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0:00:21 > 0:00:25- Last time, we retraced - Sam Hughes's journey to America.
0:00:25 > 0:00:30- In 1837, when he was just eight - years old, he and his family...
0:00:30 > 0:00:34- ..emigrated from Wales - in search of a better life.
0:00:34 > 0:00:38- It soon turned into a nightmare, - until Sam learnt how to cook.
0:00:38 > 0:00:43- He became a cook on the very first - wagon train to the West.
0:00:45 > 0:00:49- When Sam Hughes reached Hangtown, - or Placerville, as it is today...
0:00:50 > 0:00:53- ..his reputation - as a fine chef had preceded him.
0:00:53 > 0:00:56- He was immediately offered - a job as a chef...
0:00:57 > 0:01:00- ..in one of Hangtown's - major restaurants.
0:01:09 > 0:01:11- Do you know how much he was paid?
0:01:12 > 0:01:14- Half an ounce of gold a day.
0:01:14 > 0:01:18- The equivalent of 8 then, - and hundreds in today's money.
0:01:18 > 0:01:23- He only earned 8 a month - in the cotton mills.
0:01:27 > 0:01:29- Placerville, or Hangtown, then...
0:01:29 > 0:01:32- ..was nothing like - what it is today.
0:01:32 > 0:01:37- Today, it's peaceful and arty, - dare I say trendy.
0:01:38 > 0:01:40- Back then, it was debauched...
0:01:40 > 0:01:45- ..with people drinking, fighting - and trying to make a quick buck.
0:01:45 > 0:01:47- There were brothels on every corner.
0:01:48 > 0:01:51- Just like some Welsh towns - on a Saturday night!
0:02:02 > 0:02:04- Thank you.
0:02:04 > 0:02:07- Seeing an abundance - of wild fruit locally...
0:02:07 > 0:02:10- ..Sam began making - his own jams and jellies...
0:02:11 > 0:02:13- ..and selling them on the sly.
0:02:13 > 0:02:17- He also made pastries and cakes - for the workers to take to work.
0:02:17 > 0:02:19- His wealth increased.
0:02:19 > 0:02:25- He would sell a yard of gingerbread - for a dollar.
0:02:36 > 0:02:42- The ruins of gold mines can still - be seen in this part of California.
0:02:43 > 0:02:45- The Gold Rush during this time...
0:02:45 > 0:02:48- ..became very popular in Wales.
0:02:48 > 0:02:51- Single men - and sometimes entire families...
0:02:51 > 0:02:54- ..went to join the Gold Rush.
0:02:54 > 0:03:00- Most of them headed to America - in a bid to get rich quick.
0:03:00 > 0:03:04- Most of them faced disappointment.
0:03:12 > 0:03:16- Some made their fortune, - while others lost everything.
0:03:16 > 0:03:19- But they all needed to be fed...
0:03:19 > 0:03:23- ..hence the saying, - to eat like a miner.
0:03:23 > 0:03:26- There was a high demand - for Sam's produce.
0:03:35 > 0:03:38- I'm sure the men - were considerably shorter than me.
0:03:38 > 0:03:41- I doubt any of them - were six foot four!
0:03:50 > 0:03:53- Traces of gold - can still be seen today.
0:03:53 > 0:03:57- It was dirty, hard work, - and also very dangerous.
0:03:58 > 0:04:01- Sam was wise - to stick to making food and jam...
0:04:01 > 0:04:03- ..for half an ounce of gold a day.
0:04:03 > 0:04:08- The price of gold back then - wasn't far from what it is today.
0:04:10 > 0:04:15- Hundreds of thousands of incomers - came to seek their fortune...
0:04:15 > 0:04:17- ..some of them from Wales.
0:04:17 > 0:04:20- They sold all their belongings - to come here.
0:04:20 > 0:04:25- Most ended up losing everything, - while very few struck it rich.
0:04:25 > 0:04:29- As for Sam, he was doing alright.
0:04:29 > 0:04:31- He used his initiative.
0:04:49 > 0:04:51- During the winter of 1851...
0:04:51 > 0:04:55- ..having worked in Hangtown - for several months...
0:04:55 > 0:04:59- ..and made his money, - Sam had itchy feet.
0:05:00 > 0:05:02- He came here to Sacramento...
0:05:02 > 0:05:06- ..the capital of California...
0:05:06 > 0:05:11- ..and found a job as a chef - in one of the city's largest hotels.
0:05:11 > 0:05:14- While working - at this hotel in Sacramento...
0:05:15 > 0:05:19- ..he heard a rumour that gold - had been discovered in Yreka...
0:05:19 > 0:05:21- ..near the border with Oregon.
0:05:22 > 0:05:24- Sam used his head once again.
0:05:40 > 0:05:44- When Sam heard - about the discovery in Yreka...
0:05:44 > 0:05:47- ..he bought lots of mining tools...
0:05:48 > 0:05:51- ..to take with him to sell.
0:05:51 > 0:05:54- He also bought a herd of pack mules.
0:05:58 > 0:06:02- He sold the tools - and made a substantial profit.
0:06:02 > 0:06:08- He used the money to open - his own restaurant here in Yreka.
0:06:08 > 0:06:11- He also invested in gold mines.
0:06:12 > 0:06:15- You might consider that - a risky gamble.
0:06:16 > 0:06:19- But the son of Hendrewilym - was no fool.
0:06:20 > 0:06:22- At the beginning of 1852...
0:06:22 > 0:06:27- ..he left his restaurant - and cattle ranch in Yreka...
0:06:27 > 0:06:31- ..crossed the Siskiyou Mountains - and the Rogue River...
0:06:31 > 0:06:36- ..to Gold Gulch in Jacksonville - to begin trading once again.
0:06:36 > 0:06:40- He was the first - to reach the Scott River...
0:06:40 > 0:06:43- ..and the goldfields - of Klamath in Oregon.
0:06:45 > 0:06:49- He sold his investments - in the gold mines...
0:06:50 > 0:06:52- ..and returned to Yreka...
0:06:52 > 0:06:54- ..where he bought a luxury hotel.
0:06:55 > 0:07:00- But after a short while, the need - for a new adventure came over Sam.
0:07:02 > 0:07:06- An adventure that we would not - condone in this day and age.
0:07:18 > 0:07:21- The adventure led him - to join a band of men...
0:07:21 > 0:07:24- ..who fought the Native Americans.
0:07:24 > 0:07:26- He became an Indian fighter.
0:07:27 > 0:07:30- In the Battle of Rogue River, - Sam was shot in the back.
0:07:30 > 0:07:35- The arrow hit his lung, - and he was never the same again.
0:07:42 > 0:07:46- After making his fortune - in the gold and silver mines...
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- ..he later moved to the foot - of the Siskiyou Mountains...
0:07:51 > 0:07:54- ..and opened a mountain house.
0:07:54 > 0:08:00- It served as a stagecoach station - and a Pony Express office.
0:08:00 > 0:08:02- Sam was still only in his 20s...
0:08:03 > 0:08:06- ..but he was wise enough - to notice a gap in the market...
0:08:07 > 0:08:11- ..since the advent - of the stagecoach and Pony Express.
0:08:17 > 0:08:22- One day, Sam went hunting - in woodland near Yreka.
0:08:24 > 0:08:28- He shot a deer, and as he lifted it - onto his horse...
0:08:28 > 0:08:32- ..he began coughing up blood - and fell seriously ill.
0:08:38 > 0:08:40- The doctors told him...
0:08:41 > 0:08:45- ..that he had contracted TB - as a result of the arrow injury.
0:08:45 > 0:08:49- He decided to sell his properties - in California and Oregon.
0:08:49 > 0:08:54- By this time, he had started - rearing cattle on a large scale.
0:08:54 > 0:08:56- Along with three companions...
0:08:56 > 0:09:00- ..he headed to Texas - to begin ranching.
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0:09:27 > 0:09:29- On their way to Texas...
0:09:30 > 0:09:35- ..Sam and his three companions - camped here near Gila Bend...
0:09:35 > 0:09:38- ..in the sweltering heat - of the Arizona desert.
0:09:43 > 0:09:45- Once again, - Sam was struck down by TB.
0:09:46 > 0:09:49- His three companions - journeyed to Texas without him.
0:09:49 > 0:09:53- Sam stayed behind - and befriended three girls...
0:09:53 > 0:09:56- ..who came to a nearby well - to fetch water.
0:09:57 > 0:10:01- He decided to stay and settled - in a neighbouring village.
0:10:01 > 0:10:05- He came here to Tucson, Arizona.
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- It was nothing like it is today.
0:10:17 > 0:10:22- It was a tiny village inhabited - by Native Americans and Mexicans.
0:10:23 > 0:10:27- But there was a small circle - of people known as Anglos.
0:10:27 > 0:10:29- Sam took charge of them...
0:10:30 > 0:10:35- ..and began what he referred to - as a hobby of building a city.
0:10:35 > 0:10:39- The population of Tucson - is now over half a million.
0:10:39 > 0:10:43- Sam was responsible - for developing what we see today.
0:10:43 > 0:10:47- He formed a local government - and opened banks.
0:10:47 > 0:10:50- He did all this - while he was still in his 20s.
0:10:50 > 0:10:54- He had only ever had - one day of formal education.
0:10:54 > 0:10:58- He also founded a successful - grain-selling business.
0:11:00 > 0:11:05- Following his success in the grain - and animal feed industry...
0:11:05 > 0:11:08- ..he invested - in a butcher's business.
0:11:08 > 0:11:10- He was making serious money.
0:11:10 > 0:11:13- He admitted to making a fortune.
0:11:13 > 0:11:18- He secured major contracts with - stagecoach stations and the army...
0:11:18 > 0:11:20- ..as far away as Apache Pass.
0:11:20 > 0:11:25- The town's influential families - were of Mexican descent.
0:11:25 > 0:11:28- One of them - was the Santa Cruz family.
0:11:28 > 0:11:32- Sam Hughes became friendly - with their daughter, Atanacia.
0:11:32 > 0:11:35- In May 1862...
0:11:35 > 0:11:37- ..the couple married...
0:11:38 > 0:11:41- ..here at the San Xavier Mission.
0:11:41 > 0:11:43- Atanacia Santa Cruz...
0:11:44 > 0:11:47- ..was eleven years - and seven months old.
0:11:47 > 0:11:53- They lived happily for the rest of - their lives and raised 15 children.
0:11:55 > 0:11:57- I wish I had known him.
0:11:57 > 0:12:03- I knew his wife, Atanacia - Borges Santa Cruz Hughes...
0:12:03 > 0:12:05- ..but I did not know Sam.
0:12:05 > 0:12:07- He died before I was born.
0:12:07 > 0:12:11- But I always heard - wonderful things about him...
0:12:11 > 0:12:16- ..and his love - for his adopted country, America...
0:12:16 > 0:12:21- ..and his desire - for Arizona to become a state.
0:12:21 > 0:12:23- He worked hard for that.
0:12:23 > 0:12:28- He was interested - in building the area.
0:12:38 > 0:12:42- Sam built this house.
0:12:42 > 0:12:46- He and his very young wife - came to live here.
0:12:46 > 0:12:50- As the family grew, - the house was extended...
0:12:50 > 0:12:54- ..until it became - a substantial dwelling...
0:12:54 > 0:12:56- ..to accommodate 15 children.
0:12:56 > 0:12:58- Goodness me!
0:13:21 > 0:13:24- Although Sam himself - hadn't been educated...
0:13:24 > 0:13:29- ..he strongly believed - in bringing education to Tucson...
0:13:29 > 0:13:31- ..as the city developed.
0:13:31 > 0:13:35- He wanted to introduce culture - to this region...
0:13:35 > 0:13:38- ..to civilize the Wild West.
0:13:57 > 0:14:02- What do you know about Sam Hughes, - which this school is named after?
0:14:02 > 0:14:04- Anybody know anything about him?
0:14:05 > 0:14:06- He has a neighbourhood.
0:14:06 > 0:14:08- He has a neighbourhood.- - He owns a neighbourhood.
0:14:08 > 0:14:09- He was born in Wales.
0:14:09 > 0:14:11- He was born in Wales.- - He was born in Wales.
0:14:11 > 0:14:13- I was going to say he was Welsh.
0:14:13 > 0:14:15- I was going to say he was Welsh.- - He was Welsh. Good.
0:14:15 > 0:14:17- He helped start public schools.
0:14:17 > 0:14:18- He helped start public schools.- - He did.
0:14:19 > 0:14:22- So he did a lot for Tucson - when he arrived here.
0:14:26 > 0:14:31- In 1861, the bloody - American Civil War broke out.
0:14:31 > 0:14:35- Although Arizona wasn't a state, - Sam was a staunch republican.
0:14:36 > 0:14:38- He vehemently opposed slavery.
0:14:38 > 0:14:42- When the Confederate army - reached Tucson, Sam had to flee...
0:14:43 > 0:14:46- ..or else he would have been killed - for his beliefs.
0:14:54 > 0:14:56- When Sam fled - during the Civil War...
0:14:57 > 0:15:01- ..he left his friend, Hiram, - in charge of his butcher's business.
0:15:01 > 0:15:05- According to some, - the business grew...
0:15:05 > 0:15:09- ..because Hiram sold meat - to the Confederate army.
0:15:10 > 0:15:12- Sam would have been livid - had he known.
0:15:12 > 0:15:14- He later returned...
0:15:14 > 0:15:19- ..with the armies of Colonel West - and liberated Tucson.
0:15:19 > 0:15:23- Thanks to Hughes and his friends, - Tucson developed...
0:15:23 > 0:15:27- ..but law and order - was an alien concept.
0:15:27 > 0:15:30- Unfortunately, as Tucson grew...
0:15:30 > 0:15:34- ..so too did the anarchy - and the fighting seen in westerns.
0:15:43 > 0:15:46- Sam was appointed sheriff.
0:15:46 > 0:15:50- He was handy with his fists, - but he never killed anyone.
0:15:51 > 0:15:52- Or so he claimed.
0:15:56 > 0:16:00- Once Sam had settled in Tucson, - copper was discovered.
0:16:00 > 0:16:05- Many came here to work, - including miners from Anglesey.
0:16:06 > 0:16:09- Hughes invested his money - in these mines.
0:16:09 > 0:16:14- He also started to develop - surrounding villages.
0:16:14 > 0:16:18- Among them is Tombstone, - home of the famous OK Corral.
0:16:29 > 0:16:33- Last time, I mentioned Lewis, - Sam's younger brother.
0:16:34 > 0:16:36- He was sold as an indentured slave.
0:16:37 > 0:16:40- He was released at the age of 15, - with 15 in his pocket.
0:16:40 > 0:16:44- He attended a local Unitarian - academy and became a radical.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- He came to Arizona - to follow his brother...
0:16:48 > 0:16:52- ..and established - the Arizona Daily Star.
0:16:52 > 0:16:56- It is now the only newspaper - to be published in Tucson.
0:16:57 > 0:17:00- Lewis kept a gun - in his desk drawer...
0:17:01 > 0:17:05- ..perhaps to defend himself - from his brothers!
0:17:05 > 0:17:09- He and his wife defended - women's rights and temperance...
0:17:10 > 0:17:15- ..which was anathema - to the excesses of the Wild West.
0:17:16 > 0:17:20- During the 1860s and 1870s...
0:17:20 > 0:17:23- ..the town of Tucson - grew substantially.
0:17:23 > 0:17:27- Sam Hughes - was instrumental in its development.
0:17:28 > 0:17:30- He had his finger in many pies.
0:17:31 > 0:17:35- As Tucson grew, - so did Sam's importance.
0:17:35 > 0:17:40- He was an influential Freemason, - like all good Welshmen.
0:17:40 > 0:17:45- Eventually, Sam was appointed - Adjutant General...
0:17:45 > 0:17:49- ..for the entire territory - of Arizona.
0:17:49 > 0:17:54- Following a successful butcher's - business, Sam reared cattle.
0:17:55 > 0:17:57- He began to ranch on a large scale.
0:17:58 > 0:18:01- His background in Hendrewilym - came in useful.
0:18:01 > 0:18:05- As a result, - his wealth and influence grew.
0:18:06 > 0:18:08- But as Tucson developed...
0:18:08 > 0:18:12- ..the Native Americans - were a cause for concern.
0:18:12 > 0:18:18- The Apaches had moved - to their sacred lands near Tucson.
0:18:19 > 0:18:23- Sam and his contemporaries - viewed this as a threat...
0:18:23 > 0:18:27- ..to the town's trade and commerce.
0:18:29 > 0:18:34- By 1871, people's ill will - towards the Apaches had grown.
0:18:34 > 0:18:40- Outside Tucson, highwaymen stole - from stagecoaches like this one.
0:18:42 > 0:18:44- It was an everyday occurrence.
0:18:44 > 0:18:49- A rumour reached Tucson - that the Apaches were responsible.
0:18:49 > 0:18:53- But it was the Europeans - who were guilty of the robberies.
0:18:53 > 0:18:59- Sam did nothing to quell the rumour, - so the ill will grew.
0:18:59 > 0:19:04- In the spring of 1871, - Sam and his friends took up arms...
0:19:04 > 0:19:08- ..and formed an enormous army - to attack the Apaches.
0:19:08 > 0:19:14- There were certainly strong ideas - in Wales during the 19th century...
0:19:15 > 0:19:18- ..that Wales - was the centre of civilization.
0:19:20 > 0:19:23- White people had a higher status...
0:19:23 > 0:19:27- ..than other ethnic groups, - including Native Americans...
0:19:28 > 0:19:30- ..who were considered inferior.
0:19:30 > 0:19:34- This also stemmed from religion - at that time.
0:19:34 > 0:19:38- There was this idea that Wales - was going to civilize the world.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53- The Camp Grant Massacre...
0:19:53 > 0:19:58- ..is one of the darkest clouds - over Arizona's history.
0:19:58 > 0:20:02- It ignited the bloody Apache Wars.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06- This was the mindset at that time.
0:20:07 > 0:20:12- The population of Tucson supported - Sam Hughes and his followers.
0:20:12 > 0:20:15- The Apaches at Camp Grant - were attacked...
0:20:15 > 0:20:19- ..because they had settled - too close to Tucson...
0:20:19 > 0:20:22- ..and were a threat - to the town's commerce.
0:20:22 > 0:20:27- Old people were murdered and women - were raped, mutilated and killed.
0:20:27 > 0:20:32- The children were taken to Tucson - to be sold as slaves.
0:20:33 > 0:20:37- A long time ago, my ancestors...
0:20:37 > 0:20:40- ..the Apache people, - were killed by the white man.
0:20:41 > 0:20:45- My great-great-grandmothers - were there with their children...
0:20:45 > 0:20:50- ..and they were massacred - on that day.
0:20:58 > 0:21:00- The Camp Grant Massacre...
0:21:01 > 0:21:04- ..was a slaughter of the Apaches.
0:21:05 > 0:21:08- It was funded - by a man named Sam Hughes.
0:21:08 > 0:21:12- Supposedly, - the Camp Grant Massacre happened...
0:21:13 > 0:21:16- ..because the Apaches were accused - of raiding around the area.
0:21:17 > 0:21:20- It was said that somebody else - was raiding these people.
0:21:21 > 0:21:23- They thought it was the Apaches...
0:21:24 > 0:21:27- ..because they were - the closest people nearby...
0:21:27 > 0:21:32- ..so they accused them - of raiding their homes and stuff.
0:21:32 > 0:21:38- It took many years for the Apaches - to forgive the Tucson people.
0:21:38 > 0:21:41- The men responsible were tried.
0:21:41 > 0:21:45- The case lasted ten minutes - before they were released.
0:21:45 > 0:21:51- This photograph taken afterwards - shows both the judge and Sam Hughes.
0:21:52 > 0:21:57- We must accept Sam Hughes - in his historical context.
0:21:57 > 0:22:02- He thought he was doing his best - for the city which he built.
0:22:02 > 0:22:06- The city is still grateful to him - to this day...
0:22:07 > 0:22:10- ..for establishing - important institutions.
0:22:56 > 0:22:59- So this is it, - the grave of Sam Hughes.
0:22:59 > 0:23:02- He committed - numerous transgressions...
0:23:02 > 0:23:05- ..but who are we to judge today?
0:23:05 > 0:23:10- He certainly fulfilled his dream - of building a city.
0:23:11 > 0:23:15- The residents of Tucson - should be very grateful...
0:23:15 > 0:23:19- ..to Sam Hughes, - the Welshman from Clydey.
0:23:50 > 0:23:52- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:23:53 > 0:23:53- .