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0:00:06 > 0:00:10- My name's Dr Iestyn Jones. Some - of you might know me as an actor.
0:00:10 > 0:00:14- I'm passionate - about archaeology and history...
0:00:14 > 0:00:17- ..which has led me - to obtain a doctorate in the field.
0:00:18 > 0:00:22- For more than 10 years, I've worked - as a professional archaeologist.
0:00:22 > 0:00:27- Throughout this series, I'll visit - sites up and down the country...
0:00:27 > 0:00:32- ..that have never been excavated - before to uncover Wales' history.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38- This week, we're in Llandre - in north Ceredigion.
0:00:38 > 0:00:41- This area - has housed numerous hill-forts.
0:00:41 > 0:00:45- Caer Allt-goch, - Caer Llety Llwyd, Caer Odyn Fach...
0:00:45 > 0:00:49- ..Pen Dinas Elerch, - and on this side, Caer Pwll Glas.
0:00:49 > 0:00:53- But we don't want to see those, - we want to look down there...
0:00:53 > 0:00:56- ..to Glanfred Farm.
0:00:56 > 0:01:01- In a way, I've returned home - this week, to Ceredigion.
0:01:01 > 0:01:06- Our site is a 10-minute car journey - to the north of Aberystwyth...
0:01:06 > 0:01:10- ..in Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn, - also known as Llandre.
0:01:11 > 0:01:14- We've come to this field - on the Glanfred Farm estate.
0:01:17 > 0:01:19- This field is called Cae Yr Odyn.
0:01:19 > 0:01:21- Beyond the trees is Glanfred Farm.
0:01:22 > 0:01:25- Aerial photographs - taken in the 1970s...
0:01:25 > 0:01:28- ..revealed large ditches...
0:01:28 > 0:01:31- ..resembling the shape of pear.
0:01:31 > 0:01:36- I'm standing in the middle of a - former hill-fort from the Iron Age.
0:01:36 > 0:01:41- My intention - is to find proof of that...
0:01:41 > 0:01:44- ..and evidence - that people lived and worked here...
0:01:45 > 0:01:48- ..along with the remains - of the iron-making process.
0:01:48 > 0:01:50- Any remains, in fact.
0:01:50 > 0:01:53- The only way to do that - is by excavating the site.
0:01:56 > 0:02:00- It's easy enough for me to say we're - digging for an Iron Age hill-fort...
0:02:01 > 0:02:05- ..but what exactly is it - and how many years ago did it exist?
0:02:07 > 0:02:10- Fortunately, - it's not left to our imagination.
0:02:10 > 0:02:14- Further down the coast, - near Trefdraeth in Pembrokeshire...
0:02:14 > 0:02:16- ..is the site of Henllys Castle...
0:02:17 > 0:02:19- ..where I recently visited.
0:02:29 > 0:02:34- We've reached the very interesting - site of Henllys Castle...
0:02:34 > 0:02:36- ..in the north of Pembrokeshire.
0:02:37 > 0:02:43- It's a 600BC hill-fort that has been - recreated on the original site...
0:02:43 > 0:02:46- ..where the foundations - of roundhouses....
0:02:47 > 0:02:50- ..were laid during the Iron Age.
0:02:50 > 0:02:54- It's an incredible place, - with the entrance...
0:02:54 > 0:02:57- ..in its original position.
0:02:58 > 0:03:01- Stone walls - would've stood here originally...
0:03:02 > 0:03:06- ..with buildings on either side - to defend the entryway.
0:03:06 > 0:03:10- It's obvious - that it was a defensive structure.
0:03:10 > 0:03:15- They've been excavating this site - for the past 30 years...
0:03:15 > 0:03:20- ..and uncovered - more than 2,000 slingshots.
0:03:20 > 0:03:25- It's obvious that whoever - came through this entrance...
0:03:25 > 0:03:28- ..was warmly welcomed.
0:03:31 > 0:03:33- We must measure the field...
0:03:34 > 0:03:38- ..according to our geophysical plot - before it's excavated.
0:03:38 > 0:03:42- The first target for - our first archaeological trench...
0:03:42 > 0:03:45- ..is a defensive structure - from the Iron Age...
0:03:45 > 0:03:49- ..the outlines of which could be - seen from the aerial photos.
0:03:49 > 0:03:52- During dry periods, - outlines are clearer...
0:03:52 > 0:03:57- ..because the earth - is much thicker and retains water.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00- The grass - is far greener as a result.
0:04:03 > 0:04:07- At first, there's little difference - in the earth...
0:04:07 > 0:04:10- ..once it's been lifted.
0:04:10 > 0:04:12- But a minute later...
0:04:13 > 0:04:15- I'm happier - than I was five minutes ago.
0:04:16 > 0:04:20- We've tried to dig the trench - across the ditch.
0:04:20 > 0:04:22- I saw the orange soil at first...
0:04:22 > 0:04:27- ..but now the darker soil - is starting to emerge.
0:04:28 > 0:04:30- This is the location - of the former Iron Age site.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33- So I'm happy now.
0:04:34 > 0:04:37- I'm excited by a change in colour...
0:04:37 > 0:04:40- ..because it's significant.
0:04:40 > 0:04:42- While I clear the area - with a spade...
0:04:43 > 0:04:46- ..Colin and Jerry - can begin to dig a second trench.
0:04:47 > 0:04:48- We're about to excavate...
0:04:49 > 0:04:52- ..the dark area - within the defensive ditch.
0:04:53 > 0:04:57- It could be many things - - a pit, a refuse disposal site...
0:04:57 > 0:05:02- ..the ancient remains of a building - or simply a darker patch of grass.
0:05:03 > 0:05:06- As we're cleaning - this side of the trench...
0:05:06 > 0:05:08- ..the earth is orange...
0:05:09 > 0:05:13- ..but the ditch itself - is obviously darker on this side.
0:05:14 > 0:05:19- Something has also cut through - the natural orange earth.
0:05:19 > 0:05:21- It's a rounded shape at the moment.
0:05:21 > 0:05:24- There might even be another here.
0:05:24 > 0:05:27- The different colours - provide many clues.
0:05:27 > 0:05:29- There's charcoal here too.
0:05:29 > 0:05:33- A post hole or a pit - might've existed here.
0:05:33 > 0:05:38- Something that would've required - digging through the natural earth.
0:05:41 > 0:05:46- As we prepare the site, - like every other we excavate...
0:05:46 > 0:05:49- ..we must research - the area's history.
0:05:49 > 0:05:55- It's possible one of the legends of - the archaeological world lived here.
0:05:56 > 0:06:00- Joining me is Rhodri, - who lives nearby the hill-fort...
0:06:01 > 0:06:04- ..we're about to excavate.
0:06:04 > 0:06:08- You've researched - the area and the farm.
0:06:08 > 0:06:12- I've heard a rumour, and I'm not - sure if it's right or wrong...
0:06:12 > 0:06:18- ..that Edward Lhuyd, - an archaeologist of some repute...
0:06:18 > 0:06:22- ..and author - of Archaeologica Britannica...
0:06:22 > 0:06:27- ..was born - in this house in Glanfred.
0:06:27 > 0:06:30- At the end of the Elizabethan era...
0:06:30 > 0:06:34- ..the house became the property - of the Pryse family of Gogerddan...
0:06:35 > 0:06:39- ..who were prominent landowners - and members of the aristocracy.
0:06:39 > 0:06:44- They were fond of the name Bridget, - derived from the Welsh, Ffraid...
0:06:44 > 0:06:48- ..and the English origin - of the name, Brie or Bridget.
0:06:48 > 0:06:53- All the female members of the family - raised in this house...
0:06:53 > 0:06:55- ..were called Bridget.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59- A certain Bridget Pryse - is very prominent in the story...
0:06:59 > 0:07:03- ..because - she was Edward Lhuyd's mother...
0:07:03 > 0:07:07- ..though Edward Lhuyd - spent most of his childhood...
0:07:07 > 0:07:10- ..with his father in Oswestry.
0:07:10 > 0:07:15- But it's also possible that - he spent time here with his mother.
0:07:15 > 0:07:21- I wonder if Edward Lhuyd was aware - of this field's importance?
0:07:21 > 0:07:23- It's difficult to tell.
0:07:23 > 0:07:25- It's time to start digging.
0:07:25 > 0:07:30- Dark patches of earth - are starting to emerge...
0:07:30 > 0:07:34- ..so further investigation - is required.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38- Over here, we can see - the natural orange soil...
0:07:38 > 0:07:41- ..and the difference - between this colour...
0:07:42 > 0:07:44- ..and the darker soil - of the ditch.
0:07:44 > 0:07:49- There are patches at the end - which look like they've been burnt.
0:07:49 > 0:07:51- That's very interesting.
0:07:51 > 0:07:55- At the other end of the ditch, - where it finishes...
0:07:55 > 0:08:00- ..there might have been a post here, - maybe two or even three of them.
0:08:00 > 0:08:03- This requires further investigation.
0:08:03 > 0:08:05- I'm happy at the moment.
0:08:06 > 0:08:09- We're going to quickly - map out the trenches...
0:08:09 > 0:08:12- ..before digging into - the middle of this trench.
0:08:13 > 0:08:16- I should explain - what we're hoping to find.
0:08:17 > 0:08:20- It's difficult to imagine - a defensive hill-fort...
0:08:21 > 0:08:25- ..in a completely flat field, - but it's obvious at Henllys Castle.
0:08:26 > 0:08:30- What has been lost in Llandre - is what I'm standing on right now.
0:08:30 > 0:08:32- This bank.
0:08:32 > 0:08:36- Farmers have ploughed this land - for centuries...
0:08:36 > 0:08:38- ..and it's more or less disappeared.
0:08:39 > 0:08:43- But what we're starting to see - are the remains of the ditch...
0:08:43 > 0:08:46- ..which provided - the earth for the bank.
0:08:52 > 0:08:56- Back at Llandre, the team - is recharged after a cuppa...
0:08:56 > 0:08:58- ..and working very hard.
0:08:59 > 0:09:01- We'll dig deeper - in trench number one...
0:09:01 > 0:09:06- ..to unearth evidence - that'd help us date these ditches...
0:09:06 > 0:09:09- ..such as pottery fragments - or animal bones.
0:09:09 > 0:09:14- In trench number two, - the sifting work is going well.
0:09:14 > 0:09:17- We can begin to see - darker colours in the soil...
0:09:18 > 0:09:20- ..which may be proof - of the smelting process.
0:09:27 > 0:09:29- I've found a piece of slag...
0:09:29 > 0:09:33- ..left over from - the smelting process to create iron.
0:09:33 > 0:09:36- Although I've seen it before - at other sites...
0:09:36 > 0:09:40- ..it may prove - incredibly significant to this dig.
0:09:41 > 0:09:45- I'm going to check - with a local expert.
0:09:47 > 0:09:50- True to form, - the weather has changed once again.
0:09:53 > 0:09:58- In the meantime, Erika continues to - dig deeper into the defensive ditch.
0:09:59 > 0:10:01- Evidence begins to emerge.
0:10:03 > 0:10:07- We've just found some charcoal...
0:10:08 > 0:10:12- ..where a post once stood...
0:10:13 > 0:10:15- ..in this trench here.
0:10:15 > 0:10:18- It'll provide us - with a radio-carbon date.
0:10:18 > 0:10:21- I'll label it - so that we know where it came from.
0:10:22 > 0:10:24- It might help us date this site...
0:10:24 > 0:10:28- ..and give us an idea - of what went on here.
0:10:28 > 0:10:30- Don't just stand there!
0:10:30 > 0:10:32- Only joking, girls!
0:10:32 > 0:10:36- Erika and Debbie - are doing very physical work.
0:10:36 > 0:10:38- Rather them than me!
0:10:38 > 0:10:41- Right, - that's the end of the first day.
0:10:41 > 0:10:43- I'm happy, to be honest.
0:10:43 > 0:10:45- Both trenches are open.
0:10:45 > 0:10:49- We've found the original ditch - under that canopy.
0:10:49 > 0:10:54- We've also found - what may turn out to be post holes.
0:10:55 > 0:10:59- We've recovered charcoal - from those holes which can be dated.
0:10:59 > 0:11:02- Trench number two - is a little confusing...
0:11:02 > 0:11:06- ..though there's evidence - that iron smelting went on here.
0:11:07 > 0:11:12- I'm not sure of the date, as yet, - but an expert will take samples...
0:11:12 > 0:11:16- ..and analyse them in order - to find out what went on here...
0:11:17 > 0:11:19- ..and provide us with a date.
0:11:19 > 0:11:23- I'm content. We've done - a lot of work for the first day.
0:11:23 > 0:11:26- We'll see what kind of weather - awaits us tomorrow.
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0:11:36 > 0:11:41- It's time for a discussion, - and four heads are better than one.
0:11:41 > 0:11:44- We decided - to extend the second trench...
0:11:44 > 0:11:48- ..to search for remains - of the iron-smelting process...
0:11:48 > 0:11:51- ..using the dark outlines - as our guide.
0:11:52 > 0:11:55- Unearthing the kiln - would be even better.
0:11:58 > 0:12:04- There's just enough time - to dig another trench over there...
0:12:04 > 0:12:06- ..to see if the roundhouse...
0:12:06 > 0:12:11- ..or what looks like a roundhouse, - according to the geophysics study...
0:12:11 > 0:12:13- ..actually exists.
0:12:13 > 0:12:16- We'll excavate over there.
0:12:16 > 0:12:20- Before we begin, I discuss the plan - with Professor Ray Howell...
0:12:20 > 0:12:23- ..from - the University of South Wales.
0:12:23 > 0:12:30- What do you think about the idea - of going over to that end...
0:12:30 > 0:12:34- ..where a roundhouse - might possibly have stood?
0:12:34 > 0:12:37- It looks - very interesting and promising.
0:12:37 > 0:12:42- During the Iron Age, of course, - people lived in roundhouses.
0:12:43 > 0:12:47- It's quite possible - that this is a large roundhouse.
0:12:48 > 0:12:52- It measures 10 metres - from one end to the other...
0:12:52 > 0:12:55- ..which is roughly - the size of an Iron Age house.
0:12:55 > 0:12:59- They can obviously - be bigger and smaller, but...
0:12:59 > 0:13:02- It's a great idea. - We should go for it.
0:13:02 > 0:13:04- Let me show you - what we intend to do.
0:13:07 > 0:13:12- It's exciting that we're searching - for the remains of a roundhouse.
0:13:12 > 0:13:14- But I'm not all that hopeful...
0:13:15 > 0:13:17- ..since they were rare in this area.
0:13:18 > 0:13:22- An obvious reason for that - is that they were built from wood...
0:13:22 > 0:13:27- ..which rots and disintegrates - over time, leaving no evidence.
0:13:28 > 0:13:34- I'd better explain how people - from the Iron Age used to live.
0:13:34 > 0:13:37- Henllys has - a perfect example of a roundhouse.
0:13:41 > 0:13:44- The most obvious feature - is the woodwork.
0:13:44 > 0:13:47- It's built entirely from wood.
0:13:49 > 0:13:52- It would've taken 30 oak trees...
0:13:52 > 0:13:56- ..and more than 60 hazel trees...
0:13:56 > 0:14:00- ..to create - all these beams and joists.
0:14:00 > 0:14:04- Finding trees of this size - was by no means down to luck.
0:14:04 > 0:14:10- They're all the same size and - have been growing for 25-30 years.
0:14:10 > 0:14:14- It was a case of being in control - of the landscape and the forest.
0:14:14 > 0:14:20- Growing them solely for the purpose - of making important homes like this.
0:14:27 > 0:14:32- This was the focal point of the home - - the fire.
0:14:32 > 0:14:34- It was incredibly important.
0:14:34 > 0:14:39- If this was the home of - the leader within the hill-fort...
0:14:39 > 0:14:42- ..then he would've sat here, - around the fire.
0:14:42 > 0:14:47- It wasn't just the focus of the - home, it was the focus of the fort.
0:14:47 > 0:14:51- People would congregate - around the fire...
0:14:51 > 0:14:53- ..to discuss their business.
0:14:53 > 0:14:56- It provided them - with warmth and light...
0:14:56 > 0:14:59- ..and it was here - that food was cooked.
0:15:00 > 0:15:02- It was central in their lives.
0:15:03 > 0:15:05- Once the sun went down...
0:15:05 > 0:15:07- ..and the fire's flames rose...
0:15:07 > 0:15:11- ..it cast shadows - on the surrounding walls...
0:15:11 > 0:15:14- ..creating - a special atmosphere inside.
0:15:27 > 0:15:31- In Llandre, the third trench - yields no discoveries.
0:15:31 > 0:15:34- No obvious remains - of a roundhouse have emerged.
0:15:35 > 0:15:37- There are several reasons for this.
0:15:37 > 0:15:42- Perhaps we haven't dug deep enough, - or the remains aren't defined...
0:15:42 > 0:15:46- ..or perhaps we're - not digging in the right place.
0:15:46 > 0:15:50- I'm not quite sure, - but for the remainder of the dig...
0:15:50 > 0:15:52- ..it's wise to bury this trench.
0:15:52 > 0:15:57- If we don't have the time to dig any - deeper and accurately record it...
0:15:57 > 0:16:00- ..it's best that we leave it.
0:16:00 > 0:16:04- Hopefully we can return at a - later date to dig for a roundhouse.
0:16:05 > 0:16:09- It's disappointing, but no-one said - that archaeology was easy!
0:16:12 > 0:16:18- I've been speaking to Chris and - Erika about the geophysics survey.
0:16:18 > 0:16:22- Overnight, Chris placed - the plot of our trench...
0:16:23 > 0:16:26- ..on top of the geophysics survey.
0:16:26 > 0:16:30- It's interesting that the trench, - which is darker in colour...
0:16:31 > 0:16:33- ..is clear enough to decipher.
0:16:33 > 0:16:39- But while we were at Henllys Castle, - we saw those large elevated banks...
0:16:39 > 0:16:41- ..that I walked over.
0:16:41 > 0:16:45- The bank has disappeared here - since the land has been ploughed.
0:16:45 > 0:16:49- It's possible that we've found - a small portion of the bank.
0:16:49 > 0:16:53- I'd like to open up the trench - a little more...
0:16:53 > 0:16:57- ..to see if the earth changes colour - between the original earth...
0:16:58 > 0:17:00- ..and the bank.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03- Open it up, Colin. Thank you.
0:17:12 > 0:17:15- As I mentioned earlier, - Glanfred is situated...
0:17:16 > 0:17:18- ..in a very interesting location.
0:17:18 > 0:17:21- To the south is Pwll Glas hill-fort.
0:17:25 > 0:17:29- To the east is the very prominent - Pen Dinas Elerch hill-fort.
0:17:32 > 0:17:36- Following the ancient route - across the mountains...
0:17:36 > 0:17:40- ..we arrive at - Llety Llwyd hill-fort.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44- Here, the banks and ditches - are very prominent.
0:17:44 > 0:17:49- It's no coincidence that we're able - to see our site from this position.
0:17:49 > 0:17:54- Being able to see your neighbours - was a big advantage in the Iron Age.
0:17:54 > 0:17:56- Defensively and offensively.
0:17:58 > 0:18:02- To the northeast - stood the Allt-goch hill-fort...
0:18:02 > 0:18:05- ..which also overlooks our site.
0:18:07 > 0:18:11- Within a five-mile radius, - there were five hill-forts.
0:18:15 > 0:18:20- Colin has newly excavated this - portion and it needs cleaning...
0:18:20 > 0:18:24- ..but it appears that the bank...
0:18:24 > 0:18:27- ..finishes around here.
0:18:27 > 0:18:33- Although there's not a huge - difference between these colours...
0:18:33 > 0:18:35- ..the earth is far more solid...
0:18:35 > 0:18:41- ..compared to this, which has - been newly excavated by the digger.
0:18:42 > 0:18:46- Though the signs - aren't completely obvious...
0:18:46 > 0:18:51- ..it's possible - that the bank finishes here...
0:18:51 > 0:18:53- ..making that earth natural...
0:18:53 > 0:18:56- ..and this, - the earth that was buried...
0:18:56 > 0:18:59- ..under a relatively large bank.
0:19:03 > 0:19:07- Erika is recording - every layer of soil - five in all.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10- It proves that the bank - has eroded over time...
0:19:11 > 0:19:14- ..and collapsed into the ditch - to create a new layer.
0:19:14 > 0:19:19- Other layers contain debris, - charcoal and fragments of bone...
0:19:19 > 0:19:22- ..which can be analysed - in the laboratory.
0:19:22 > 0:19:27- They are probably animal bones which - reveal ancient farming methods...
0:19:27 > 0:19:32- ..and provide us with clues - about people's living standards.
0:19:32 > 0:19:36- Meanwhile, Keith Haylock, - an expert in this area's slag...
0:19:36 > 0:19:41- ..the leftovers of - the smelting process, has joined us.
0:19:41 > 0:19:47- Bagfuls of slag have been unearthed - from trench number two.
0:19:47 > 0:19:52- Keith analyses a small sample - of earth encasing the slag...
0:19:52 > 0:19:55- ..to try and establish - what chemicals are in it.
0:19:56 > 0:20:00- Another laboratory is working around - the clock to date the soil...
0:20:00 > 0:20:03- ..around - the large piece of slag I found.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06- At least Keith can give me - an idea of its age.
0:20:10 > 0:20:13- I've found slag - at many other sites...
0:20:13 > 0:20:17- ..but according to the expert, - it's very rare in this area.
0:20:17 > 0:20:21- One piece is exhibited - at Ceredigion Museum.
0:20:21 > 0:20:23- This is very exciting.
0:20:23 > 0:20:26- But the one thing we must ensure...
0:20:26 > 0:20:30- ..is that we can verify - the date of this smelting process.
0:20:30 > 0:20:33- If it genuinely belongs - to the Iron Age...
0:20:33 > 0:20:37- ..it could change - the history of this area forever.
0:20:41 > 0:20:44- Unfortunately, our time is up.
0:20:44 > 0:20:47- We arrived at Glanfred Farm - three days ago...
0:20:48 > 0:20:51- ..hoping to unearth - unequivocal proof...
0:20:51 > 0:20:55- ..that another Iron Age - hill-fort existed in Ceredigion.
0:20:55 > 0:21:00- We dug two main trenches - one - across the fort's defensive ditch...
0:21:00 > 0:21:04- ..and another - in a geophysical place of interest.
0:21:04 > 0:21:09- Thanks to the dedication - of the excavation team...
0:21:09 > 0:21:12- ..we reached - the bottom of the ditch.
0:21:13 > 0:21:17- We were given an insight into the - lives of the hill-fort's residents.
0:21:18 > 0:21:23- The team found fragments of pottery, - charcoal and small charred bones...
0:21:23 > 0:21:27- ..which might've been the bones - of animals that had been eaten.
0:21:28 > 0:21:31- Slag was recovered - from the second trench.
0:21:31 > 0:21:37- Archaeologists had no prior evidence - of smelting works in Ceredigion.
0:21:37 > 0:21:41- They weren't sure if tools were - bought and transported to the area.
0:21:41 > 0:21:45- We've found evidence to prove - there was a hill-fort here...
0:21:46 > 0:21:48- ..and a smelting works existed here.
0:21:49 > 0:21:53- The laboratory has been able - to date the charcoal and slag.
0:21:53 > 0:21:57- The charcoal was burnt - more than 1,200 years ago...
0:21:57 > 0:21:59- ..during the eighth century.
0:21:59 > 0:22:02- Thanks to Keith, - we know that the slag...
0:22:02 > 0:22:07- ..came from this exact location, - where the iron was produced.
0:22:07 > 0:22:12- The results suggest that the site - dates back to the year 688.
0:22:12 > 0:22:14- The Early Middle Ages.
0:22:30 > 0:22:32- This is always difficult to watch...
0:22:33 > 0:22:37- ..when the earth recovers the sites - we've worked hard to expose.
0:22:37 > 0:22:39- It's been a successful dig.
0:22:40 > 0:22:44- We've found - small fragments of bone and pottery.
0:22:45 > 0:22:49- More importantly, - we've found a bagful of slag...
0:22:49 > 0:22:53- ..which proves - there was a smelting works here.
0:22:53 > 0:22:59- It's left everyone, - including the experts, dumbfounded.
0:22:59 > 0:23:03- In the short time we've been here...
0:23:03 > 0:23:06- ..we couldn't have asked for more.
0:23:43 > 0:23:45- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:23:45 > 0:23:45- .