0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:04 > 0:00:07- I'm following in the footsteps - of Welsh people...
0:00:07 > 0:00:11- ..who have ventured to foreign - countries over the centuries.
0:00:13 > 0:00:17- The journeys encompass - tragedies, scandals and wars.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- I'll see - what the countries are like now...
0:00:21 > 0:00:26- ..records of the original journeys - and what remains of their world.
0:00:39 > 0:00:43- From Ffaldybrenin to China
0:00:52 > 0:00:56- In February 1870, a man - from rural Wales arrived here...
0:00:56 > 0:00:58- ..the port of Yantai in China.
0:00:58 > 0:01:01- He was one - of the early missionaries.
0:01:01 > 0:01:06- Some say he was the most important - missionary to visit this country...
0:01:06 > 0:01:08- ..but he was far more than that.
0:01:08 > 0:01:13- He saved the lives of thousands - of people by fighting famine.
0:01:13 > 0:01:15- He became friends - with the Emperor...
0:01:15 > 0:01:18- ..and campaigned - to develop the country.
0:01:18 > 0:01:20- He had a dream - for a global government...
0:01:21 > 0:01:23- ..and a league of all religions.
0:01:25 > 0:01:30- Yantai lies - on China's eastern coast.
0:01:30 > 0:01:32- It's home to 7 million people.
0:01:32 > 0:01:37- It's a growing city and part of - the huge changes happening in China.
0:01:37 > 0:01:42- The young missionary arrived here - during another period of change.
0:01:42 > 0:01:44- His name was Timothy Richard.
0:01:45 > 0:01:48- Great Britain and the superpowers - had fought wars...
0:01:48 > 0:01:51- ..to force China to open - five ports to foreign traders.
0:01:52 > 0:01:56- As the economies of the West - were developing more quickly...
0:01:56 > 0:02:00- ..there was a demand - to open more than five ports.
0:02:00 > 0:02:04- Wars continued from the middle - of the 1850s until 1860.
0:02:04 > 0:02:08- Following that, - 80 ports were opened...
0:02:08 > 0:02:12- ..not only along the coast - but along the rivers too.
0:02:12 > 0:02:15- In reality, from 1860 onwards...
0:02:15 > 0:02:18- ..China was completely open.
0:02:18 > 0:02:24- It made it possible for missionary - societies from the West...
0:02:24 > 0:02:26- ..to send their people in.
0:02:26 > 0:02:30- The ports had only been open for - about 10 years when Timothy arrived.
0:02:31 > 0:02:32- It was a huge undertaking...
0:02:33 > 0:02:35- ..for a young man - from rural Carmarthenshire.
0:02:35 > 0:02:38- At the time, people from the West...
0:02:38 > 0:02:41- ..knew very little - about the people of China.
0:02:41 > 0:02:44- Most of the country - was more mysterious than Africa...
0:02:44 > 0:02:47- ..but he was determined - to travel to North China.
0:02:47 > 0:02:50- He believed - the people were civilised.
0:02:50 > 0:02:54- Had he not been sent by the Baptist - Society, he said he would have swam!
0:02:56 > 0:02:59- Yes, tone is key - in Chinese language.
0:03:01 > 0:03:06- One of the first things Timothy - Richard did was learn the language.
0:03:06 > 0:03:09- Very few people - speak English here today.
0:03:09 > 0:03:13- I'm following his example - by learning a few words.
0:03:14 > 0:03:19- In a cafe, in a bookshop, - I ask my translator, Lingyi Chen...
0:03:19 > 0:03:23- ..what was the most important word - - please?
0:03:24 > 0:03:25- Qing.
0:03:25 > 0:03:27- Qing.- - Qing. Yes.
0:03:27 > 0:03:30- OK. - And then to follow that, thank you.
0:03:30 > 0:03:32- Thank you is xiexie.
0:03:32 > 0:03:33- Xiexie.
0:03:34 > 0:03:38- Xiexie. Falling tone. Xiexie.
0:03:38 > 0:03:42- I need to know how to pronounce the - names of the places we're going to.
0:03:43 > 0:03:44- This is Yantai.
0:03:44 > 0:03:45- This is Yantai.- - This is Yantai.
0:03:46 > 0:03:49- And then we're going to...
0:03:49 > 0:03:51- ..Qingzhou.
0:03:51 > 0:03:54- Qingzhou. Qingzhou.
0:03:54 > 0:03:56- Shanxi.
0:03:56 > 0:04:00- The province. Shanxi.
0:04:00 > 0:04:01- Shanxi.
0:04:01 > 0:04:02- Shanxi.
0:04:02 > 0:04:04- Shanxi.- - Both flat.
0:04:05 > 0:04:10- We have another province which is - called Shaanxi. It's very similar.
0:04:10 > 0:04:13- You want to make sure - you don't say it wrong.
0:04:14 > 0:04:18- The tone makes the difference - between one word and another.
0:04:18 > 0:04:21- Luckily, Timothy Richard - wasn't as slow as I was.
0:04:22 > 0:04:25- When he visited China, - there were great troubles.
0:04:25 > 0:04:30- In Yantai, thousands died - from typhoid and cholera.
0:04:31 > 0:04:35- Five missionaries had died - before the Welshman arrived.
0:04:35 > 0:04:39- When Timothy reached Yantai, - there were many missionaries here.
0:04:39 > 0:04:41- Soon he was the only Baptist.
0:04:41 > 0:04:45- At the age of 25, - he took on all the responsibility.
0:04:45 > 0:04:48- Soon he realised - how dangerous it was here.
0:04:49 > 0:04:53- The French Consul and his wife were - murdered in another part of China...
0:04:53 > 0:04:55- ..along with 21 nuns.
0:04:55 > 0:05:00- Timothy joined the local militia - to prevent the same happening here.
0:05:00 > 0:05:03- The rumour spread - that there was to be a rising...
0:05:03 > 0:05:06- ..against all foreigners - at every port.
0:05:07 > 0:05:08- For some days we kept watch...
0:05:09 > 0:05:11- ..lest the Chinese - should attack the settlement.
0:05:12 > 0:05:16- The missionary work started too - - sermons and sharing literature.
0:05:16 > 0:05:17- There was some success.
0:05:18 > 0:05:23- The first person he turned to Jesus - had taught him an important lesson.
0:05:23 > 0:05:27- Timothy Richard asked whether men - were sinners in God's eyes.
0:05:27 > 0:05:31- The new Christian answered, - "I don't know about men, but I am."
0:05:32 > 0:05:35- Only a few of Yantai's - old streets remain.
0:05:35 > 0:05:38- This woman lives - in one of those streets.
0:05:39 > 0:05:41- She asked if I was a Christian.
0:05:41 > 0:05:45- After retiring from the Army, - she's spent her time...
0:05:45 > 0:05:49- ..trying to persuade passers-by - to turn to Jesus Christ.
0:05:49 > 0:05:53- Raised in the countryside, - she was influenced by missionaries.
0:05:53 > 0:05:55- She now follows their example.
0:05:56 > 0:06:00- I'd read about the major changes - in China...
0:06:00 > 0:06:03- ..but you must be here - to appreciate the scale.
0:06:03 > 0:06:06- Old towns and cities - have been destroyed...
0:06:06 > 0:06:10- ..and new cities of skyscrapers - have risen in their place.
0:06:10 > 0:06:13- That's what struck me - about Yantai...
0:06:13 > 0:06:17- ..the difference between the - old town and the new developments.
0:06:17 > 0:06:20- It appears that the only people - who live in the old parts...
0:06:21 > 0:06:25- ..are the workers who move from - the countryside in their millions...
0:06:25 > 0:06:27- ..to work in the new cities.
0:06:31 > 0:06:36- During his first months in China, - Timothy travelled extensively...
0:06:36 > 0:06:39- ..across the huge province - of Xiandong.
0:06:39 > 0:06:42- If he was to become - a successful missionary...
0:06:42 > 0:06:45- ..he needed to understand - the country and its people.
0:06:45 > 0:06:50- The country had remained unchanged - for thousands of years.
0:06:51 > 0:06:54- Timothy's life - came under threat more than once.
0:06:55 > 0:06:58- On many occasions, people - directed hatred towards him...
0:06:58 > 0:07:01- ..because he was a foreigner - and a Christian.
0:07:01 > 0:07:03- He also experienced kindness.
0:07:04 > 0:07:06- He was given refuge against thieves.
0:07:06 > 0:07:09- He was given food and accommodation.
0:07:09 > 0:07:13- Once, he crossed a wide river, wider - than this, with a strong current.
0:07:13 > 0:07:16- The only way to cross - was by walking.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- Local people joined him, - water up to their necks.
0:07:19 > 0:07:23- One carried his clothes on his - head, the others guided him safely.
0:07:23 > 0:07:27- Without their help, - he would certainly have drowned.
0:07:30 > 0:07:32- In his letters and autobiography...
0:07:32 > 0:07:35- ..Timothy Richard described vividly - the things he saw.
0:07:36 > 0:07:40- He described a bed, a kang bed, - which is still used in this country.
0:07:40 > 0:07:43- A huge bed - with a rock for a mattress...
0:07:43 > 0:07:46- ..and room to light a fire under it - to generate heat.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- In one house, - he shared this bed with 38 people.
0:07:51 > 0:07:53- One was a woman.
0:07:53 > 0:07:56- During the day, - the quilt is folded away.
0:07:56 > 0:07:58- The heat goes to the chimney.
0:07:58 > 0:08:03- If I was home, - I would make one for you to use.
0:08:03 > 0:08:05- Yantai is on a peninsula.
0:08:05 > 0:08:10- Timothy Richard spent a lot of his - time travelling on that peninsula.
0:08:11 > 0:08:14- When he returned to the city, - he broke new ground.
0:08:14 > 0:08:19- He headed inland to Qingzhou - where no missionaries had visited.
0:08:19 > 0:08:22- It'll take me two hours - to get there.
0:08:22 > 0:08:25- For him, - it was an eight-day journey.
0:08:25 > 0:08:28- It was January with snow all around.
0:08:29 > 0:08:31- Outside Qingzhou, - the weather deteriorated.
0:08:32 > 0:08:34- A snow blizzard covered the land.
0:08:35 > 0:08:38- He couldn't see the path underfoot - or the sun above.
0:08:39 > 0:08:42- In those days, - the sun was the only compass.
0:08:42 > 0:08:47- He found shelter only to hear that - many travellers had frozen to death.
0:08:50 > 0:08:50- .
0:08:55 > 0:08:55- Subtitles
0:08:55 > 0:08:57- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:08:59 > 0:09:02- Timothy Richard from Ffaldybrenin - in rural Carmarthenshire...
0:09:03 > 0:09:06- ..travelled to China in 1870 - to work as a missionary.
0:09:06 > 0:09:09- Local religions, Tao, Confucius - and Buddhism, were strong.
0:09:10 > 0:09:12- The country - had been closed to foreigners.
0:09:13 > 0:09:16- The first missionaries - had stayed near the ports.
0:09:18 > 0:09:22- After five years in China, - Timothy made an important decision.
0:09:22 > 0:09:24- He left the coastal villages...
0:09:25 > 0:09:29- ..where enough missionaries were - stationed, and headed inland alone.
0:09:29 > 0:09:32- He reached the ancient city - of Qingzhou...
0:09:32 > 0:09:36- ..where he'd heard that people - were searching for the truth.
0:09:36 > 0:09:41- His work here would change the way - he looked at his missionary work.
0:09:41 > 0:09:43- It also changed the way - he saw the world.
0:09:45 > 0:09:48- He encountered problems. - No-one would rent him a house.
0:09:48 > 0:09:52- People feared him. He was - the man with a big nose to them.
0:09:52 > 0:09:57- Even today, white people in Qingzhou - are a source of curiosity.
0:09:58 > 0:10:01- Being in foreign dress, - if I were inside a house...
0:10:02 > 0:10:06- ..all sorts of onlookers would - have come to the paper windows.
0:10:06 > 0:10:09- Each would have wet the tip - of his finger...
0:10:10 > 0:10:11- ..and made a hole in the paper.
0:10:11 > 0:10:15- Every visit to a house would - involve the mending of the window.
0:10:15 > 0:10:20- Timothy Richard was determined - to understand the people.
0:10:20 > 0:10:24- He realised he'd have - to be on the their wavelength...
0:10:24 > 0:10:28- ..speak their language, - in words and ideas...
0:10:28 > 0:10:30- ..and try to look like them too.
0:10:31 > 0:10:36- I wondered if I would have more - visitors if I wore Chinese dress.
0:10:36 > 0:10:40- One day I put on - the native dress and shaved my head.
0:10:40 > 0:10:45- As I walked down the street, I - overheard one man say to another...
0:10:45 > 0:10:48- .."Ah, he looks like a man now."
0:10:48 > 0:10:51- He was developing - his own way of working...
0:10:51 > 0:10:53- ..which was starting to bear fruit.
0:10:53 > 0:10:55- Outside the ancient city walls...
0:10:56 > 0:11:01- ..Timothy Richard baptised his first - new Christians in this river...
0:11:01 > 0:11:03- ..a weaver and his wife.
0:11:04 > 0:11:06- He choose a quiet location...
0:11:06 > 0:11:10- ..in case the strange sight - attracted unwanted attention.
0:11:10 > 0:11:13- He visited - a nearby Buddhist temple...
0:11:13 > 0:11:16- ..told the leader - what he was doing...
0:11:16 > 0:11:19- ..and used two rooms - to change clothes.
0:11:19 > 0:11:22- A Buddhist priest - helping a Christian baptism.
0:11:23 > 0:11:25- That set him apart.
0:11:25 > 0:11:29- He was ready to turn - to other religious leaders...
0:11:30 > 0:11:32- ..and speak to them.
0:11:33 > 0:11:36- Timothy Richard established - this church in 1875...
0:11:36 > 0:11:38- ..the first in the city.
0:11:38 > 0:11:41- Within three years, - 700 people had turned to Jesus...
0:11:42 > 0:11:44- ..and 1,000 in nearby villages.
0:11:44 > 0:11:48- Some women would walk 10 miles - to attend his services...
0:11:48 > 0:11:52- ..even though their feet - were tightly bound.
0:11:52 > 0:11:54- The Welshman wanted more.
0:11:54 > 0:11:58- # Amen #
0:11:59 > 0:12:03- I urge my hearers that in addition - to the ordinary worship...
0:12:04 > 0:12:08- ..they should make vows to the way - they propose to serve God.
0:12:08 > 0:12:12- He created a list - of everything Christians should do.
0:12:12 > 0:12:18- Help the poor, share medicines, care - for widows, orphans and the elderly.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- Visit the sick, help bury the poor.
0:12:23 > 0:12:27- After the service, the minister, - Li Jin Feng, showed me a museum...
0:12:28 > 0:12:32- ..established by the government - for the church of Qingzhou.
0:12:32 > 0:12:37- It includes the story of Timothy - Richard, a hero for Christians here.
0:12:43 > 0:12:48- Most people who know about Timothy - Richard are Chinese Christians.
0:12:50 > 0:12:54- He went through a lot of hardship - when he was in China...
0:12:54 > 0:12:56- ..trying to spread Christianity.
0:12:56 > 0:12:59- As I learn more - about Timothy Richard...
0:13:00 > 0:13:02- ..I can learn lessons from that.
0:13:05 > 0:13:08- 250 people attended - this morning's service.
0:13:08 > 0:13:12- The service was a lot longer - than services in Wales today.
0:13:12 > 0:13:14- The sermon was an hour long.
0:13:15 > 0:13:19- What troubled me was that it took - place in a relatively new chapel.
0:13:19 > 0:13:23- Many believe that this - was the original chapel...
0:13:23 > 0:13:27- ..and it was here - during Timothy Richard's time.
0:13:27 > 0:13:29- Others think differently.
0:13:29 > 0:13:33- They believe the first services - were held in his home.
0:13:49 > 0:13:52- Because of everything - that's happened here...
0:13:52 > 0:13:54- ..since Timothy Richard's time...
0:13:54 > 0:13:57- ..records and buildings - have been lost.
0:13:57 > 0:14:00- This small part of the city - has survived.
0:14:00 > 0:14:03- We know that he rented a house - on this street.
0:14:03 > 0:14:08- We also know that he held services - in that house and taught people.
0:14:08 > 0:14:10- According to some, - on this shabby street...
0:14:11 > 0:14:13- ..are the origins of the chapel - in Qingzhou.
0:14:18 > 0:14:21- The Ffaldybrenin man - was very talented.
0:14:21 > 0:14:24- Back in Wales, - he'd done well in school...
0:14:25 > 0:14:29- ..and taught in local schools - to earn money to fund his education.
0:14:29 > 0:14:32- He studied Geography and Science...
0:14:32 > 0:14:35- ..in addition to the Classics.
0:14:38 > 0:14:41- When he was 18 years old, - he beat 59 applicants...
0:14:41 > 0:14:44- ..to become headmaster - of Ysgol Cynwyl Elfed.
0:14:44 > 0:14:49- Three other schools closed as pupils - moved to be taught by him.
0:14:49 > 0:14:51- The experience would help in China.
0:14:52 > 0:14:59- The societies sent missionaries - to different parts of the world.
0:14:59 > 0:15:02- They chose them very carefully.
0:15:02 > 0:15:06- They had to be evangelical - but they needed other attributes...
0:15:07 > 0:15:12- ..abilities relating to medicine, - social improvement and education.
0:15:13 > 0:15:15- Many of them were teachers.
0:15:15 > 0:15:18- They had different skills.
0:15:18 > 0:15:23- They develop those skills and - under particular circumstances...
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- ..the evangelical work - was less evident...
0:15:27 > 0:15:30- ..than the other work they did.
0:15:30 > 0:15:34- Timothy Richard understood - that he had to show people...
0:15:35 > 0:15:38- ..that Christianity would help them.
0:15:38 > 0:15:40- Through modern medicine for example.
0:15:41 > 0:15:44- I had a good supply of quinine - and gave it out freely.
0:15:45 > 0:15:49- To the people around, it seemed - nothing short of miraculous.
0:15:50 > 0:15:52- It's strange to see - a photo of a Ffaldybrenin man...
0:15:53 > 0:15:54- ..in a Chinese medical school.
0:15:55 > 0:15:58- Timothy Richard is remembered here.
0:15:58 > 0:16:02- He used new medicines from the West - to cure people.
0:16:02 > 0:16:05- He discussed new ideas about health.
0:16:05 > 0:16:07- During his time in Qingzhou...
0:16:07 > 0:16:11- ..he also undertook humanitarian - and educational work.
0:16:11 > 0:16:15- They trace modern and medical - education in this city...
0:16:15 > 0:16:16- ..back to his time.
0:16:18 > 0:16:21- 13,000 students - attend this medical college.
0:16:22 > 0:16:26- It teaches Western medicine - and some traditional medicine too.
0:16:26 > 0:16:28- Even today, it's important.
0:16:28 > 0:16:33- Timothy Richard understood the power - of the traditional religions.
0:16:33 > 0:16:37- He realised that they were part - of every aspect of life...
0:16:37 > 0:16:40- ..especially the religion - of Confucius.
0:16:40 > 0:16:43- When we talk about religion, - or credo in China...
0:16:43 > 0:16:45- ..you can't avoid Confucius.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- Confucius' values - are an integral part...
0:16:49 > 0:16:53- ..of the way - the country has been ruled...
0:16:53 > 0:16:56- ..the reason why people - are so obedient...
0:16:56 > 0:16:58- ..and how the legal system works.
0:16:59 > 0:17:03- Confucius has been a thread - running through China's history...
0:17:04 > 0:17:07- ..for years, - and continues to do so today.
0:17:09 > 0:17:13- The mindset was different - and the Welsh missionary realised...
0:17:14 > 0:17:18- ..that ideas such as salvation - didn't make sense to China's people.
0:17:18 > 0:17:19- He stopped using such words.
0:17:21 > 0:17:25- Timothy Richard - regularly visited places like this.
0:17:25 > 0:17:29- This is a reconstructed temple - of the Tao religion.
0:17:29 > 0:17:33- It's on the site of another temple - that was here during his time.
0:17:33 > 0:17:37- He would speak to the leaders - to understand their religion...
0:17:38 > 0:17:41- ..and spoke the same - spiritual language as them.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44- He soon realised - that certain virtues...
0:17:44 > 0:17:47- ..belonged to the people - searching for the truth...
0:17:47 > 0:17:49- ..and to their religion too.
0:17:50 > 0:17:54- His interest - in local religions grew.
0:17:54 > 0:17:58- He translated Christian literature - into Chinese...
0:17:58 > 0:18:04- ..and translated Chinese books into - English which didn't please some.
0:18:04 > 0:18:07- Timothy Richard - was ploughing his own furrow...
0:18:07 > 0:18:09- ..in a country full of challenges.
0:18:09 > 0:18:15- One of the greatest challenges - that China faced after 1860...
0:18:17 > 0:18:21- ..was their dire economic problems.
0:18:22 > 0:18:25- The population - had doubled in size...
0:18:25 > 0:18:29- ..between the middle - of the 18th and 19th centuries.
0:18:29 > 0:18:32- You have a problem there.
0:18:33 > 0:18:36- You must feed a population - that's growing rapidly.
0:18:38 > 0:18:39- Then, disaster.
0:18:39 > 0:18:43- The consequences of wars, - dry summers, failed harvests...
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- ..and a country - where it was difficult...
0:18:46 > 0:18:49- ..to move things - from place to place...
0:18:49 > 0:18:53- ..led to the Great Famine of 1876, - one of the worst in history.
0:18:53 > 0:18:57- Timothy Richard described - some of the conditions.
0:18:57 > 0:19:01- People demolished their houses - to sell the timber to buy food.
0:19:01 > 0:19:05- People removed their roofs, mixed - the material with grass seeds...
0:19:05 > 0:19:07- ..and boiled it to make food.
0:19:07 > 0:19:11- Without homes, they dug holes - in the ground to keep warm.
0:19:11 > 0:19:13- Up to 50 people lived in one hole.
0:19:14 > 0:19:18- In the middle of the famine, - a sight such as this was rare.
0:19:18 > 0:19:20- A tree covered in bark.
0:19:21 > 0:19:24- People removed the bark - and turned it into food.
0:19:25 > 0:19:28- Timothy Richard - witnessed horrific scenes.
0:19:28 > 0:19:32- Bodies left at the side of the road - being eaten by animals.
0:19:32 > 0:19:35- Girls being sold to men - from the East...
0:19:35 > 0:19:38- ..to ease the pressure - on their families.
0:19:38 > 0:19:42- Some girls begged to be taken - to places where food was available.
0:19:44 > 0:19:47- Timothy Richard - worked hard throughout.
0:19:47 > 0:19:52- He travelled around to help and - collected money through his work.
0:19:57 > 0:20:02- His famine work was an early - predecessor of an emergency appeal.
0:20:02 > 0:20:05- Timothy Richard opened a home - for 100 orphaned boys...
0:20:06 > 0:20:08- ..who'd lost their parents - in the famine.
0:20:09 > 0:20:11- He asked for money to open more.
0:20:11 > 0:20:15- Four dollars would keep one boy - for three months.
0:20:15 > 0:20:18- He also asked for money - to buy equipment...
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- ..to help them learn a skill, - similar to modern appeals.
0:20:23 > 0:20:27- He raised enough money to open - five homes to house 500 boys.
0:20:33 > 0:20:38- By 1877, Timothy Richard - had been in China for seven years.
0:20:39 > 0:20:40- In his two years in Qingzhou...
0:20:41 > 0:20:45- ..he realised he had to understand - China's culture and religion...
0:20:45 > 0:20:48- ..if he wanted to reach the people.
0:20:51 > 0:20:55- For months, he'd helped fight - the awful famine.
0:20:55 > 0:20:58- His missionary work - had been effective.
0:20:58 > 0:21:02- He'd raised money - and arranged to use the resources.
0:21:02 > 0:21:05- Then news broke that the famine - was even worse...
0:21:06 > 0:21:08- ..in the neighbouring - Shanxi province.
0:21:08 > 0:21:12- He was invited to undertake - similar work there.
0:21:12 > 0:21:15- It meant a journey of three weeks.
0:21:15 > 0:21:18- It was November - and the winter was harsh.
0:21:22 > 0:21:26- He set off for Shanxi's main town - with two Christians to help him.
0:21:27 > 0:21:32- On the way, they saw bodies - ravaged by wild animals.
0:21:32 > 0:21:34- It was difficult for the Welshman.
0:21:34 > 0:21:37- It was even more difficult - for the locals.
0:21:37 > 0:21:42- Seeing how this affected the two - Christians, Timothy sent them home.
0:21:42 > 0:21:44- He continued to his new home alone.
0:21:44 > 0:21:44- .
0:21:49 > 0:21:49- Subtitles
0:21:49 > 0:21:51- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:21:55 > 0:21:59- Timothy Richard's base in Shanxi - was Taiyuan...
0:21:59 > 0:22:03- ..which is now a city - of four and a half million people.
0:22:03 > 0:22:07- It's a city transformed completely - over the past 20 years.
0:22:07 > 0:22:11- It was also an important town - during Timothy's time...
0:22:12 > 0:22:14- ..the home - of the province's government.
0:22:15 > 0:22:18- The government - was trying to overcome the famine.
0:22:18 > 0:22:21- Timothy Richard - worked with the government...
0:22:21 > 0:22:24- ..and organised - an international campaign with them.
0:22:26 > 0:22:32- American Andrew Kaiser works for - a missionary charity in Taiyuan.
0:22:32 > 0:22:35- He's also researched the work - of Timothy Richard.
0:22:36 > 0:22:40- The Shanxi famine itself - was very dramatic.
0:22:40 > 0:22:44- Something like a third of the - population of Shanxi province...
0:22:45 > 0:22:48- ..perished or was removed - from the province...
0:22:48 > 0:22:50- ..in space of two years or so.
0:22:50 > 0:22:52- Tremendous levels of devastation.
0:22:52 > 0:22:56- Timothy Richard was key - to the foreign relief effort.
0:22:58 > 0:23:00- He was called to Shanxi...
0:23:00 > 0:23:04- ..because of his experience - in the neighbouring province.
0:23:05 > 0:23:08- He gathered together - a team of 12 missionaries...
0:23:08 > 0:23:11- ..from different religions...
0:23:11 > 0:23:15- ..and set about trying to reduce - the effect of the famine.
0:23:16 > 0:23:19- Timothy Richard - travelled around Shanxi...
0:23:20 > 0:23:23- ..to evaluate the effects - of the famine.
0:23:23 > 0:23:25- The ground in this area is powdery.
0:23:26 > 0:23:28- Soil was mixed with grain - to produce food...
0:23:29 > 0:23:31- ..but people died after eating it.
0:23:31 > 0:23:33- There was worse to come...
0:23:33 > 0:23:36- ..stories that are difficult - to recount even today.
0:23:37 > 0:23:39- A boy killed and ate his mother.
0:23:39 > 0:23:41- Parents exchanged their babies...
0:23:41 > 0:23:45- ..because they couldn't face - eating their own children.
0:23:45 > 0:23:49- At one point, Timothy Richard - believed he was going insane.
0:23:52 > 0:23:55- He distributed money and food - in the province...
0:23:55 > 0:23:58- ..and witnessed the devastation.
0:23:58 > 0:24:01- In one area, 100,000 people lived.
0:24:01 > 0:24:04- 200,000 people lived there - before the famine.
0:24:07 > 0:24:09- There was a gateway - to almost every town.
0:24:10 > 0:24:14- Outside one, Timothy Richard - saw his most gruesome sight.
0:24:14 > 0:24:17- On one side, - a large pile of male bodies.
0:24:17 > 0:24:19- On the other, female bodies.
0:24:19 > 0:24:22- They were all piled up - like pigs in an abattoir.
0:24:23 > 0:24:25- By collecting evidence like that...
0:24:25 > 0:24:28- ..he soon realised - the enormity of the problem.
0:24:28 > 0:24:33- He had evidence in his diaries - to send to Shanghai and London...
0:24:33 > 0:24:36- ..to kick-start - the fundraising campaign.
0:24:36 > 0:24:39- This was really - the first instance...
0:24:39 > 0:24:43- ..of an international Christian - relief effort taking place.
0:24:43 > 0:24:48- Timothy's letters and telegrams - were published in newspapers.
0:24:48 > 0:24:51- The result was churches - donated funds.
0:24:52 > 0:24:54- Chunks of silver that he brought...
0:24:54 > 0:24:57- ..and he carved up - into little pieces...
0:24:57 > 0:25:01- ..and put into the hands - of people facing starvation.
0:25:03 > 0:25:07- Farmers in Shanxi province - grow all kinds of crops today.
0:25:07 > 0:25:11- In 1879, with little rain, - the harvest failed again.
0:25:11 > 0:25:17- This experience made Timothy Richard - look further than missionary work.
0:25:19 > 0:25:23- For now, the work of helping others - was endless.
0:25:25 > 0:25:28- I can't wait for a time - when it is all over...
0:25:28 > 0:25:32- ..and people can once again - enjoy their daily bread.
0:25:32 > 0:25:36- In the end, his hopes were realised. - The weather changed.
0:25:38 > 0:25:43- Rain has finally fallen on this - place, throughout the province.
0:25:43 > 0:25:47- Tiredness and grief - have been replaced by joy.
0:25:49 > 0:25:53- The province's government had done - its best to overcome the famine...
0:25:53 > 0:25:57- ..but Timothy Richard's contribution - was equally important.
0:25:57 > 0:26:00- In two years, - he distributed almost 65,000...
0:26:01 > 0:26:03- ..a staggering sum at that time.
0:26:03 > 0:26:08- Yet, around 15-20m people died - during the Great Famine in China.
0:26:09 > 0:26:13- As a result, the course - of Timothy Richard's life changed.
0:26:13 > 0:26:16- Developing China, - from railways to education...
0:26:17 > 0:26:19- ..became part of his mission.
0:26:19 > 0:26:24- For Timothy, the solution to famine - was improved farming methods...
0:26:24 > 0:26:29- ..using scientific methods - and improving food distribution.
0:26:29 > 0:26:31- He was eager to develop - the railways.
0:26:31 > 0:26:35- During the famine, some areas - had plenty, some had nothing.
0:26:36 > 0:26:39- There was no way - of transporting the food...
0:26:39 > 0:26:43- ..but authorities feared that - this would attract foreigners...
0:26:44 > 0:26:45- ..and change their way of life.
0:26:47 > 0:26:50- Timothy Richard's life - changed in another way.
0:26:52 > 0:26:57- You'll be glad to hear that I have - been blessed with a wonderful wife.
0:26:57 > 0:27:02- She's a remarkably good singer. - I have never met anyone better.
0:27:02 > 0:27:04- She is angelic, - good and hardworking.
0:27:05 > 0:27:07- In short, an incomparable help.
0:27:07 > 0:27:11- His wife, a Scot named Mary...
0:27:11 > 0:27:16- ..had already shown that she had - a great contribution to make.
0:27:16 > 0:27:19- While I was away, - Mary cared for 30 orphans...
0:27:19 > 0:27:21- ..and taught them to read and sing.
0:27:21 > 0:27:26- On my return, I was surprised - to hear them sing beautifully.
0:27:30 > 0:27:35- Because of this work, there was much - goodwill towards the missionaries.
0:27:35 > 0:27:39- Christianity became established - in Shanxi.
0:27:39 > 0:27:43- Modern developments were a sign - of Christianity's value.
0:27:44 > 0:27:46- Science was God's gift - and it should be used.
0:27:47 > 0:27:51- For him, after the famine, the work - of God and development was one.
0:27:55 > 0:27:58- There was some money left over - after the famine campaign.
0:27:59 > 0:28:03- Timothy Richard used the money - to build a chapel in Taiyuan.
0:28:03 > 0:28:08- It was the first Christian chapel - in Shanxi province.
0:28:09 > 0:28:12- Today, there is a large, - modern chapel here...
0:28:12 > 0:28:16- ..following the Communist - persecution era.
0:28:16 > 0:28:20- 400 people are baptised here - each year.
0:28:20 > 0:28:25- The mission in Shanxi - grew after the famine...
0:28:25 > 0:28:30- ..with 12 people working for it, - caring for more than 800 orphans...
0:28:30 > 0:28:32- ..and more than 300 widows.
0:28:32 > 0:28:35- Mary Richard and the widows - led the care work...
0:28:36 > 0:28:38- ..a central part of the mission.
0:28:39 > 0:28:44- Timothy Richard had emphasised - the need for modern medicine...
0:28:44 > 0:28:47- ..to replace superstition - and old wives' tales.
0:28:47 > 0:28:51- Medical missionaries - were an important part of the work.
0:28:52 > 0:28:56- It led to the development - of a hospital in Taiyuan...
0:28:57 > 0:29:00- ..soon after - Timothy Richard departed.
0:29:00 > 0:29:04- Mary was prominent in childcare - and patient care throughout.
0:29:05 > 0:29:09- She also translated Biblical works - into Chinese.
0:29:09 > 0:29:12- She helped her husband - write Christian texts.
0:29:12 > 0:29:16- She had a greater grasp - of written Chinese than him.
0:29:17 > 0:29:20- The famine - was a turning point for China.
0:29:20 > 0:29:23- Great changes are happening there - right now too.
0:29:23 > 0:29:25- As is the case now, and was then...
0:29:26 > 0:29:28- ..there is conflict - between the old and new.
0:29:30 > 0:29:33- The development work - is phenomenal...
0:29:33 > 0:29:36- ..in Taiyuan - and dozens of other cities.
0:29:36 > 0:29:40- Sometimes local people - can become stubborn.
0:29:41 > 0:29:43- The blue boxes are a sign of that.
0:29:43 > 0:29:45- These houses are destined - for destruction.
0:29:46 > 0:29:48- Their owners - are negotiating compensation.
0:29:49 > 0:29:52- The taller the house, - the greater the compensation.
0:29:52 > 0:29:55- A blue box and an additional floor - - more compensation.
0:29:58 > 0:30:00- The authorities - push for change today.
0:30:01 > 0:30:05- Timothy's problem was convincing - the authorities to change.
0:30:05 > 0:30:09- He decided to influence the minds - of those in power.
0:30:09 > 0:30:13- This is why a statue of him - was built in a Taiyuan university.
0:30:13 > 0:30:18- One group of people Timothy tried - to influence were the scholars.
0:30:18 > 0:30:21- Another was the government's - high officials.
0:30:22 > 0:30:26- While in Taiyuan, - he tried to change their mindset.
0:30:26 > 0:30:30- He spent a thousand pounds, - a lot of money at the time...
0:30:30 > 0:30:33- ..on scientific equipment - and imported it to China.
0:30:34 > 0:30:37- He held monthly lectures - on topics such as oxygen...
0:30:37 > 0:30:41- ..and the value of the dynamo - for generating electricity.
0:30:42 > 0:30:46- He also organised exhibitions - on how electromagnets worked.
0:30:46 > 0:30:48- Hundreds listened to him.
0:30:48 > 0:30:51- Timothy Richard - was trying to show them...
0:30:51 > 0:30:54- ..that nature's rules were at work - to help man.
0:30:54 > 0:30:58- Who was behind nature's rules, - according to him? God.
0:31:00 > 0:31:03- I maintain that the study of science - ought to be held...
0:31:04 > 0:31:08- ..in as much reverence as religion, - for it deals with the laws of God.
0:31:10 > 0:31:12- In the lecture on electricity...
0:31:12 > 0:31:16- ..I gave experiments - showing transmission of energy.
0:31:16 > 0:31:20- By using the Wimshurst machine - and an induction coil combined...
0:31:21 > 0:31:25- ..I was able to send at least - 30,000 volts through my body.
0:31:26 > 0:31:31- He was open-minded about science - and his attitude...
0:31:31 > 0:31:34- ..towards local religious leaders.
0:31:34 > 0:31:37- He saw a piety there - that was very familiar to him.
0:31:37 > 0:31:40- It looked similar - to the kinds of things he'd seen...
0:31:41 > 0:31:44- ..in the churches - that he'd preached in back in Wales.
0:31:46 > 0:31:51- Timothy Richard believed that there - were truths in the native religions.
0:31:51 > 0:31:55- Christianity would bring - the pieces together.
0:31:55 > 0:31:59- For him, the mission's work was - to attract locals to Christianity...
0:32:00 > 0:32:02- ..by adding - to some of their principles.
0:32:02 > 0:32:06- He stated that not everything - beyond Christianity...
0:32:06 > 0:32:08- ..was the work of the Devil.
0:32:09 > 0:32:13- Christianity was something - additional, not a substitute.
0:32:13 > 0:32:18- He was accepted by the locals - and they gave him a native name.
0:32:18 > 0:32:21- Li Ti Mo Tai - - the man who cannot be stopped.
0:32:22 > 0:32:26- Calligrapher Professor Li - prints out the name today.
0:32:29 > 0:32:32- Not everyone - was happy with the Welshman.
0:32:32 > 0:32:36- During a return home - towards the end of the 1880s...
0:32:36 > 0:32:40- ..a new generation of Baptist - missionaries reached Taiyuan.
0:32:40 > 0:32:44- They claimed that Timothy - was an operator, not an evangelist.
0:32:44 > 0:32:47- He talked about welfare - and not sin...
0:32:47 > 0:32:50- ..and was too close - to other religions.
0:32:50 > 0:32:53- To avoid conflict, - Timothy decided to leave.
0:32:56 > 0:32:58- After almost 20 years - as a missionary...
0:32:59 > 0:33:03- ..Timothy Richard was ready - for new surroundings and a new life.
0:33:03 > 0:33:05- He'd fought famine.
0:33:05 > 0:33:09- He'd realised the importance - of a country's culture.
0:33:09 > 0:33:14- He was convinced he had to change - the mindset of China's leaders.
0:33:14 > 0:33:16- It all led in one direction.
0:33:16 > 0:33:21- The next step for him was to try - and influence the whole of China.
0:33:33 > 0:33:36- By 1891, it was evident...
0:33:36 > 0:33:40- ..that Timothy's career as - a traditional missionary was over.
0:33:41 > 0:33:42- This suited him.
0:33:43 > 0:33:46- He was glad of the opportunity - to visit Shanghai...
0:33:46 > 0:33:49- ..to accept responsibility - for a society...
0:33:49 > 0:33:54- ..that spread Christian knowledge - through books and pamphlets.
0:33:54 > 0:33:56- According to Timothy...
0:33:56 > 0:34:00- ..that was the way to reach - thousands of society leaders...
0:34:00 > 0:34:02- ..and through them, - influence others.
0:34:03 > 0:34:08- He recognised that very few - missionaries saw the importance...
0:34:08 > 0:34:12- ..or had the skillset - to engage with official China.
0:34:12 > 0:34:17- He made a choice to leave aside the - more traditional missionary work...
0:34:17 > 0:34:21- ..to do this other work, that - few were willing or able to do.
0:34:21 > 0:34:26- His work was publishing pamphlets, - books and religious texts...
0:34:26 > 0:34:28- ..and edit two newspapers...
0:34:28 > 0:34:32- ..one for missionaries - and the other, more secular.
0:34:32 > 0:34:35- He wanted to open the eyes - of Chinese leaders...
0:34:35 > 0:34:38- ..to the Western world's - more progressive ideas.
0:34:38 > 0:34:44- Timothy Richard put the Christian - literature society on its feet...
0:34:44 > 0:34:49- ..but the building I visited - is a more recent development.
0:34:49 > 0:34:52- The original building - has disappeared...
0:34:52 > 0:34:56- ..along with many - of Shanghai's traditional buildings.
0:34:56 > 0:35:02- It was here somewhere. This is - Shanghai's former commercial centre.
0:35:04 > 0:35:07- What he saw around him inspired him.
0:35:07 > 0:35:11- The terrible poverty - of the people of Shanghai.
0:35:11 > 0:35:14- For him, - development was the way forward.
0:35:15 > 0:35:17- By 1895, he was influential.
0:35:17 > 0:35:20- He became special advisor - to the Prime Minister.
0:35:21 > 0:35:24- He once visited Timothy's home - for a meeting...
0:35:24 > 0:35:26- ..something completely unusual.
0:35:27 > 0:35:31- International peace became more and - more important to Timothy Richard.
0:35:31 > 0:35:33- In 1900, he visited America...
0:35:34 > 0:35:39- ..to argue for the establishment of - an international peace congress.
0:35:39 > 0:35:42- He was also made advisor - to the Emperor of China...
0:35:43 > 0:35:46- ..a young man trying to escape - the shadow of his powerful mother.
0:35:47 > 0:35:51- It was an exciting step - but this was a dangerous world.
0:35:51 > 0:35:51- .
0:35:56 > 0:35:56- Subtitles
0:35:56 > 0:35:58- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:35:58 > 0:36:02- Shanghai is one - of China's most cosmopolitan cities.
0:36:02 > 0:36:05- It's a gateway - for many foreign businesses.
0:36:05 > 0:36:07- The same was true 150 years ago.
0:36:07 > 0:36:09- This was one of the first ports...
0:36:10 > 0:36:13- ..that was forced open - by Western countries.
0:36:13 > 0:36:17- Back then, side by side with - banking and property businesses...
0:36:17 > 0:36:20- ..there were clusters - of missionary societies.
0:36:21 > 0:36:24- For Timothy Richard, - it was an influential centre.
0:36:26 > 0:36:30- Rhys Evans from Pontrhydygroes - is a Shanghai businessman.
0:36:32 > 0:36:35- Local people - were wary of white men back then.
0:36:35 > 0:36:38- Have attitudes changed?
0:36:38 > 0:36:40- It depends which city you're in.
0:36:40 > 0:36:43- Shanghai is a cosmopolitan city - today.
0:36:43 > 0:36:46- It's heavily influenced - by the Western world.
0:36:46 > 0:36:48- It's not a problem in Shanghai.
0:36:48 > 0:36:52- If you visited cities - in Western or Central China...
0:36:52 > 0:36:55- ..natives would be shocked - to see a Westerner.
0:36:55 > 0:36:58- When I first came out here - in 2008...
0:36:59 > 0:37:02- ..China was becoming - far more prominent...
0:37:02 > 0:37:04- ..in terms of the global economy.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07- I had the opportunity - to come out here.
0:37:07 > 0:37:10- Gradually, - it became more exciting for me.
0:37:12 > 0:37:16- What's happened over the past decade - has been an industrial revolution.
0:37:17 > 0:37:21- Being here during that time - has been an interesting experience.
0:37:21 > 0:37:24- If you're willing - to work hard to get ahead...
0:37:24 > 0:37:28- ..there's an opportunity - to carve out a successful career.
0:37:28 > 0:37:32- There are cities - I've visited in the past...
0:37:32 > 0:37:35- ..if you'd visited them - five years ago...
0:37:35 > 0:37:40- ..there were no new buildings, - offices or shopping centres.
0:37:40 > 0:37:44- Within three or four years, - the cities have been transformed.
0:37:45 > 0:37:48- They look more like American cities.
0:37:55 > 0:37:57- In terms of the system...
0:37:58 > 0:38:00- ..it's still a Communist government.
0:38:01 > 0:38:06- In terms of behavioural patterns and - people's attitude to making money...
0:38:06 > 0:38:10- ..I'd say it was far - from being Communist.
0:38:11 > 0:38:12- If you look at Shanghai...
0:38:13 > 0:38:17- ..income levels are similar - to some European countries.
0:38:17 > 0:38:24- If you visited Central China, you'd - encounter poorer cities and towns.
0:38:24 > 0:38:28- There's a gap - between the rich and the poor.
0:38:28 > 0:38:32- What is life like - for a young man from Ceredigion?
0:38:33 > 0:38:35- Very different to Pontrhydygroes!
0:38:36 > 0:38:40- What about the nightlife?
0:38:40 > 0:38:41- How lively is it?
0:38:41 > 0:38:43- How lively is it?- - Lively!
0:38:48 > 0:38:52- Modernisation wasn't so easy - in Timothy Richard's day.
0:38:52 > 0:38:56- Timothy and the young Emperor - wanted change.
0:38:56 > 0:39:00- Others, such as the Empress dowager, - vehemently opposed it.
0:39:00 > 0:39:02- Timothy's letters warned...
0:39:03 > 0:39:07- ..that Chinese attitudes - were turning against foreigners.
0:39:10 > 0:39:12- During the summer of 1900...
0:39:12 > 0:39:16- ..the Empress dowager acted - and usurped her son.
0:39:17 > 0:39:21- Many local people stood up - to oppose change.
0:39:24 > 0:39:27- We must be careful not be seen - filming openly here.
0:39:27 > 0:39:31- Behind me is - the province government's building.
0:39:31 > 0:39:34- This is also one - of the most sensitive locations...
0:39:35 > 0:39:37- ..in the history - of Chinese Christianity.
0:39:38 > 0:39:40- In 1900, - it was the home of the governor.
0:39:40 > 0:39:45- 39 missionaries and their families - were murdered here.
0:39:45 > 0:39:50- That was part - of the Boxer Rebellion...
0:39:50 > 0:39:53- ..when a civil uprising - by the common people...
0:39:54 > 0:39:58- ..turned into the hatred - of foreigners and Christians.
0:40:00 > 0:40:03- The uprising was derived - from deep conservatism...
0:40:04 > 0:40:09- ..and a fear of Western influences, - especially religious influences.
0:40:09 > 0:40:12- The rebellion lasted - only a few weeks...
0:40:12 > 0:40:14- ..but there were many fatalities.
0:40:15 > 0:40:19- The missionaries - of Shanxi province were killed...
0:40:19 > 0:40:22- ..along with thousands - of Christians across China.
0:40:22 > 0:40:25- Timothy Richard - wasn't here at the time...
0:40:25 > 0:40:27- ..but it was - a turning point for him.
0:40:29 > 0:40:32- After the Boxer Rebellion, - Shanxi was devastated.
0:40:32 > 0:40:35- What would Western countries do now?
0:40:35 > 0:40:40- How would they deal with - the massacre without more bloodshed?
0:40:41 > 0:40:45- Shanxi government officials - remembered Timothy Richard...
0:40:45 > 0:40:49- ..from his work during the famine - and his concern for the province...
0:40:49 > 0:40:52- ..and asked to help - work out a settlement.
0:40:56 > 0:40:58- A photograph of Timothy Richard.
0:40:58 > 0:41:01- This was the result - of his negotiations...
0:41:01 > 0:41:03- ..after the Boxer Rebellion.
0:41:03 > 0:41:07- He was invited to discuss - compensation in Shanxi.
0:41:07 > 0:41:10- He didn't ask - for retribution or punishment.
0:41:10 > 0:41:13- He asked for money - to establish a university...
0:41:13 > 0:41:16- ..offering Western education - in Chinese.
0:41:19 > 0:41:22- He believed - that the Boxer Rebellion happened...
0:41:22 > 0:41:26- ..because of poverty, - superstition and misinformation.
0:41:26 > 0:41:31- For him, education was key to making - sure it wouldn't happen again.
0:41:32 > 0:41:34- He ensured that good teachers...
0:41:34 > 0:41:38- ..taught Law, Medicine, - Mathematics and Science.
0:41:38 > 0:41:41- It is acknowledged - that this was the beginning...
0:41:41 > 0:41:45- ..of this kind of education, - in Shanxi and across China.
0:41:47 > 0:41:51- Timothy was the first chancellor - of the university's Western branch.
0:41:51 > 0:41:56- After 10 years, he transferred his - responsibilities to local people.
0:41:56 > 0:41:59- In 1906, there were 339 students.
0:41:59 > 0:42:01- By 1908, there were 2,000.
0:42:02 > 0:42:06- Each one would welcome - Timothy Richard during his visits.
0:42:09 > 0:42:12- The original building - is now a secondary school.
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- The university has grown and moved - to the other side of the city.
0:42:16 > 0:42:20- The Welshman - is also remembered here...
0:42:20 > 0:42:24- ..as part of the university museum's - hall of fame.
0:42:25 > 0:42:28- He is remembered here, - in a special tea room...
0:42:28 > 0:42:32- ..where I met calligrapher - and artist, Professor Li.
0:42:33 > 0:42:35- He's a lecturer in Chinese Studies.
0:42:35 > 0:42:39- He has extensive knowledge - of Timothy Richard's life.
0:42:40 > 0:42:43- Professor Li thanked me - for following the history...
0:42:43 > 0:42:46- ..of one - of their educational founders.
0:42:46 > 0:42:52- I'd heard about the Timothy Richard - cafe in Shanxi University.
0:42:52 > 0:42:55- This exceeds my expectations.
0:42:55 > 0:42:58- It's not just a cafe, - it's such a pleasant space.
0:42:58 > 0:43:00- He would have loved being here.
0:43:00 > 0:43:04- There are places to study, - read, converse and drink tea.
0:43:05 > 0:43:09- The walls are adorned - with photos of him and Ffaldybrenin.
0:43:09 > 0:43:13- There's a copy of one of the most - important books he translated.
0:43:13 > 0:43:18- His picture is on the serviettes. - Even the coffee is a tribute to him.
0:43:22 > 0:43:25- Throughout Timothy Richard's time - in China...
0:43:25 > 0:43:28- ..there were many changes - in attitudes towards foreigners.
0:43:29 > 0:43:32- Sometimes a welcome, - sometimes hatred.
0:43:32 > 0:43:34- The same is still true today.
0:43:34 > 0:43:37- No-one is willing - to discuss it here...
0:43:37 > 0:43:41- ..but after a rather open era, life - is becoming more restricted again.
0:43:42 > 0:43:44- Charitable societies are leaving.
0:43:44 > 0:43:48- It's becoming more difficult for - international companies to move in.
0:43:48 > 0:43:52- In Timothy Richard's time, - fear and weakness was the cause.
0:43:52 > 0:43:54- Now, it's strength.
0:43:54 > 0:43:57- China wants to deal with the world - on its own terms.
0:44:00 > 0:44:03- In the middle of China's story - is a personal story.
0:44:04 > 0:44:07- By the time the university opened, - Mary had died of cancer.
0:44:07 > 0:44:10- She had been a teacher, an editor...
0:44:10 > 0:44:13- ..a translator - and head of a children's home.
0:44:13 > 0:44:17- She'd supported Timothy Richard - and raised their four daughters.
0:44:20 > 0:44:24- The greater story continued, - and in some ways, it continues.
0:44:24 > 0:44:28- China grew at the beginning - of the 20th century.
0:44:28 > 0:44:32- Then came Communism and a mixture - of growth and conservatism.
0:44:32 > 0:44:37- In the past 20 years, there has - been major growth in commerce.
0:44:38 > 0:44:43- Richard wanted to develop China - spiritually and materialistically.
0:44:43 > 0:44:47- The latter is a major focus - for leaders today.
0:44:47 > 0:44:51- Words and pictures can't begin - to describe the rate of change.
0:44:51 > 0:44:55- The government wants to increase - the standard of living.
0:44:55 > 0:44:59- The price to pay is a government - that controls everything...
0:44:59 > 0:45:02- ..hard borders and no - political freedom or opposition.
0:45:02 > 0:45:05- Can that kind of deal - be sustained...
0:45:06 > 0:45:11- ..as people search for more freedom - and the memory of poverty decreases?
0:45:15 > 0:45:18- Timothy Richard - would recognise and approve...
0:45:19 > 0:45:22- ..much of what he would have seen - after 1912.
0:45:22 > 0:45:25- Modernisation, industrialisation...
0:45:26 > 0:45:28- ..the growth of education, - women's rights.
0:45:29 > 0:45:33- Looking at China today, he wouldn't - recognise the country at all.
0:45:34 > 0:45:38- He wouldn't have been able - to reconcile...
0:45:38 > 0:45:43- ..the China he'd lived in with the - urbanisation of the past 50 years...
0:45:43 > 0:45:47- ..nor the great migration - that's happened...
0:45:48 > 0:45:52- ..from rural areas - into cities such as Shanghai.
0:45:52 > 0:45:58- He certainly wouldn't recognise - Shanghai if he visited today.
0:45:58 > 0:46:02- 24 million people - live in the city now.
0:46:02 > 0:46:06- Very little of the Shanghai - he recognised still exists.
0:46:11 > 0:46:14- I don't think this was - Timothy Richard's aim...
0:46:14 > 0:46:17- ..when he spoke - about increasing Western influence.
0:46:17 > 0:46:22- He opposed the rich - grabbing land and property.
0:46:22 > 0:46:25- There is huge growth and change - in China right now.
0:46:26 > 0:46:31- All these buildings have been built - over the past 30 years.
0:46:31 > 0:46:35- Small businesses are being forced - to leave their premises...
0:46:35 > 0:46:38- ..and move to larger centres.
0:46:38 > 0:46:42- According to the people, cities like - Shanghai are losing their character.
0:46:43 > 0:46:46- Timothy Richard died in 1916...
0:46:47 > 0:46:49- ..whilst on a visit to London.
0:46:49 > 0:46:52- He was buried there - but he is remembered here...
0:46:52 > 0:46:55- ..for trying to create - Chinese Christianity...
0:46:56 > 0:46:58- ..and pioneering - the battle against famine.
0:46:59 > 0:47:01- He received some of - China's greatest honours...
0:47:02 > 0:47:04- ..including - the Order of the Double Dragon.
0:47:05 > 0:47:09- In Shanxi University and many - other places, they remember him.
0:47:09 > 0:47:12- A man given the opportunity - to retaliate...
0:47:12 > 0:47:14- ..but built a university instead.
0:47:14 > 0:47:18- It became the foundation - of an educational system.
0:47:18 > 0:47:22- Richard's story raises questions - about missionary work...
0:47:22 > 0:47:26- ..and the right of one culture - to change another culture.
0:47:27 > 0:47:30- It's also evident that his aims - were two-fold.
0:47:30 > 0:47:32- God and China.
0:47:32 > 0:47:37- He wanted to see China succeed, - he didn't want it to be conquered.
0:47:37 > 0:47:41- The way he succeeded - in understanding its culture...
0:47:41 > 0:47:43- ..is an example to us today.
0:47:43 > 0:47:47- He dreamt of a conference of nations - and a league of religions.
0:47:48 > 0:47:49- A romantic notion? Yes.
0:47:50 > 0:47:52- But just imagine if he'd succeeded.
0:48:20 > 0:48:22- S4C Subtitles by Testun Cyf.
0:48:22 > 0:48:23- .