0:00:00 > 0:00:00- 888
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- 888- - 888
0:00:03 > 0:00:06- I'm seeking a man who sought my job.
0:00:06 > 0:00:07- Over 800 years ago...
0:00:08 > 0:00:12- ..Gerald of Wales aimed to become - the first Archbishop of Wales.
0:00:13 > 0:00:17- He took his struggle to the heart - of the medieval Catholic Church...
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- ..to the royal courts - of Henry II and King John...
0:00:21 > 0:00:25- ..to his adversary's headquarters - in Canterbury Cathedral...
0:00:26 > 0:00:28- ..and even to the Pope in Rome.
0:00:28 > 0:00:31- Gerald failed to overthrow - England's might...
0:00:31 > 0:00:33- ..but for some, he's a Welsh hero.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38- I shall follow in the footsteps - of this controversial character...
0:00:38 > 0:00:40- ..as he fought his case...
0:00:41 > 0:00:45- ..from West Wales all the way - to the highest courts in Europe.
0:01:03 > 0:01:08- The story begins in Manorbier Castle - on the Pembrokeshire coast.
0:01:10 > 0:01:15- Gerald de Barri, as he was - then known, was born here in 1146.
0:01:17 > 0:01:22- His father was a Norman baron - and his mother was a Welsh princess.
0:01:22 > 0:01:25- This mixed cultural background...
0:01:25 > 0:01:28- ..caused problems - throughout Gerald's life.
0:01:32 > 0:01:34- Gerald was born at a time...
0:01:35 > 0:01:38- ..when the Normans' grip on Wales - was far from secure.
0:01:38 > 0:01:42- Their new castles - were under constant threat.
0:01:42 > 0:01:47- The Normans conquered England - in a little over five years...
0:01:47 > 0:01:51- ..but they took over two centuries - to conquer Wales...
0:01:51 > 0:01:55- ..mainly because of fierce - resistance by the Welsh princes.
0:01:57 > 0:02:00- Gerald was born in Pembrokeshire.
0:02:00 > 0:02:03- The sea was a very important element - in his life.
0:02:10 > 0:02:12- His family were Norman aristocrats.
0:02:13 > 0:02:16- Their name derived - from Barry Island.
0:02:16 > 0:02:20- On his mother's side, Gerald - was a grandson of Princess Nest.
0:02:21 > 0:02:24- She was known - as the Welsh Helen of Troy...
0:02:24 > 0:02:27- ..because of her eventful love life.
0:02:29 > 0:02:33- Through Nest, Gerald was related - to several Welsh princes.
0:02:33 > 0:02:38- Because of his mixed blood, he was - viewed with suspicion by both sides.
0:02:39 > 0:02:41- As he once wrote...
0:02:41 > 0:02:44- .."Both peoples - regard me as a stranger...
0:02:45 > 0:02:46- "..and one not their own.
0:02:47 > 0:02:50- "One nation suspects me, - the other hates me."
0:02:52 > 0:02:54- So who was Gerald?
0:02:54 > 0:02:58- Did he suffer - a 12th-century identity crisis?
0:02:58 > 0:03:01- Heledd Fychan has studied the man - and his times.
0:03:02 > 0:03:05- The two sides gave rise to tension - throughout his life.
0:03:05 > 0:03:09- On the one hand, he was denigrated - for being a Welshman...
0:03:09 > 0:03:12- ..and on the other for being Norman.
0:03:12 > 0:03:15- It must have been difficult for him.
0:03:15 > 0:03:19- I think it's fair to say - that Gerald was somewhat strange.
0:03:20 > 0:03:22- That he was a difficult character.
0:03:23 > 0:03:24- He was set in his ways.
0:03:24 > 0:03:27- He had his heart set on St David's.
0:03:27 > 0:03:31- His decisions point - to a certain strength of purpose.
0:03:31 > 0:03:34- He knew what he wanted - and that was that.
0:03:34 > 0:03:39- But there isn't much evidence - that the Bishop of St David's...
0:03:40 > 0:03:43- ..was also regarded - as the Archbishop of Wales.
0:03:43 > 0:03:44- No, there isn't.
0:03:45 > 0:03:50- I believe it was more an indication - of Gerald's desire and ambition.
0:03:50 > 0:03:55- He was keen to lift his own status - and that of St David's.
0:03:55 > 0:04:00- But every Bishop of St David's - has been keen to promote that idea!
0:04:00 > 0:04:02- They manage to find the evidence.
0:04:02 > 0:04:04- They manage to find the evidence.- - I'm sure you're correct!
0:04:09 > 0:04:12- Manorbier looks out - over the Irish Sea.
0:04:12 > 0:04:16- Ireland played a major role - in Gerald's life.
0:04:16 > 0:04:21- He spent time there as chaplain - to the future King John.
0:04:21 > 0:04:23- He also wrote two books...
0:04:23 > 0:04:26- ..that established his reputation - as an author.
0:04:27 > 0:04:31- Yet, until recently, his story - has been largely forgotten.
0:04:32 > 0:04:34- Why the renewed interest in him?
0:04:35 > 0:04:40- You could argue that Wales's history - was forgotten forcenturies.
0:04:41 > 0:04:44- Welsh history was viewed - from a British perspective.
0:04:45 > 0:04:50- Recent decades have seen a renewed - interest in Welsh history...
0:04:50 > 0:04:52- ..and Welsh sources.
0:04:52 > 0:04:55- Gerald of Wales is one of the best.
0:04:55 > 0:04:58- He wrote very interesting material.
0:04:58 > 0:05:02- His work is colourful, in contrast - to the rather dry chronicles.
0:05:03 > 0:05:07- Gerald's books certainly give us - a keen insight into that era.
0:05:12 > 0:05:14- According to Gerald...
0:05:14 > 0:05:18- ..while his brothers - built sandcastles on the beach...
0:05:18 > 0:05:20- ..he built churches.
0:05:20 > 0:05:24- He became one of the leading clerics - of his time.
0:05:24 > 0:05:26- But he was far more than that.
0:05:27 > 0:05:30- He was a scholar, author, - diplomat and royal tutor.
0:05:30 > 0:05:35- No other author has described - medieval Wales so vibrantly.
0:05:35 > 0:05:37- But what kind of man was he?
0:05:37 > 0:05:40- First and foremost, - Gerald was an ambitious man.
0:05:41 > 0:05:44- He was a passionate man, I believe.
0:05:45 > 0:05:46- With regard to himself?
0:05:47 > 0:05:50- With regard to himself, - and also with regard to the church.
0:05:51 > 0:05:56- He shows a lot of concern - for the moral lives of the clergy.
0:05:57 > 0:06:02- But he was also a man - who enjoyed talking with people.
0:06:02 > 0:06:04- He enjoyed gossip, certainly.
0:06:05 > 0:06:08- I think he was - extraordinarily interesting...
0:06:08 > 0:06:13- ..because he tells us things that - other 12th-century writers don't.
0:06:13 > 0:06:16- For example, - he talks to people on the road.
0:06:17 > 0:06:18- He describes what he sees.
0:06:19 > 0:06:23- He tells us how people in the - 12th century cleaned their teeth.
0:06:23 > 0:06:25- How did they do that?
0:06:25 > 0:06:26- Using leaves.
0:06:26 > 0:06:27- Using leaves.- - Using leaves?
0:06:28 > 0:06:29- As dental floss, I think.
0:06:30 > 0:06:33- We aren't usually given - such information.
0:06:33 > 0:06:35- Details of everyday life.
0:06:36 > 0:06:38- The lives of ordinary people?
0:06:41 > 0:06:43- Gerald was a vibrant character.
0:06:43 > 0:06:45- But how will he be remembered?
0:06:47 > 0:06:48- We remember Gerald.
0:06:48 > 0:06:52- Gerald is the first person - to come to mind...
0:06:52 > 0:06:54- ..when we think of medieval Wales.
0:06:55 > 0:06:56- He's the main man.
0:06:56 > 0:06:57- I think he'd have liked that.
0:06:57 > 0:07:00- I think he'd have liked that.- - Ordinary people know about him too.
0:07:00 > 0:07:04- He would probably have been - particularly proud of that.
0:07:04 > 0:07:08- He enjoyed talking about - and with ordinary people.
0:07:08 > 0:07:10- A man of the people.
0:07:13 > 0:07:16- In 1188, Gerald travelled - through Wales...
0:07:16 > 0:07:19- ..with Archbishop Baldwin - of Canterbury...
0:07:19 > 0:07:23- ..on a recruitment campaign - for the Third Crusade.
0:07:23 > 0:07:27- The journey inspired - his two most famous books...
0:07:27 > 0:07:31- ..Journey Through Wales - and Description Of Wales.
0:07:31 > 0:07:35- These colourful classics - are still enjoyed today.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38- They are priceless - historical documents.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41- The landscape is described - in detail...
0:07:41 > 0:07:46- ..along with lively reports, - though fanciful at times...
0:07:46 > 0:07:49- ..of daily life, - local miracles and folklore.
0:07:50 > 0:07:53- We are given a unique insight - into medieval Wales.
0:07:58 > 0:08:02- Gerald played host - to Archbishop Baldwin...
0:08:02 > 0:08:06- ..at his home in Llanddew, - near Brecon...
0:08:06 > 0:08:09- ..where Gerald was archdeacon.
0:08:09 > 0:08:12- He was appointed after discovering...
0:08:12 > 0:08:17- ..that the previous archdeacon - was living with his mistress.
0:08:17 > 0:08:20- He was given the residence - along with the post.
0:08:21 > 0:08:24- This is what Gerald wrote - about Llanddew.
0:08:24 > 0:08:29- "I have obtained a small residence - near the castle of Brecknock...
0:08:29 > 0:08:32- "..well adapted - to literary pursuits...
0:08:33 > 0:08:36- "..and to the contemplation - of eternity.
0:08:36 > 0:08:38- "I envy not the riches of Croesus...
0:08:39 > 0:08:43- "..happy and contented - with that mediocrity."
0:08:43 > 0:08:45- "Small?" "Mediocrity?"
0:08:45 > 0:08:47- Even though it's in ruins...
0:08:48 > 0:08:52- ..we can see that this place - used to be a very grand palace.
0:08:52 > 0:08:54- That's so typical of Gerald!
0:08:54 > 0:08:56- Llanddew - St David's
0:08:56 > 0:09:00- My journey leads me inevitably - to St David's Cathedral.
0:09:00 > 0:09:04- It was the cornerstone - of Gerald's unsuccessful campaign...
0:09:05 > 0:09:08- ..to become Archbishop of Wales.
0:09:08 > 0:09:11- Of course, he would have travelled - on horseback.
0:09:14 > 0:09:17- St David's
0:09:27 > 0:09:31- Gerald was intent - on becoming Bishop of St David's.
0:09:31 > 0:09:33- Nothing would deter him.
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- He even turned down - four other bishoprics...
0:09:37 > 0:09:41- ..including Llandaff, - where I'm the incumbent bishop...
0:09:41 > 0:09:44- ..and my previous diocese, Bangor.
0:09:44 > 0:09:49- Gerald's opportunity came - when he was appointed assistant...
0:09:50 > 0:09:52- ..to the Bishop of St David's.
0:09:52 > 0:09:57- The nave is Gerald's - sole enduring legacy.
0:09:57 > 0:10:01- The building that was erected - when he was a steward here...
0:10:02 > 0:10:03- ..has changed a lot.
0:10:03 > 0:10:07- The architecture is a blend - of Romanesque and Gothic.
0:10:09 > 0:10:14- Of course, here's something Gerald - would never have seen - his tomb.
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- It's uncertain when Gerald died.
0:10:16 > 0:10:20- The tomb was vandalized - by zealots of a later period...
0:10:20 > 0:10:23- ..and Gerald's face was obliterated.
0:10:28 > 0:10:30- In the Middle Ages...
0:10:30 > 0:10:34- ..three pilgrimages - to the remote St David's...
0:10:34 > 0:10:38- ..were considered the equivalent - of one pilgrimage to Rome.
0:10:39 > 0:10:42- Why did Gerald - wish to become Archbishop here?
0:10:42 > 0:10:46- Perhaps because his uncle, David, - had been Bishop here?
0:10:46 > 0:10:48- On David's death in 1176...
0:10:49 > 0:10:52- ..Gerald was unanimously elected - to take his place.
0:10:53 > 0:10:57- But Thomas Becket had died - just six years earlier...
0:10:57 > 0:11:02- ..and Henry II did not want another - turbulent priest on his hands.
0:11:02 > 0:11:06- Henry's opposition - gives an interesting insight...
0:11:06 > 0:11:11- ..into the relationship between - Wales and England at the time.
0:11:11 > 0:11:16- "It is neither necessary nor - expedient for king or archbishop...
0:11:16 > 0:11:19- "..that a man of great honesty - or vigour...
0:11:19 > 0:11:22- "..should become Bishop - of St David's...
0:11:22 > 0:11:27- "..for fear that the Crown and - Canterbury should suffer thereby.
0:11:27 > 0:11:31- "Such an appointment would only - give strength to the Welsh...
0:11:31 > 0:11:33- "..and increase their pride."
0:11:33 > 0:11:35- Twenty-two years later...
0:11:35 > 0:11:39- ..Gerald was again nominated - for the bishopric of St David's.
0:11:40 > 0:11:43- This time, - he was determined to succeed.
0:11:46 > 0:11:46- .
0:11:50 > 0:11:50- 888
0:11:50 > 0:11:52- 888- - 888
0:11:54 > 0:11:57- Wyn Evans is the current - Bishop of St David's.
0:11:57 > 0:12:02- He is a distinguished historian - and an expert on the cathedral.
0:12:02 > 0:12:06- He believes that Gerald was far more - interested in his own career...
0:12:07 > 0:12:09- ..than in standing up for Wales.
0:12:10 > 0:12:14- Gerald's failure - to become Bishop of St David's...
0:12:14 > 0:12:18- ..and Archbishop of Wales - is symbolized in his statue.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- The bishop's mitre is at his feet.
0:12:21 > 0:12:23- Why did he fail?
0:12:23 > 0:12:25- There are many reasons.
0:12:25 > 0:12:28- I believe that his personality - was one of them.
0:12:28 > 0:12:32- He was evidently a strong - and autocratic character.
0:12:33 > 0:12:38- Secondly, - the kings of England knew him.
0:12:38 > 0:12:40- He had been their chaplain.
0:12:41 > 0:12:46- They were determined not to allow - a man so similar to Thomas Becket...
0:12:46 > 0:12:48- ..who was Gerald's hero...
0:12:48 > 0:12:51- ..to become a bishop and archbishop.
0:12:55 > 0:12:59- Both Llywelyn the Great - and the historian Michael Richter...
0:12:59 > 0:13:03- ..men from two - completely different periods...
0:13:03 > 0:13:06- ..regarded Gerald as a Welsh hero.
0:13:06 > 0:13:08- That's true enough.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13- Gerald's writings - give the impression...
0:13:13 > 0:13:17- ..that he was fighting - not only for his own rights...
0:13:17 > 0:13:20- ..and not only - for the rights of St David's...
0:13:20 > 0:13:23- ..but also - for the rights of Wales...
0:13:23 > 0:13:27- ..and the right of the church - in Wales to have Welsh bishops.
0:13:28 > 0:13:32- The problem is, Gerald acknowledged - his own Welsh identity...
0:13:32 > 0:13:35- ..at the end of his career, - but not at the start.
0:13:36 > 0:13:40- Gerald was inconsistent - with regard to his Welsh identity.
0:13:40 > 0:13:44- He even wrote directions - on how to conquer the Welsh...
0:13:44 > 0:13:48- ..that read like a handbook - for Edward I's conquest of Wales...
0:13:48 > 0:13:50- ..a century later.
0:13:50 > 0:13:52- Was Gerald inconsistent?
0:13:52 > 0:13:57- There was consistency - what was - important to Gerald was Gerald!
0:13:57 > 0:13:59- Is he still a hero for Wales?
0:14:02 > 0:14:07- Well, it depends - was he Gerald - the Welshman or Gerald of Wales?
0:14:10 > 0:14:11- What's the difference?
0:14:12 > 0:14:16- I don't think anyone could say - that he was a Welshman.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18- He didn't speak Welsh.
0:14:18 > 0:14:21- When he preached, - his sermons had to be translated.
0:14:22 > 0:14:26- When he demonstrates - his knowledge of Welsh...
0:14:26 > 0:14:28- ..it's obviously shaky.
0:14:28 > 0:14:30- He wasn't a Welshman.
0:14:31 > 0:14:34- Eight hundred years - after Gerald's death...
0:14:34 > 0:14:38- ..disputes continue - regarding the status of St David's.
0:14:39 > 0:14:44- As Bishop of Llandaff and Archbishop - of Wales, I know where I stand!
0:14:44 > 0:14:48- The Archbishop of Wales - and the Bishop of St David's...
0:14:48 > 0:14:52- ..discussing Gerald - in St David's Cathedral is ironic!
0:14:52 > 0:14:53- There should only be one of us!
0:14:53 > 0:14:55- There should only be one of us!- - I'm not so sure about that!
0:14:55 > 0:15:00- We mustn't forget that Gerald was - offered the bishopric of Llandaff.
0:15:00 > 0:15:01- He turned it down. Why?
0:15:01 > 0:15:02- He turned it down. Why?- - Are you surprised?!
0:15:03 > 0:15:04- Of course I'm surprised!
0:15:05 > 0:15:09- He could have been Archbishop - and Bishop of Llandaff.
0:15:09 > 0:15:13- But the St David's diocese - was the biggest in Wales.
0:15:13 > 0:15:15- It covered over half the country.
0:15:15 > 0:15:17- The Bishop of St David's...
0:15:18 > 0:15:22- ..is far more important - than the Bishop of Llandaff!
0:15:22 > 0:15:24- In 1198...
0:15:24 > 0:15:28- ..Gerald was nominated unanimously - to be Bishop of St David's.
0:15:28 > 0:15:31- Controversially, - Gerald set out for Rome...
0:15:32 > 0:15:35- ..to ask the Pope himself - to confirm the appointment.
0:15:35 > 0:15:40- He argued that St David's status - was equal to that of Canterbury.
0:15:40 > 0:15:44- To the Archbishop of Canterbury, - this was dynamite.
0:15:44 > 0:15:46- My journey takes me to Canterbury...
0:15:47 > 0:15:52- ..to try to understand the explosive - nature of Gerald's assertion.
0:15:57 > 0:16:07- St David's - Canterbury
0:16:21 > 0:16:26- In standing up to Canterbury, Gerald - challenged the English monarchy.
0:16:26 > 0:16:30- Writing to Pope Innocent III - opposing Gerald's appointment...
0:16:30 > 0:16:34- ..Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, - made it clear...
0:16:34 > 0:16:38- ..that the interests of the church - and the king were one.
0:16:38 > 0:16:42- "If the barbarity of that wild, - unbridled nation of Wales...
0:16:42 > 0:16:46- "..had not been restrained - by the censure of the church...
0:16:46 > 0:16:49- "..wielded by the Archbishop - of Canterbury...
0:16:49 > 0:16:53- "..then this people would by - continual or frequent rebellion...
0:16:54 > 0:16:57- "..have broken - from their allegiance to the king."
0:16:57 > 0:17:02- It was dangerous for churchmen - to challenge the English monarchy.
0:17:02 > 0:17:07- Thomas Becket was murdered - in Canterbury Cathedral...
0:17:07 > 0:17:11- ..by knights who claimed - they were obeying Henry II's will.
0:17:18 > 0:17:22- Becket had opposed - Henry II's attempts...
0:17:22 > 0:17:24- ..to tighten his grip on the church.
0:17:24 > 0:17:29- His successors didn't want another - turbulent priest on their hands.
0:17:30 > 0:17:33- To the Normans, - Gerald had become a Welshman.
0:17:34 > 0:17:36- He had betrayed his Norman roots.
0:17:37 > 0:17:40- Furthermore, Gerald regarded Becket - as a hero.
0:17:43 > 0:17:47- This spot, where Thomas Becket died, - became a focus for pilgrims.
0:17:47 > 0:17:50- The most famous reference...
0:17:50 > 0:17:53- ..can be found in Chaucer's - Canterbury Tales.
0:17:53 > 0:17:58- It still attracts - thousands of tourists each year.
0:18:01 > 0:18:05- Gerald was 24 years old - when Thomas Becket was murdered.
0:18:06 > 0:18:09- He was acutely aware - of the perils involved...
0:18:09 > 0:18:13- ..in challenging - the king's authority.
0:18:26 > 0:18:28- But time changes everything.
0:18:28 > 0:18:33- The current Archbishop - of Canterbury is a Welshman.
0:18:35 > 0:18:38- What does Dr Williams - think of Gerald's attitude?
0:18:38 > 0:18:40- He was very courageous.
0:18:41 > 0:18:42- He was a man without fear.
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- He had a firm belief - in the righteousness of his cause.
0:18:48 > 0:18:52- In his books, he wrote - about anti-Welsh prejudice.
0:18:53 > 0:18:59- It's as if he was - facing down the English.
0:18:59 > 0:19:04- He wrote about the things - English people said...
0:19:05 > 0:19:06- ..about the Welsh.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10- They said that the Welsh - were unreliable.
0:19:11 > 0:19:15- That they didn't keep their promises - and so on.
0:19:19 > 0:19:24- It's as if Gerald - was telling the English...
0:19:25 > 0:19:29- .."You can believe the worst, - if you must - but here I am.
0:19:29 > 0:19:30- "Here are the Welsh."
0:19:30 > 0:19:31- "Here are the Welsh."- - "And I'm correct!"
0:19:32 > 0:19:36- What was the Pope's attitude - towards this dispute...
0:19:37 > 0:19:39- ..between Wales and England?
0:19:41 > 0:19:45- In theory, the Pope was - a firm supporter of Thomas Becket.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50- But in reality, - things were very different.
0:19:52 > 0:19:57- I believe that Becket - was rather a nuisance to the Pope.
0:19:57 > 0:20:01- What, ultimately, - did Gerald do for Wales?
0:20:02 > 0:20:08- Gerald's legacy is considerable - and complex.
0:20:10 > 0:20:14- His legacy has been great - in the fields of literature...
0:20:14 > 0:20:16- ..anthropology and history.
0:20:18 > 0:20:20- But greater than all this...
0:20:20 > 0:20:25- ..is his contribution to the meaning - of Wales's identity...
0:20:25 > 0:20:27- ..and Wales's self-confidence.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31- Gerald travelled to Rome - four times in five years...
0:20:32 > 0:20:35- ..three times to argue his case, - and once as a pilgrim.
0:20:36 > 0:20:40- The mindset of a medieval pilgrim - would seem strange to us today.
0:20:40 > 0:20:45- A medieval pilgrimage - was bound up with penance.
0:20:47 > 0:20:50- It was an act undertaken - to gratify God...
0:20:50 > 0:20:53- ..and to be freed from one's sins.
0:20:54 > 0:20:59- Nowadays, I believe - that pilgrims view the journey...
0:20:59 > 0:21:03- ..as some kind of symbol...
0:21:03 > 0:21:08- ..representing the journey - of the soul, a person's journey.
0:21:08 > 0:21:11- We are all the heirs of John Bunyan.
0:21:12 > 0:21:13- The Pilgrim's Progress.
0:21:14 > 0:21:19- And Williams Pantycelyn, of course - - "I am a pilgrim in a desert land."
0:21:19 > 0:21:23- Pilgrimage as a symbol of faith.
0:21:24 > 0:21:25- The journey of faith.
0:21:31 > 0:21:34- Before setting out for Rome...
0:21:34 > 0:21:39- ..pilgrims would come to the - undercroft of Canterbury Cathedral.
0:21:40 > 0:21:43- It's the oldest part - of the cathedral.
0:21:43 > 0:21:46- It remains unchanged - since Gerald's time.
0:21:46 > 0:21:50- Many pilgrims would have come here - to pray for a safe return.
0:21:51 > 0:21:54- Gerald would have known - St Gabriel's Chapel.
0:21:54 > 0:21:58- It features 12th-century murals.
0:22:01 > 0:22:05- The colours are now starting - to fade, but they still hint...
0:22:05 > 0:22:10- ..at the breathtaking, vibrant - atmosphere of medieval churches.
0:22:10 > 0:22:13- It's a place - that inspires contemplation.
0:22:13 > 0:22:18- The journey to Rome was perilous - and many pilgrims died along the way.
0:22:18 > 0:22:22- Before departing, pilgrims - were required to make a will.
0:22:23 > 0:22:26- If they had not returned - within a year and a day...
0:22:26 > 0:22:28- ..it was assumed that they were dead.
0:22:33 > 0:22:37- The journey from Canterbury - to Rome is over 1,000 miles.
0:22:37 > 0:22:41- In the Middle Ages, it took - almost three months to walk...
0:22:42 > 0:22:44- ..or six weeks on horseback.
0:22:45 > 0:22:49- Crossing the Channel - was the first of many challenges.
0:22:50 > 0:22:52- Many pilgrims drowned.
0:22:53 > 0:22:58- Gerald's numerous visits to Rome - testify to his stamina...
0:22:58 > 0:23:00- ..and his ambition...
0:23:00 > 0:23:04- ..and his faith in the righteousness - of his struggle...
0:23:04 > 0:23:09- ..to become Bishop of St David's - and the first Archbishop of Wales.
0:23:26 > 0:23:29- S4C subtitles by Trosol Cyf.