0:00:00 > 0:00:00- 888
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- 888- - 888
0:00:07 > 0:00:09- 888
0:00:11 > 0:00:13- By the mid 12th century...
0:00:13 > 0:00:17- ..the Welsh Princes were still - fighting the old enemy, the Normans.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21- For 40 years, Gruffudd ap Cynan - kept them out of the north.
0:00:22 > 0:00:24- He also managed to maintain peace.
0:00:24 > 0:00:28- By the end of Gruffudd's life, - his son, Owain Gwynedd...
0:00:29 > 0:00:32- ..was ready to extend his kingdom - at the expense of the Normans.
0:00:38 > 0:00:41- A year before Gruffudd's death, - in 1136...
0:00:41 > 0:00:45- ..the Norman Lord of Ceredigion, - Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare...
0:00:45 > 0:00:48- ..was murdered in a forest - near Abergavenny by Welsh soldiers.
0:00:49 > 0:00:51- The death of the powerful Norman...
0:00:51 > 0:00:54- ..was a turning point - in 12th century Welsh history...
0:00:54 > 0:00:57- ..and marked the beginning - of Owain Gwynedd's career.
0:01:04 > 0:01:12- PRINCES - Owain Gwynedd
0:01:23 > 0:01:26- Richard de Clare's murder - encouraged Owain Gwynedd...
0:01:26 > 0:01:29- ..and his brother, Cadwaladr - - the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan...
0:01:29 > 0:01:34- ..to attack and try to seize - Ceredigion from the Normans.
0:01:34 > 0:01:36- For the next twenty years...
0:01:37 > 0:01:41- ..Owain Gwynedd loosened - the Normans' grip on Wales.
0:01:41 > 0:01:46- As a direct result, the Welsh - Princes' power grew substantially.
0:01:53 > 0:01:57- The attack on Ceredigion was - the brothers' first campaign.
0:01:57 > 0:02:00- Killing Richard de Clare - was a key event.
0:02:01 > 0:02:04- His family were so powerful - in south Wales.
0:02:05 > 0:02:09- Owain Gwynedd was the greatest - of the Gwynedd Princes.
0:02:09 > 0:02:12- He was the main ruler in Gwynedd...
0:02:13 > 0:02:18- ..from 1130 to his death in 1170.
0:02:19 > 0:02:24- During that 40-year period, - Gwynedd's power base grew.
0:02:25 > 0:02:34- It was undoubtedly the most powerful - of the Welsh principalities.
0:02:38 > 0:02:44- Owain Gwynedd was born in 1109. - He fathered more than 20 children.
0:02:45 > 0:02:49- According to popular legend, - his son, Madog, discovered America.
0:02:51 > 0:02:55- Owain's reign is remarkable - for his battles with the Normans.
0:02:55 > 0:03:00- They had established themselves - in England since the 1066 conquest.
0:03:00 > 0:03:03- Henry I was now the King.
0:03:07 > 0:03:10- During Owain Gwynedd's initial - campaigns against the Normans...
0:03:10 > 0:03:12- ..many of their castles were burnt.
0:03:13 > 0:03:16- They included - Aberystwyth and Caerwedros.
0:03:16 > 0:03:18- The Normans were finally overcome - by the Welsh...
0:03:19 > 0:03:21- ..in the fierce Crug Mawr battle - in Cardigan.
0:03:27 > 0:03:29- According to Brut Y Tywysogion...
0:03:29 > 0:03:32- ..Owain and Cadwaladr - returned to Gwynedd...
0:03:32 > 0:03:35- ..'joyous, - having secured a noble victory.'
0:03:36 > 0:03:40- This laid the foundations - of Owain Gwynedd's successful reign.
0:03:44 > 0:03:47- The Normans were unaccustomed - to being challenged.
0:03:48 > 0:03:50- Owain Gwynedd's early battles...
0:03:51 > 0:03:54- ..dealt a heavy blow - to their authority in Wales.
0:03:54 > 0:03:58- It was possibly the greatest blow - to them throughout Britain...
0:03:58 > 0:04:01- ..since they arrived - in Hastings in 1066.
0:04:02 > 0:04:06- This revived the power - of the Welsh Princes.
0:04:08 > 0:04:10- Owain Gwynedd was also motivated...
0:04:10 > 0:04:12- ..by the ascension to the English - throne of a new King.
0:04:13 > 0:04:16- When Henry I died, his nephew, - Stephen was crowned King.
0:04:17 > 0:04:19- Their policies differed greatly.
0:04:20 > 0:04:23- Henry tried hard - to maintain control over the Welsh.
0:04:23 > 0:04:26- He employed - his supporters and relatives.
0:04:26 > 0:04:30- He penalized Welsh Princes - and caused rifts amongst them.
0:04:32 > 0:04:35- Henry I was determined...
0:04:35 > 0:04:41- ..that the Welsh Lords and Princes - should acknowledge his superiority.
0:04:41 > 0:04:43- This was his main aim.
0:04:43 > 0:04:46- He made sure of this - throughout his reign.
0:04:47 > 0:04:49- This can be seen in numerous ways.
0:04:50 > 0:04:54- He appointed - his supporters and relatives...
0:04:54 > 0:04:57- ..to the status of Marcher Lords.
0:04:57 > 0:05:01- He placed a Norman, Bishop Bernard, - in St David's....
0:05:02 > 0:05:05- ..and founded the King's - Administrative Centre in Carmarthen.
0:05:06 > 0:05:10- This is how Carmarthen became...
0:05:11 > 0:05:13- ..the centre of Norman and English - governance in south Wales.
0:05:17 > 0:05:19- However many minor Welsh Lords...
0:05:20 > 0:05:23- ..were perfectly happy - with Henry's regime.
0:05:24 > 0:05:27- On the whole, they willingly - accepted his superiority.
0:05:28 > 0:05:31- Henry I, - in return for the cooperation...
0:05:31 > 0:05:36- ..was prepared - to leave them alone...
0:05:37 > 0:05:41- ..as long as there was - no threat from Wales.
0:05:47 > 0:05:51- When Henry I's nephew, Stephen, - ascended to the throne...
0:05:51 > 0:05:56- ..he had a serious family problem - - Matilda, the King's daughter.
0:05:57 > 0:06:02- He had to defend his throne - against Empress Matilda...
0:06:03 > 0:06:06- ..who believed she should have - succeeded her father.
0:06:06 > 0:06:09- Stephen was too preoccupied - to worry about Wales.
0:06:09 > 0:06:13- The English Crown - loosened its grip on Wales.
0:06:14 > 0:06:19- A new wave of Welsh Princes appeared - by the end of Henry I's life...
0:06:19 > 0:06:23- ..notably Owain, Gruffudd ap Cynan's - son, from Gwynedd.
0:06:23 > 0:06:26- But although Owain - was chosen to succeed his father...
0:06:26 > 0:06:29- ..his younger brother, Cadwaladr, - wasn't happy.
0:06:29 > 0:06:33- His ambition - was a very real threat to Owain.
0:06:36 > 0:06:40- Cadwaladr's status was reflected - in the many lands he owned.
0:06:41 > 0:06:44- Half of Ceredigion, - Merioneth and Anglesey.
0:06:45 > 0:06:49- But in his quest for more land - and his wish to oust his brother...
0:06:50 > 0:06:53- ..Cadwaladr was exiled - from all of his lands...
0:06:53 > 0:06:56- ..by Owain Gwynedd's sons - - Hywel and Cynan.
0:06:57 > 0:07:01- Cadwaladr fled to England - and was protected by the King.
0:07:03 > 0:07:08- A Prince's family could be as much, - if not more of a problem...
0:07:09 > 0:07:13- ..than an external enemy, another - Prince, or the King of England.
0:07:13 > 0:07:18- Keeping the peace within the family - was very difficult.
0:07:21 > 0:07:25- As a result of these - family problems, Owain knew...
0:07:25 > 0:07:29- ..that the status of a medieval - Welsh Prince was precarious.
0:07:29 > 0:07:32- He was quite prepared - to deal ruthlessly...
0:07:32 > 0:07:35- ..with relatives - who might undermine his status.
0:07:39 > 0:07:42- He blinded and castrated his nephew, - Cunedda...
0:07:42 > 0:07:44- ..before he became - too much of a threat.
0:07:45 > 0:07:49- A would-be Prince, without eyes or - testicles, was no threat to anyone.
0:07:52 > 0:07:54- Anyone who reads - medieval Welsh history...
0:07:54 > 0:07:59- ..particularly in Norman times, - will realize how bloody it was.
0:08:00 > 0:08:03- There's a reason why so many - were castrated and blinded.
0:08:04 > 0:08:08- A disabled person had no right - to rule or inherit land.
0:08:10 > 0:08:13- The Princes deliberately maimed - their brothers.
0:08:14 > 0:08:15- They blinded them.
0:08:20 > 0:08:23- A blind brother - couldn't inherit a kingdom.
0:08:23 > 0:08:28- But according to Hywel's Law, the - brother's children could inherit.
0:08:29 > 0:08:31- So they took a further step.
0:08:31 > 0:08:33- The Princes - castrated their brothers...
0:08:34 > 0:08:37- ..as well as blinding them, ensuring - that they'd never have children.
0:08:59 > 0:09:03- Artist Ifor Davies portrays - every Prince in the series.
0:09:07 > 0:09:09- This is Owain Gwynedd.
0:09:10 > 0:09:13- He fought against the Normans.
0:09:14 > 0:09:18- I want to draw a line...
0:09:20 > 0:09:26- ..which represents the Prince's - shadow as he stands there.
0:09:28 > 0:09:35- The idea is to portray - Owain Gwynedd as a distant memory.
0:09:35 > 0:09:37- Someone who moves around...
0:09:38 > 0:09:43- ..waving a banner of the dragon - in the air.
0:09:48 > 0:09:50- There's one line there.
0:09:51 > 0:09:54- Another line comes down, - and the third comes across.
0:09:55 > 0:09:56- It's Z-shaped.
0:10:09 > 0:10:13- In the meantime, Owain wanted - to extend his kingdom eastwards...
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- ..towards Chester and Powys.
0:10:17 > 0:10:21- In Powys, he had to battle - against his brother-in-law...
0:10:21 > 0:10:23- ..Madog ap Maredudd.
0:10:30 > 0:10:35- Owain seized Cwmwd Ial, the land - between Ruthin and Wrexham.
0:10:35 > 0:10:39- He built Tomen y Rhodwydd castle - in Llandegla...
0:10:40 > 0:10:42- ..to defend his new lands.
0:10:45 > 0:10:49- The ruins are amongst the best motte - and bailey castles in north Wales.
0:10:50 > 0:10:52- It was built by Owain Gwynedd.
0:10:52 > 0:10:56- Iorwerth Goch - Iorwerth the Red - - set fire to it eight years later.
0:10:57 > 0:11:00- But the earthwork - was constructed so well...
0:11:00 > 0:11:04- ..that King John was still - able to use it 50 years later.
0:11:15 > 0:11:17- It's a great opportunity - for archaeologists.
0:11:17 > 0:11:21- We can dig to see - whether the historical story...
0:11:21 > 0:11:25- ..matches the archaeological story - we get from the earth.
0:11:28 > 0:11:30- The castle looks across - north-east Clwyd.
0:11:30 > 0:11:36- Owain wanted to extend his kingdom - to the outskirts of Chester.
0:11:37 > 0:11:41- From his hilltop castle, he could - observe people in the valley below.
0:11:42 > 0:11:44- That's why he built it here.
0:11:44 > 0:11:48- Unfortunately for him, - the Powys Princes disapproved.
0:11:49 > 0:11:52- They repelled him - and burnt down his castle.
0:11:58 > 0:12:01- There was a constant conflict - between Gwynedd and Powys.
0:12:02 > 0:12:05- Madog ap Maredudd, - Owain's brother-in-law...
0:12:05 > 0:12:07- ..and the last Prince - of a united Powys...
0:12:08 > 0:12:11- ..wanted the King of England's - support to protect his kingdom...
0:12:12 > 0:12:13- ..from Owain's ambition.
0:12:18 > 0:12:21- But Owain defeated - his brother-in-law...
0:12:21 > 0:12:25- ..in the ferocious battle - of Coleshill, Flint.
0:12:26 > 0:12:30- Madog proved to be - a difficult leader to beat.
0:12:30 > 0:12:32- It was only - when Madog was in his grave...
0:12:33 > 0:12:35- ..that Owain - decided to attack Powys.
0:12:35 > 0:12:38- He wanted to seize the remainder - of that kingdom too.
0:12:50 > 0:12:52- 888
0:12:55 > 0:12:58- Stephen's marred reign - as King of England...
0:12:58 > 0:13:01- ..had paved the way - for Owain to seize more land.
0:13:02 > 0:13:05- It was a different story - when Henry II ascended the throne.
0:13:06 > 0:13:08- He was a far more powerful King - than Stephen.
0:13:08 > 0:13:12- He was determined to restore - the supremacy of the English Crown.
0:13:15 > 0:13:17- Henry wasn't just - the King of England.
0:13:17 > 0:13:21- Before he came to the throne, he - owned many lands on the continent...
0:13:22 > 0:13:25- ..including Anjou and Aquitaine - in France.
0:13:26 > 0:13:32- When Henry II became King of England - in 1154, his authority extended...
0:13:32 > 0:13:37- ..from the Cheviot Hills on the - Scottish border, to the Pyrenees.
0:13:37 > 0:13:40- He was Lord of half of France, - as well as England.
0:13:41 > 0:13:46- Compared with Henry's lands, Owain - Gwynedd's kingdom seemed tiny...
0:13:46 > 0:13:49- ..stretching - from the Dee to the Dovey rivers.
0:13:50 > 0:13:54- But England's new King - didn't dismiss Owain...
0:13:54 > 0:13:57- ..as an insignificant Prince - whom he could ignore.
0:14:00 > 0:14:03- Henry was determined to restore - the rights of the English Crown...
0:14:04 > 0:14:06- ..in Wales as well as England.
0:14:06 > 0:14:11- He mounted major military campaigns - against Wales to achieve his goal.
0:14:13 > 0:14:15- As he assembled his army...
0:14:16 > 0:14:19- ..he turned to a number - of Welsh Lords for support.
0:14:19 > 0:14:21- They were Owain Gwynedd's enemies...
0:14:22 > 0:14:25- ..especially his exiled - brother - Cadwaladr...
0:14:25 > 0:14:29- ..and brothers Madog ap Maredudd - from Powys and Iorwerth Goch.
0:14:33 > 0:14:39- There's a tendency to view - the ruling family of Powys...
0:14:39 > 0:14:42- ..as traitors - to the national cause.
0:14:42 > 0:14:45- They often sided - with the King of England...
0:14:45 > 0:14:48- ..against the rulers of Gwynedd.
0:14:48 > 0:14:52- But such an interpretation - is rather anachronistic.
0:14:53 > 0:14:58- Of course, Powys's weakness - was its geographical vulnerability.
0:14:59 > 0:15:02- The King of England - or a Baron of the Marches...
0:15:02 > 0:15:05- ..could easily lead an army - into the Powys heartland.
0:15:05 > 0:15:09- Gwynedd had the geographical - defences that Powys lacked.
0:15:10 > 0:15:17- That was the reason why Powys - tended to side with England.
0:15:20 > 0:15:23- Madog ap Maredudd was a powerful - figure in Powys at this time.
0:15:24 > 0:15:27- He was buried - in the ancient church of Meifod.
0:15:28 > 0:15:31- This gravestone dates back - to the 11th century.
0:15:31 > 0:15:36- The Scandinavian-Celtic engravings - represent sin being vanquished.
0:15:38 > 0:15:40- Madog ap Maredudd - was highly respected.
0:15:41 > 0:15:43- He appears in Mabinogi stories.
0:15:43 > 0:15:47- Poets pay tribute - to his generosity and bravery.
0:15:48 > 0:15:51- To say that he, from time to time...
0:15:52 > 0:15:54- ..and even more so, his followers...
0:15:54 > 0:15:57- ..preferred to turn to England - for support against Gwynedd...
0:15:58 > 0:16:00- ..doesn't mean they were traitors.
0:16:01 > 0:16:03- They wanted - to retain stability in Powys.
0:16:03 > 0:16:06- If you come from Powys, - that's a reasonable standpoint.
0:16:12 > 0:16:14- Aided by Powys Princes...
0:16:14 > 0:16:17- ..Henry attacked Gwynedd - from two directions.
0:16:17 > 0:16:20- The King's army - marched into Flintshire.
0:16:21 > 0:16:23- The English were overcome...
0:16:23 > 0:16:28- ..in a battle against Owain's sons - - Dafydd and Cynan...
0:16:29 > 0:16:31- ..in Coleshill forest, near Flint.
0:16:31 > 0:16:33- They suffered great losses.
0:16:34 > 0:16:38- Henry managed to escape - and he moved on to Rhuddlan.
0:16:38 > 0:16:41- There was another battle - with Owain's army in that area.
0:16:43 > 0:16:45- It was a brave strategy.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- Owain defended his new lands in - north-east Wales...
0:16:48 > 0:16:51- ..instead of retreating - to Snowdonia...
0:16:51 > 0:16:53- ..to seek solace in the mountains.
0:16:53 > 0:16:57- But Henry attacked a second time. - This time, in Anglesey.
0:17:07 > 0:17:10- The naval campaign wasn't a success.
0:17:12 > 0:17:14- Actually, it was a disaster.
0:17:14 > 0:17:17- Many of the sailors were killed.
0:17:17 > 0:17:22- Gerald of Wales later offered - a reason for the disaster.
0:17:22 > 0:17:27- Soldiers had desecrated - churches in Anglesey.
0:17:28 > 0:17:30- The Saints sought their revenge.
0:17:33 > 0:17:35- Despite the failed naval attack...
0:17:36 > 0:17:40- ..and the King's failure - to defeat Owain in battle...
0:17:40 > 0:17:42- ..Henry won the war.
0:17:42 > 0:17:45- The Prince was forced to kneel - before the King...
0:17:45 > 0:17:47- ..yield lands in north-east Wales...
0:17:47 > 0:17:50- ..and return parts of Gwynedd - to his brother, Cadwaladr.
0:17:53 > 0:17:56- The period of expansion was over, - at least for the time being.
0:17:56 > 0:17:59- But Owain didn't give up - his ambition...
0:17:59 > 0:18:03- ..of strengthening his lineage, and - becoming the Ruler of north Wales.
0:18:04 > 0:18:07- He took advantage - of Powys's weakness...
0:18:07 > 0:18:09- ..after Madog ap Maredudd's death.
0:18:09 > 0:18:13- That's when the days - of a united Powys ended.
0:18:13 > 0:18:18- Madog's sons and nephews fought - amongst each other over the lands.
0:18:19 > 0:18:22- Owain took advantage - of the situation.
0:18:22 > 0:18:24- He seized some of Madog's land.
0:18:27 > 0:18:30- But Owain couldn't ignore - Henry II's strength.
0:18:31 > 0:18:35- Owain, Rhys ap Gruffudd - from Deheubarth - Lord Rhys...
0:18:35 > 0:18:38- ..and Malcolm IV, - King of Scotland...
0:18:38 > 0:18:42- ..were summoned to the King's Palace - in Woodstock, Oxford.
0:18:43 > 0:18:46- They were forced - to swear allegiance to Henry.
0:18:46 > 0:18:50- But by October, - Owain began to rebel again.
0:18:50 > 0:18:52- He challenged Henry...
0:18:52 > 0:18:56- ..by opening discussions - with Louis VII of France...
0:18:56 > 0:18:58- ..Henry II's arch enemy.
0:18:59 > 0:19:02- Owain intended to form an alliance - to oppose the King of England.
0:19:02 > 0:19:07- Louis, like Owain, - was Henry II's enemy.
0:19:07 > 0:19:11- They shared a common interest.
0:19:12 > 0:19:17- Owain wanted the King of France's - support against Henry.
0:19:19 > 0:19:22- It didn't amount to much - on a practical level.
0:19:22 > 0:19:24- But it demonstrates Owain's vision.
0:19:25 > 0:19:29- He took advantage - of a broader political conflict...
0:19:30 > 0:19:35- ..in the hope of safeguarding - his status in Wales.
0:19:36 > 0:19:41- Owain confirmed his status - during a major rebellion in Wales.
0:19:42 > 0:19:47- Owain's nephew, Rhys ap Gruffudd - or Lord Rhys, led the rebellion.
0:19:48 > 0:19:52- But it's obvious that Owain too - challenged the King's authority.
0:19:53 > 0:19:58- Henry reacted with the greatest - campaign ever against Wales.
0:20:03 > 0:20:07- Henry began preparing - for war in November, 1164.
0:20:08 > 0:20:11- By the following summer, - he'd raised thousands of pounds...
0:20:12 > 0:20:16- ..to pay for hundreds of foot - soldiers - many from the continent.
0:20:17 > 0:20:20- He secured a fleet of ships - from Ireland...
0:20:20 > 0:20:23- ..although they arrived - too late for the campaign.
0:20:23 > 0:20:26- He had weapons, - tonnes of corn and other foods.
0:20:28 > 0:20:31- The King intended to destroy - the whole of Wales.
0:20:40 > 0:20:42- Owain was waiting for him - here in Corwen.
0:20:43 > 0:20:46- His brother Cadwaladr was at his - side. They were friends by now.
0:20:47 > 0:20:51- The Princes of Powys and Deheubarth - were here to support Owain.
0:20:52 > 0:20:54- This broad support is significant.
0:20:55 > 0:20:59- It proves Owain was more - than the Prince of Gwynedd.
0:20:59 > 0:21:01- He was a national leader.
0:21:05 > 0:21:10- On one level, the history - of the Welsh Princes at this time...
0:21:12 > 0:21:15- ..was a series of inner conflicts.
0:21:16 > 0:21:22- An attempt of one - to stamp his authority on another.
0:21:25 > 0:21:27- But on more than one occasion...
0:21:27 > 0:21:32- ..Welsh leaders were prepared - to unite behind one leader...
0:21:32 > 0:21:38- ..if they thought that he could - win lands and privileges...
0:21:38 > 0:21:43- ..from the Crown - and the Marcher Lords.
0:21:44 > 0:21:47- The two armies converged - on the Berwyn mountains...
0:21:48 > 0:21:50- ..from Oswestry and Corwen.
0:21:50 > 0:21:54- The forest route - taken by Henry II's army...
0:21:54 > 0:21:58- ..is known to this day - as 'English Road.'
0:21:59 > 0:22:01- Before Henry's army moved north...
0:22:01 > 0:22:04- ..he'd managed to seize - a number of hostages...
0:22:04 > 0:22:08- ..including two of Owain Gwynedd's - sons - Rhys and Cadwaladr.
0:22:10 > 0:22:13- But coming - to the harsh Berwyn highlands...
0:22:13 > 0:22:18- ..almost 2,000 feet above sea level - proved disastrous, even in August.
0:22:19 > 0:22:23- Wales' geography favoured the Welsh.
0:22:24 > 0:22:26- Much of the land - was covered in forests.
0:22:28 > 0:22:30- It was mountainous.
0:22:31 > 0:22:39- Leading an army into Wales - took some doing.
0:22:39 > 0:22:46- Henry II faced a crisis - in the Berwyn range.
0:22:48 > 0:22:51- He was almost defeated here.
0:22:53 > 0:22:59- Caught in a raging storm, - the army's food rations ran out.
0:23:00 > 0:23:05- They had no choice but to retreat - and head for the English plains.
0:23:06 > 0:23:10- To Owain and the Welsh, - this was a miraculous deliverance.
0:23:10 > 0:23:13- God had answered their prayers. - But the King was furious.
0:23:14 > 0:23:19- He blinded and castrated - Rhys and Cadwaladr, Owain's sons...
0:23:20 > 0:23:22- ..and many other hostages.
0:23:23 > 0:23:26- This was done, it's claimed, - by Henry himself.
0:23:27 > 0:23:31- A few months after his Berwyn - defeat, Henry sailed to France...
0:23:31 > 0:23:34- ..where he remained for four years.
0:23:34 > 0:23:37- Despite the preparations - and the expense...
0:23:37 > 0:23:40- ..he failed to conquer Owain.
0:23:40 > 0:23:44- As a result, Henry didn't stage - another campaign against the Welsh.
0:23:56 > 0:23:58- 888
0:24:01 > 0:24:05- It's easy to view medieval society - as uncivilized and cruel.
0:24:06 > 0:24:09- But culture was also important - - as it is today.
0:24:11 > 0:24:14- The Court Poets - flourished during this time.
0:24:14 > 0:24:19- But it's important to remember that - literature was a political weapon.
0:24:21 > 0:24:25- One of the era's most popular and - influential pieces of literature...
0:24:25 > 0:24:29- ..was a Latin book, - 'Historia Regum Britanniae'.
0:24:29 > 0:24:31- The History of the British Kings.
0:24:32 > 0:24:34- The author, Geoffrey of Monmouth...
0:24:35 > 0:24:39- ..recounted the heroic feats of the - Brythonic forefathers of the Welsh.
0:24:39 > 0:24:42- The book's hero was King Arthur.
0:24:48 > 0:24:49- Perhaps it's no coincidence...
0:24:50 > 0:24:54- ..that Geoffrey - located Arthur's court in Caerleon.
0:24:54 > 0:24:58- The Welsh had recently seized - the Roman town.
0:24:59 > 0:25:01- The Britons' descendants.
0:25:02 > 0:25:07- Through Arthur, - we can summarize the book's theme.
0:25:08 > 0:25:12- On the one hand, Arthur displays - all of the qualities of the Britons.
0:25:13 > 0:25:15- On the other hand, - he must concede...
0:25:16 > 0:25:20- ..that in Arthur's day, the fateful - battle against the English was lost.
0:25:20 > 0:25:26- Arthur was killed. But Arthur, - too, symbolizes our rebirth.
0:25:27 > 0:25:32- Geoffrey of Monmouth portrayed him - as Arthur of the Britons.
0:25:32 > 0:25:36- That's why it's such - an important book to the Welsh.
0:25:40 > 0:25:43- Geoffrey turned Arthur - into a international hero.
0:25:44 > 0:25:48- His book shows how the Norman - conquerors in Owain Gwynedd's day...
0:25:49 > 0:25:53- ..stole Welsh traditions, and - adapted them to their own purposes.
0:25:56 > 0:26:01- He wrote - for an Anglo-Norman audience.
0:26:01 > 0:26:06- To a lesser degree, - they can be called Cambro-Norman.
0:26:06 > 0:26:08- Possibly...
0:26:08 > 0:26:13- ..he wrote to gain the attention - of these influential people.
0:26:13 > 0:26:15- That was probably his intention.
0:26:17 > 0:26:21- The idea of the Welsh - being descendants of the Britons...
0:26:21 > 0:26:24- ..was a crucial element - of their culture.
0:26:24 > 0:26:28- The Britons once reigned - over most of Britain.
0:26:28 > 0:26:32- In Owain Gwynedd's day, - people still believed Arthur...
0:26:32 > 0:26:35- ..King of the Britons, - would rise again...
0:26:35 > 0:26:38- ..and oust the conquerors - from the land.
0:26:47 > 0:26:50- The poets perpetuated - this powerful ideology.
0:26:51 > 0:26:53- Many wrote verses - about Owain Gwynedd.
0:26:53 > 0:26:56- He was portrayed - as Arthur's rightful successor...
0:26:56 > 0:26:59- ..and the old Brythonic - and Welsh Kings.
0:27:09 > 0:27:13- Owain Gwynedd is the first - of the Gwynedd Princes...
0:27:14 > 0:27:17- ..commemorated - in poetry and epic poems.
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- Gwalchmai ap Meilir wrote about him.
0:27:21 > 0:27:24- Gwalchmai's father, Meilir...
0:27:25 > 0:27:28- ..paid homage to Owain's father, - Gruffudd ap Cynan.
0:27:29 > 0:27:34- The greatest Poet of the Princes - wrote a poem about him.
0:27:34 > 0:27:36- Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr.
0:27:38 > 0:27:41- "I praise a generous man, - who leads glorious campaigns
0:27:42 > 0:27:45- "An adventurer - who leads his warriors
0:27:45 > 0:27:48- "A wolf, who rises to the challenge"
0:27:58 > 0:28:02- From reading these poems, - comparing and contrasting them...
0:28:03 > 0:28:08- ..it's obvious that Owain's prowess - and ability as a soldier...
0:28:09 > 0:28:11- ..impressed his contemporaries.
0:28:11 > 0:28:14- That's the principal element - in the poems.
0:28:15 > 0:28:20- To a degree, - Owain Gwynedd is seen as a hero...
0:28:21 > 0:28:25- ..just like the leaders - of the Old North settlements.
0:28:26 > 0:28:29- The heroic element - matches the sixth century eulogies.
0:28:30 > 0:28:33- It runs through - the poems to Owain Gwynedd too.
0:28:44 > 0:28:48- This period is considered the - Golden Age of our early literature.
0:28:49 > 0:28:53- The Gogynfeirdd, the court poets, - reflect a growing confidence...
0:28:53 > 0:28:57- ..as the Welsh Princes - succeeded against the Normans.
0:28:58 > 0:29:02- The poets were important members - of the Princes' courts.
0:29:02 > 0:29:05- They praised the Princes.
0:29:06 > 0:29:10- They confirmed their status - as leaders of Wales.
0:29:12 > 0:29:16- We can see how important they were - by the gifts the Princes gave them.
0:29:17 > 0:29:22- Cynddelw boasts about receiving - a purple and red costume...
0:29:23 > 0:29:25- ..royal colours at that time...
0:29:26 > 0:29:31- ..which set the wearer apart - from the rest.
0:29:35 > 0:29:39- It's misleading, - as we look back on these poets...
0:29:40 > 0:29:44- ..to assume - because they received payment...
0:29:45 > 0:29:51- ..that the praise poems - were a form of false flattery.
0:29:52 > 0:29:56- We tend to see them - as medieval arse lickers...
0:29:56 > 0:30:02- ..spouting what the Prince - expected them to say.
0:30:02 > 0:30:09- But it's important to remember that - poets had a certain authority...
0:30:09 > 0:30:13- ..that allowed them to go as far - as to criticize the Prince.
0:30:14 > 0:30:16- They were important men...
0:30:17 > 0:30:20- ..who were aware of their influence - and constantly emphasized this.
0:30:21 > 0:30:25- Cynddelw often said to Owain - Gwynedd or Madog ap Maredudd...
0:30:25 > 0:30:28- "..You're no-one without me, - and I'm no-one without you."
0:30:29 > 0:30:32- It was a mutually dependent - relationship.
0:30:34 > 0:30:37- "Let my world be enhanced through - you, defender of your soldiers
0:30:38 > 0:30:40- "I hope that I enhance your world"
0:30:46 > 0:30:50- This is when the legends, - known today as The Mabinogi...
0:30:50 > 0:30:52- ..were first recorded.
0:30:52 > 0:30:56- They were recorded - in the 14th century...
0:30:56 > 0:31:00- ..in The White Book of Rhydderch - and The Red Book of Hergest.
0:31:04 > 0:31:07- When we consider - Owain Gwynedd's era...
0:31:08 > 0:31:11- ..we must remember - it was a very productive period...
0:31:11 > 0:31:13- ..for the composition - of poetry and prose.
0:31:14 > 0:31:19- Our medieval prose was preserved - in later manuscripts.
0:31:20 > 0:31:22- They include The Mabinogion...
0:31:23 > 0:31:26- ..the best known - of our medieval legends.
0:31:26 > 0:31:29- There were also translations - and poetry.
0:31:29 > 0:31:32- But even though - the tales of The Mabinogion...
0:31:33 > 0:31:36- ..appear in manuscript form - in 1350-1400...
0:31:36 > 0:31:40- ..it's obvious they belong - to a much earlier period.
0:31:40 > 0:31:46- The original scripts were written - in the late 11th century.
0:31:54 > 0:31:58- There are historical figures - - for instance Caswallon.
0:31:58 > 0:32:03- But Rhiannon and Bendigeidfran - derive from Celtic mythology.
0:32:04 > 0:32:09- The eleven legends are a strange - mixture of history, mythology...
0:32:10 > 0:32:12- ..and traditional legends.
0:32:12 > 0:32:17- Elements of legends - found all over Europe.
0:32:26 > 0:32:30- Another development - in Europe at this time...
0:32:30 > 0:32:33- ..was the growth of towns - as social units.
0:32:35 > 0:32:40- Today, Trelleck, not far - from Monmouth, is a quiet village.
0:32:41 > 0:32:44- But this was one of Wales's - largest towns in the Middle Ages.
0:32:48 > 0:32:51- The development began during - Owain Gwynedd's reign.
0:32:51 > 0:32:55- Newport University archaeologists - have been digging here.
0:33:03 > 0:33:07- Archaeological work has been - carried out here for years.
0:33:08 > 0:33:11- They've concluded that an ironworks - was founded here.
0:33:11 > 0:33:15- That's why the town - became one of the largest in Wales.
0:33:16 > 0:33:18- This is the key to it all.
0:33:19 > 0:33:23- The ironworks was founded when - Trelleck fell into the hands...
0:33:23 > 0:33:25- ..of the de Clare family.
0:33:26 > 0:33:28- This was an important family.
0:33:29 > 0:33:35- They had land in Glamorgan, - in England and Ireland.
0:33:36 > 0:33:40- They were the Lords of Glamorgan. - It was very important.
0:33:41 > 0:33:46- I think the ironworks in Trelleck - supplied iron...
0:33:46 > 0:33:48- ..to support the war in Glamorgan.
0:33:49 > 0:33:51- That's how it worked.
0:33:55 > 0:34:00- We're looking for a road - that led in and out of Trelleck.
0:34:01 > 0:34:04- We want to discover - how often the road was rebuilt...
0:34:04 > 0:34:06- ..and what the road surface - was made of.
0:34:07 > 0:34:10- Nearby, there are ironworks.
0:34:11 > 0:34:14- They used slack from the ironworks - to surface the road...
0:34:14 > 0:34:16- ..so that carts - could travel along it.
0:34:19 > 0:34:22- People have been digging here - for 18 years.
0:34:23 > 0:34:27- They've found houses - and the lay-out of the town.
0:34:28 > 0:34:31- This year, they've worked on - specific research questions.
0:34:32 > 0:34:35- The road in and out of the village.
0:34:36 > 0:34:39- There's a building at the far end - that is similar to a brewery.
0:34:40 > 0:34:42- It has a well nearby.
0:34:45 > 0:34:48- We're looking for anything - that was close to the water.
0:34:48 > 0:34:53- We've found glass, - medieval pottery and lots of stone.
0:34:54 > 0:34:58- We think the rocks will form - a semi-circle here.
0:34:58 > 0:35:03- People tell us a stone staircase - will lead up there.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06- We haven't had a chance to look yet.
0:35:20 > 0:35:22- OK, one piece coming out.
0:35:23 > 0:35:27- Oh, it's marked, too. That's really - nice. That's very nice indeed.
0:35:29 > 0:35:30- As Trelleck grew...
0:35:30 > 0:35:34- ..Wales came under the influence - of new European cultures...
0:35:34 > 0:35:36- ..especially in architecture.
0:35:53 > 0:35:58- We know Gruffudd ap Cynan - built churches in Gwynedd.
0:35:58 > 0:36:04- There are more than twenty - 12th century churches on Anglesey...
0:36:04 > 0:36:06- ..in the Romanesque style.
0:36:07 > 0:36:13- St Seiriol Church, Penmon, was built - in Gruffudd ap Cynan's era.
0:36:13 > 0:36:19- But it was completed - during Owain Gwynedd's reign.
0:36:19 > 0:36:23- They added the tower and transepts.
0:36:29 > 0:36:32- Owain Gwynedd was prepared - to broaden his horizons...
0:36:32 > 0:36:35- ..and emulate - continental Romanesque architecture.
0:36:36 > 0:36:39- He created a new visual culture - in Wales.
0:36:41 > 0:36:46- Romanesque is the word we use - to describe a Roman-style building.
0:36:46 > 0:36:48- It's as simple as that.
0:36:49 > 0:36:52- We don't use the word - to describe classical work.
0:36:53 > 0:36:59- They recreated the Roman style - in the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries.
0:37:03 > 0:37:08- The main feature - is the semi-circular arches.
0:37:08 > 0:37:12- There's one on the south side - here in Penmon.
0:37:13 > 0:37:19- Usually, the arches rest on heavy, - round, solid columns.
0:37:19 > 0:37:22- It's a dignified style.
0:37:22 > 0:37:28- But what I find rather strange, - as you can see here...
0:37:29 > 0:37:34- ..there's a decorative element - on the arches and columns.
0:37:35 > 0:37:39- They're very lively - - almost disorderly sometimes.
0:37:39 > 0:37:42- It's like a combination of elements.
0:37:49 > 0:37:55- The decorative arch in Aberffraw - is also in the Romanesque style.
0:37:56 > 0:37:59- It was built around the same time.
0:38:01 > 0:38:03- It's important to remember...
0:38:03 > 0:38:08- ..that Aberffraw was part of the - main court of the Gwynedd Princes.
0:38:08 > 0:38:14- Owain Gwynedd's brother, Idwal, - was an abbot in Penmon.
0:38:15 > 0:38:20- It shows a connection between - royalty and the Church in Penmon...
0:38:21 > 0:38:23- ..in the 12th century.
0:38:39 > 0:38:44- There are smaller, less important - churches on Anglesey...
0:38:44 > 0:38:47- ..that are influenced - by the Romanesque style.
0:38:48 > 0:38:51- The tiny Llanbabo Church - is an example.
0:38:51 > 0:38:55- It's quite possible that English - or French stonemasons...
0:38:56 > 0:38:58- ..worked in Gwynedd in Owain's day.
0:38:59 > 0:39:02- Either that, or new churches - were built and decorated...
0:39:03 > 0:39:06- ..by Welsh people who had learnt - their trade beyond Offa's Dyke.
0:39:11 > 0:39:13- The continental connection proves...
0:39:13 > 0:39:16- ..that conflict - wasn't the only element...
0:39:16 > 0:39:19- ..in the Welsh-Anglo-Norman - relationship.
0:39:19 > 0:39:22- In addition to fiercely - opposing the conquerors...
0:39:23 > 0:39:26- ..Owain Gwynedd willingly borrowed - from them culturally.
0:39:36 > 0:39:38- 888
0:39:41 > 0:39:44- Following the disastrous failure - of Henry II's campaigns...
0:39:44 > 0:39:46- ..on Anglesey and Berwyn...
0:39:47 > 0:39:50- ..Owain Gwynedd was undoubtedly - the most powerful Welsh leader...
0:39:51 > 0:39:52- ..in the 12th century.
0:39:52 > 0:39:56- His status was a foretaste - of his descendants' power.
0:39:57 > 0:40:01- Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn - the Last a century later.
0:40:09 > 0:40:13- Owain was fully aware - of his special status in later life.
0:40:14 > 0:40:18- He's the first known leader - to use the title, Prince of Wales...
0:40:19 > 0:40:21- ..or Prince of the Welsh.
0:40:22 > 0:40:25- He used the title in correspondence - with the King of France...
0:40:25 > 0:40:28- ..the Archbishop of Canterbury - and the Pope.
0:40:30 > 0:40:32- This may seem a backward step.
0:40:32 > 0:40:35- Why relinquish the title King - Rex?
0:40:36 > 0:40:41- The title 'King' - had been devalued in Wales.
0:40:41 > 0:40:47- Leaders of minor territories - called themselves Kings.
0:40:49 > 0:40:53- The title 'King' - disappears from Wales.
0:40:55 > 0:40:59- Chroniclers, charter writers - chose an alternative title...
0:41:00 > 0:41:03- ..Princeps - Prince. - The main leader.
0:41:05 > 0:41:10- But curiously, although there were - four or five kingdoms in Wales...
0:41:10 > 0:41:14- ..it's only in two - that the title 'Princeps' was used.
0:41:15 > 0:41:19- Mainly in Gwynedd, where Owain - Gwynedd occasionally used it...
0:41:19 > 0:41:21- ..Princeps Nord Walia...
0:41:22 > 0:41:26- ..or even Princeps Walarium, - Prince of the Welsh...
0:41:27 > 0:41:32- ..rather than the territorial, - and more defiant, 'Prince of Wales'.
0:41:32 > 0:41:36- But the term means - he is the leader of the Welsh.
0:41:36 > 0:41:40- The fact Gwynedd kept for itself - the title, 'Prince'...
0:41:41 > 0:41:46- ..sets out Gwynedd as the exception - by Llywelyn the Great's day...
0:41:47 > 0:41:49- ..in the early 13th century.
0:41:49 > 0:41:54- That's part of the process - of turning the Prince of Gwynedd...
0:41:54 > 0:41:56- ..into the Prince of Wales.
0:41:57 > 0:42:01- It was the main theme of Welsh - politics in the 13th century.
0:42:07 > 0:42:09- In calling himself 'Prince'...
0:42:09 > 0:42:12- ..it's possible Owain - wanted to defy the principle...
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- ..that every Welsh ruler should - be loyal to the King of England.
0:42:16 > 0:42:19- Owain, not Henry II, - was now the ruler of the Welsh.
0:42:25 > 0:42:29- Owain's decision to use a new title - displays his willingness...
0:42:29 > 0:42:33- ..to use creative devices - to strengthen his status.
0:42:33 > 0:42:37- The same defiance was shown when - he sought an alliance with France.
0:42:38 > 0:42:42- Owain was the first Welsh Prince to - turn to the continent for support.
0:42:46 > 0:42:48- In his letters to Louis VII...
0:42:49 > 0:42:52- ..Owain said that divine - intervention delivered Wales...
0:42:52 > 0:42:57- ..from Henry's oppression after - his failures in Anglesey and Berwyn.
0:42:57 > 0:43:03- Owain feared that Henry planned to - lead another campaign against him.
0:43:04 > 0:43:07- He pleaded with Louis - to attack Henry.
0:43:07 > 0:43:11- During this time, - Owain had problems with the Pope...
0:43:11 > 0:43:14- ..and Thomas Beckett - - the Archbishop of Canterbury.
0:43:15 > 0:43:20- He ends one letter asking Louis to - plead his case with the Churchmen.
0:43:22 > 0:43:27- Owain had annoyed Beckett - and the Pope for two reasons.
0:43:28 > 0:43:34- Firstly, Owain refused to accept - the Archbishop should decide...
0:43:34 > 0:43:37- ..who would be - the new Bishop in Bangor.
0:43:38 > 0:43:41- Bishop Meurig died in 1162.
0:43:42 > 0:43:46- Owain was determined to appoint - someone he found acceptable.
0:43:48 > 0:43:50- But Beckett didn't accept that.
0:43:51 > 0:43:55- As Archbishop of Canterbury, - he felt he had authority over Wales.
0:43:55 > 0:43:57- He believed he should have - the last word.
0:44:03 > 0:44:08- Beckett and the Pope were - displeased by Owain's marriage...
0:44:08 > 0:44:11- ..to his cousin, Cristin, - his mother's niece.
0:44:12 > 0:44:16- The relationship was far too close, - according to the Law of the Church.
0:44:17 > 0:44:20- But Beckett raised the matter again.
0:44:20 > 0:44:23- He insisted Owain - had to separate from Cristin...
0:44:23 > 0:44:26- ..because the marriage - was contrary to Church rule.
0:44:26 > 0:44:28- The Pope supported Beckett.
0:44:30 > 0:44:33- It's remarkable that Owain refused.
0:44:38 > 0:44:41- Although Owain had fathered children - by several wives...
0:44:41 > 0:44:43- ..his marriage was important to him.
0:44:43 > 0:44:47- Unlike Beckett, the Pope, - and Bishop Meurig earlier...
0:44:48 > 0:44:52- ..it's unlikely Owain considered - marrying his cousin to be illegal.
0:44:52 > 0:44:57- The Normans were harshly critical - of Welsh marriage rules...
0:44:58 > 0:45:02- ..based on the Wives' Law, - in Hywel Dda's Laws.
0:45:02 > 0:45:06- Gerald of Wales criticized the Welsh - for marrying their cousins.
0:45:08 > 0:45:12- He based his argument on Norman Law, - ecclesiastical law...
0:45:12 > 0:45:15- ..which stated people - couldn't marry close relatives.
0:45:16 > 0:45:19- They couldn't even marry - a distant relative.
0:45:19 > 0:45:24- The fact the Welsh married - their cousins was an outrage.
0:45:24 > 0:45:28- The Welsh were accused of incest.
0:45:35 > 0:45:37- Owain refused to divorce Cristin...
0:45:37 > 0:45:41- ..contrary to the Pope and - Archbishop of Canterbury's wishes.
0:45:41 > 0:45:47- He was excommunicated shortly - before his death, in November, 1170.
0:45:48 > 0:45:51- However, Owain - was given an honourable burial...
0:45:51 > 0:45:54- ..near the altar - at Bangor Cathedral.
0:45:54 > 0:45:58- The Bangor clerics were loyal - to their Prince to the very end.
0:46:08 > 0:46:11- Although Owain - introduced some innovations...
0:46:12 > 0:46:17- ..primarily he was a warrior seeking - to protect his family and lineage.
0:46:18 > 0:46:20- In one sense, he failed.
0:46:21 > 0:46:25- He couldn't ensure that only one - successor would be acknowledged...
0:46:26 > 0:46:29- ..as a Prince who could secure - the unity of Gwynedd.
0:46:33 > 0:46:38- Owain chose his son Hywel ab Owain - as his successor.
0:46:39 > 0:46:41- He was a famous poet too.
0:46:42 > 0:46:49- He was the son of an Irish woman, - not Cristin, Owain's wife.
0:46:49 > 0:46:55- But Cristin's sons, nor Cristin - herself, weren't happy with this.
0:46:56 > 0:47:01- Hywel was killed in a battle - in Pentraeth, Anglesey...
0:47:02 > 0:47:06- ..soon after his father died - at the end of 1170.
0:47:07 > 0:47:09- There was a problem.
0:47:09 > 0:47:16- There was no acknowledged - method of choosing a successor.
0:47:16 > 0:47:23- Many sons of Princes felt they had - the right to succeed the father.
0:47:31 > 0:47:35- A 30-year civil war - or internal conflict...
0:47:36 > 0:47:39- ..broke out between Owain's sons - and then the grandsons.
0:47:40 > 0:47:43- They fought to be - his successor in Gwynedd.
0:47:44 > 0:47:47- It's only through the ascension - of his grandson...
0:47:47 > 0:47:52- ..Llywelyn ap Iorwerth that - this turbulent time came to an end.
0:48:02 > 0:48:05- Owain laid down the firm foundation - of Gwynedd as a principality.
0:48:05 > 0:48:10- It led to the supremacy of Llywelyn - the Great and Llywelyn the Last.
0:48:10 > 0:48:12- But in the short-term...
0:48:12 > 0:48:16- ..the unity he and his father, - Gruffudd ap Cynan, established...
0:48:16 > 0:48:17- ..was shattered.
0:48:18 > 0:48:19- In the meantime...
0:48:19 > 0:48:23- ..there was only one united - and powerful principality in Wales.
0:48:23 > 0:48:25- Lord Rhys's Deheubarth.
0:49:06 > 0:49:08- S4/C Subtitles by GWEAD
0:49:09 > 0:49:10- .