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0:00:00 > 0:00:02- North Carolina
0:00:02 > 0:00:07- These mountains - were Cherokee ancestral lands.
0:00:07 > 0:00:12- In 1838, the entire Nation - was forcibly removed...
0:00:13 > 0:00:16- ..to make room for the white man.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- We'd call it ethnic cleansing today.
0:00:21 > 0:00:25- It's one of the darkest chapters - in American history.
0:00:25 > 0:00:28- Welshman Evan Jones - witnessed it all.
0:00:34 > 0:00:36- Evan Jones was a missionary.
0:00:36 > 0:00:40- He spent most of his life - with the Cherokee.
0:00:40 > 0:00:44- He was finally accepted - as a full member of the Nation.
0:00:47 > 0:00:51- I'm looking at - this remarkable Welshman's life.
0:00:51 > 0:00:53- On this programme...
0:00:54 > 0:00:58- ..I meet Cherokees - to learn more about their history.
0:00:58 > 0:01:02- I reveal how the time Evan Jones - spent with them...
0:01:02 > 0:01:05- ..is so important - in Cherokee history.
0:01:06 > 0:01:08- Subtitles
0:01:14 > 0:01:18- Today, the majority of the Cherokee - live in Oklahoma.
0:01:19 > 0:01:25- Thousands of their forefathers - died on the journey west...
0:01:25 > 0:01:30- ..on the Trail of Tears, - as it's known to the Cherokee.
0:01:33 > 0:01:37- They have their own government - and legal system...
0:01:37 > 0:01:41- ..as well as a unique - writing system.
0:01:44 > 0:01:47- How are you?
0:01:47 > 0:01:49- I'm fine, and you?
0:01:50 > 0:01:51- My name is Jerry Hunter.
0:01:52 > 0:01:54- My name is John Gowisgowi.
0:01:54 > 0:01:55- Very good!
0:01:55 > 0:01:56- Very good!- - Come in.
0:01:56 > 0:01:59- Gowisgowi, or John Ross...
0:01:59 > 0:02:03- ..is a Cherokee Nation - government translator.
0:02:04 > 0:02:06- What do you do?
0:02:06 > 0:02:08- I write and translate.
0:02:09 > 0:02:10- Translating.
0:02:10 > 0:02:14- Did I say that OK?
0:02:14 > 0:02:16- What are you translating?
0:02:17 > 0:02:21- It's something for Microsoft.
0:02:22 > 0:02:27- They've sent us - three lines to translate.
0:02:27 > 0:02:31- I've been working on it - this morning for Microsoft.
0:02:31 > 0:02:36- The department - has three translators.
0:02:37 > 0:02:42- We work for the Cherokee Nation - Education Department.
0:02:43 > 0:02:46- In the Cherokee Nation's - modern offices...
0:02:46 > 0:02:50- ..it's hard to imagine - how different it was...
0:02:50 > 0:02:53- ..when the Cherokee - arrived in Oklahoma in 1839.
0:02:54 > 0:02:58- It was known - as the Indian Territory.
0:02:58 > 0:03:02- The Cherokee walked 900 miles...
0:03:02 > 0:03:04- ..through the winter months.
0:03:05 > 0:03:09- It's the equivalent of walking - from Bangor to Berlin.
0:03:10 > 0:03:14- Welshman Evan Jones travelled - with them every step of the way.
0:03:21 > 0:03:25- He'd lived amongst the Cherokee - since 1821.
0:03:27 > 0:03:29- He was a Baptist missionary.
0:03:29 > 0:03:32- His willingness - to learn the language...
0:03:33 > 0:03:36- ..and face the hardship - of the Trail Of Tears...
0:03:36 > 0:03:41- ..persuaded many to reject - their traditional customs...
0:03:41 > 0:03:43- ..and turn to Christ.
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- Evan Jones and the Cherokee Baptists - settled here.
0:03:57 > 0:04:01- They called it Ga-du hv-ga-du...
0:04:02 > 0:04:04- ..or Breadtown in English.
0:04:04 > 0:04:07- They shared food - in the early days...
0:04:08 > 0:04:11- ..after they'd arrived - on the Trail Of Tears...
0:04:11 > 0:04:14- ..before crops could be cultivated.
0:04:16 > 0:04:21- His friend, Jesse Bushyhead, - settled in the same area.
0:04:23 > 0:04:28- Bushyhead was one of the first - Cherokees to turn to the Baptists.
0:04:28 > 0:04:33- He worked with Evan Jones to - translate the Bible into Cherokee.
0:04:37 > 0:04:42- Evan Jones was concerned about - the Cherokee's political welfare...
0:04:43 > 0:04:46- ..as well - as their spiritual wellbeing.
0:04:49 > 0:04:55- He became friends with the Cherokee - Principal Chief, John Ross.
0:04:55 > 0:04:59- He was the translator - John Ross's ancestor.
0:05:01 > 0:05:07- The John Ross Museum is close - to his old home in Park Hill.
0:05:10 > 0:05:15- Evan Jones collaborated with - John Ross before the relocation.
0:05:16 > 0:05:20- He continued to work with him - after the Nation settled here.
0:05:20 > 0:05:25- The Welshman was embroiled in - the Cherokee's political situation.
0:05:26 > 0:05:30- He was a regular visitor - to John Ross's Park Hill home.
0:05:34 > 0:05:38- There was a lot going on - politically.
0:05:39 > 0:05:41- Led by John Ross...
0:05:42 > 0:05:46- ..most of the Cherokee - rejected the relocation.
0:05:47 > 0:05:50- But a minority supported the idea.
0:05:53 > 0:05:57- The group, - known as the Treaty Party...
0:05:57 > 0:06:01- ..signed a treaty - with the US government...
0:06:01 > 0:06:05- ..against - the wishes of the majority...
0:06:05 > 0:06:09- ..saying the Cherokee - were prepared to move west.
0:06:17 > 0:06:22- Four thousand Cherokees died - on the Trail Of Tears.
0:06:23 > 0:06:28- Some held the Treaty Party leaders - responsible for their deaths.
0:06:29 > 0:06:35- They wanted revenge, according - to traditional Cherokee laws.
0:06:39 > 0:06:41- In June 1839...
0:06:42 > 0:06:45- ..some of the Treaty Party leaders - were killed...
0:06:46 > 0:06:50- ..Elias Boudinot, - Major Ridge and his son, John.
0:06:50 > 0:06:55- Elias Boudinot was buried in this - cemetery in an unmarked grave.
0:06:58 > 0:07:02- A century later, - this stone was put near his grave.
0:07:04 > 0:07:08- It emphasizes his qualities - before the relocation.
0:07:08 > 0:07:10- He translated the Bible.
0:07:10 > 0:07:15- He was the editor of the first - newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix.
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- When Elias Boudinot was killed...
0:07:19 > 0:07:23- ..he was viewed - as a traitor by most Cherokees.
0:07:29 > 0:07:33- Even though Evan Jones - was a minister of the gospel...
0:07:33 > 0:07:38- ..he accepted that they should pay - the ultimate price...
0:07:38 > 0:07:40- ..for their betrayal.
0:07:40 > 0:07:45- "They, the Treaty Party, - had by the commission of treason...
0:07:45 > 0:07:49- "..rendered themselves liable - to the penalties of outlawry.
0:07:50 > 0:07:52- "For the sake of humanity...
0:07:52 > 0:07:56- "..it is to be hoped that the matter - will stop here."
0:08:09 > 0:08:13- Evan Jones supported the opinion - of the majority of the Nation.
0:08:14 > 0:08:18- After all, at least 14,000 Cherokee - were on John Ross's side...
0:08:19 > 0:08:23- ..and only 2,000 - on the Treaty Party's side.
0:08:24 > 0:08:29- In the following months, the - majority formed a new government.
0:08:30 > 0:08:33- Evan Jones was in the thick of it.
0:08:33 > 0:08:36- He worked as John Ross's secretary.
0:08:37 > 0:08:42- The highlight was accepting the new - Cherokee Nation constitution...
0:08:42 > 0:08:47- ..on the outskirts of Tahlequah - on the 6th of September, 1839.
0:08:56 > 0:09:01- John Ross was elected the Principal - Chief of the new government.
0:09:01 > 0:09:06- Treaty Party leaders were - forbidden to hold government jobs...
0:09:06 > 0:09:07- ..for five years.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11- But they had friends - in Washington...
0:09:11 > 0:09:14- ..as Evan Jones would discover.
0:09:15 > 0:09:20- Evan Jones made enemies - by supporting of John Ross.
0:09:20 > 0:09:23- They had friends in Washington.
0:09:24 > 0:09:29- Christian missionaries could not - work with Native Americans...
0:09:29 > 0:09:33- ..without the blessing - of the US War Department.
0:09:33 > 0:09:36- The War Minister issued an order...
0:09:36 > 0:09:41- ..banning Evan Jones - from Cherokee lands.
0:09:41 > 0:09:43- He had no choice but to leave.
0:09:46 > 0:09:50- As he travelled east, - little would he have known...
0:09:50 > 0:09:55- ..it would be almost - two years before he returned...
0:09:55 > 0:09:58- ..to his friends in Cherokee land.
0:10:01 > 0:10:02- .
0:10:05 > 0:10:05- Subtitles
0:10:05 > 0:10:07- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:10:10 > 0:10:15- In 1841, Evan Jones was allowed back - to work and live with the Cherokee.
0:10:15 > 0:10:20- The process of rebuilding - the Nation continued.
0:10:23 > 0:10:28- This is one of the first buildings - the Cherokee built in the west.
0:10:28 > 0:10:31- It's the Supreme Court.
0:10:34 > 0:10:38- The Cherokee had their own police - and legal system.
0:10:40 > 0:10:43- These courts were needed, too.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48- Bad feeling and violence - plagued the Nation.
0:10:54 > 0:10:59- Dozens of Cherokees were killed - in the turbulent early 1840s.
0:11:02 > 0:11:07- Forty four were killed - in less than a year.
0:11:11 > 0:11:15- In 1840, Evan Jones's friend - Jesse Bushyhead...
0:11:16 > 0:11:19- ..was appointed - the Nation's Chief Justice.
0:11:19 > 0:11:24- His caution and wisdom were needed - to restore respect for the law.
0:11:27 > 0:11:30- TRAIN HOOTER
0:11:31 > 0:11:33- The original bone of contention...
0:11:33 > 0:11:38- ..was the rift caused by the - relocation and the Trail Of Tears.
0:11:38 > 0:11:43- New tensions surfaced to underline - the conflict between the two sides.
0:11:46 > 0:11:51- "The system of slavery is - essentially evil in its nature.
0:11:51 > 0:11:56- "Our sincere desire is that it may - be speedily brought to an end."
0:12:00 > 0:12:06- Slavery was legal in the former - Cherokee home in the east.
0:12:06 > 0:12:11- The nearest states - to the new Cherokee home...
0:12:11 > 0:12:16- ..Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, - were slave states.
0:12:19 > 0:12:22- "Intelligent and pious Cherokees...
0:12:22 > 0:12:26- "..look forward - to the extinction of slavery."
0:12:31 > 0:12:35- Although most Cherokees - opposed the idea of slavery...
0:12:36 > 0:12:38- ..some owned slaves...
0:12:39 > 0:12:43- ..whom they brought - on the Trail Of Tears.
0:12:44 > 0:12:49- This minority had the support - of their white neighbours...
0:12:49 > 0:12:51- ..in nearby states.
0:12:51 > 0:12:55- There was fierce opposition - to people like Evan Jones...
0:12:56 > 0:12:58- ..who wanted to abolish slavery.
0:12:58 > 0:13:02- "Our regular meetings - have been interrupted...
0:13:02 > 0:13:06- "..by the outrages of Bandits who - have so long infested the Nation."
0:13:09 > 0:13:11- Faced with so many obstacles...
0:13:11 > 0:13:15- ..it's surprising the Cherokee - succeeded so well...
0:13:15 > 0:13:17- ..to rebuild the Nation.
0:13:20 > 0:13:22- From 1841 on...
0:13:22 > 0:13:27- ..they began to open schools, - funded by their government.
0:13:30 > 0:13:33- "Education is much more highly - appreciated...
0:13:33 > 0:13:35- "..than at any former period."
0:13:35 > 0:13:40- The problem - was a shortage of teachers.
0:13:40 > 0:13:45- "We could have half a dozen schools - filled if there were teachers."
0:13:45 > 0:13:48- Encouraged by Evan Jones...
0:13:49 > 0:13:53- ..the Baptists - opened a couple of schools.
0:13:58 > 0:14:03- The Cherokees pioneered - in the field of further education.
0:14:04 > 0:14:09- These pillars are all - that remain of the college...
0:14:10 > 0:14:12- ..to train women to be teachers.
0:14:13 > 0:14:17- It was the first college of its kind - west of the Mississippi.
0:14:18 > 0:14:21- A college was opened for men, too.
0:14:23 > 0:14:27- The Nation invested in its youth.
0:14:32 > 0:14:35- The Baptists' missionary work - thrived, too.
0:14:35 > 0:14:41- Evan Jones travelled hundreds of - miles every year to spread the word.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46- # He is God's son
0:14:47 > 0:14:49- # He is God's son #
0:14:50 > 0:14:54- "I find the long rides through - the burning sun of this climate...
0:14:55 > 0:14:58- "..to be extremely exhausting.
0:14:58 > 0:15:00- "But still, it is delightful work."
0:15:01 > 0:15:07- By 1848, more than 1,100 Cherokees - had become Baptists.
0:15:08 > 0:15:12- They had four main churches, - ten smaller churches...
0:15:12 > 0:15:16- ..and other places - where sermons were regularly given.
0:15:16 > 0:15:19- # I will praise him #
0:15:19 > 0:15:24- The Native American ministers - were vital to the churches' growth.
0:15:24 > 0:15:29- Many were instructed by Evan Jones.
0:15:30 > 0:15:35- But the Welshman believed if he - could publish a paper in Cherokee...
0:15:36 > 0:15:41- ..he could spread the Christian - message even more effectively.
0:15:43 > 0:15:48- Evan Jones was aware that - the Welsh American communities...
0:15:48 > 0:15:50- ..had their own press.
0:15:50 > 0:15:55- It would soon include - Y Drych, Y Cyfaill O'r Hen Wlad...
0:15:56 > 0:16:00- ..Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd - and Seren Orllewinol.
0:16:02 > 0:16:06- Evan Jones hoped to persuade - the Baptist Mission Board...
0:16:06 > 0:16:09- ..to support a Cherokee newspaper.
0:16:11 > 0:16:17- After years of lobbying, - they finally agreed in 1844.
0:16:18 > 0:16:22- Soon after, he had a printing press - near his home.
0:16:22 > 0:16:27- He started to publish - The Cherokee Messenger...
0:16:27 > 0:16:29- ..every other month.
0:16:29 > 0:16:35- Evan Jones's publication was the - first in the Cherokee language...
0:16:35 > 0:16:38- ..in their new home in the west.
0:16:42 > 0:16:45- There are copies - of The Cherokee Messenger...
0:16:46 > 0:16:48- ..in Western Carolina University.
0:16:48 > 0:16:52- I wanted to discuss - one article in particular...
0:16:52 > 0:16:56- ..with Cherokee lecturers, - Tom Belt and Hartwell Francis.
0:16:57 > 0:16:59- It's like a seminar!
0:16:59 > 0:17:04- The Cherokee Messenger - included biblical translations...
0:17:04 > 0:17:08- ..and articles by Evan Jones - and his colleagues.
0:17:09 > 0:17:13- One explains how Christianity - was introduced to the Welsh.
0:17:14 > 0:17:16- SPEAKS CHEROKEE
0:17:31 > 0:17:32- OK.
0:17:32 > 0:17:35- What that says - is that the Welsh today...
0:17:35 > 0:17:41- ..are not too far away - in distance from the English.
0:17:41 > 0:17:45- That distance - meaning geographically?
0:17:47 > 0:17:48- Yeah.
0:17:48 > 0:17:51- Wales is right next to England, - basically.
0:17:51 > 0:17:54- Evan Jones tried to prove...
0:17:55 > 0:18:00- ..that Christianity didn't belong - only to English speaking white men.
0:18:00 > 0:18:02- He had a political message, too.
0:18:03 > 0:18:06- He explained he was Welsh...
0:18:06 > 0:18:09- ..a member - of another small nation...
0:18:09 > 0:18:12- ..that had been oppressed...
0:18:12 > 0:18:14- ..but had survived.
0:18:17 > 0:18:22- Unfortunately, one man didn't - survive to see the first edition.
0:18:23 > 0:18:28- He was one of Evan Jones's closest - friends, Rev Jesse Bushyhead.
0:18:35 > 0:18:37- In July 1844...
0:18:37 > 0:18:41- ..a sad note - was sent to the Seren Orllewinol...
0:18:42 > 0:18:45- ..the Baptist paper in Pennsylvania.
0:18:49 > 0:18:52- "The death of Brother Bushyhead.
0:18:53 > 0:18:59- "The Cherokee are mourning - the loss of their Chief Justice...
0:19:00 > 0:19:02- "..and spiritual leader.
0:19:02 > 0:19:04- "He had been ill for a week."
0:19:05 > 0:19:09- Jesse Bushyhead's death - was a huge blow to Evan Jones.
0:19:10 > 0:19:14- He was a close friend - and one of his most able colleagues.
0:19:17 > 0:19:21- He shared Evan Jones's - religious dedication...
0:19:21 > 0:19:24- ..and political vision.
0:19:24 > 0:19:28- That's why they got on so well.
0:19:35 > 0:19:37- Before long...
0:19:38 > 0:19:42- ..Evan Jones - would have another able assistant.
0:19:42 > 0:19:47- This is what Y Seren Orllewinol - said in 1854.
0:19:48 > 0:19:53- "Last year, Mr JB Jones, - son of the oldest missionary...
0:19:53 > 0:19:55- "..has been invaluable.
0:19:55 > 0:19:58- "There have been 69 baptisms."
0:20:03 > 0:20:08- John Buttrick Jones was raised - in the mountains of the east.
0:20:08 > 0:20:13- The family followed the Cherokee - to their new home in Oklahoma.
0:20:13 > 0:20:16- We don't know if he spoke Welsh.
0:20:16 > 0:20:21- He was fluent in Cherokee. It's - possible it was his first language.
0:20:21 > 0:20:27- Evan Jones adopted four Cherokee - orphans when John was three.
0:20:27 > 0:20:32- The Cherokee language was spoken - in the home and the community.
0:20:36 > 0:20:38- John spoke English fluently, too.
0:20:39 > 0:20:43- He was sent to Madison College - and Rochester University...
0:20:43 > 0:20:47- ..before being ordained - a Baptist minister...
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- ..and returning to Cherokee lands.
0:20:50 > 0:20:55- John B Jones was raised to be - his father's worthy successor.
0:20:58 > 0:21:01- Even though he had TB...
0:21:01 > 0:21:05- ..John was as energetic - as his father, Evan Jones.
0:21:05 > 0:21:09- He travelled - thousands of miles every year...
0:21:09 > 0:21:11- ..to visit the Nation's churches.
0:21:12 > 0:21:16- He helped to translate - the Bible into Cherokee.
0:21:21 > 0:21:26- But the slavery debate - was still dividing the Nation.
0:21:32 > 0:21:37- Only 10% - of the Cherokee owned slaves.
0:21:38 > 0:21:41- They began - to meet in secret societies...
0:21:41 > 0:21:46- ..the Blue Lodges to start, - then Knights Of The Golden Circle.
0:21:46 > 0:21:50- They intended to influence - the Cherokee government...
0:21:51 > 0:21:55- ..and promote slavery - however they could.
0:21:55 > 0:21:57- The anti-slavery Cherokees...
0:21:58 > 0:22:03- ..formed their own secret society, - The Kituwah Society.
0:22:08 > 0:22:13- The Kituwah Society pitched itself - against the slave-owners.
0:22:13 > 0:22:19- Before long, it became the focal - point of the Nation's culture.
0:22:20 > 0:22:22- SINGING IN CHEROKEE
0:22:23 > 0:22:28- According to tradition, Kituwah - was the first home of the Cherokee.
0:22:28 > 0:22:32- They wanted to regain - the old values of that period.
0:22:38 > 0:22:43- Remarkably, Christian ministers - Evan Jones and his son John...
0:22:43 > 0:22:47- ..took part in Kituwah Society - activities.
0:22:47 > 0:22:51- According to some, - they were the society organizers.
0:23:01 > 0:23:04- Evan Jones - was a Cherokee nationalist.
0:23:04 > 0:23:08- Some of his Christian beliefs - were compromised...
0:23:08 > 0:23:13- ..to sustain and support - his fellow Cherokee patriots.
0:23:18 > 0:23:20- In the early years...
0:23:20 > 0:23:25- ..he rejected all aspects - of traditional Cherokee culture...
0:23:25 > 0:23:29- ..from stickball games - to ceremonial dances.
0:23:29 > 0:23:32- By learning the Cherokee language...
0:23:33 > 0:23:37- ..he had become - to think more like the Cherokee.
0:23:39 > 0:23:42- As the argument - about slavery raged on...
0:23:43 > 0:23:46- ..Evan Jones and the Cherokee...
0:23:46 > 0:23:50- ..faced a crisis - second only to the Trail Of Tears.
0:23:50 > 0:23:54- The US, and the Cherokee Nation...
0:23:55 > 0:23:59- ..would soon be torn apart - by the American Civil War.
0:24:01 > 0:24:02- .
0:24:04 > 0:24:04- Subtitles
0:24:04 > 0:24:06- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:24:15 > 0:24:21- The Cherokee Nation has always been - proud of its military tradition.
0:24:21 > 0:24:25- Since the early days - of the US until now...
0:24:25 > 0:24:29- ..they have supported - the American army.
0:24:36 > 0:24:40- But during the Civil War - between 1861 and 1865...
0:24:40 > 0:24:45- ..the US was divided, - with the North fighting the South.
0:24:45 > 0:24:48- The Cherokee Nation was divided too.
0:24:48 > 0:24:52- Hundreds of Cherokee - fought each other on both sides.
0:24:56 > 0:24:57- In 1860...
0:24:58 > 0:25:01- ..Abraham Lincoln - was elected US president.
0:25:01 > 0:25:05- A number of the slave states - in the South...
0:25:05 > 0:25:10- ..feared that Lincoln's new - government would abolish slavery.
0:25:10 > 0:25:15- So they decided to secede - from the United States Of America...
0:25:15 > 0:25:19- ..and form the Confederate - States Of America.
0:25:19 > 0:25:25- Two of the new Confederate States - were next to Cherokee lands.
0:25:25 > 0:25:30- The Confederates were keen for all - Native Americans to support them.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33- But Principal Chief John Ross...
0:25:33 > 0:25:37- ..was more supportive - of the US government.
0:25:40 > 0:25:45- A minority amongst the Cherokee - supported the Confederates.
0:25:45 > 0:25:48- Their leader was Stand Watie...
0:25:48 > 0:25:51- ..brother of the late - Elias Boudinot...
0:25:51 > 0:25:54- ..and an old enemy of Ross's.
0:25:58 > 0:26:02- At the start of the war, - John Ross tried to remain neutral...
0:26:02 > 0:26:06- ..to keep the peace - with Watie's faction.
0:26:07 > 0:26:09- But in the meantime...
0:26:09 > 0:26:14- ..Watie founded a Cherokee regiment - in the name of the Confederates.
0:26:14 > 0:26:18- Lincoln had withdrawn troops - from the west to defend the east.
0:26:19 > 0:26:21- Ross was in an impossible situation.
0:26:22 > 0:26:25- He had to make an alliance - with the Confederates...
0:26:26 > 0:26:29- ..or Watie would use - his soldiers to take power.
0:26:31 > 0:26:34- But as part of the treaty - with the Confederates...
0:26:35 > 0:26:39- ..John Ross was allowed to raise - another Cherokee regiment...
0:26:39 > 0:26:41- ..who were loyal to him.
0:26:43 > 0:26:48- When the Union's troops entered - the Indian Territory in 1862...
0:26:48 > 0:26:54- ..Ross's soldiers decided to change - sides and join the North's ranks.
0:26:54 > 0:26:56- Ross went back with them to Kansas.
0:26:56 > 0:27:01- He was free at last - of the Confederacy's influence.
0:27:01 > 0:27:06- But in his absence, - Watie declared himself Chief.
0:27:06 > 0:27:11- His supporters took revenge - on any John Ross supporters.
0:27:11 > 0:27:15- It was total chaos - in the Cherokee lands.
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- This is one of the few - houses from that time...
0:27:22 > 0:27:25- ..that have survived - in Cherokee lands.
0:27:25 > 0:27:29- John Ross lived - in a similar house a mile away.
0:27:29 > 0:27:31- But it was burnt down...
0:27:31 > 0:27:36- ..like many houses and farms - owned by Ross's supporters...
0:27:36 > 0:27:38- ..by Stand Watie's men.
0:27:46 > 0:27:48- Because of these dangers...
0:27:48 > 0:27:53- ..thousands of loyal Cherokee - fled to Kansas.
0:27:54 > 0:27:56- By November 1862...
0:27:57 > 0:28:02- ..Evan Jones and his family - had to follow them.
0:28:03 > 0:28:08- The moment they left, the Baptist - Mission was burnt down...
0:28:08 > 0:28:09- .. by Watie's men.
0:28:11 > 0:28:15- The war had divided - the Cherokee Nation...
0:28:15 > 0:28:17- ..as it had divided the US.
0:28:17 > 0:28:20- But while the war - was at its height...
0:28:20 > 0:28:23- ..between the North - and South's armies...
0:28:23 > 0:28:28- ..the loyal Cherokee hadn't - forgotten why they were fighting.
0:28:28 > 0:28:30- In February 1863...
0:28:31 > 0:28:36- ..John Ross's government passed - legislation to abolish slavery.
0:28:37 > 0:28:40- Ross wasn't in - the momentous meeting.
0:28:40 > 0:28:43- He was here in Washington...
0:28:43 > 0:28:47- ..lobbying Lincoln's government - for aid for his people.
0:28:47 > 0:28:50- Evan Jones came here to help him.
0:28:52 > 0:28:56- One has to admire - Evan Jones's energy...
0:28:56 > 0:28:58- ..by now in his seventies...
0:28:58 > 0:29:02- ..for his readiness to go back - and forth to Washington...
0:29:03 > 0:29:05- ..to plead the cause - of the Cherokee.
0:29:06 > 0:29:08- At the start of summer in 1863...
0:29:09 > 0:29:12- ..Evan Jones was - travelling once more.
0:29:13 > 0:29:18- This time, he travelled over 1,000 - miles to see his daughter in Kansas.
0:29:19 > 0:29:25- Then he travelled 250 miles south to - see his friends in Cherokee lands.
0:29:28 > 0:29:32- This is part of the old barracks - in Fort Gibson.
0:29:32 > 0:29:33- In July 1863...
0:29:33 > 0:29:35- ..Evan Jones came here.
0:29:36 > 0:29:39- It was a chance - to see his son John again.
0:29:39 > 0:29:43- He was a chaplain - with a Native American regiment.
0:29:44 > 0:29:46- While Evan Jones was here...
0:29:46 > 0:29:49- ..he decided to become - a chaplain temporarily.
0:29:50 > 0:29:54- He served with some old Cherokee - friends who were now soldiers.
0:29:59 > 0:30:05- The North's army had reoccupied - most of the Cherokee's lands.
0:30:05 > 0:30:08- Watie's soldiers - had retreated south.
0:30:10 > 0:30:13- But the Confederates - were about to strike back.
0:30:14 > 0:30:19- The North's army was ready for them - when Evan Jones joined their ranks.
0:30:27 > 0:30:32- The two armies came - head to head in Honey Springs.
0:30:34 > 0:30:38- Evan Jones wrote to John Ross, - describing the battle.
0:30:39 > 0:30:43- "We marched all night and came - in front of the enemy about 7.00am.
0:30:44 > 0:30:47- "The fight began - a little before ten.
0:30:47 > 0:30:51- "Stand Watie's regiment - fought desperately for a while...
0:30:51 > 0:30:53- "..and then ran.
0:30:53 > 0:30:55- "We ran them four miles.
0:30:55 > 0:30:58- "They formed several - times for a fight...
0:30:58 > 0:31:02- "..but we quickly - broke their lines every time."
0:31:05 > 0:31:09- The South's troops - made their last stand here.
0:31:09 > 0:31:13- The North's forces - came up from that direction.
0:31:13 > 0:31:15- They broke the enemy line here.
0:31:16 > 0:31:19- The South's men - retreated towards their camp.
0:31:19 > 0:31:21- It was a great victory.
0:31:21 > 0:31:25- Three thousand men had defeated - the enemy's five thousand men.
0:31:26 > 0:31:31- It was a turning point in the war - here in the Native Americans' lands.
0:31:39 > 0:31:44- Evan Jones was 75 years old when he - came to the battle of Honey Springs.
0:31:44 > 0:31:49- He was quite possibly the oldest - chaplain ever, in US army history.
0:31:55 > 0:32:00- Many Cherokee refugees had followed - the North's army down from Kansas...
0:32:01 > 0:32:03- ..hoping to reoccupy their lands.
0:32:03 > 0:32:07- But although the Confederate - army was now defeated...
0:32:08 > 0:32:12- ..the Rebels still - roamed the land in small groups...
0:32:12 > 0:32:14- ..attacking loyal Cherokees.
0:32:14 > 0:32:18- "The country was so infested - with small guerrilla bands...
0:32:19 > 0:32:22- "..that men could not - work in the fields...
0:32:22 > 0:32:27- "..without the danger of being shot - by some of them prowling in ambush."
0:32:34 > 0:32:36- Because of all these dangers...
0:32:36 > 0:32:42- ..the Cherokee had no choice but - to flee from their lands once more.
0:32:42 > 0:32:45- Many went to Fort Gibson.
0:32:52 > 0:32:55- This is Fort Gibson's - original bakery.
0:32:55 > 0:32:59- This is where dough - was kneaded and bread baked...
0:32:59 > 0:33:03- ..for the 3,000 soldiers who lived - here in the summer of 1863.
0:33:04 > 0:33:10- By that summer, Fort Gibson also - sheltered 6,000 Cherokee refugees.
0:33:18 > 0:33:22- "They are reduced to a state - of deplorable destitution...
0:33:22 > 0:33:24- "..of both food and clothing.
0:33:25 > 0:33:28- "And death by means - of war and pestilence...
0:33:29 > 0:33:33- "..has made frightful ravages - among the families of the Nation."
0:33:38 > 0:33:42- John B Jones stayed - with the refugees in Fort Gibson...
0:33:42 > 0:33:44- ..until the end of the war.
0:33:44 > 0:33:48- He cared for the sick - and held religious meetings.
0:33:49 > 0:33:53- There were newly freed - slaves amongst them.
0:33:54 > 0:33:56- John taught them to read.
0:33:58 > 0:34:03- In the meantime, Evan Jones - returned to John Ross in Washington.
0:34:04 > 0:34:08- His aim was to secure aid - for the Cherokee refugees.
0:34:09 > 0:34:15- They finally had a meeting - with Lincoln in February 1864.
0:34:15 > 0:34:17- "He received us very kindly...
0:34:17 > 0:34:21- "..and promised to give it - his careful attention."
0:34:23 > 0:34:25- The government gave them some aid.
0:34:25 > 0:34:30- Ross and Evan Jones appealed - to churches and ordinary people...
0:34:31 > 0:34:33- ..in Philadelphia and New York...
0:34:33 > 0:34:37- ..to contribute food, - clothing or money.
0:34:38 > 0:34:41- But sadly, it wasn't enough.
0:34:44 > 0:34:49- At the end of the Civil War, people - in the northern states celebrated.
0:34:49 > 0:34:53- But it wasn't so - in the Cherokee's lands.
0:34:53 > 0:34:56- Countless buildings - had been burnt down.
0:34:56 > 0:35:00- The governing and social - order had been swept away.
0:35:00 > 0:35:03- But worst of all - were the human losses.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06- A census was held - at the end of the war.
0:35:06 > 0:35:09- As many as 7,000 Cherokees died...
0:35:09 > 0:35:13- ..a third of - the Nation's population...
0:35:13 > 0:35:19- ..in battle or because of starvation - and disease in the refugee camps.
0:35:19 > 0:35:23- It was a tragedy - second only to the Trail Of Tears.
0:35:23 > 0:35:24- .
0:35:28 > 0:35:28- Subtitles
0:35:28 > 0:35:30- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:35:36 > 0:35:39- At the end of the Civil War...
0:35:39 > 0:35:44- ..the Cherokee Nation had to turn - its back on years of violence...
0:35:44 > 0:35:47- ..and try to create a lasting peace.
0:35:48 > 0:35:49- "Since the war...
0:35:49 > 0:35:54- "..the ploughshare of desolation - has passed through the tribe.
0:35:54 > 0:35:59- "There is not a family - that is not ruined and broken...
0:35:59 > 0:36:01- "..by the devastation of war."
0:36:04 > 0:36:08- For the second time - in a generation...
0:36:08 > 0:36:12- ..the Cherokee - suffered terrible losses...
0:36:12 > 0:36:14- ..and had to rebuild the Nation.
0:36:16 > 0:36:19- These are the Cherokee - Council Chambers...
0:36:20 > 0:36:23- ..the senate - of the Nation's government.
0:36:23 > 0:36:25- Back in October 1865...
0:36:25 > 0:36:30- ..the Council met for the first time - since the end of the Civil War.
0:36:30 > 0:36:33- A number of important - measures were passed.
0:36:34 > 0:36:39- First, they affirmed their faith - in the elected Principal Chief...
0:36:40 > 0:36:41- ..John Ross.
0:36:41 > 0:36:45- They decided a delegation - should be sent to Washington...
0:36:46 > 0:36:49- ..to ensure the Nation's - continuing independence.
0:36:49 > 0:36:54- And lastly, it was decided - to give Cherokee citizenship...
0:36:54 > 0:36:57- ..to the Welshman Evan Jones - and his son John.
0:36:58 > 0:37:01- "When the Cherokees - were poor and in darkness...
0:37:02 > 0:37:04- "..light was brought to us...
0:37:05 > 0:37:08- "..by Evan Jones and later - by his son, John B Jones.
0:37:09 > 0:37:12- "Be it enacted - by the National Council...
0:37:12 > 0:37:15- "..that Evan Jones - and his son John B Jones...
0:37:15 > 0:37:18- "..be admitted - to citizenship in this Nation.
0:37:19 > 0:37:23- Apparently, this was - the only time a father and son...
0:37:23 > 0:37:27- ..who hadn't married into the - Nation, were accepted in this way.
0:37:28 > 0:37:32- It shows how much - their contribution was appreciated.
0:37:39 > 0:37:44- By 1866, Evan Jones's long term - as one of the main advisors...
0:37:44 > 0:37:48- ..to John Ross's government - was drawing to an end.
0:37:49 > 0:37:51- He was 78 years old.
0:37:51 > 0:37:55- When a delegation - was chosen to go to Washington...
0:37:55 > 0:38:00- ..to lobby for the continuation - of Cherokee independence...
0:38:00 > 0:38:04- ..for the first time, John B Jones - was sent, not his father.
0:38:05 > 0:38:09- Although there was another - delegation in the capital...
0:38:09 > 0:38:12- ..representing - the Stand Watie minority...
0:38:13 > 0:38:17- ..Ross and his delegation succeeded - in getting the US to accept...
0:38:18 > 0:38:22- ..that they alone had the right - to represent the Cherokee.
0:38:22 > 0:38:25- There were compromises...
0:38:25 > 0:38:30- ..like allowing railroads - to be built through their lands.
0:38:30 > 0:38:35- But the new treaty reaffirmed - the Cherokee's rights...
0:38:35 > 0:38:37- ..to their lands in the west.
0:38:39 > 0:38:43- Only five days after signing - the treaty in Washington...
0:38:43 > 0:38:47- ..John Ross died in the hotel - where he was staying.
0:38:47 > 0:38:51- He had worked tirelessly - to the end for his nation...
0:38:51 > 0:38:53- ..to ensure its survival.
0:38:53 > 0:38:56- It must have been - a blow for Evan Jones.
0:38:56 > 0:39:01- He had worked very closely with - John Ross for more than 30 years.
0:39:07 > 0:39:13- Evan and John B Jones now worked to - re-establish the Baptist Mission...
0:39:13 > 0:39:17- ..first in Fort Gibson, - then near Tahlequah.
0:39:18 > 0:39:20- But John was the leader now.
0:39:20 > 0:39:22- Evan Jones helped him.
0:39:25 > 0:39:28- He still helped in the work...
0:39:28 > 0:39:32- ..of translating and publishing - the Bible in Cherokee.
0:39:32 > 0:39:34- But he was too frail...
0:39:34 > 0:39:38- ..to go round the scattered - churches to preach...
0:39:38 > 0:39:41- ..as he had done for so many years.
0:39:41 > 0:39:43- SERMON IN CHEROKEE
0:39:50 > 0:39:55- How much of Evan Jones's - influence on the Cherokee lives on?
0:39:59 > 0:40:02- Thanks to Evan, John - and their colleagues...
0:40:02 > 0:40:06- ..the Baptists are still - the most popular denomination...
0:40:06 > 0:40:08- ..amongst the Cherokee.
0:40:08 > 0:40:10- Like Evan Jones...
0:40:10 > 0:40:14- ..the Reverend Bo Parris continues - to translate the Bible...
0:40:15 > 0:40:16- ..and publish hymns...
0:40:17 > 0:40:19- ..well past his seventieth year.
0:40:20 > 0:40:24- This is a collection - of hymns in Cherokee...
0:40:24 > 0:40:26- ..with music too.
0:40:27 > 0:40:30- We're working on a book - with the tunes.
0:40:32 > 0:40:34- SINGING IN CHEROKEE
0:40:36 > 0:40:39- The hymns are still popular today.
0:40:41 > 0:40:43- SINGING IN CHEROKEE
0:40:56 > 0:41:01- Dennis Sixkiller records - characters like Eli Sequechie...
0:41:01 > 0:41:06- ..for his weekly radio show, Tsalagi - Ka ne gy, or Cherokee Voices.
0:41:14 > 0:41:16- I almost lost my voice!
0:41:16 > 0:41:18- Me too, I was shouting!
0:41:19 > 0:41:21- SINGING IN CHEROKEE
0:41:26 > 0:41:29- Evan Jones took advantage - of the print medium...
0:41:30 > 0:41:33- ..to promote Cherokee - interests in the past.
0:41:33 > 0:41:37- The Cherokee today - embrace the latest media.
0:41:38 > 0:41:41- This is a contemporary - interpretation...
0:41:41 > 0:41:46- ..of the traditional Cherokee - prayer before going to water.
0:41:46 > 0:41:48- SPEAKS CHEROKEE
0:41:59 > 0:42:03- Other old traditions - are handed on too.
0:42:03 > 0:42:08- While these young people learn - how to make traditional baskets...
0:42:09 > 0:42:12- ..they discuss - contemporary subjects too.
0:42:13 > 0:42:16- How would you say "cereal" - in Cherokee, Medi?
0:42:17 > 0:42:19- "The thing with milk."
0:42:21 > 0:42:23- Yes, "the thing with milk."
0:42:23 > 0:42:28- They learn how to prepare food, - like bread, in the traditional way.
0:42:30 > 0:42:32- SPEAKS CHEROKEE
0:42:37 > 0:42:38- How do you say wheat flour?
0:42:38 > 0:42:39- How do you say wheat flour?- - Se-lu isa.
0:42:40 > 0:42:41- Se-lu isa.
0:42:41 > 0:42:43- For cornbread.
0:42:45 > 0:42:50- It's important that people become - more aware of the native culture...
0:42:50 > 0:42:54- ..amongst and beyond - the Cherokee Nation.
0:42:54 > 0:42:57- But there are risks.
0:43:03 > 0:43:05- Over in the east...
0:43:05 > 0:43:08- ..there is one small - mountainous area...
0:43:08 > 0:43:14- ..where the Cherokee successfully - avoided being moved west.
0:43:22 > 0:43:26- Here, the Native culture, - or at least a version of it...
0:43:26 > 0:43:31- ..is of great interest - to white tourists today.
0:43:31 > 0:43:36- It's ironic, when one thinks - how the white man in the past...
0:43:36 > 0:43:38- ..almost obliterated that culture.
0:43:44 > 0:43:49- But the visitors' money - helps the Cherokee culture...
0:43:49 > 0:43:51- ..in unexpected ways.
0:43:51 > 0:43:55- The recent growth - in Cherokee medium education...
0:43:56 > 0:44:01- ..is funded by money from the - casinos built on the Nation's lands.
0:44:05 > 0:44:09- I wonder what Evan Jones - would think of that.
0:44:18 > 0:44:22- But without a doubt, Evan Jones - would have been proud...
0:44:22 > 0:44:25- ..that the Cherokee survived.
0:44:32 > 0:44:37- Every year, the Nation's government - holds a Wado Day, or thanksgiving.
0:44:43 > 0:44:48- It's a way for the government - to thank staff for their service.
0:44:48 > 0:44:51- It's also a kind - of "wado", or thanks...
0:44:51 > 0:44:54- ..that they're still - here as a people.
0:44:54 > 0:44:57- # TRADITIONAL CHEROKEE MELODY #
0:45:13 > 0:45:15- APPLAUSE
0:45:17 > 0:45:20- Despite past troubles...
0:45:20 > 0:45:23- ..the Cherokee are still here.
0:45:27 > 0:45:32- Talking to John Ross, I was glad - to hear that the Cherokee...
0:45:32 > 0:45:35- ..still remember Evan Jones.
0:45:36 > 0:45:38- Evan Jones had a Cherokee name.
0:45:40 > 0:45:42- His name was "Gasio-cwai-ywsgi".
0:45:46 > 0:45:50- That means, "The one - who always searches."
0:45:53 > 0:45:56- Evan Jones was a preacher - all his life.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00- The Cherokees really - liked him as a preacher.
0:46:01 > 0:46:04- He preached - in the Cherokee language.
0:46:05 > 0:46:09- That's why he was a beloved man - in the Cherokee Nation.
0:46:17 > 0:46:22- Evan Jones didn't retire - from the ministry until 1870.
0:46:22 > 0:46:27- He went to live with his daughter - near the Kansas border.
0:46:28 > 0:46:33- But he still visited his son John - in Tahlequah regularly.
0:46:34 > 0:46:37- During a visit in 1872, he fell ill.
0:46:39 > 0:46:41- He died a few days later.
0:46:44 > 0:46:46- He was 84 years old.
0:46:47 > 0:46:50- He was buried here, - in the town cemetery.
0:47:00 > 0:47:05- Evan Jones had lived and worked with - the Cherokee for more than 50 years.
0:47:08 > 0:47:10- Thanks to him and his colleagues...
0:47:11 > 0:47:15- ..the Baptist church had - gone from strength to strength.
0:47:16 > 0:47:21- He had been a zealous advocate of - education in the Cherokee language.
0:47:21 > 0:47:25- He was a pioneer - of the Cherokee press.
0:47:26 > 0:47:31- He had thrown himself energetically - into his adopted land's politics...
0:47:31 > 0:47:34- ..as a Cherokee nationalist.
0:47:38 > 0:47:41- He would rather speak - Cherokee than English.
0:47:42 > 0:47:46- That's why Cherokees - really love Evan Jones.
0:48:19 > 0:48:21- S4C Subtitles by Gwead
0:48:21 > 0:48:22- .