
0:47:26 > 0:47:29- With the results today, - it's a step further.
0:47:31 > 0:47:34- I was brought up - in Mumbles, Swansea.
0:47:34 > 0:47:37- My father - was brought up in the Gower area...
0:47:37 > 0:47:41- ..so it fits in with - the feedback from the results.
0:47:42 > 0:47:47- Today, it's the Welsh flag which - flies above the Norman castles.
0:47:47 > 0:47:51- Their history - is now part of our history.
0:47:51 > 0:47:54- It appears that their DNA...
0:47:54 > 0:47:58- ..is also part of - the nation's genetic legacy.
0:48:26 > 0:48:28- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:48:29 > 0:48:29- .