0:00:00 > 0:00:00- *
0:00:00 > 0:00:01- That's it from us.
0:00:02 > 0:00:06- A first look at the papers on the - BBC News channel in a few minutes...
0:00:06 > 0:00:09- ..but now it's time - for the news where you are.
0:00:10 > 0:00:14- And that's the end - of another broadcast...
0:00:14 > 0:00:17- ..here at the BBC's - main news studio in London...
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- ..watched by around five million - viewers in Wales, England...
0:00:22 > 0:00:24- ..Northern Ireland and Scotland.
0:00:24 > 0:00:27- The location of the studio - speaks volumes.
0:00:28 > 0:00:32- In the heart of London, - the capital of the United Kingdom.
0:00:32 > 0:00:37- However, the unity of that kingdom - is a contentious issue nowadays.
0:00:38 > 0:00:43- The heart of London is where - the BBC's new news headquarters...
0:00:43 > 0:00:48- ..and the headquarters of Britain's - influential companies are situated.
0:00:49 > 0:00:53- It's been home to millions of people - over the centuries...
0:00:53 > 0:00:59- ..including the Welsh, and the story - of the London Welsh is intriguing.
0:00:59 > 0:01:03- In this episode, the influence of - business and commerce on the Welsh.
0:01:04 > 0:01:06- From the age of the drovers...
0:01:07 > 0:01:09- ..and the hard-working - garden girls...
0:01:09 > 0:01:12- ..to the army - of industrious dairymen...
0:01:12 > 0:01:16- ..and the fervour - of the large urban chapels...
0:01:16 > 0:01:18- ..to today's bustling city.
0:01:18 > 0:01:22- It's a tale which continues - to spark the imagination.
0:01:22 > 0:01:26- In this series, we'll capture - a little of that zeal...
0:01:26 > 0:01:29- ..and explain - the influence of the Welsh...
0:01:29 > 0:01:32- ..on one - of the world's largest cities...
0:01:32 > 0:01:35- ..as well as London's influence - on Wales.
0:01:35 > 0:01:39- The story of the London Welsh - is relevant to everyone in Wales.
0:01:54 > 0:01:58- The 18th century was a century - of commerce in London...
0:01:58 > 0:02:01- ..as the British Empire expanded.
0:02:01 > 0:02:06- By this time, the Thames was one - of the world's main trade routes...
0:02:06 > 0:02:11- ..and its banks were a hive - of activity and diversity.
0:02:11 > 0:02:16- During the early 1700s, - a religious revolution took hold...
0:02:16 > 0:02:20- ..which would inspire - and excite the Welsh in London.
0:02:21 > 0:02:24- Here, on the south bank - of the river...
0:02:24 > 0:02:28- ..is the London residence - of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
0:02:28 > 0:02:31- Lambeth Palace - has stood here for centuries.
0:02:31 > 0:02:35- It's worth remembering - that it was here in 1739...
0:02:36 > 0:02:40- ..that revivalist Howell Harris - came for the first time...
0:02:40 > 0:02:43- ..to preach - to Welsh-speaking exiles...
0:02:43 > 0:02:46- ..on the Archbishop's doorstep, - more or less.
0:02:46 > 0:02:48- It's remarkable to think...
0:02:49 > 0:02:52- ..that the foundations - of Nonconformist Welsh chapels...
0:02:53 > 0:02:56- ..were laid here, - in the shadow of Lambeth Palace.
0:02:57 > 0:03:01- The 18th century - was a period of major change...
0:03:02 > 0:03:04- ..in Britain's religious life.
0:03:04 > 0:03:08- Methodism began as a revival - within the Church of England.
0:03:08 > 0:03:12- In time, however, - it became a separate church.
0:03:13 > 0:03:15- To all intents, Howell Harris...
0:03:15 > 0:03:19- ..founded the Calvinistic - Methodist Church in Wales.
0:03:19 > 0:03:24- This man from Trefeca came to London - to spread the Methodist message...
0:03:25 > 0:03:28- ..and save the souls - of its citizens.
0:03:28 > 0:03:31- He preached - both in English and Welsh...
0:03:31 > 0:03:35- ..in the open air, - in homes and in churches.
0:03:36 > 0:03:41- Methodism was readily embraced - by the London Welsh.
0:03:41 > 0:03:45- It greatly influenced - what would happen next.
0:03:45 > 0:03:48- Early on in the revival, - Harris visited London.
0:03:49 > 0:03:53- At the time, many people had been - influenced by the revival...
0:03:53 > 0:03:56- ..and belonged to different sects.
0:03:56 > 0:03:59- There was conflict - among the Methodists in London.
0:04:00 > 0:04:02- Harris was regarded as a mediator.
0:04:02 > 0:04:05- Gradually, they divided - into separate groups.
0:04:06 > 0:04:10- Calvinistic Methodists, - Wesleyan Methodists and Moravians.
0:04:10 > 0:04:13- But in the early years, - they were willing to co-operate.
0:04:14 > 0:04:17- Harris visited - all these different sects in London.
0:04:18 > 0:04:22- Each time he went, predominantly - to help the English Methodists...
0:04:22 > 0:04:25- ..he also visited - Welsh-medium groups.
0:04:25 > 0:04:30- A Welsh-speaking - religious fellowship...
0:04:30 > 0:04:32- ..regularly met at Lambeth.
0:04:32 > 0:04:38- There are entries in Harris' journal - relating to those visits...
0:04:38 > 0:04:41- ..and he states - that he preached to them in Welsh.
0:04:43 > 0:04:46- During his visits to the city...
0:04:46 > 0:04:50- ..Harris stayed - with his brother Joseph...
0:04:50 > 0:04:54- ..who was a Royal Mint supervisor - at the Tower of London...
0:04:54 > 0:04:57- ..overseeing - the manufacture of currency.
0:04:57 > 0:05:00- Preaching publicly - around the country...
0:05:01 > 0:05:03- ..wasn't without its dangers.
0:05:03 > 0:05:08- On many occasions, Harris and his - fellow Methodists were attacked...
0:05:08 > 0:05:10- ..and left for dead.
0:05:10 > 0:05:13- They were threatened - by the authorities...
0:05:13 > 0:05:18- ..and brought before the magistrates - accused of breaking the law.
0:05:18 > 0:05:20- It was quite risky.
0:05:20 > 0:05:25- In a way, they were asking for - trouble, meeting openly in Lambeth.
0:05:26 > 0:05:31- They were in danger of being accused - of worship outside the Church...
0:05:31 > 0:05:33- ..which was against the law.
0:05:33 > 0:05:37- There are indications - of Harris' influence on the Welsh...
0:05:38 > 0:05:41- ..among the Methodists.
0:05:41 > 0:05:45- There were letters - written by the Pugh family...
0:05:45 > 0:05:47- ..who had settled in London.
0:05:47 > 0:05:50- A letter from Francis Pugh...
0:05:50 > 0:05:54- ..imparts some information - about the fellowship in Lambeth.
0:05:55 > 0:05:57- He mentions a dispute - that had arisen.
0:05:57 > 0:06:00- Occasional references like this...
0:06:00 > 0:06:04- ..indicate the active lives...
0:06:04 > 0:06:07- ..of Welsh-speaking Methodists...
0:06:07 > 0:06:10- ..and that Harris' visits - were vital...
0:06:10 > 0:06:14- ..to ensure they had - some Welsh-medium preaching...
0:06:14 > 0:06:16- ..which was very scarce - at the time.
0:06:17 > 0:06:21- Many London Welsh - who had heard Harris preach...
0:06:22 > 0:06:25- ..were inspired to unite.
0:06:26 > 0:06:30- Cock Lane is a narrow, - anonymous street nowadays.
0:06:30 > 0:06:34- But it was full of life - at the end of the 18th century...
0:06:35 > 0:06:39- ..with shops, taverns and tenants - renting rooms above them...
0:06:39 > 0:06:44- ..including a small group of Welsh - who congregated here to worship.
0:06:44 > 0:06:49- London's first Welsh chapel - had its origins here...
0:06:49 > 0:06:53- ..and it was eventually built - about half a mile away.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59- Thirty five years after Howell - Harris' first visit to London...
0:06:59 > 0:07:02- ..the Cock Lane worshippers - founded a new chapel...
0:07:02 > 0:07:04- ..in nearby Wilderness Row.
0:07:05 > 0:07:09- Among its founders were two men - who had often heard Harris preach.
0:07:10 > 0:07:12- Griffith Jones from Pentre Uchaf...
0:07:13 > 0:07:17- ..and Edward Jones, - aka Ginshop Jones, from Llansannan.
0:07:19 > 0:07:24- It's remarkable being here, - among this urban concrete jungle...
0:07:24 > 0:07:28- ..and introducing - a relatively modern structure...
0:07:28 > 0:07:30- ..as London's oldest Welsh chapel.
0:07:31 > 0:07:35- This is the church - whose origins lie in Cock Lane.
0:07:35 > 0:07:41- It relocated twice - before reaching this site in 1879.
0:07:41 > 0:07:44- The original building - was demolished...
0:07:44 > 0:07:47- ..during the Blitz of World War II.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- Jewin Chapel - has a very turbulent past.
0:07:51 > 0:07:57- # A pure heart full of goodness
0:07:58 > 0:08:01- # Fairer than the lily white... #
0:08:03 > 0:08:08- One of Jewin's most noted preachers - in the 20th century was D S Owen.
0:08:08 > 0:08:12- His grandson, Geraint Pritchard, - is able to trace...
0:08:12 > 0:08:18- ..how Jewin helped the rise - of Welsh chapels across the city...
0:08:18 > 0:08:20- ..in the 18th and 19th centuries.
0:08:20 > 0:08:24- They opened outposts - in the heart of London.
0:08:24 > 0:08:27- Wilton Square was the first of them.
0:08:28 > 0:08:30- People would leave Jewin Chapel...
0:08:30 > 0:08:33- ..and go there, to Sunday school.
0:08:33 > 0:08:37- It later became - a Welsh Independents' chapel.
0:08:38 > 0:08:42- It began as a branch of Jewin. - There were five or six of these.
0:08:42 > 0:08:46- They supported small causes...
0:08:46 > 0:08:51- ..and this went on from 1774 - until the following century.
0:08:51 > 0:08:56- But it wasn't all sweetness and - light for the Jewin congregation.
0:08:57 > 0:09:01- The first leader, Edward Jones, - was a colourful soul who kept a pub.
0:09:01 > 0:09:05- He banned two members - because they married people...
0:09:05 > 0:09:07- ..who weren't Methodists.
0:09:07 > 0:09:09- He was so strict...
0:09:09 > 0:09:13- ..that many members - turned to the Welsh Independents.
0:09:13 > 0:09:18- However, the Nonconformist Welsh had - established themselves in London...
0:09:18 > 0:09:22- ..and Jewin has survived - to this day, despite the turmoil.
0:09:23 > 0:09:24- .
0:09:26 > 0:09:26- Subtitles
0:09:26 > 0:09:28- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:09:34 > 0:09:36- During the 18th century...
0:09:36 > 0:09:40- ..the permanent population - of London Welsh was rising...
0:09:40 > 0:09:44- ..along with the number of - seasonal workers who came to trade.
0:09:46 > 0:09:50- Agricultural knowledge - and expertise gained in Wales...
0:09:50 > 0:09:54- ..could have financial benefits.
0:09:55 > 0:09:59- Cattle trading - between Wales and England...
0:09:59 > 0:10:01- ..has a very rich history.
0:10:01 > 0:10:06- Some claim that the story - goes back more than 1,000 years.
0:10:07 > 0:10:11- By the 15th century - and the arrival of Henry Tudor...
0:10:11 > 0:10:13- ..the trade was thriving.
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- By the 18th century...
0:10:16 > 0:10:19- ..drovers from Wales flocked here...
0:10:19 > 0:10:22- ..to one of the world's - most famous markets.
0:10:22 > 0:10:24- Smithfield.
0:10:30 > 0:10:34- Before the indoor market was built, - Smithfield was buzzing.
0:10:35 > 0:10:39- Six days a week, - up to 2,000 animals...
0:10:39 > 0:10:44- ..would be herded to market by - drovers through the city's streets.
0:10:44 > 0:10:48- Sometimes, there was - considerable chaos along the way.
0:10:54 > 0:10:57- The drovers established - a network of routes...
0:10:58 > 0:11:02- ..that connected Wales - to the fairs and markets in London.
0:11:02 > 0:11:04- It was by no means easy.
0:11:06 > 0:11:10- This is an ancient drovers' path.
0:11:10 > 0:11:15- Some of these paths - would have been rocky and rugged.
0:11:15 > 0:11:19- That's why they would have needed - to shoe the cattle.
0:11:20 > 0:11:24- They attached two iron clips - to each hoof.
0:11:25 > 0:11:29- They would have needed - eight of these for every animal.
0:11:29 > 0:11:34- A blacksmith would have accompanied - the drovers on their journey...
0:11:34 > 0:11:36- ..to shoe the cattle.
0:11:36 > 0:11:40- Special shoes were created - to protect the cattle's hooves.
0:11:43 > 0:11:46- The drovers, - or their men, certainly...
0:11:46 > 0:11:50- ..threw the cattle on their backs - and bound their hooves...
0:11:51 > 0:11:54- ..in order to fit the shoes.
0:11:55 > 0:11:58- The trade began - as a way of transferring money...
0:11:58 > 0:12:03- ..between Welsh landowners' estates - and their London residences.
0:12:03 > 0:12:06- Relevant permits were issued...
0:12:06 > 0:12:11- ..so that drovers could herd - their cattle from Wales...
0:12:11 > 0:12:16- ..to London, to the aristocrats - who needed the money there.
0:12:17 > 0:12:21- They brought the rent money - to London on foot.
0:12:21 > 0:12:24- They sold the cattle there...
0:12:24 > 0:12:29- ..only to discover they could - command exceptionally high prices.
0:12:29 > 0:12:33- That's when the major trading began.
0:12:36 > 0:12:39- The drovers - were very responsible men...
0:12:39 > 0:12:42- ..and some shouldered - substantial burdens.
0:12:42 > 0:12:46- David Jones, Sir Watkin - Williams-Wynn's chief drover.
0:12:46 > 0:12:48- He was a formidable trader...
0:12:49 > 0:12:52- ..taking huge sums of money - back and forth to London.
0:12:52 > 0:12:55- He brought with him - important messages too.
0:12:55 > 0:13:00- With large sums of money - creating risks for the drovers...
0:13:00 > 0:13:05- ..special banks were created - as a way of safeguarding the trade.
0:13:05 > 0:13:09- David Jones established - the Black Ox Bank in Llandovery...
0:13:09 > 0:13:12- ..in 1799, to serve the drovers.
0:13:12 > 0:13:16- The business was later bought - by Lloyds Bank.
0:13:17 > 0:13:20- This is one of the first banks - established in Wales...
0:13:20 > 0:13:23- ..by the son - of a local farmer, David Jones.
0:13:23 > 0:13:28- He spent many years as a drover - taking cattle to Smithfield...
0:13:28 > 0:13:31- ..and bringing the money home, - back to this area.
0:13:31 > 0:13:35- He realized there was a need - for a banking system...
0:13:35 > 0:13:38- ..from a safety point of view - more than anything.
0:13:39 > 0:13:43- There was no other bank like it - in the whole of Britain.
0:13:43 > 0:13:48- The Black Sheep Bank, established - in Tregaron and Aberystwyth...
0:13:49 > 0:13:51- ..and the Black Ox Bank - in Llandovery.
0:13:52 > 0:13:56- They were established - so that money could be transferred.
0:13:56 > 0:14:02- The drover would receive money - for his animals...
0:14:02 > 0:14:04- ..at a fair or in a city...
0:14:04 > 0:14:08- ..and then he would take the money - to a local bank...
0:14:08 > 0:14:13- ..which had an arrangement - with Aberystwyth or Llandovery.
0:14:14 > 0:14:20- The local bank would give - these special notes to the drover.
0:14:21 > 0:14:25- The term used for them - was promissory notes.
0:14:25 > 0:14:28- They were dated and numbered...
0:14:28 > 0:14:34- ..and only the recognized customer - in Llandovery or Aberystwyth...
0:14:34 > 0:14:37- ..could cash them in for money.
0:14:38 > 0:14:40- If they fell into the hands - of a thief...
0:14:41 > 0:14:43- ..they'd be worthless...
0:14:43 > 0:14:47- ..because the thief wouldn't be able - to cash in the note.
0:14:49 > 0:14:53- The drover's work - was laborious and dangerous.
0:14:53 > 0:14:57- Some travelled all the way - from Anglesey to London...
0:14:57 > 0:15:02- ..walking 20 miles a day whilst - looking after around 400 animals.
0:15:02 > 0:15:05- They also faced - the constant threat...
0:15:05 > 0:15:08- ..of being targeted by thieves.
0:15:08 > 0:15:11- They also carried a staff...
0:15:11 > 0:15:14- ..which concealed - something like that.
0:15:14 > 0:15:18- A sword within the stick...
0:15:18 > 0:15:21- ..to defend themselves.
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- There's a danger that our - modern perception of the drover...
0:15:28 > 0:15:30- ..might be too simplistic.
0:15:30 > 0:15:33- Opinions about them - varied at the time.
0:15:33 > 0:15:37- Some regarded them as - dishonest people with no morals...
0:15:37 > 0:15:39- ..for buying goods on credit.
0:15:40 > 0:15:42- They were also regarded - as deceivers...
0:15:42 > 0:15:45- ..as Twm o'r Nant - suggested in a poem.
0:15:45 > 0:15:48- "Here, an old drover lies dead
0:15:48 > 0:15:51- "He wasted his life, deceiving
0:15:51 > 0:15:54- "He went from his world - to a cradle of earth
0:15:54 > 0:15:57- "Good riddance, - he will deceive no more."
0:15:57 > 0:16:00- It was a temptation - for some of them...
0:16:00 > 0:16:03- ..to disappear with the money...
0:16:03 > 0:16:07- ..and use it to cross to America - or even Ireland...
0:16:07 > 0:16:10- ..in order to buy land - and set up home there.
0:16:10 > 0:16:13- It happened occasionally.
0:16:16 > 0:16:20- By 1855, the cattle market - was moved from Smithfield...
0:16:20 > 0:16:24- ..to Caledonian Road - in Islington...
0:16:24 > 0:16:27- ..to reduce the chaos it caused.
0:16:28 > 0:16:32- By the start of the 20th century, - that market had disappeared too.
0:16:32 > 0:16:36- But Smithfield Market - was still an important centre.
0:16:36 > 0:16:40- Cattle slaughtered - on the outskirts of London...
0:16:40 > 0:16:44- ..were transported here - on an underground train.
0:16:44 > 0:16:47- That car park there - used to be the station.
0:16:47 > 0:16:50- Men would carry tonnes of meat...
0:16:50 > 0:16:53- ..up the ramp, across this street...
0:16:53 > 0:16:56- ..into the market, - where it would all be sold.
0:17:02 > 0:17:06- The drovers established - very familiar routes...
0:17:06 > 0:17:10- ..and those routes were followed - by another group of people.
0:17:11 > 0:17:16- The garden girls, who carried - produce to street markets like this.
0:17:16 > 0:17:20- They worked in gardens - right across London.
0:17:20 > 0:17:22- It was very hard labour.
0:17:27 > 0:17:31- Due to its growth, - London's population needed feeding.
0:17:31 > 0:17:36- Many gardens were being developed - to the west of the city.
0:17:37 > 0:17:42- It indicates the extent of poverty - in rural Wales at the time...
0:17:42 > 0:17:46- ..that these girls - were prepared to walk for a week...
0:17:47 > 0:17:51- ..in order to reach London - and work endless hours...
0:17:51 > 0:17:57- ..under very difficult conditions - to earn 10 over the summer months.
0:17:58 > 0:18:02- The garden girls - led a dangerous life.
0:18:02 > 0:18:05- The story of Ruth Watkin - typifies this.
0:18:05 > 0:18:09- She was attacked - by a man who wanted her money.
0:18:09 > 0:18:12- She shouted in Welsh - and he replied in Welsh.
0:18:12 > 0:18:16- He was a man from Rhandir-mwyn - by the name of Black Wil.
0:18:16 > 0:18:21- Twenty years later, he was hanged - for a lifetime of crime.
0:18:22 > 0:18:25- They spent hours weeding...
0:18:25 > 0:18:30- ..and on top of that, they often - had to walk five or six miles...
0:18:31 > 0:18:34- ..with baskets laden with fruit - on their heads.
0:18:34 > 0:18:37- They'd carry them - into the city to be sold.
0:18:37 > 0:18:40- At the time, - if they were carried in a cart...
0:18:40 > 0:18:43- ..they'd probably be damaged...
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- ..and the strawberries - would be impossible to sell.
0:18:47 > 0:18:50- It was a very hard life. - It took great effort.
0:18:50 > 0:18:52- It's surprising it lasted so long...
0:18:53 > 0:18:57- ..from the mid-18th century - until the end of the 19th century.
0:18:58 > 0:19:01- The garden girls - belong to a long tradition...
0:19:01 > 0:19:06- ..of economic migrants to London - who met the demand for workers...
0:19:06 > 0:19:09- ..and who were pursuing - a better life.
0:19:09 > 0:19:12- It's a pattern - that continues to this day.
0:19:12 > 0:19:12- .
0:19:17 > 0:19:17- Subtitles
0:19:17 > 0:19:19- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:19:22 > 0:19:25- Trade opportunities in London...
0:19:25 > 0:19:30- ..have attracted thousands - of Welsh people over the centuries.
0:19:30 > 0:19:32- But their accommodation was poor.
0:19:33 > 0:19:38- However, one famous family - from Wales lived in a grand house...
0:19:38 > 0:19:41- ..in one of London's - most privileged areas.
0:19:41 > 0:19:45- They were among - Britain's wealthiest families.
0:19:45 > 0:19:49- It's unusual to note - that there's a clear connection...
0:19:49 > 0:19:52- ..between the London Welsh - and this square.
0:19:52 > 0:19:57- It's one of the most expensive - and luxurious addresses in London.
0:19:57 > 0:20:01- St James's Square, a stone's throw - from St James's Palace.
0:20:02 > 0:20:06- There's a rather corporate feel - about the place nowadays...
0:20:06 > 0:20:11- ..but 200 years ago, this is where - the country's most affluent lived.
0:20:11 > 0:20:14- Our point of interest is number 20.
0:20:14 > 0:20:16- That was the London residence...
0:20:16 > 0:20:21- ..of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn - and his family from North Wales.
0:20:24 > 0:20:28- At the time, it was customary - for Britain's wealthy families...
0:20:28 > 0:20:33- ..to spend some months of the year - in London socializing...
0:20:33 > 0:20:36- ..and being politically active.
0:20:36 > 0:20:39- The Wynn family owned an estate - of over 100,000 acres...
0:20:40 > 0:20:42- ..in North Wales and Shropshire.
0:20:42 > 0:20:47- They were regarded as the - uncrowned monarchs of North Wales.
0:20:47 > 0:20:51- Watkin Williams-Wynn, - the fourth Baronet of Wynnstay...
0:20:52 > 0:20:54- ..commissioned - architect Robert Adam...
0:20:54 > 0:20:57- ..to design the house - and adorn it with masterpieces.
0:20:58 > 0:21:00- Here's an interesting fact.
0:21:00 > 0:21:03- Though the Wynn family's - wealth and style...
0:21:04 > 0:21:08- ..fitted perfectly into the upper - echelons of London society...
0:21:08 > 0:21:13- ..they certainly didn't disregard - the importance of Welsh culture.
0:21:13 > 0:21:17- In 1820, when the Society - of Cymmrodorion was revived...
0:21:17 > 0:21:22- ..Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, the - fifth Baronet, was named president.
0:21:22 > 0:21:26- His father, the fourth baronet, - was the former president...
0:21:26 > 0:21:31- ..who built this luxurious house - on St James's Square.
0:21:38 > 0:21:44- No-one had done more to patronize - the arts in Wales than Wynn.
0:21:44 > 0:21:47- He collected the artwork - of the Old Masters...
0:21:48 > 0:21:53- ..and commissioned work by Welsh - artists and European contemporaries.
0:21:54 > 0:21:58- Exhibiting paintings of Wales - at Number 20...
0:21:58 > 0:22:02- ..was a way of conveying - the family's Welshness...
0:22:02 > 0:22:05- ..to the intelligentsia - who visited them.
0:22:05 > 0:22:11- They felt it was their duty - to patronize Welsh artists...
0:22:11 > 0:22:14- ..such as Richard Wilson - and William Parry.
0:22:15 > 0:22:17- They patronized music from Wales.
0:22:17 > 0:22:20- William Parry's father - was John Parry...
0:22:21 > 0:22:24- ..who helped establish the belief...
0:22:24 > 0:22:28- ..that there was - such a thing as Welsh music...
0:22:28 > 0:22:30- ..in the 18th century.
0:22:31 > 0:22:35- They were very eager to be - presidents of the Cymmrodorion.
0:22:36 > 0:22:39- For more than a century...
0:22:39 > 0:22:42- ..one Sir Watkin after another...
0:22:42 > 0:22:45- ..was ready to become - Cymmrodorion president.
0:22:48 > 0:22:50- Throughout the 19th century...
0:22:50 > 0:22:55- ..noble families like the Wynnstays - made the most of London's good life.
0:22:55 > 0:22:59- The number of ordinary Welsh folk - was growing too...
0:22:59 > 0:23:02- ..partly due - to poverty in rural Wales.
0:23:03 > 0:23:06- By the mid-19th century...
0:23:06 > 0:23:09- ..almost 18,000 people born in Wales - lived in London.
0:23:10 > 0:23:14- It had an impact on the rise - of chapels in the capital.
0:23:17 > 0:23:20- Chapels in London - had a pleasant problem...
0:23:20 > 0:23:22- ..during the mid-19th century.
0:23:23 > 0:23:27- There wasn't enough room - and there weren't enough chapels.
0:23:27 > 0:23:30- So a fund was established - to build new chapels.
0:23:31 > 0:23:35- Thousands of Welsh migrants - were coming to London every year...
0:23:35 > 0:23:40- ..to answer the demand, - especially from the dairy industry.
0:23:40 > 0:23:44- But in this chapel, it proved - both a blessing and a curse.
0:23:47 > 0:23:50- In Jewin, the first - of London's Welsh chapels...
0:23:51 > 0:23:54- ..some complained that people - were putting milk before chapel.
0:23:55 > 0:23:58- It was a seven-day week - in the dairy industry.
0:23:58 > 0:24:01- Since that meant - working on the Sabbath...
0:24:02 > 0:24:06- ..Jewin's leaders - decided to take a firm stance.
0:24:06 > 0:24:11- It's a stance that appears - even more extreme these days.
0:24:12 > 0:24:15- They refused to christen - the children of those...
0:24:15 > 0:24:18- ..who worked in the dairy industry.
0:24:18 > 0:24:20- Naturally, it caused a rift.
0:24:20 > 0:24:22- The congregation was split.
0:24:23 > 0:24:27- That was one of the main motives - for establishing a new chapel...
0:24:27 > 0:24:29- ..in the heart of London.
0:24:29 > 0:24:33- Charing Cross - was a very famous chapel in its day.
0:24:35 > 0:24:39- The link between the Welsh - and London's dairy industry...
0:24:40 > 0:24:42- ..was made in the 19th century...
0:24:43 > 0:24:47- ..with young girls - selling milk on the city's streets.
0:24:47 > 0:24:51- They carried large milk cans - that weighed up to 50kg when full.
0:24:52 > 0:24:55- In 1840, the train was introduced...
0:24:56 > 0:24:59- ..to transport cattle - from one place to another.
0:25:00 > 0:25:05- Gradually, the drovers - came to produce milk in London...
0:25:05 > 0:25:08- ..rather than bringing cattle - to London.
0:25:08 > 0:25:12- That heralded the beginning - of the dairy industry in London.
0:25:13 > 0:25:16- As the industry - grew and stabilized...
0:25:17 > 0:25:20- ..the sellers - moved to shops across the city.
0:25:20 > 0:25:23- Before the end of the century...
0:25:23 > 0:25:27- ..half the corner shops - in London were Welsh dairies...
0:25:27 > 0:25:29- ..that sold milk, cheese and butter.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33- Many dairies kept a cow - in a shed behind the shop.
0:25:36 > 0:25:39- You'd find dairies - on every street corner.
0:25:39 > 0:25:43- Remnants of some of the dairies - can still be seen today.
0:25:44 > 0:25:46- Some of them are intact.
0:25:46 > 0:25:50- You can walk into some - that still operate as shops.
0:25:50 > 0:25:53- The Jones dairy - is situated off Columbia Road.
0:25:53 > 0:25:57- These shops - are spread across the city.
0:25:57 > 0:25:59- The shop would be at the front...
0:26:00 > 0:26:02- ..and the shed would be at the rear.
0:26:02 > 0:26:08- Often you can see - where the cattle were kept.
0:26:08 > 0:26:12- A generation of London Welsh - still remember...
0:26:12 > 0:26:16- ..the days of keeping cattle - at the back of the dairy.
0:26:17 > 0:26:21- Bowen Williams followed his parents - into the business.
0:26:21 > 0:26:23- Where I was born...
0:26:23 > 0:26:28- ..my parents at the time - kept 18 dairy cattle.
0:26:29 > 0:26:34- Of course, they'd also have milk - transported from Somerset too.
0:26:35 > 0:26:38- In my husband's - grandparents' case...
0:26:38 > 0:26:42- ..they kept cattle - at the back of the shop.
0:26:42 > 0:26:45- They opened the shop every day - and sold the milk...
0:26:46 > 0:26:51- ..along with many other produce, - like a grocer's shop nowadays.
0:26:52 > 0:26:55- The milk was on tap, as they say!
0:26:55 > 0:26:58- The milk - was delivered to us in churns...
0:26:59 > 0:27:01- ..at two o'clock in the morning.
0:27:01 > 0:27:06- I'd start work - at half past three every morning.
0:27:06 > 0:27:10- I made sure the cream was broken up.
0:27:10 > 0:27:12- The first thing the men did...
0:27:13 > 0:27:16- ..was fill the milk bottles.
0:27:16 > 0:27:21- Then they'd load the push barrows...
0:27:21 > 0:27:26- ..and deliver the milk - to people's doors.
0:27:27 > 0:27:31- They'd open the shop - at six in the morning...
0:27:31 > 0:27:36- ..because they were so close - to Smithfield Market.
0:27:36 > 0:27:40- The porters started work early - and came into the shop.
0:27:40 > 0:27:43- They sold sandwiches - and tea and coffee too.
0:27:44 > 0:27:46- The Welsh were adapting...
0:27:47 > 0:27:51- ..by selling milk to different - ethnic communities in London.
0:27:52 > 0:27:58- I remember my mother - telling me about the Jews...
0:27:58 > 0:28:03- ..who brought in jugs to fill - with milk straight from the cow.
0:28:04 > 0:28:07- The rabbi - would have to bless the milk...
0:28:07 > 0:28:10- ..before they could sell it - to the Jews, of course.
0:28:11 > 0:28:13- That happened regularly.
0:28:13 > 0:28:18- They had to do it - otherwise the Jews wouldn't buy it.
0:28:18 > 0:28:24- There were over 2,500 dairies - in London at one time.
0:28:24 > 0:28:29- You could liken them - to today's corner shop, I suppose.
0:28:29 > 0:28:33- Many owners were Welsh speakers.
0:28:33 > 0:28:38- Lots of Welsh people learnt the - languages of the local community.
0:28:41 > 0:28:44- By the 1980s, - the last of the Welsh dairymen...
0:28:44 > 0:28:46- ..like Richard Pugh in Soho...
0:28:47 > 0:28:52- ..and DR Daniel in Pimlico, - started to consider selling up.
0:28:52 > 0:28:56- They reminisced about the golden age - of the industry.
0:28:57 > 0:29:00- There were Welsh people - in almost every street.
0:29:00 > 0:29:03- In every street, in actual fact.
0:29:04 > 0:29:07- They had businesses like mine.
0:29:07 > 0:29:09- They all had dairies.
0:29:10 > 0:29:12- They've gone now, of course.
0:29:12 > 0:29:16- After the last war, - they've almost all gone.
0:29:16 > 0:29:21- We feel as if we should retire.
0:29:21 > 0:29:27- But I don't think we'll return - to Wales. We're happy in London.
0:29:27 > 0:29:30- It's always been a village to us.
0:29:30 > 0:29:33- I don't know - how my sister feels about that.
0:29:33 > 0:29:35- No, I don't want to return home.
0:29:36 > 0:29:38- I'm too comfortable in London!
0:29:45 > 0:29:48- Eirlys Bebb was raised - in a dairy in the East End...
0:29:48 > 0:29:53- ..and remembers worshipping - at a chapel with numerous dairymen.
0:29:54 > 0:29:59- We're here in the heart - of the East End here, in Mile End.
0:29:59 > 0:30:01- Where were you born?
0:30:01 > 0:30:06- I was born not far from here, - in Bethnal Green.
0:30:06 > 0:30:07- Very close then.
0:30:07 > 0:30:10- There were lots of Welsh people - in the vicinity.
0:30:11 > 0:30:13- Yes. There were - lots of dairies, you see.
0:30:14 > 0:30:16- The dairy business was everything.
0:30:16 > 0:30:18- Everyone had a milk business.
0:30:19 > 0:30:23- We're approaching - a very special building.
0:30:24 > 0:30:27- I know you have a strong connection - with this building.
0:30:28 > 0:30:31- It should have a blue plaque...
0:30:31 > 0:30:35- ..saying that it was here - that I was christened...
0:30:35 > 0:30:37- ..when it was a chapel.
0:30:37 > 0:30:41- I'm willing to tell you - that it was 80 years ago.
0:30:42 > 0:30:43- Have you been back since?
0:30:43 > 0:30:44- Have you been back since?- - No.
0:30:45 > 0:30:47- Let's go inside.
0:30:52 > 0:30:55- It's hard to imagine it as a chapel.
0:30:55 > 0:30:58- But there are one or two - indications, aren't there?
0:30:59 > 0:31:01- Like the gallery.
0:31:01 > 0:31:03- And the ceiling, of course.
0:31:03 > 0:31:05- It's a thrill to be here.
0:31:05 > 0:31:10- It sends a shiver down my spine - when I think I was christened here.
0:31:11 > 0:31:14- What kind of life - did the dairymen lead?
0:31:14 > 0:31:18- I doubt they had - any spare time at all.
0:31:18 > 0:31:21- It was a very early start - in the morning.
0:31:21 > 0:31:24- Not for me, - but it was an early start.
0:31:24 > 0:31:28- They had to fill the bottles - before delivering them.
0:31:28 > 0:31:32- Did people come to the shop - late into the night?
0:31:32 > 0:31:34- Oh, yes!
0:31:34 > 0:31:36- You say that impatiently!
0:31:36 > 0:31:40- I remember them - knocking on the front door.
0:31:40 > 0:31:44- I opened the door - and a woman wanted washing powder!
0:31:44 > 0:31:48- She was never going to start washing - clothes at 10 o'clock at night.
0:31:49 > 0:31:51- She was on her way home - from the pictures.
0:31:51 > 0:31:54- I suppose she wanted it - for the following morning.
0:31:55 > 0:31:57- Any spare time during the week?
0:31:57 > 0:32:01- The only free time we had - was Thursday afternoon...
0:32:01 > 0:32:06- ..because all the dairies closed...
0:32:06 > 0:32:08- ..right across London.
0:32:09 > 0:32:13- If you wanted to get married, - you did so on a Thursday afternoon!
0:32:13 > 0:32:14- Did you marry on a Thursday?
0:32:14 > 0:32:16- Did you marry on a Thursday?- - Yes.
0:32:16 > 0:32:20- Those who died were buried - on a Thursday afternoon.
0:32:21 > 0:32:23- It was the only time - you could be sure...
0:32:23 > 0:32:26- ..that all the London Welsh - were free.
0:32:28 > 0:32:32- Someone else - who worshipped at Mile End Chapel...
0:32:32 > 0:32:36- ..and who worked in the dairy - industry was a Cardiganshire man...
0:32:36 > 0:32:38- ..by the name of Jenkin Edwards.
0:32:39 > 0:32:41- A familiar surname, you might think!
0:32:41 > 0:32:45- Jenkin Edwards - was my grandfather's uncle.
0:32:46 > 0:32:50- At the start of the 20th century, - he and brother Daniel...
0:32:50 > 0:32:53- ..came to London - to work in the dairy industry.
0:32:54 > 0:32:56- He settled in the East End.
0:32:56 > 0:32:59- This was the chapel - in which they worshipped.
0:32:59 > 0:33:02- When Jenkin died in the 1930s...
0:33:02 > 0:33:05- ..they paid tribute to him - in the London Welsh paper.
0:33:05 > 0:33:08- They talked of his generosity - to Mile End Chapel.
0:33:09 > 0:33:12- As the status and ambition - of the Welsh grew in London...
0:33:13 > 0:33:17- ..during the 18th century, - it was reflected in the chapels...
0:33:17 > 0:33:20- ..which were being built - across the city.
0:33:20 > 0:33:23- The Charing Cross Road - congregation...
0:33:23 > 0:33:27- ..commissioned - eminent architect James Cubitt...
0:33:27 > 0:33:29- ..to design their chapel.
0:33:30 > 0:33:34- It's a striking building - which is now an arts centre.
0:33:35 > 0:33:38- The growth of the dairy industry - and that of the chapels...
0:33:39 > 0:33:40- ..went hand in hand.
0:33:42 > 0:33:42- .
0:33:45 > 0:33:45- Subtitles
0:33:45 > 0:33:47- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:33:49 > 0:33:54- This is one of the most prominent - and popular landmarks in London.
0:33:54 > 0:33:57- Marble Arch, near Park Lane.
0:33:57 > 0:34:00- But this isn't - its original location.
0:34:00 > 0:34:03- It was designed as the main entrance - to Buckingham Palace.
0:34:04 > 0:34:08- However, the entrance was too narrow - for the state carriage...
0:34:08 > 0:34:10- ..so it was moved here.
0:34:11 > 0:34:16- There's a strong connection - between Marble Arch and West Wales.
0:34:19 > 0:34:22- The architecture is Regency style...
0:34:22 > 0:34:27- ..which many associate - with London's city centre streets.
0:34:29 > 0:34:32- Familiar addresses - such as Regent Street...
0:34:32 > 0:34:38- ..Oxford Circus and Piccadilly - Circus were designed by John Nash.
0:34:38 > 0:34:43- Nash's influence and design - is prominent in London today.
0:34:43 > 0:34:47- Park Crescent is a special example.
0:34:47 > 0:34:52- It was widely believed that Nash - was a typically English architect...
0:34:52 > 0:34:55- ..though his mother - hailed from Carmarthenshire...
0:34:55 > 0:34:57- ..and his father from Neath.
0:34:58 > 0:35:00- West Wales - played an important part...
0:35:00 > 0:35:03- ..in Nash's development - into an eminent architect.
0:35:04 > 0:35:07- Nash inherited 1,000 - from his uncle...
0:35:08 > 0:35:11- ..and he spent it all - on building a grand residence...
0:35:11 > 0:35:15- ..on Great Russell Street - and Bloomsbury Square.
0:35:16 > 0:35:20- Failure to rent led to bankruptcy, - so Nash moved to Carmarthen.
0:35:21 > 0:35:24- It was there that he rebuilt - his career as an architect...
0:35:24 > 0:35:26- ..and developed his style.
0:35:26 > 0:35:29- Nash designed a new roof - for the town's church...
0:35:29 > 0:35:34- ..as well as prisons in Carmarthen, - Cardigan and Haverfordwest.
0:35:35 > 0:35:39- He designed many mansions in West - Wales, including Llanerchaeron...
0:35:39 > 0:35:43- ..which now belongs - to the National Trust.
0:35:43 > 0:35:47- It's a unique building - due to its exterior facade...
0:35:47 > 0:35:51- ..and the fact the central staircase - can be seen from every room.
0:35:51 > 0:35:54- It was a time of improvements.
0:35:54 > 0:35:57- New roads and bridges were built...
0:35:57 > 0:36:00- ..along with new jails and ports.
0:36:00 > 0:36:05- In addition, - the wars against France...
0:36:05 > 0:36:10- ..meant that high prices were paid - for produce from Welsh farms.
0:36:11 > 0:36:16- Wales' landowners were doing very - well in West Wales in the 1790s...
0:36:17 > 0:36:22- ..at the same time - as Nash came to West Wales.
0:36:22 > 0:36:25- It was a prime time - for a young architect.
0:36:25 > 0:36:28- Few architects were as good as him.
0:36:30 > 0:36:34- After returning to London, - Nash enjoyed sweeping success.
0:36:34 > 0:36:37- He designed Buckingham Palace - and Regent's Park.
0:36:38 > 0:36:41- Park Crescent - was part of a pioneering plan...
0:36:41 > 0:36:44- ..to connect Piccadilly Circus, - a mile away...
0:36:44 > 0:36:47- ..and Regent's Park over there.
0:37:01 > 0:37:04- But don't think - that Nash's exemplary work...
0:37:04 > 0:37:06- ..won him endless praise.
0:37:07 > 0:37:11- The architect's main patron - was the Prince Regent.
0:37:11 > 0:37:14- He was a very unpopular figure.
0:37:14 > 0:37:19- As a result, people regarded Nash's - work on behalf of the prince...
0:37:19 > 0:37:21- ..as a waste of public money.
0:37:22 > 0:37:25- Nash retired to the Isle of Wight...
0:37:25 > 0:37:29- ..leaving debts of 15,000.
0:37:29 > 0:37:33- His wife had to sell some of - her possessions to pay the bills.
0:37:33 > 0:37:36- However, years after his death...
0:37:36 > 0:37:39- ..people reconsidered - his contribution...
0:37:40 > 0:37:42- ..to the city's development.
0:37:42 > 0:37:47- It's hard to imagine London without - Nash's buildings and stunning parks.
0:37:47 > 0:37:50- Nash was sternly criticized...
0:37:50 > 0:37:52- ..during his lifetime...
0:37:53 > 0:37:55- ..for being a man of facades.
0:37:55 > 0:37:58- He was fond - of grand facades on buildings...
0:37:59 > 0:38:04- ..but often the walls behind them - were quite flimsy...
0:38:04 > 0:38:07- ..in the servants' quarters - and so on.
0:38:07 > 0:38:10- I think people forgave him - for his overspending.
0:38:11 > 0:38:13- They believed - he was the only architect...
0:38:14 > 0:38:17- ..who had any idea - of how to turn London...
0:38:17 > 0:38:21- ..into a grand city like Paris.
0:38:21 > 0:38:24- Nash was one of the first people...
0:38:24 > 0:38:28- ..to create an architectural - grand design for London.
0:38:28 > 0:38:31- Another Welshman was responsible...
0:38:31 > 0:38:36- ..for many more improvements - later in the 19th century...
0:38:36 > 0:38:41- ..including one famous project - that possibly bears his name.
0:38:44 > 0:38:50- This is very hard work, - but then again, I should be fitter.
0:38:50 > 0:38:54- I'm in one of the world's - most iconic buildings...
0:38:55 > 0:38:59- ..and one of London's main symbols - for millions of people.
0:38:59 > 0:39:03- Believe it or not, - there's a close link...
0:39:03 > 0:39:06- ..between Wales and this tower.
0:39:06 > 0:39:10- We'll discover why - when I reach the top.
0:39:10 > 0:39:11- Off I go!
0:39:27 > 0:39:29- I've reached the next level.
0:39:30 > 0:39:32- This is the clue.
0:39:32 > 0:39:35- We all know what's on - the other side of this glass.
0:39:35 > 0:39:40- The world's - most famous clock, Big Ben.
0:39:40 > 0:39:42- But who is Big Ben?
0:39:42 > 0:39:46- Benjamin Hall, - a prominent Welshman of his day.
0:39:47 > 0:39:50- What's his association - with this building?
0:39:50 > 0:39:53- Some people think - this is Big Ben's tower.
0:39:54 > 0:39:56- That's a mistake...
0:39:56 > 0:39:59- ..because Big Ben - refers to something else.
0:40:10 > 0:40:13- I've reached the top, - and within a few seconds...
0:40:13 > 0:40:15- ..I'll need earplugs.
0:40:15 > 0:40:18- It's going to be very noisy here.
0:40:18 > 0:40:22- Big Ben, of course, is this - huge bell, not the tower itself.
0:40:23 > 0:40:26- Benjamin Hall - was the eminent Welshman...
0:40:27 > 0:40:29- ..who built this tower.
0:40:29 > 0:40:32- He positioned these bells in 1859.
0:40:32 > 0:40:35- I think the bells - are about to chime.
0:40:52 > 0:40:56- But, of course, for millions - of people over the world...
0:40:56 > 0:41:00- ..Big Ben is the voice of London, - and it's about to strike.
0:41:12 > 0:41:14- Though he was raised in London...
0:41:15 > 0:41:18- ..Benjamin Hall - had strong ties with Wales.
0:41:19 > 0:41:23- His grandfather was the Chancellor - of Llandaff Cathedral...
0:41:23 > 0:41:27- ..and his mother was the daughter - of ironmaster Richard Crawshay.
0:41:27 > 0:41:31- The family also owned Abercarn - and Hensol castles.
0:41:31 > 0:41:35- As well as contributing to the - improvement of London's amenities...
0:41:36 > 0:41:40- ..Hall also contributed to Welsh - life as a member of parliament.
0:41:40 > 0:41:44- He was instrumental in passing - The Truck Act of 1831.
0:41:44 > 0:41:46- A bill that prevented companies...
0:41:47 > 0:41:51- ..from paying workers - with equipment instead of money.
0:41:51 > 0:41:54- This was a step - that improved the lives...
0:41:54 > 0:41:57- ..of many of Wales' lowly workers.
0:41:57 > 0:42:02- However, it was his wife, - Augusta Hall, or Lady Llanover...
0:42:02 > 0:42:05- ..who made the biggest contribution - to Welsh culture.
0:42:06 > 0:42:11- One of the most notable - contributions to Welsh culture...
0:42:11 > 0:42:13- ..came from this street...
0:42:14 > 0:42:18- ..across this busy road - from the royal park, Hyde Park.
0:42:18 > 0:42:20- It's wonderful.
0:42:20 > 0:42:23- This street is called Stanhope Gate.
0:42:23 > 0:42:28- This was the London residence - of Lord and Lady Llanover.
0:42:28 > 0:42:33- She's famous for developing - the traditional Welsh costume.
0:42:33 > 0:42:35- In fairness to her...
0:42:35 > 0:42:38- ..her contribution - was far more important than that.
0:42:41 > 0:42:44- Some claim - the creation of the Welsh costume...
0:42:44 > 0:42:47- ..was a way - of promoting the wool industry.
0:42:48 > 0:42:53- Lady Llanover was interested in - all aspects of Wales' creative life.
0:42:53 > 0:42:58- She was a key figure in ensuring - the triple harp was maintained.
0:42:59 > 0:43:02- She employed harpists - at Llanover House near Abergavenny.
0:43:03 > 0:43:07- All the estate's workers - had to be able to speak Welsh.
0:43:07 > 0:43:12- She was also a generous patron of - all aspects of Wales' folk culture.
0:43:12 > 0:43:18- She held ten eisteddfodau - at Llanover during the 19th century.
0:43:27 > 0:43:33- While Lady Llanover tried to promote - the wool industry in Wales...
0:43:33 > 0:43:38- ..the skills honed in this field - provided opportunities in London.
0:43:39 > 0:43:42- Opportunities that paid - great dividends for some.
0:43:45 > 0:43:48- It's always a pleasure - to come to Sloane Square...
0:43:49 > 0:43:52- ..and seeing the name - of Welshman Peter Jones...
0:43:52 > 0:43:55- ..on one of London's - most famous shops.
0:43:55 > 0:43:58- He was in good company, - with John Lewis...
0:43:58 > 0:44:00- ..DH Evans and Dickins & Jones.
0:44:00 > 0:44:06- At one time, the drapers' business - in London was a Welsh monopoly.
0:44:07 > 0:44:13- The skills developed in Wales' - wool trade and drapers' shops...
0:44:13 > 0:44:18- ..provided opportunities for those - who wanted to make their fortune.
0:44:18 > 0:44:20- Naturally, these businesses grew.
0:44:20 > 0:44:24- They went from being - small drapers' stores...
0:44:24 > 0:44:27- ..to enormous department stores.
0:44:28 > 0:44:31- The story of the Jones brothers - from North Wales...
0:44:31 > 0:44:34- ..is typical of this pattern.
0:44:34 > 0:44:38- Jones Brothers was established in - Islington as a small shop in 1862...
0:44:39 > 0:44:42- ..by William Pierce - and John William Jones.
0:44:42 > 0:44:46- Before long, businesses like - Jones Bros and Dickins & Jones...
0:44:47 > 0:44:51- ..were thriving, selling thousands - of different goods.
0:44:51 > 0:44:55- The most important contribution...
0:44:56 > 0:44:59- ..made by these influential owners - of department stores...
0:45:00 > 0:45:03- ..was the fact they employed - a high number of London Welsh.
0:45:04 > 0:45:08- Many Welsh communities - were maintained as a result.
0:45:11 > 0:45:14- Like many other shops - established by the Welsh...
0:45:14 > 0:45:18- ..Jones Brothers advertised - for workers back in Wales...
0:45:18 > 0:45:20- ..and drew thousands to London.
0:45:20 > 0:45:24- The Jones brothers - looked after their workers...
0:45:24 > 0:45:29- ..though they expected them - to work 74 hours a week.
0:45:29 > 0:45:32- Many employees lived above the shop.
0:45:32 > 0:45:36- There was accommodation - for 250 men over three floors...
0:45:37 > 0:45:41- ..as well as social rooms, - a library and a staff restaurant.
0:45:41 > 0:45:45- There were even stables - for 50 horses...
0:45:45 > 0:45:48- ..that delivered - the store's goods within London.
0:45:51 > 0:45:57- It's a varied story in terms - of the drapers' working conditions.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00- They worked long hours - and the work was laborious.
0:46:00 > 0:46:03- The conditions were merciless.
0:46:04 > 0:46:09- There was no rest, no fresh air - and little exercise for staff.
0:46:09 > 0:46:14- Some historians claim there was - a high rate of disease...
0:46:14 > 0:46:18- ..and ill health - among the drapers' employees.
0:46:18 > 0:46:24- It was comparable to those - who worked in the heavy industries.
0:46:24 > 0:46:28- It indicates how difficult - the work was, in effect.
0:46:33 > 0:46:38- Later, many of these stores - were bought by large chains.
0:46:39 > 0:46:42- Dickins & Jones - was established in 1835.
0:46:42 > 0:46:46- It became part of Harrods, and then - House of Fraser in the late '50s.
0:46:47 > 0:46:51- Peter Jones on Sloane Square is now - part of the John Lewis Partnership.
0:46:52 > 0:46:55- The business - was established by Thomas Jones...
0:46:55 > 0:46:58- ..the son of a milliner - from Carmarthenshire...
0:46:59 > 0:47:02- ..who came to London in 1871 - with 14 in his pocket.
0:47:04 > 0:47:09- The 19th century - was a century of commerce...
0:47:09 > 0:47:11- ..for the London Welsh.
0:47:11 > 0:47:14- But at the beginning - of a new century...
0:47:14 > 0:47:19- ..tens of thousands of Welsh people - flocked to this urban community.
0:47:19 > 0:47:23- Confident Welsh people, - some of whom were wealthy...
0:47:23 > 0:47:25- ..using their influence in London...
0:47:26 > 0:47:29- ..to create important institutions - in Wales.
0:47:29 > 0:47:31- That's the story next time.
0:47:36 > 0:47:38- We'll look at the contribution...
0:47:39 > 0:47:43- ..of a leading - 20th century politician...
0:47:43 > 0:47:47- ..and popular figures from - the entertainment and arts world...
0:47:47 > 0:47:50- ..to the London Welsh community.
0:47:50 > 0:47:55- We'll also look at the institutions - that still serve that community.
0:48:21 > 0:48:23- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:48:23 > 0:48:23- .