0:00:00 > 0:00:00- *
0:00:02 > 0:00:05- Where did - the DNA of the Welsh originate?
0:00:07 > 0:00:09- Michael Sheen's DNA?
0:00:09 > 0:00:11- Charlotte Church's DNA?
0:00:13 > 0:00:16- The DNA of each one of us - who lives in Wales today?
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- In order to arrive - at the present generation...
0:00:22 > 0:00:26- ..our genes have been - on an epic journey through time.
0:00:28 > 0:00:30- There's been change upon change.
0:00:33 > 0:00:36- But looking back - over the generations...
0:00:36 > 0:00:41- ..over the centuries, it's possible - to see regular patterns emerge.
0:00:44 > 0:00:48- Patterns of life and existence, - patterns of sharing and belonging.
0:00:48 > 0:00:52- And patterns - in our genetic make-up...
0:00:52 > 0:00:54- ..and our DNA itself.
0:00:54 > 0:00:58- Age-old patterns - that can clearly be seen today.
0:00:59 > 0:01:03- As we follow these genetic patterns - across the planet...
0:01:03 > 0:01:06- ..we've showed - how we're related to one another.
0:01:07 > 0:01:10- But it's time to - turn our attention closer to home.
0:01:14 > 0:01:18- Over the past year, - we've analysed the DNA...
0:01:18 > 0:01:20- ..of more than 1,000 Welsh people.
0:01:20 > 0:01:24- The biggest-ever study - of the nation's genetic make-up.
0:01:27 > 0:01:29- In the final episode, - the time has come...
0:01:30 > 0:01:32- ..to reveal our findings.
0:01:35 > 0:01:38- The focus so far - has been on our ancient history...
0:01:39 > 0:01:42- ..on our ancestors' distant past.
0:01:46 > 0:01:52- But what's happened to our genealogy - in the past two centuries...
0:01:52 > 0:01:54- ..since the Industrial Revolution?
0:01:55 > 0:01:58- And what about Wales today - and its genetics?
0:01:59 > 0:02:04- What have DNA Cymru's spit kits - revealed about the modern nation?
0:02:05 > 0:02:10- In a celebration of saliva, we now - have a means of delving further.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13- It's a pleasure to be here today.
0:02:13 > 0:02:16- What use are these tests - to our communities?
0:02:17 > 0:02:20- What about the way - we consider the future?
0:02:20 > 0:02:25- Knowing more about our genetics - sparks the imagination...
0:02:25 > 0:02:29- ..according to - one of our most famous figures.
0:02:29 > 0:02:31- What I do for a living...
0:02:31 > 0:02:35- ..and what is - the passion of being an actor...
0:02:35 > 0:02:38- ..and telling stories, - part of what that requires...
0:02:38 > 0:02:41- ..is to imaginatively connect - to different people.
0:02:42 > 0:02:46- This is something that is a more - tangible form of that, in a way.
0:02:48 > 0:02:53- There's a new way - of evaluating all these factors.
0:02:53 > 0:02:55- And its name is DNA.
0:02:55 > 0:02:57- DNA Cymru.
0:03:12 > 0:03:15- Take a look in the mirror.
0:03:17 > 0:03:19- What do you see?
0:03:19 > 0:03:20- A face, of course.
0:03:21 > 0:03:23- But there's something else too.
0:03:23 > 0:03:24- History.
0:03:25 > 0:03:27- Personal history.
0:03:29 > 0:03:32- Your own unique personal history.
0:03:32 > 0:03:35- But a wider history too.
0:03:37 > 0:03:41- The history - of your mother and father...
0:03:41 > 0:03:43- ..and their mothers and fathers.
0:03:45 > 0:03:48- Each one - of your myriad ancestral mothers...
0:03:49 > 0:03:51- ..and fathers.
0:03:51 > 0:03:54- We're all unique individuals.
0:03:54 > 0:03:58- An interesting make-up - of fragments from the past.
0:04:01 > 0:04:04- During the course - of filming this series...
0:04:05 > 0:04:07- ..Anwen's life - has completely changed.
0:04:09 > 0:04:12- Now I'm pregnant - and expecting my first child...
0:04:12 > 0:04:17- ..I wonder what traits my baby - will inherit from my husband and me.
0:04:17 > 0:04:21- Will the baby's eye colour - be the same as mine?
0:04:21 > 0:04:25- What about the hair, the nose - and shape of the mouth?
0:04:25 > 0:04:28- Will there be - a family resemblance...
0:04:28 > 0:04:31- ..or will our ancestors' DNA...
0:04:31 > 0:04:34- ..resurface from the distant past?
0:04:36 > 0:04:40- I'm sure every new parent - asks similar questions.
0:04:41 > 0:04:43- Now that Mali has arrived...
0:04:43 > 0:04:48- ..our roots are more important - than ever to us as a family.
0:04:48 > 0:04:52- Anwen isn't the only one - to feel like that.
0:04:52 > 0:04:55- Each year, thousands of people...
0:04:55 > 0:04:59- ..flock to events - such as this one in Birmingham.
0:04:59 > 0:05:04- The Who Do You Think You Are - ancestry exhibition.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08- This year, amid the discourse - and lectures on family history...
0:05:08 > 0:05:13- ..genetic tests - are more prominent than ever before.
0:05:13 > 0:05:15- DNA is now an industry.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22- It's in every nook and cranny here.
0:05:22 > 0:05:27- At one time, tracing a family tree - was purely down to luck and chance.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31- Asking Grandma or searching - in church and chapel records.
0:05:32 > 0:05:36- Nowadays, there's - a wealth of expertise on offer...
0:05:36 > 0:05:40- ..to anyone who wants to know - where they've come from.
0:05:40 > 0:05:45- There are genealogists, - archivists and researchers...
0:05:45 > 0:05:47- ..of all kinds.
0:05:48 > 0:05:51- There are - major exhibitions like this one...
0:05:52 > 0:05:56- ..which demonstrate how keen people - are to learn about their past...
0:05:56 > 0:05:58- ..and their ancestors.
0:05:59 > 0:06:02- However, - it's still quite a tall order...
0:06:02 > 0:06:06- ..to trace back further - than two or three generations.
0:06:06 > 0:06:10- In Wales, like many other countries, - dark periods in history...
0:06:10 > 0:06:14- ..have ruined the lives - of thousands of families...
0:06:14 > 0:06:17- ..making it difficult - to trace genealogies...
0:06:17 > 0:06:20- ..and finding - the graves of loved ones.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26- In cases such as these, - expert help is required.
0:06:28 > 0:06:31- It's nice to see - that Wales has a prominent stand...
0:06:31 > 0:06:34- ..at the Birmingham exhibition.
0:06:34 > 0:06:37- Beryl Evans - from the National Library...
0:06:37 > 0:06:42- ..is one of the experts on hand - to offer advice.
0:06:42 > 0:06:48- My five top tips for making the most - of your visit to an archive office.
0:06:48 > 0:06:51- The library is the main centre - of Welsh genealogy.
0:06:52 > 0:06:56- It's always busy, with enquiries - from home and further afield.
0:06:56 > 0:07:01- For Welsh exiles who drop by, - further research is required.
0:07:01 > 0:07:04- We get asked all kinds of questions.
0:07:04 > 0:07:07- Many say, "We're the Jones family, - we hail from Wales."
0:07:07 > 0:07:11- We ask them where they're from - but they've no idea.
0:07:11 > 0:07:16- However, others have done thorough - research and just need our guidance.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- We then direct them - to the library's collection...
0:07:20 > 0:07:23- ..our online services - and many of our projects.
0:07:23 > 0:07:27- We also direct them to - other archive centres, if needs be.
0:07:27 > 0:07:32- DNA is everything nowadays. - How do you combine the two things?
0:07:32 > 0:07:37- The DNA industry has grown, as you - can see from these exhibitions...
0:07:38 > 0:07:43- ..and people who've got stuck - researching their family history...
0:07:43 > 0:07:48- ..can take a simple DNA test and - connect to different countries...
0:07:48 > 0:07:52- ..and areas of Wales, - as well as America and Australia.
0:07:53 > 0:07:55- People in those countries...
0:07:55 > 0:07:59- ..can also contribute - to these DNA projects.
0:07:59 > 0:08:04- It might help them to go to these - places and do further research.
0:08:06 > 0:08:08- Interest in family history...
0:08:08 > 0:08:13- ..has prompted millions - around the world to take DNA tests.
0:08:16 > 0:08:18- But for some, - there are other reasons.
0:08:18 > 0:08:21- In Swansea are the headquarters...
0:08:21 > 0:08:24- ..of the - Cancer Genetics Services for Wales.
0:08:24 > 0:08:28- Part of the centre's role - is to offer assistance...
0:08:28 > 0:08:31- ..when genetic diseases strike.
0:08:31 > 0:08:34- As a genetic nurse - within the team...
0:08:34 > 0:08:39- ..Liwsi Kim Protheroe-Davies helps - people deal with difficult news.
0:08:40 > 0:08:45- I'm a registered genetic counsellor - and I work with families.
0:08:45 > 0:08:47- I study the family background...
0:08:47 > 0:08:52- ..to see if there are - any hereditary genetic conditions.
0:08:52 > 0:08:56- It can be any condition, though - I work specifically with cancer.
0:08:56 > 0:09:00- I see patients with a history - of cancer in the family.
0:09:00 > 0:09:02- They want to know their risk...
0:09:03 > 0:09:07- ..and the chance of them passing - on the condition to their children.
0:09:08 > 0:09:10- There are - lots of things to consider...
0:09:10 > 0:09:14- ..and sometimes - difficult topics to discuss too.
0:09:14 > 0:09:16- One of the main concerns...
0:09:16 > 0:09:20- ..is that family secrets - may emerge in the tests.
0:09:20 > 0:09:23- Many families come in - and we discuss the DNA...
0:09:24 > 0:09:26- ..and various tests - we can conduct...
0:09:26 > 0:09:30- ..to see - from where the disease has emanated.
0:09:30 > 0:09:32- You can see by their faces...
0:09:32 > 0:09:35- ..that they've started to think...
0:09:35 > 0:09:39- .."This is going to show up - something I don't want to see."
0:09:39 > 0:09:42- At times - we've had a phone call to say...
0:09:42 > 0:09:46- .."You know he's not the father," - though he's unaware.
0:09:46 > 0:09:48- Hello?
0:09:48 > 0:09:51- Hello, Liws! You've arrived!
0:09:51 > 0:09:53- Yes. Are you OK?
0:09:53 > 0:09:55- Liwsi and her father, - David Protheroe...
0:09:56 > 0:09:59- ..have decided - to take DNA Cymru's tests.
0:10:00 > 0:10:04- DNA Cymru's results show that 20% - of Welshmen are the descendants...
0:10:04 > 0:10:08- ..of 10 of our history's - most renowned noblemen.
0:10:08 > 0:10:11- It's interesting to see - that so few men...
0:10:12 > 0:10:15- ..are in the past - and that so many men nowadays...
0:10:15 > 0:10:18- ..can be traced back to them.
0:10:19 > 0:10:23- It's this story which has prompted - David to try one of our spit kits.
0:10:24 > 0:10:27- I've been reading about Hywel Dda...
0:10:28 > 0:10:33- ..and it appears that there may be - a connection, if it's correct...
0:10:33 > 0:10:37- ..that I can trace back to - that time, which'll be interesting.
0:10:37 > 0:10:42- It'd be nice if there was some sort - of connection that would show...
0:10:42 > 0:10:46- ..that we can trace our genealogy - back through the centuries...
0:10:46 > 0:10:49- ..but I'm not concerned about it.
0:10:49 > 0:10:52- We are who we are - and we're happy with that.
0:10:52 > 0:10:56- DNA Cymru's results won't show - that everyone is related...
0:10:56 > 0:11:00- ..to our history's legends, - men like Hywel Dda.
0:11:00 > 0:11:03- But the Y-chromosome DNA - of every man...
0:11:03 > 0:11:08- ..has been inherited, relatively - unchanged, from father to son.
0:11:08 > 0:11:11- By identifying the genetic markers - in the chromosome...
0:11:12 > 0:11:15- ..it's possible to follow - one line through the generations.
0:11:16 > 0:11:19- One lineage - amongst a multitude of ancestors.
0:11:21 > 0:11:25- However, the direct connection - along the father line...
0:11:25 > 0:11:27- ..is of interest to many.
0:11:30 > 0:11:34- I think it's this idea of this - link going back through time...
0:11:34 > 0:11:36- ..that excites people.
0:11:36 > 0:11:40- People think about it, particularly - for the Y chromosome...
0:11:41 > 0:11:44- ..in the same way - they think about their surname.
0:11:44 > 0:11:46- It's something they identify with.
0:11:47 > 0:11:52- It speaks back to their grandfather, - their great-great-grandfather...
0:11:52 > 0:11:56- ..and this lineage - going through time.
0:12:00 > 0:12:03- It may only be one small part of - our DNA but it's an important part.
0:12:05 > 0:12:09- Lineage - has been important in human history.
0:12:09 > 0:12:15- Land has been passed down through - the male line for generations.
0:12:15 > 0:12:18- It's part of - people's way of thinking.
0:12:19 > 0:12:24- They find it really interesting - what the Y chromosome...
0:12:24 > 0:12:27- ..can tell them - about a small part of their past.
0:12:27 > 0:12:29- It's about - how they fit into the world.
0:12:33 > 0:12:33- .
0:12:37 > 0:12:37- Subtitles
0:12:37 > 0:12:39- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:12:41 > 0:12:45- Before the Industrial Revolution, - the Welsh were rural folk.
0:12:45 > 0:12:49- Towns were small - and slow to populate.
0:12:51 > 0:12:54- Ordinary folk lived on the land...
0:12:54 > 0:12:56- ..without straying too far.
0:12:58 > 0:13:02- Life was hard, and a mother - who saw each of her offspring...
0:13:03 > 0:13:05- ..grow into adults was very lucky.
0:13:08 > 0:13:09- Mam! Mam!
0:13:10 > 0:13:14- People lived and died - in their birthplace.
0:13:16 > 0:13:19- Is it this stability - that is responsible...
0:13:19 > 0:13:24- ..for the continuation of genetic - makers that are unique to Wales?
0:13:24 > 0:13:26- Gwilym! Come here, quickly!
0:13:26 > 0:13:28- DNA Cymru can reveal...
0:13:29 > 0:13:33- ..that genetic clusters exist in - Wales today on the mother's line.
0:13:33 > 0:13:39- Clusters that are 50 times more - common in Wales than in England.
0:13:39 > 0:13:43- The clusters - stem from a minority of women...
0:13:44 > 0:13:48- ..long before the fragile lives - of country folk in medieval Wales.
0:13:48 > 0:13:51- A fragile...
0:13:51 > 0:13:53- ..yet stable life.
0:13:53 > 0:13:57- Otherwise, the genetic pattern - wouldn't have survived to this day.
0:13:59 > 0:14:02- The Industrial Revolution - saw major change.
0:14:03 > 0:14:06- Anyone who lived in Wales in 1750...
0:14:06 > 0:14:10- ..would barely recognize the country - a century later.
0:14:10 > 0:14:14- Society's foundations had dissolved - and were newly reformed.
0:14:17 > 0:14:19- The effect was the same - on our DNA pool.
0:14:20 > 0:14:22- Copperopolis, Swansea...
0:14:22 > 0:14:24- ..needed thousands of workers.
0:14:24 > 0:14:29- They arrived from rural Wales - as well as England and Ireland.
0:14:31 > 0:14:37- The iron furnaces of Merthyr Tydfil - attracted people from the continent.
0:14:37 > 0:14:41- Workers from - Spain, Italy, Poland and Russia.
0:14:44 > 0:14:47- Industry transformed - the face of the Rhondda.
0:14:47 > 0:14:50- But beneath the surface...
0:14:50 > 0:14:53- ..its genetics were changing too.
0:14:55 > 0:14:57- By 1914...
0:14:57 > 0:15:01- ..a quarter of a million men - were toiling in Wales' coalfields.
0:15:03 > 0:15:06- The Rhondda's DNA - became more diverse...
0:15:06 > 0:15:08- ..with each new generation.
0:15:12 > 0:15:15- And not only in the Rhondda Valleys.
0:15:15 > 0:15:19- People came from everywhere - as the coalfield expanded...
0:15:19 > 0:15:23- ..across Glamorgan, - Gwent and Carmarthenshire.
0:15:23 > 0:15:28- Some of the genetic markers found in - DNA Cymru's tests on today's men...
0:15:29 > 0:15:32- ..must have appeared - for the first time...
0:15:32 > 0:15:35- ..as a result of immigration.
0:15:35 > 0:15:38- There was no end to the revolution.
0:15:42 > 0:15:44- After copper, iron and coal...
0:15:45 > 0:15:49- ..the steel industry was - the last to affect our DNA pool...
0:15:49 > 0:15:51- ..with a new wave of migration.
0:15:51 > 0:15:55- Here in Port Talbot, - the Sandfields housing estate...
0:15:55 > 0:15:58- ..was built - in the shadow of the steelworks.
0:15:58 > 0:16:02- Actor Michael Sheen's ancestors - were among the workers.
0:16:02 > 0:16:07- His father's family - came to Wales from Ireland...
0:16:07 > 0:16:11- ..but Port Talbot - is undoubtedly Michael's habitat.
0:16:11 > 0:16:15- This is the place I have - the most meaningful connection to.
0:16:15 > 0:16:19- It's where I keep coming back to. - It's where my parents still live.
0:16:19 > 0:16:22- It's where - I started in youth theatre...
0:16:23 > 0:16:26- ..it's where - I first got a passion for acting.
0:16:26 > 0:16:29- It's where - there's a sense of community.
0:16:29 > 0:16:32- It's where I came back - and did The Passion...
0:16:32 > 0:16:36- ..which was the most meaningful - project I've ever done...
0:16:36 > 0:16:39- ..about my life in the town - and the people I know.
0:16:39 > 0:16:44- It's somewhere that always - refreshes me to come back to...
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- ..and rejuvenates me - and re-energises me.
0:16:48 > 0:16:52- It's home, - as simply as that, really.
0:16:54 > 0:16:57- Michael has come - to his favourite local club...
0:16:57 > 0:17:01- ..to receive - DNA Cymru's test results.
0:17:02 > 0:17:05- He doesn't know much - about his father's family...
0:17:06 > 0:17:08- ..before - they came over from Ireland.
0:17:09 > 0:17:15- He's eager to learn to which - ancient genetic group they belong.
0:17:15 > 0:17:16- You're R1b.
0:17:17 > 0:17:19- It turns out...
0:17:19 > 0:17:23- ..that it is - a very Irish marker indeed.
0:17:23 > 0:17:27- The test has analysed - Michael's genetic markers.
0:17:27 > 0:17:31- Markers which originate - from one of his ancestors...
0:17:31 > 0:17:33- ..thousands of years ago.
0:17:33 > 0:17:38- A haplogroup denotes a group - who share the same genetic markers.
0:17:40 > 0:17:45- As we trace the journey of a man's - family in the ancient world...
0:17:45 > 0:17:48- ..a letter is attached - to each different haplogroup.
0:17:49 > 0:17:52- As one group - ventures in a new direction...
0:17:52 > 0:17:57- ..and loses contact with others, - a number is added to the letter...
0:17:57 > 0:18:00- ..to denote - a new, unique genetic marker.
0:18:00 > 0:18:02- Michael's sub-haplogroup...
0:18:03 > 0:18:06- ..is more common - in the west of Ireland...
0:18:07 > 0:18:11- ..and is indicative of one - of the most important migrations...
0:18:11 > 0:18:14- ..in Europe's ancient history.
0:18:14 > 0:18:18- 4,500 years ago, - from Iberia in the south...
0:18:18 > 0:18:22- ..across the Atlantic Ocean, - a trading network was thriving.
0:18:23 > 0:18:26- It brought new people - to the British Isles and Ireland.
0:18:26 > 0:18:28- The first metal masters.
0:18:29 > 0:18:31- The Beaker People.
0:18:31 > 0:18:35- The name comes from - the fine vessels they used...
0:18:35 > 0:18:38- ..in their daily lives and rituals.
0:18:39 > 0:18:42- They moved around - the ancient world...
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- ..and their copper skills - transformed society...
0:18:47 > 0:18:49- ..in Wales and Ireland.
0:18:49 > 0:18:55- I'm really glad that my history - is rooted in one people, the Celts.
0:18:55 > 0:18:57- That's really important to me.
0:18:57 > 0:19:01- On the other hand, - there's this wandering group...
0:19:01 > 0:19:06- ..who are moving around Europe, - connected to different parts.
0:19:06 > 0:19:09- I love the idea of us - as being inter-connected..
0:19:09 > 0:19:11- ..especially at the moment...
0:19:12 > 0:19:17- ..where there's emotive talk about - immigrants, refugees and migration.
0:19:17 > 0:19:22- It's a false sense that we have - these borders that keep us apart.
0:19:22 > 0:19:26- We're one people constantly - moving around and inter-connecting.
0:19:27 > 0:19:29- Anything that helps us...
0:19:29 > 0:19:32- ..to have an emotional connection - to that is great.
0:19:32 > 0:19:36- Something about the Beaker People - and their skills...
0:19:36 > 0:19:41- ..inspires Michael to contemplate - his own craft as an actor.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44- The force - that through the green fuse
0:19:44 > 0:19:47- Drives the flower, - drives my green age
0:19:48 > 0:19:51- That blasts the roots of trees - is my destroyer
0:19:51 > 0:19:55- And I am dumb to tell - the crooked rose my youth is bent
0:19:55 > 0:19:57- By the same wintry fever
0:20:00 > 0:20:03- The force that drives the water - through the rocks
0:20:04 > 0:20:06- Drives my red blood
0:20:07 > 0:20:09- That dries the mouthing streams
0:20:09 > 0:20:11- Turns mine to wax
0:20:12 > 0:20:14- And I am dumb to mouth unto my veins
0:20:15 > 0:20:18- How at the mountain spring - the same mouth sucks.
0:20:18 > 0:20:23- Part of what I do for living and - what is the passion in my life...
0:20:24 > 0:20:26- ..of being an actor - and telling stories...
0:20:26 > 0:20:30- ..part of what that requires - is to imaginatively connect...
0:20:30 > 0:20:33- ..to all kinds of different people.
0:20:33 > 0:20:38- The way my life has gone is that - I've pursued the idea of empathy...
0:20:38 > 0:20:42- ..and connecting out - to other people.
0:20:42 > 0:20:46- This is something that is - a more tangible form of that.
0:20:46 > 0:20:51- We've also looked at - the last six to eight generations.
0:20:51 > 0:20:54- We've looked at - all of your ancestry...
0:20:54 > 0:20:57- ..not just your Y chromosome - and mitochondrial.
0:20:58 > 0:21:01- You are very European indeed. - Look at this.
0:21:01 > 0:21:05- This is a chart. - You're 75% European.
0:21:05 > 0:21:07- Wow!
0:21:07 > 0:21:10- We've tested lots - who have north Asian in them...
0:21:11 > 0:21:13- ..but you are so European.
0:21:13 > 0:21:15- That's great.
0:21:15 > 0:21:20- It's fantastic to feel anything that - makes you feel more connected...
0:21:20 > 0:21:24- ..as to European, - I think is a really good thing.
0:21:25 > 0:21:28- Having an emotional connection - to this story...
0:21:29 > 0:21:33- ..is going to take a while, as it - starts to connect imaginatively...
0:21:33 > 0:21:35- ..as I find out more about it.
0:21:36 > 0:21:40- But definitely knowing that - there's both, on the one hand...
0:21:40 > 0:21:44- ..a rooted sense and - a particular people, the Celts...
0:21:44 > 0:21:47- ..but on the other hand, - physically a lot of movement...
0:21:48 > 0:21:53- ..travelling across Europe, up from - the south to the north, I love that.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56- It's important - to have a sense of that.
0:21:56 > 0:22:00- You come from a people that - is a wandering people. It's great.
0:22:00 > 0:22:03- And I am dumb - to tell a weather's wind
0:22:03 > 0:22:07- How time has ticked - to heaven round the stars
0:22:09 > 0:22:12- And I am dumb - to tell the lover's tomb
0:22:12 > 0:22:16- How at my sheet - goes the same crooked worm.
0:22:20 > 0:22:20- .
0:22:21 > 0:22:21- Subtitles
0:22:21 > 0:22:23- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:22:25 > 0:22:28- Over the past two centuries...
0:22:29 > 0:22:33- ..thousands moved to towns like Port - Talbot to work in heavy industries.
0:22:34 > 0:22:36- Coal, iron and steel.
0:22:37 > 0:22:41- They came from - every corner of Wales and beyond.
0:22:42 > 0:22:46- Among them was the family - of actor Michael Sheen.
0:22:46 > 0:22:50- DNA Cymru's report - shows that his father's lineage...
0:22:50 > 0:22:52- ..is a very ancient Irish one.
0:22:52 > 0:22:55- I take great pride in being Welsh...
0:22:55 > 0:22:58- ..and being a Celt, more generally.
0:22:58 > 0:23:02- Knowing that I've been a Celt - for a very long time is great.
0:23:02 > 0:23:03- I like that.
0:23:04 > 0:23:08- Having moved from Ireland - to Cardiff, originally...
0:23:08 > 0:23:12- ..Michael Sheen's - great-great-great-grandfather...
0:23:12 > 0:23:15- ..became part - of the city's rapid growth...
0:23:15 > 0:23:19- ..due to the development - of the South Wales coalfields.
0:23:19 > 0:23:21- By the beginning of WWI...
0:23:22 > 0:23:26- ..it became the world's biggest port - for exporting coal.
0:23:26 > 0:23:30- In order for the coal to go out, - the sailors had to come in.
0:23:30 > 0:23:33- With them, of course, - came their DNA.
0:23:33 > 0:23:36- DNA from four corners of the world.
0:23:36 > 0:23:40- The docklands area, - Butetown or Tiger Bay...
0:23:40 > 0:23:44- ..became famous for its melting pot - of white and black people.
0:23:45 > 0:23:48- Butetown was a profoundly - inter-cultural...
0:23:49 > 0:23:51- ..and multi-cultural community.
0:23:52 > 0:23:56- I know a black woman in Butetown - who can speak rather good Norwegian.
0:23:56 > 0:23:59- She was not Norwegian, - she was a cosmopolitan.
0:23:59 > 0:24:01- Children shared a special culture.
0:24:03 > 0:24:08- Sunday school - with a black American gospel feel.
0:24:11 > 0:24:13- Muslim processions...
0:24:13 > 0:24:18- ..based on, believe it or not, the - Catholic customs of the Bay's Irish.
0:24:18 > 0:24:22- The old compatriots - of Michael Sheen's family.
0:24:22 > 0:24:26- Crucial to this story is that - almost all the immigrants were male.
0:24:26 > 0:24:30- Males who then married or had - relationships with local women...
0:24:31 > 0:24:34- ..many of whom might've been - from the Valleys or Cardiff.
0:24:34 > 0:24:38- You get a community of males - who are from different countries...
0:24:38 > 0:24:40- ..and local women.
0:24:40 > 0:24:42- 50 years ago came major change.
0:24:45 > 0:24:50- Terraced houses were demolished - to be replaced by high-rise flats.
0:24:51 > 0:24:53- Outside the city, - new housing estates...
0:24:54 > 0:24:57- ..the biggest of which - was my birthplace, Ely.
0:24:58 > 0:25:00- A new community...
0:25:00 > 0:25:03- ..with no lasting ties - with the neighbourhood.
0:25:03 > 0:25:07- Interest in local history - was slow to take hold here.
0:25:08 > 0:25:11- But nowadays, - residents make a concerted effort...
0:25:12 > 0:25:14- ..to reconnect with its history.
0:25:15 > 0:25:17- And it's quite a story.
0:25:17 > 0:25:22- Ladies and gentlemen, - it's a pleasure to be here today.
0:25:22 > 0:25:26- At the annual Ely festival, we're - offering ancient DNA testing...
0:25:26 > 0:25:29- ..to people who want to learn more - about their history.
0:25:30 > 0:25:34- What we've done as part of DNA - is given lots of testing kits...
0:25:34 > 0:25:38- ..so we're using science to work out - where we in Wales come from.
0:25:39 > 0:25:41- The number of tests - is insufficient...
0:25:42 > 0:25:45- ..to get a comprehensive view - of Ely's population.
0:25:45 > 0:25:48- The hope is that - it'll encourage an interest...
0:25:48 > 0:25:51- ..in what people have in common...
0:25:51 > 0:25:54- ..in terms of the ancient history - of their genetics.
0:25:55 > 0:25:58- Above the houses are the ruins - of an Iron Age hill-fort.
0:25:59 > 0:26:02- DNA Cymru is working in tandem - with the CAER project...
0:26:03 > 0:26:07- ..which helps locals to - understand the ruins' significance.
0:26:07 > 0:26:10- Cardiff University's archaeologists - are here...
0:26:10 > 0:26:16- ..to offer residents a chance - to dig deeper into their history.
0:26:16 > 0:26:20- I knew there was something here - from its name, Caerau...
0:26:20 > 0:26:25- ..but I didn't have a clue that it - was as significant and as ancient...
0:26:26 > 0:26:27- ..as other discoveries.
0:26:28 > 0:26:31- I didn't expect to be doing it - on my doorstep either!
0:26:31 > 0:26:34- We started sieving...
0:26:34 > 0:26:37- ..and we found pottery and bones.
0:26:37 > 0:26:41- Poppy, who's been working here, - has found an axe.
0:26:41 > 0:26:44- Hello, Poppy. How old is the axe?
0:26:44 > 0:26:47- It's 5,000 years old.
0:26:47 > 0:26:50- Amazing. Wow.
0:26:51 > 0:26:55- Proof that the suburb's history - stretches far back in time.
0:26:55 > 0:26:59- It instils new pride - in Ely's youngsters.
0:27:00 > 0:27:02- It feels really special.
0:27:03 > 0:27:07- You may find something - that no-one else has found.
0:27:07 > 0:27:10- You've discovered new history.
0:27:10 > 0:27:14- It may change people's attitudes - towards Ely and Caerau.
0:27:14 > 0:27:17- Perhaps more people - will respect Ely and Caerau now.
0:27:18 > 0:27:20- Attitudes - towards the area will change.
0:27:20 > 0:27:23- It's something they haven't seen.
0:27:23 > 0:27:27- Touching the neighbourhood's - ancient history...
0:27:27 > 0:27:33- ..and the possibility of tracing - their own personal history back...
0:27:33 > 0:27:38- ..by taking DNA Cymru's tests - excites volunteers of all ages.
0:27:40 > 0:27:42- This was built by your people.
0:27:42 > 0:27:45- And the DNA, it just confirms that.
0:27:46 > 0:27:49- That this is part of who we are.
0:27:49 > 0:27:53- One of the area's locals, - who's visiting the project today...
0:27:53 > 0:27:56- ..brings a broader perspective...
0:27:58 > 0:28:03- ..in terms of her experience in the - European Parliament over the years.
0:28:03 > 0:28:05- I was born and raised in Ely.
0:28:05 > 0:28:09- My father was a vicar here - for more than 30 years.
0:28:09 > 0:28:11- All my family were raised here.
0:28:11 > 0:28:14- Our origins are firmly rooted here.
0:28:14 > 0:28:16- I certainly consider the area...
0:28:16 > 0:28:20- ..as the place where I gained - my political experience.
0:28:20 > 0:28:23- My political awareness - comes from Ely.
0:28:23 > 0:28:24- Dotty?
0:28:24 > 0:28:26- Dotty Lee. Dotty Lee, yes, yes, yes.
0:28:27 > 0:28:28- Elsie Copeland?
0:28:28 > 0:28:31- There weren't - many people of colour in the area.
0:28:32 > 0:28:35- This area wasn't like the docks.
0:28:35 > 0:28:38- Things are gradually changing...
0:28:38 > 0:28:42- ..but that sense of community - is very strong.
0:28:43 > 0:28:47- DNA Cymru has already established...
0:28:47 > 0:28:51- ..that the hill-fort's inhabitants - had moved here...
0:28:51 > 0:28:54- ..from far away, - across the ancient world.
0:28:56 > 0:29:01- For Eluned, the tests and the - digging has special significance.
0:29:02 > 0:29:07- Especially nowadays, when people - come here from other countries.
0:29:07 > 0:29:11- We see people trying to flee - from Africa and Syria.
0:29:11 > 0:29:16- We have to be conscious that we too, - at some point, have fled.
0:29:16 > 0:29:18- That we too are immigrants.
0:29:18 > 0:29:22- Practically nobody - comes from here originally.
0:29:22 > 0:29:25- I do feel, - in terms of our awareness...
0:29:25 > 0:29:28- ..it's not just about - where we've come from...
0:29:28 > 0:29:31- ..but where we're going in future.
0:29:31 > 0:29:34- We must understand - that we have to live in a world...
0:29:34 > 0:29:39- ..that's still moving and that still - sees immigration from overseas.
0:29:40 > 0:29:43- That's still going on - but it's not a new phenomenon.
0:29:48 > 0:29:51- While the residents of Ely - await the test results...
0:29:52 > 0:29:56- ..there's time for me to visit - another of Cardiff's communities.
0:29:57 > 0:29:59- Canton.
0:30:02 > 0:30:06- Life in the city wouldn't be - the same without places like this.
0:30:07 > 0:30:10- Local cafes - somewhere - to have a cuppa and a chat.
0:30:12 > 0:30:14- Hello, Victoria, how's it going?
0:30:14 > 0:30:16- Hello, Victoria, how's it going?- - Very well, thank you, Jason.
0:30:16 > 0:30:19- Is everything alright? - Have you been busy?
0:30:20 > 0:30:22- Yes, very busy. Enjoy.
0:30:24 > 0:30:28- It's experiences like this - that give you roots.
0:30:28 > 0:30:30- I'm here today to meet someone...
0:30:30 > 0:30:33- ..who certainly feels - that her roots...
0:30:33 > 0:30:36- ..are firmly planted in Cardiff.
0:30:37 > 0:30:42- Charlotte Church is about to hear - what her DNA Cymru test results...
0:30:42 > 0:30:45- ..reveal about - her family's ancient history.
0:30:45 > 0:30:47- How important is family to you?
0:30:48 > 0:30:51- Like most people, - it's the be all and end all.
0:30:51 > 0:30:54- My kids are amazing. - They're my life blood.
0:30:54 > 0:30:56- They're incredible.
0:30:56 > 0:31:01- But also, all my extended family - - my nan, my bamp, my mum, dad, aunty.
0:31:01 > 0:31:03- We've got a massive family.
0:31:03 > 0:31:07- Lots of people don't know - their fifth and sixth cousins.
0:31:07 > 0:31:09- I do. I know them all!
0:31:09 > 0:31:14- They're all dotted around Fairwater, - Canton and round and about.
0:31:14 > 0:31:17- You've obviously done - the family history thing.
0:31:18 > 0:31:22- You're fascinated about - where Charlotte Church comes from.
0:31:22 > 0:31:26- Yes, I suppose my nana's - looked a lot into family trees...
0:31:26 > 0:31:29- ..and bits and bobs of genealogy...
0:31:29 > 0:31:33- ..but there's only so far - you can get with the internet.
0:31:33 > 0:31:37- What she has found out thus far - has been deeply shocking!
0:31:37 > 0:31:41- There are a lot of hedonists in - my family, so I don't feel so alone.
0:31:42 > 0:31:43- Are you ready?
0:31:43 > 0:31:45- Are you ready?- - I am ready.
0:31:46 > 0:31:48- Wow. OK.
0:31:48 > 0:31:52- So my mtDNA sub-type is H1c...
0:31:52 > 0:31:56- ..which is part of - the haplogroup Western Refuges.
0:31:56 > 0:31:58- What does that mean?
0:31:58 > 0:32:00- What does that mean?- - It's a good question.
0:32:01 > 0:32:04- The ancient people - of western Europe...
0:32:05 > 0:32:08- ..found refuge - in the Pyrenees during the Ice Age.
0:32:12 > 0:32:16- Charlotte's ancient female ancestors - sheltered from the cold...
0:32:17 > 0:32:19- ..in caves like these.
0:32:19 > 0:32:23- There's a record of their lives - on cave walls in the south...
0:32:24 > 0:32:29- ..as perpetual winter ruled over - the territories of northern Europe.
0:32:33 > 0:32:36- They had to venture outside - to hunt animals...
0:32:37 > 0:32:39- ..who could survive the freeze.
0:32:39 > 0:32:43- The mammoth and the hyena, - the deer, the wolf and bear.
0:32:46 > 0:32:50- As the ice eventually melted, - the women and their families...
0:32:50 > 0:32:54- ..could think - of moving on again to the north.
0:32:54 > 0:32:57- That's how people returned to Wales.
0:32:57 > 0:33:01- In extreme conditions, - the women of the northern refuges...
0:33:01 > 0:33:03- ..managed to survive.
0:33:07 > 0:33:10- Nice. Nice.
0:33:10 > 0:33:13- Look at you - extremely successful.
0:33:13 > 0:33:16- Now your kids - can run around tomorrow and say...
0:33:16 > 0:33:19- .."My mum - is from the western refuges."
0:33:19 > 0:33:23- All of the other kids will - look at them blankly. "OK, fine."
0:33:24 > 0:33:25- "Go and play catch!"
0:33:26 > 0:33:29- Lovely to see you. - Thank you very much.
0:33:29 > 0:33:31- It's been my pleasure.
0:33:32 > 0:33:37- The capital - is awash with different tales.
0:33:37 > 0:33:42- Personal tales, - communal tales, genetic tales.
0:33:42 > 0:33:46- Cardiff, Cardiff, - we are rapping free.
0:33:46 > 0:33:50- Cardiff, Cardiff, - we are rapping free.
0:33:51 > 0:33:54- To celebrate the diversity...
0:33:54 > 0:33:57- ..DNA Cymru - has occupied the Millennium Centre.
0:33:58 > 0:34:01- The city's children are here...
0:34:01 > 0:34:06- ..to express their pride in their - genetic legacy in the form of rap.
0:34:06 > 0:34:08- Cardiff, Cardiff.
0:34:08 > 0:34:09- We are rapping free.
0:34:10 > 0:34:12- Cardiff, Cardiff...
0:34:12 > 0:34:14- DNA Cymru's results...
0:34:14 > 0:34:20- ..are ready to be presented - to the project's representatives...
0:34:20 > 0:34:22- ..who are close to Jason's heart.
0:34:22 > 0:34:24- ..who are close to Jason's heart.- - Here are some of the people...
0:34:24 > 0:34:26- ..who've taken the tests.
0:34:26 > 0:34:30- They're from Ely, Cardiff, - of course. Here we are, boys.
0:34:30 > 0:34:35- It's great sharing gossip with - neighbours from my old hometown.
0:34:35 > 0:34:40- I wonder how close we're all - related, seeing as we're from Ely.
0:34:40 > 0:34:44- You went to the same school. - You lived round the corner to me.
0:34:44 > 0:34:46- I probably walked on your farm.
0:34:47 > 0:34:49- As expected...
0:34:49 > 0:34:53- ..the results from Ely - are very varied.
0:34:54 > 0:34:56- But among this variety...
0:34:56 > 0:34:58- ..is a lesson.
0:34:59 > 0:35:02- It underlines Eluned Morgan's point.
0:35:02 > 0:35:08- We must remember that we were all - immigrants at some point in history.
0:35:10 > 0:35:12- I feel like a pioneer...
0:35:12 > 0:35:17- ..descended from these people who - moved up from southern Europe...
0:35:17 > 0:35:19- ..when the Ice Age was receding.
0:35:19 > 0:35:24- They made the land, - they shaped it as it still is.
0:35:24 > 0:35:28- I think that's something - I can feel proud of.
0:35:28 > 0:35:33- A sense of continuity going back - thousands of years. That's amazing.
0:35:33 > 0:35:36- It was very fitting...
0:35:36 > 0:35:41- ..to combine the revelations and - discussions with an ode from a poet.
0:35:42 > 0:35:44- Mari George.
0:35:44 > 0:35:47- And so we became the Welsh
0:35:47 > 0:35:49- We came to learn - that we're still here
0:35:50 > 0:35:52- And came to feel what we feel
0:35:52 > 0:35:55- And fight for what we believe in
0:35:56 > 0:35:58- Fine
0:35:58 > 0:36:02- But ask yourselves, - where did our longing come from?
0:36:02 > 0:36:02- .
0:36:06 > 0:36:06- Subtitles
0:36:06 > 0:36:08- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:36:08 > 0:36:10- Over the past year...
0:36:10 > 0:36:15- ..DNA Cymru has analysed the biggest - ever sample of the nation's DNA.
0:36:15 > 0:36:19- It's time to present - some of our findings.
0:36:20 > 0:36:24- We've studied - a treasure from the past.
0:36:24 > 0:36:28- A treasure that each one of us - carries in our bodies.
0:36:28 > 0:36:30- The key to ancient mysteries.
0:36:30 > 0:36:33- The key is in - the code of the double helix...
0:36:33 > 0:36:38- ..the famous molecule, the building - block of life down the generations.
0:36:39 > 0:36:41- By conducting laboratory tests...
0:36:41 > 0:36:45- ..on the saliva of more than - 1,000 Welsh people today...
0:36:45 > 0:36:48- ..we've analysed that code.
0:36:48 > 0:36:50- Our findings are surprising.
0:36:52 > 0:36:56- The test focuses - on two small parts of our DNA.
0:36:56 > 0:37:00- The DNA of the Y chromosome, - which passes from father to son...
0:37:01 > 0:37:04- ..without much change - down the centuries...
0:37:04 > 0:37:06- ..and the mitochondrial DNA...
0:37:06 > 0:37:09- ..which passes - from mother to her children...
0:37:10 > 0:37:13- ..without much change - down the generations.
0:37:13 > 0:37:18- Scientists have traced these - two minor parts of DNA, unbroken...
0:37:18 > 0:37:23- ..back to the earliest period - in the history of mankind.
0:37:25 > 0:37:28- DNA Cymru - visited the Great Rift Valley...
0:37:28 > 0:37:31- ..the birthplace of the human race.
0:37:33 > 0:37:36- The truth is, - we all belong to the same family.
0:37:36 > 0:37:39- An African family.
0:37:41 > 0:37:46- The familial stream flowed - to every corner of the continent.
0:37:46 > 0:37:48- But it remained in Africa.
0:37:48 > 0:37:51- Then, some 60,000 years ago...
0:37:51 > 0:37:55- ..a small group of people - took the first steps...
0:37:55 > 0:37:57- ..of their epic journey.
0:37:57 > 0:38:02- Once they left Africa, - people spread far and wide...
0:38:03 > 0:38:04- ..across the ancient world.
0:38:05 > 0:38:08- They took their DNA - to every continent...
0:38:08 > 0:38:11- ..and to the country - we know today as Wales.
0:38:13 > 0:38:16- The human remains - at Paviland in the Gower...
0:38:17 > 0:38:20- ..more than 30,000 years ago...
0:38:20 > 0:38:23- ..are among the oldest - in western Europe.
0:38:24 > 0:38:27- But then came the Ice Age.
0:38:27 > 0:38:30- People had to retreat to the south.
0:38:31 > 0:38:36- Tests suggest that a high percentage - of the Welsh's mitochondrial DNA...
0:38:36 > 0:38:40- ..stems from the women who - sought refuge in places like this...
0:38:40 > 0:38:43- ..until the ice - started melting once again.
0:38:45 > 0:38:49- Then, wave after wave - of immigrants came to Wales.
0:38:50 > 0:38:54- The early hunters who - lived on plants and wild animals.
0:38:57 > 0:39:01- The first farmers - who introduced agriculture...
0:39:01 > 0:39:04- ..and built their large monuments.
0:39:08 > 0:39:12- And the Beaker People, - who mastered the art of smelting.
0:39:14 > 0:39:16- Among them was a child...
0:39:17 > 0:39:20- ..who was born - bearing a unique genetic marker.
0:39:24 > 0:39:28- A marker that is still common - among Welshmen today...
0:39:28 > 0:39:30- ..according to our tests.
0:39:35 > 0:39:40- 2,000 years ago, the hill-fort was - the home of the nation's ancestors.
0:39:41 > 0:39:46- Descendants of these three - ancient groups of immigrants...
0:39:47 > 0:39:49- ..lived together - in the hill-forts...
0:39:49 > 0:39:53- ..like the one archaeologists - have discovered in Ely...
0:39:53 > 0:39:57- ..according to evidence - found in our tests.
0:39:57 > 0:40:01- The hunters, the farmers...
0:40:01 > 0:40:03- ..and the Beaker People.
0:40:03 > 0:40:08- But the descendants of one group - was much more prominent...
0:40:08 > 0:40:10- ..than the two others.
0:40:18 > 0:40:24- The Roman legions demolished - the ancient world of the hill-fort.
0:40:24 > 0:40:27- But despite - the influence of the Romans...
0:40:27 > 0:40:32- ..it's difficult to trace their DNA - in the current nation's gene pool.
0:40:35 > 0:40:39- After the Romans, - the Saxons preyed on Wales.
0:40:40 > 0:40:43- But DNA Cymru's tests - have confirmed...
0:40:43 > 0:40:47- ..that Offa's Dyke - is a genetic boundary...
0:40:47 > 0:40:49- ..as well as a political boundary.
0:40:49 > 0:40:53- The key genetic marker - found among the Beaker People...
0:40:53 > 0:40:57- ..indicates a big difference - on both sides of the dyke.
0:40:59 > 0:41:03- There's also - very little evidence in Wales...
0:41:03 > 0:41:07- ..of other ferocious invaders - who came to our shores.
0:41:08 > 0:41:11- But many Welsh people today - cling to the notion...
0:41:11 > 0:41:15- ..that Viking blood - still flows in their veins.
0:41:17 > 0:41:21- Is there a chip shop nearby? - The sea air makes me ravenous.
0:41:24 > 0:41:28- DNA Cymru - came across a possible connection...
0:41:28 > 0:41:32- ..between the Normans - and one of our current heroes...
0:41:32 > 0:41:35- ..when it was revealed - in Alun Wyn Jones' DNA results.
0:41:37 > 0:41:41- And evidence that one of Llangwm's - residents in Pembrokeshire...
0:41:42 > 0:41:46- ..was a descendant of one of the - village's founders from Flanders.
0:41:46 > 0:41:51- He has to be connected to the De La - Roche, the founders of the village.
0:41:51 > 0:41:55- What about Wales' ancient leaders - - the princes and the noblemen?
0:41:55 > 0:41:59- One of our most striking results...
0:41:59 > 0:42:01- ..is to do with them.
0:42:03 > 0:42:05- The memory of ancient chieftains...
0:42:06 > 0:42:09- ..such as Rhodri Fawr, - Hywel Dda and Lord Rhys...
0:42:09 > 0:42:13- ..was kept alive - in the nation's psyche.
0:42:13 > 0:42:16- Their genealogies - were carefully recorded...
0:42:16 > 0:42:20- ..and depicted in long scrolls - in the nobility's mansions.
0:42:20 > 0:42:23- Their place - in our country's history...
0:42:24 > 0:42:26- ..is known to historians.
0:42:26 > 0:42:29- But now we know - that they formed the nation...
0:42:30 > 0:42:34- ..in a way - no-one had suspected before.
0:42:35 > 0:42:38- According to - our tests and research...
0:42:38 > 0:42:42- ..it appears that one - in every five Welshmen today...
0:42:42 > 0:42:47- ..is a direct descendant on - the father line to 10 prominent men.
0:42:47 > 0:42:51- 10 men who lived in Wales - less than 2,000 years ago.
0:42:52 > 0:42:54- It's a striking statistic.
0:42:54 > 0:42:57- Up to 200,000 - of today's population...
0:42:58 > 0:43:01- ..are related - to 10 of the old nobility.
0:43:01 > 0:43:06- Thousands more Welsh exiles - carry the same genetic markers.
0:43:09 > 0:43:11- They form genetic clusters.
0:43:11 > 0:43:14- Groups of men - who share the same genetic pattern.
0:43:17 > 0:43:20- Although scientists - have found similar clusters....
0:43:21 > 0:43:24- ..in Scotland, - Ireland and Mongolia...
0:43:25 > 0:43:29- ..it appears that the pattern - in Wales is even more notable.
0:43:31 > 0:43:34- Since the start - of the DNA Cymru project...
0:43:34 > 0:43:39- ..it's clear that ordinary folk have - definite ideas about their roots.
0:43:39 > 0:43:43- In a non-scientific survey - at Parc y Scarlets...
0:43:43 > 0:43:48- ..the majority of fans - regarded themselves as Celts.
0:43:49 > 0:43:51- On receiving their DNA results...
0:43:51 > 0:43:57- ..many of the nation's greats also - empathized strongly with the Celts.
0:43:57 > 0:44:02- We Welsh people are dark and small. - I can't wait to see where I'm from.
0:44:03 > 0:44:04- I'm nervous too.
0:44:05 > 0:44:07- But many of them were shocked.
0:44:08 > 0:44:09- The Ice Age?
0:44:09 > 0:44:11- The Ice Age?- - 6,000 years ago.
0:44:11 > 0:44:14- That's too much for my brain!
0:44:14 > 0:44:16- This goes back and back and back.
0:44:16 > 0:44:18- I'm content with that.
0:44:18 > 0:44:22- I'm a bit of a pedigree. - I've searched all my life for one!
0:44:22 > 0:44:27- For Colin Charvis, the test result - was a complete shock.
0:44:27 > 0:44:30- His father - was from Jamaica originally.
0:44:31 > 0:44:36- Colin had taken it for granted - that his family had arrived there...
0:44:36 > 0:44:39- ..as slaves from Africa.
0:44:39 > 0:44:42- But DNA Cymru had news for him.
0:44:43 > 0:44:45- You. Are. Welsh.
0:44:47 > 0:44:49- Colin is - the descendant of a Welshman...
0:44:50 > 0:44:53- ..who went to the Caribbean - during the age of slavery...
0:44:54 > 0:44:57- ..and belongs to - one of the genetic clusters...
0:44:57 > 0:44:59- ..that have emerged in our tests.
0:45:00 > 0:45:03- The spit kits of many more people...
0:45:03 > 0:45:06- ..have shown - that they are part of a cluster.
0:45:07 > 0:45:10- One of them, as he'd hoped, - is David Protheroe.
0:45:10 > 0:45:13- It'd help - if it was the right way round!
0:45:13 > 0:45:16- Surprisingly, - his daughter, Liwsi Kim...
0:45:17 > 0:45:20- ..also belongs to - a cluster on her mother's line...
0:45:20 > 0:45:25- ..a female cluster that DNA Cymru - has only recently discovered.
0:45:27 > 0:45:29- After all, family history...
0:45:29 > 0:45:31- ..is the nation's history too.
0:45:34 > 0:45:36- Take a look in the mirror.
0:45:36 > 0:45:40- What do you see? History.
0:45:40 > 0:45:46- A history that means more the more - you understand the genetics...
0:45:46 > 0:45:49- ..that drives that history.
0:45:49 > 0:45:52- The force that through - the green fuse drives the flower
0:45:52 > 0:45:55- Drives my green age
0:45:55 > 0:45:57- That blasts the roots of trees
0:45:57 > 0:45:59- Is my destroyer
0:46:00 > 0:46:02- And I am dumb - to tell the crooked rose
0:46:02 > 0:46:05- My youth is bent - by the same wintry fever.
0:46:06 > 0:46:11- Our roots, and the way they've grown - from the earth on which we live...
0:46:12 > 0:46:15- ..have always been - a topic for poets...
0:46:15 > 0:46:18- ..historians and scientists.
0:46:20 > 0:46:23- The DNA Cymru project began - with a simple question.
0:46:24 > 0:46:25- Who are the Welsh?
0:46:28 > 0:46:31- And by answering that question...
0:46:31 > 0:46:34- ..one truth - has emerged time and time again.
0:46:36 > 0:46:41- We belong to a family, belong - to a community, belong to a nation.
0:46:42 > 0:46:44- But understanding our genetics...
0:46:45 > 0:46:48- ..shows that we belong - to everyone on the planet.
0:46:48 > 0:46:52- The personal story - of every individual...
0:46:52 > 0:46:55- ..is part of the history of mankind.
0:46:55 > 0:46:58- For many of us...
0:46:59 > 0:47:01- ..that's priceless.
0:47:02 > 0:47:04- Who are the Welsh?
0:47:04 > 0:47:06- We're brothers and sisters.
0:47:06 > 0:47:09- We're all related to one another.
0:47:09 > 0:47:11- Every one of us in Wales today.
0:47:11 > 0:47:14- The proof is in our DNA.
0:47:43 > 0:47:45- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:47:45 > 0:47:45- .