0:00:00 > 0:00:00- Subtitles
0:00:00 > 0:00:02- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:00:09 > 0:00:11- The castle - an image of Wales...
0:00:12 > 0:00:14- ..that's famous - throughout the world.
0:00:18 > 0:00:20- During this series...
0:00:20 > 0:00:23- ..I'll explore its construction...
0:00:25 > 0:00:27- ..defences...
0:00:27 > 0:00:30- ..and decor.
0:00:30 > 0:00:35- It's a riveting story and one - which is quintessentially Welsh.
0:00:35 > 0:00:38- There are more castles - per square feet in Wales...
0:00:39 > 0:00:41- ..than any other country - of equal size.
0:00:41 > 0:00:44- They attract droves of tourists.
0:00:47 > 0:00:50- But for us, - they're an uncomfortable legacy.
0:00:50 > 0:00:52- The outcome of ferocious battles...
0:00:53 > 0:00:56- ..that ultimately - led to us being conquered.
0:00:59 > 0:01:03- In order to understand - the castle's true significance...
0:01:04 > 0:01:06- ..I've journeyed throughout Wales...
0:01:06 > 0:01:10- ..over the border - and across the continent...
0:01:11 > 0:01:12- ..to see how the castle...
0:01:13 > 0:01:16- ..claims a central place - in many countries' history...
0:01:17 > 0:01:20- ..sparking the imaginations - of people of all ages...
0:01:20 > 0:01:23- ..and arousing a lasting interest.
0:01:25 > 0:01:30- How does the castle occupy our - dreams and capture our imagination?
0:01:31 > 0:01:33- To answer that question...
0:01:34 > 0:01:38- ..one must fully understand - the nature of the castle.
0:01:40 > 0:01:43- Is it a fort or is it a home?
0:01:46 > 0:01:49- A combination of pride and folly...
0:01:49 > 0:01:54- ..or does it combine vision - with hard labour, skill...
0:01:55 > 0:01:57- ..and determination?
0:01:57 > 0:01:59- Does it prove...
0:01:59 > 0:02:03- ..that, ultimately, - it is military power that counts...
0:02:03 > 0:02:08- ..or does it embody courage - and privilege, love and romance?
0:02:10 > 0:02:12- Does it frighten...
0:02:12 > 0:02:14- ..or does it excite?
0:02:16 > 0:02:19- It's a prominent - and powerful symbol...
0:02:19 > 0:02:22- ..but do we - truly understand the castle?
0:02:35 > 0:02:38- The 2014 NATO Summit in Wales.
0:02:39 > 0:02:43- The heads of 60 of the world's - most powerful armed forces...
0:02:43 > 0:02:45- ..have come together in Wales.
0:02:47 > 0:02:52- It's the largest gathering - of international leaders...
0:02:52 > 0:02:55- ..ever to take place in Britain.
0:02:56 > 0:02:59- The matters discussed here...
0:02:59 > 0:03:02- ..may shape the future for us all.
0:03:02 > 0:03:06- At night, the world's leaders - convene at Cardiff Castle.
0:03:07 > 0:03:12- A chance to pose for their - official pre-dinner portrait...
0:03:12 > 0:03:14- ..in front of these ancient walls.
0:03:15 > 0:03:20- The castle has always been a symbol - of might and military authority.
0:03:21 > 0:03:25- But it's also associated - with noble and civilised living...
0:03:25 > 0:03:30- ..for leaders who are brave, - principled and honourable.
0:03:31 > 0:03:36- Powerful people have capitalized - on both aspects of the castle.
0:03:36 > 0:03:39- The castle - wasn't only a place to do battle...
0:03:40 > 0:03:43- ..it was also a place - in which to live.
0:03:44 > 0:03:46- It was a fortress and a home.
0:03:46 > 0:03:51- Though the relationship between the - two changed over the centuries...
0:03:51 > 0:03:56- ..this dual purpose was at the - forefront of the builders' minds.
0:04:00 > 0:04:04- It was also true of the Welsh - princes, such as Lord Rhys.
0:04:07 > 0:04:11- And of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, - Our Last Leader.
0:04:13 > 0:04:18- Edward I of England was - building his oppressive castles...
0:04:18 > 0:04:21- ..knowing the effect - on the Welsh psychology...
0:04:22 > 0:04:25- ..was enough - to break the nation's heart.
0:04:25 > 0:04:30- These castles were a clear sign - that Wales had been conquered.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33- There's admiration, reverent fear...
0:04:34 > 0:04:36- ..and there's horror.
0:04:36 > 0:04:42- There's also bitterness about - the power centralized in the castle.
0:04:45 > 0:04:49- Back then, the focus was - on the castle's military purpose.
0:04:49 > 0:04:54- Nowadays, they're building castles - for recreational purposes.
0:04:56 > 0:05:00- But coming to castles to relax - isn't solely a modern idea.
0:05:01 > 0:05:03- You'll hear about - one castle in Wales...
0:05:03 > 0:05:06- ..built specifically - for recreation.
0:05:06 > 0:05:09- It was purposefully designed...
0:05:09 > 0:05:11- ..for pleasure and fun.
0:05:13 > 0:05:17- The standard of decoration - in each castle was important.
0:05:17 > 0:05:21- If the walls - were menacing on the outside...
0:05:21 > 0:05:24- ..they had to be welcoming - on the inside.
0:05:24 > 0:05:27- That became even more important...
0:05:27 > 0:05:30- ..once the destructive power - of the cannon...
0:05:30 > 0:05:33- ..destroyed the castle's might.
0:05:33 > 0:05:36- As one chapter - in the castle's history closes...
0:05:37 > 0:05:41- ..the building started to reflect - new aspirations.
0:05:41 > 0:05:45- People wanted to fill these - residences with art and statues.
0:05:46 > 0:05:49- The castle - turned into a place of fantasy.
0:05:50 > 0:05:51- In this final episode...
0:05:52 > 0:05:56- ..we discover where the King of - England slept within his castle...
0:05:56 > 0:05:59- ..where the King of France - strolled...
0:05:59 > 0:06:03- ..to publicly display his majesty...
0:06:03 > 0:06:07- ..and where he - entertained his queen in private.
0:06:09 > 0:06:11- We visit a castle in Germany...
0:06:12 > 0:06:16- ..that's been home - to one family for 33 generations.
0:06:22 > 0:06:25- We then return to Wales - to see the connection...
0:06:25 > 0:06:29- ..between the NATO leaders - and the hard-working colliers...
0:06:29 > 0:06:34- ..who paid for the intricate decor - which thrills every visitor here.
0:06:35 > 0:06:37- Cardiff Castle.
0:06:39 > 0:06:43- Every trip to the castle - is a living lesson about history.
0:06:43 > 0:06:47- A history that's been - firmly rooted in the walls.
0:06:52 > 0:06:54- Dover Castle in Kent.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59- At its centre, - a classic large, square tower.
0:07:01 > 0:07:05- No-one can dispute - that this is a citadel....
0:07:05 > 0:07:07- ..with a military purpose.
0:07:10 > 0:07:13- It was built in 1180...
0:07:13 > 0:07:15- ..for King Henry II.
0:07:17 > 0:07:22- The King of England had to defend - Dover from the kings of France...
0:07:22 > 0:07:25- ..who posed a threat - from across the Channel.
0:07:25 > 0:07:29- From the outside, the keep - projects its menacing exterior.
0:07:30 > 0:07:33- However, - it's a different story inside.
0:07:33 > 0:07:37- The rooms - have recently been restored...
0:07:37 > 0:07:39- ..in the period's style.
0:07:40 > 0:07:42- It's astounding to see...
0:07:43 > 0:07:45- ..such vibrant decor.
0:07:46 > 0:07:49- This is - where the king slept at night...
0:07:49 > 0:07:52- ..and where he was advised by day...
0:07:52 > 0:07:56- ..about the dangerous - diplomatic games he was playing.
0:07:57 > 0:08:01- All you see from outside are the - castle's cold and menacing walls.
0:08:01 > 0:08:04- But inside, it's a family home...
0:08:04 > 0:08:07- ..full of colour and adornment.
0:08:07 > 0:08:09- It had to be luxurious for the king.
0:08:09 > 0:08:12- Everything in the garden is rosy...
0:08:13 > 0:08:16- ..if the king is safe on his throne.
0:08:16 > 0:08:19- This is the theme - of this work of art.
0:08:24 > 0:08:26- The message is clear...
0:08:27 > 0:08:29- ..even if this particular king...
0:08:29 > 0:08:34- ..is responsible for the murder - of a saint like Thomas a Becket.
0:08:35 > 0:08:41- The importance of the castle's image - for the English Royal family...
0:08:41 > 0:08:44- ..is even more demonstrable - at Windsor.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51- This castle - has developed over the centuries...
0:08:51 > 0:08:54- ..to become - one of the country's main palaces.
0:08:56 > 0:09:01- Its status as a symbol - glorifying the English monarchy...
0:09:01 > 0:09:06- ..dates back to the 14th century, - to the reign of Edward III.
0:09:11 > 0:09:16- It continues to be a tourist - destination of global significance.
0:09:17 > 0:09:21- Edward had decided to press - his claim to the throne of France...
0:09:22 > 0:09:24- ..as well as that of England...
0:09:25 > 0:09:28- ..and was willing - to go to war to claim both.
0:09:30 > 0:09:33- Edward's dream was very dangerous.
0:09:33 > 0:09:35- Success depended...
0:09:35 > 0:09:40- ..on the military support - of the English nobility.
0:09:42 > 0:09:46- Edward decided to make Windsor - the focus of a cult.
0:09:46 > 0:09:49- A cult - that would appeal to the barons...
0:09:49 > 0:09:53- ..and their idea - of privilege and duty.
0:09:54 > 0:09:57- His best idea - was to associate himself...
0:09:58 > 0:10:00- ..with ancient British mythology...
0:10:01 > 0:10:04- ..and stories - of King Arthur and his knights.
0:10:04 > 0:10:09- It was here at Windsor that - he constructed a Camelot of his own.
0:10:11 > 0:10:13- Realizing his dream was costly.
0:10:14 > 0:10:16- Edward spent a fortune.
0:10:16 > 0:10:20- 51,000, which is equivalent - to millions nowadays.
0:10:20 > 0:10:23- It was the most expensive project...
0:10:23 > 0:10:26- ..of the entire - Middle Ages in Britain.
0:10:27 > 0:10:30- The new Camelot would be home...
0:10:30 > 0:10:33- ..to a select band of knights.
0:10:33 > 0:10:35- The Order of the Garter...
0:10:35 > 0:10:39- ..is the oldest and - most prestigious order in Britain.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45- As the war against France - intensifies...
0:10:45 > 0:10:49- ..Edward acknowledges - the valour of his son in battle...
0:10:49 > 0:10:54- ..and honours the Black Prince as - the joint leader of the new order.
0:10:57 > 0:10:58- This castle is key...
0:10:59 > 0:11:03- ..in the way the British nature - of the monarchy has changed.
0:11:03 > 0:11:08- Edward transformed a military - bastion into a noble residence.
0:11:09 > 0:11:13- He was also announcing, this is - Britain, we're right at its heart.
0:11:18 > 0:11:23- Perhaps Edward III took inspiration - from his own genealogy.
0:11:23 > 0:11:27- He was the son of Edward II, - whose birth at Caernarfon Castle...
0:11:28 > 0:11:30- ..had been orchestrated...
0:11:31 > 0:11:34- ..by his father, Edward I, - Edward Longshanks...
0:11:34 > 0:11:37- ..who took the title, - Prince of Wales.
0:11:38 > 0:11:43- Longshanks - was a brutal and oppressive king...
0:11:43 > 0:11:48- ..but he used romantic notions to - reinforce his power over Britain.
0:11:51 > 0:11:55- Evidence of this can clearly be seen - at Winchester Castle.
0:11:58 > 0:12:01- The castle itself is now in ruin...
0:12:02 > 0:12:06- ..but the Great Hall is intact.
0:12:07 > 0:12:10- On the wall is the Round Table...
0:12:10 > 0:12:14- ..where King Arthur and his knights - sat and feasted.
0:12:15 > 0:12:17- At least that's what they say.
0:12:20 > 0:12:22- Proof of that - are the names of the 24 knights...
0:12:23 > 0:12:28- ..that appear in their - allocated places around the table.
0:12:28 > 0:12:34- But scientific tests date the table - to the reign of Edward Longshanks.
0:12:39 > 0:12:41- By creating the round table...
0:12:41 > 0:12:46- ..with King Arthur sitting in his - castle surrounded by 24 knights...
0:12:46 > 0:12:49- ..the King of England - claimed the rest of Britain...
0:12:50 > 0:12:54- ..by suggesting the royal line - extended way back in time.
0:12:54 > 0:12:57- Perhaps to prehistory.
0:12:57 > 0:13:00- He did this - with a single piece of furniture.
0:13:08 > 0:13:12- The Round Table - in the perfect castle.
0:13:12 > 0:13:17- And the king's knights returning - there after a successful mission.
0:13:17 > 0:13:20- Legends of Arthur - are charming and powerful.
0:13:20 > 0:13:23- Powerful enough - to inspire medieval noblemen...
0:13:23 > 0:13:30- ..to build castles like Camelot, - where privilege and romance ruled.
0:13:33 > 0:13:35- One of them was built here in Wales.
0:13:35 > 0:13:41- Today, it's a ruin and - practically nobody knows about it.
0:13:42 > 0:13:42- .
0:13:46 > 0:13:46- Subtitles
0:13:46 > 0:13:48- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:13:52 > 0:13:57- I've brought my daughters to - one of Wales' most magical castles.
0:13:58 > 0:14:03- I'm constantly learning when viewing - relics through the eyes of a child.
0:14:05 > 0:14:08- Yes, but small, - medium or substantial?
0:14:08 > 0:14:10- What do you think?
0:14:12 > 0:14:13- I'd say substantial.
0:14:13 > 0:14:15- I'd say substantial.- - Yes, it is a substantial castle.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18- It's an enormous castle.
0:14:19 > 0:14:23- The place's grandeur is obvious, - though Tregruk Castle...
0:14:24 > 0:14:26- ..is now in ruin.
0:14:33 > 0:14:37- The de Clare family built - these walls in Monmouthshire...
0:14:38 > 0:14:41- ..early in the 14th century.
0:14:45 > 0:14:49- In order to imagine this place - in all its splendour...
0:14:49 > 0:14:51- ..you must clear away - all this ivy...
0:14:52 > 0:14:56- ..which is hiding - long walls in all directions.
0:14:56 > 0:14:58- All the way down to here.
0:14:58 > 0:15:02- All you can see around us - was one interior court...
0:15:02 > 0:15:06- ..bigger than that in Windsor - Castle, bigger than Caerphilly.
0:15:06 > 0:15:09- This was the biggest in Britain.
0:15:10 > 0:15:13- The castle is full or surprises.
0:15:16 > 0:15:19- One of its most typical features...
0:15:19 > 0:15:24- ..is not only the standard of the - construction and the stonework...
0:15:24 > 0:15:27- ..but anyone - could attack this castle...
0:15:28 > 0:15:30- ..through this - ancient sewage system.
0:15:33 > 0:15:37- Which proves - this isn't a military castle...
0:15:37 > 0:15:40- ..but a ceremonial one.
0:15:41 > 0:15:46- All this structural work is here - for one purpose only.
0:15:46 > 0:15:49- Pleasure.
0:15:50 > 0:15:55- This is where the de Clare family - came to feast, hunt and relax.
0:15:55 > 0:15:58- It was a medieval five-star hotel.
0:16:01 > 0:16:04- One word to describe this castle - is luxurious.
0:16:04 > 0:16:09- This is the toilet, though it's - bigger than your average one.
0:16:09 > 0:16:14- There's a round wall here, - where you can settle down.
0:16:14 > 0:16:16- Once you've finished...
0:16:16 > 0:16:21- ..you can come over here because - there's a basin to wash your hands.
0:16:21 > 0:16:25- It suggests that - life in the castle was pleasant.
0:16:26 > 0:16:30- The de Clare family - and their guests...
0:16:30 > 0:16:33- ..enjoyed themselves - here in rural Gwent.
0:16:33 > 0:16:36- All the money they squandered...
0:16:36 > 0:16:40- ..all the hard work that went into - erecting this castle...
0:16:41 > 0:16:44- ..was for one sole purpose - - entertainment.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- If you designed a seat, - what would it be like?
0:16:51 > 0:16:52- I think it would be...
0:16:52 > 0:16:54- I think it would be...- - What colour would it be?
0:16:55 > 0:16:59- Well, girls, - you've found the perfect place.
0:16:59 > 0:17:03- In the olden days, this is where - the ladies sat, as you are now...
0:17:04 > 0:17:07- ..to eat and to look out - on the wonderful view...
0:17:07 > 0:17:09- ..within the castle.
0:17:24 > 0:17:28- Who wouldn't want to feast - in a medieval castle?
0:17:31 > 0:17:35- The servants would bring you plate - after plate of delicious food.
0:17:35 > 0:17:39- Beef, bacon, lamb and venison.
0:17:39 > 0:17:42- Various fish and exotic birds...
0:17:42 > 0:17:46- ..and plenty - of wine, cider and mead.
0:17:48 > 0:17:52- And then there's the company - and a chance to gossip.
0:17:52 > 0:17:57- To honour - the tradition of courtly love.
0:17:57 > 0:18:00- L'amour courtois, - as the French used to say.
0:18:05 > 0:18:08- The castle - and the notion of romance.
0:18:08 > 0:18:11- A perfect combination - which came together...
0:18:12 > 0:18:15- ..in one - particular district of France.
0:18:23 > 0:18:26- The Loire.
0:18:30 > 0:18:32- An enchanting chateau.
0:18:33 > 0:18:36- Noble ceremonies.
0:18:38 > 0:18:40- Royal hunts.
0:18:42 > 0:18:46- Glorious palaces.
0:18:49 > 0:18:52- Historians say - that it was here in the Loire...
0:18:53 > 0:18:55- ..that a new way of life began.
0:18:55 > 0:18:58- La Vie Francaise.
0:19:00 > 0:19:03- It came about - as a result of a military tragedy.
0:19:03 > 0:19:06- The Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
0:19:07 > 0:19:10- Having been persecuted in Paris - by the English...
0:19:11 > 0:19:14- ..the French court found refuge - on the banks of the Loire.
0:19:16 > 0:19:19- The land was fertile - and the river...
0:19:19 > 0:19:22- ..connected it - to the rest of the country.
0:19:22 > 0:19:24- It was - the beginning of a golden era.
0:19:26 > 0:19:30- When peace - came to France once again...
0:19:30 > 0:19:33- ..architectural design thrived...
0:19:33 > 0:19:37- ..and new and astonishing buildings - were constructed.
0:19:37 > 0:19:39- For the castle builders - of the Loire...
0:19:40 > 0:19:43- ..their big moment had arrived.
0:19:45 > 0:19:50- Today, in the village of Langeais, - they still enjoy la vie francaise.
0:19:51 > 0:19:54- Langeais has always been - a substantial town...
0:19:54 > 0:19:57- ..since King Louis XI...
0:19:57 > 0:20:01- ..insisted - on building a castle here in 1415.
0:20:03 > 0:20:06- Amelie Delaunay - explains its history.
0:20:07 > 0:20:13- Louis XI exerts his power - in his early days on the throne.
0:20:13 > 0:20:18- He insists on drawing attention - to his royal presence in Tours.
0:20:18 > 0:20:24- Tours was the city back then, - and he chose Langeais...
0:20:24 > 0:20:29- ..since the royal chateaux were - scarce along this bank of the Loire.
0:20:30 > 0:20:34- Looking at the castle's facade - from the town...
0:20:34 > 0:20:38- ..suggests that Louis - had a military purpose in mind.
0:20:39 > 0:20:43- All the typical features - of a fortress can be seen.
0:20:43 > 0:20:45- Thick, defensive walls.
0:20:45 > 0:20:47- High towers.
0:20:47 > 0:20:49- And a drawbridge.
0:20:51 > 0:20:53- But Amelie claims they're fake.
0:20:53 > 0:20:57- It was built in a style - that's characteristic of the era.
0:20:57 > 0:21:02- A grand defensive fortress - for the town.
0:21:03 > 0:21:05- These are all defensive features.
0:21:05 > 0:21:08- High towers - and secure paths around them...
0:21:08 > 0:21:12- ..and ramparts so that soldiers - could defend easily.
0:21:13 > 0:21:16- And the drawbridge.
0:21:16 > 0:21:20- All these military details - - they're of no use in Langeais.
0:21:21 > 0:21:23- Nobody posed a threat to the area.
0:21:23 > 0:21:26- Its sole purpose - was to highlight the king's power.
0:21:27 > 0:21:32- Langeais' rear facade shows its - true purpose, its raison d'etre.
0:21:33 > 0:21:37- This is no military bunker - but a splendid home.
0:21:38 > 0:21:41- A building - to glorify the king's majesty.
0:21:41 > 0:21:47- It's well built and defined. It's a - residence more than anything else.
0:21:47 > 0:21:50- It's a home with plenty of windows. - It's not a fort.
0:21:51 > 0:21:58- Every room is flooded with light - to create a pleasant living space.
0:22:00 > 0:22:04- In 1491, a mere quarter of a century - after it was built...
0:22:04 > 0:22:06- ..Langeais witnessed...
0:22:07 > 0:22:11- ..one of the most significant - ceremonies in French history.
0:22:12 > 0:22:16- The wedding of Anna Vreizh, - Anne, the Duchess of Brittany.
0:22:20 > 0:22:23- The bride was a very young girl...
0:22:23 > 0:22:26- ..although she was already married.
0:22:26 > 0:22:29- In order to - defend Brittany's independence...
0:22:29 > 0:22:32- ..against the King of France...
0:22:32 > 0:22:37- ..Anne married Archduke - Maximilian of Austria by proxy.
0:22:40 > 0:22:43- However, - he had never been to her home.
0:22:43 > 0:22:47- When France attacked Brittany, - Anne had very little choice.
0:22:49 > 0:22:54- She had to ask the Pope to annul - her marriage to Maximilian...
0:22:54 > 0:22:59- ..so that she could come to Langeais - to marry Charles VIII of France.
0:23:01 > 0:23:07- As Anne reached the castle, a ship - sailed slowly along the Loire River.
0:23:07 > 0:23:10- It was carrying the King of France.
0:23:10 > 0:23:13- At the break of dawn, - the pair were married.
0:23:13 > 0:23:16- She was 14 and he was 21.
0:23:17 > 0:23:20- This wasn't the union - of a little girl and a young man...
0:23:21 > 0:23:24- ..it was a union - between Brittany and France.
0:23:24 > 0:23:28- The marriage - was so important to her duchy...
0:23:28 > 0:23:32- ..that Anne was willing - to anger the Church by doing so.
0:23:32 > 0:23:37- They asked the Pope to annul - her marriage to Maximilian...
0:23:37 > 0:23:42- ..but the Pope - hadn't made his decision.
0:23:42 > 0:23:46- She was marrying Charles before - annulling her previous marriage.
0:23:46 > 0:23:50- They kept the event - as confidential as possible...
0:23:50 > 0:23:57- ..kept the time and place a secret - too since there was no court here.
0:23:58 > 0:24:02- There was none of the usual pomp and - ceremony to celebrate the marriage.
0:24:03 > 0:24:07- However, many leading figures - attended the ceremony as witnesses.
0:24:07 > 0:24:10- The Prince of Orange - was Anne's witness.
0:24:11 > 0:24:16- King Louis of Orleans, his closest - cousin, was Charles VIII's witness.
0:24:16 > 0:24:20- He later became - King Louis XII of France.
0:24:20 > 0:24:27- They signed a wedding contract but - it was a political union in essence.
0:24:27 > 0:24:31- So it was for political reasons - that Charles ignored the fact...
0:24:32 > 0:24:36- ..that the Pope hadn't - yet annulled Anne's first marriage.
0:24:36 > 0:24:39- The pair were joined in matrimony...
0:24:40 > 0:24:44- ..but Anne of Brittany - was still faithful to her country.
0:24:45 > 0:24:49- An unexpected event - happened to her later on.
0:24:50 > 0:24:56- In another castle in the Loire, Anna - Vreizh became the Queen of France...
0:24:57 > 0:24:59- ..for a second time.
0:24:59 > 0:24:59- .
0:25:03 > 0:25:03- Subtitles
0:25:03 > 0:25:04- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:25:05 > 0:25:07- Anna Vreizh. Anne of Brittany.
0:25:07 > 0:25:13- Seven years after marrying Charles - VIII in the Loire, the king died.
0:25:13 > 0:25:19- Soon, there would be another chateau - celebrating Anne's marriage...
0:25:19 > 0:25:21- ..to the new King of France.
0:25:23 > 0:25:28- This time, the venue - was the Royal Chateau of Blois.
0:25:28 > 0:25:31- The new king was Louis XII.
0:25:31 > 0:25:34- As the Prince of Orleans...
0:25:34 > 0:25:38- ..Louis had been a witness - at Anne and Charles' secret wedding.
0:25:41 > 0:25:45- He embarked on - the reconstruction of the chateau...
0:25:45 > 0:25:48- ..as a palace for his wife - for personal reasons...
0:25:49 > 0:25:53- ..as the current director of the - monument, Pierre, explained to me.
0:25:54 > 0:25:59- Louis XII and Anne of Brittany - were very fond of this chateau.
0:25:59 > 0:26:02- It was here - that Louis XII was born and raised.
0:26:03 > 0:26:06- It was a cultural court - during that time...
0:26:06 > 0:26:09- ..thanks to his father, - Charles d'Orleans.
0:26:09 > 0:26:11- A court that patronized poets.
0:26:11 > 0:26:17- Charles turned his back on politics - to patronize cultural affairs.
0:26:17 > 0:26:21- This is the ambience that surrounded - Louis XII during his upbringing.
0:26:23 > 0:26:29- The intelligentsia regarded Blois as - one of France's grandest chateaux.
0:26:29 > 0:26:35- Now, Louis was determined to create - something even more astonishing.
0:26:37 > 0:26:40- By doing this, - Louis would clearly announce...
0:26:40 > 0:26:42- ..that he had a new partner.
0:26:42 > 0:26:47- This time, there was to be - no secrecy surrounding the wedding.
0:26:47 > 0:26:50- The marriage - between Louis and Anne...
0:26:50 > 0:26:53- ..ensured a unity - between France and Brittany.
0:26:53 > 0:26:56- Grand celebrations followed...
0:26:56 > 0:26:59- ..such as that - of Cesare Borgia's wedding...
0:26:59 > 0:27:03- ..and visits from important figures - such as Machiavelli from Italy...
0:27:04 > 0:27:08- ..until Anne died here, - in the castle, 15 years later.
0:27:10 > 0:27:14- Anne and Louis' palace in Blois - was one of Europe's wonders.
0:27:15 > 0:27:18- Their names - have been immortalised here.
0:27:20 > 0:27:24- Their court was civilised, - dazzling and French.
0:27:26 > 0:27:29- Until the very end, - Anne of Brittany...
0:27:30 > 0:27:31- ..Anna Vreizh...
0:27:32 > 0:27:36- ..tirelessly served - her motherland and its people.
0:27:38 > 0:27:41- When she died here in 1514...
0:27:42 > 0:27:44- ..her funeral lasted 40 days.
0:27:49 > 0:27:53- Blois' grandeur - began before Anne's reign...
0:27:53 > 0:27:56- ..and continued - long after her death.
0:27:57 > 0:28:01- This is the Hall of Estates, - which dates back further...
0:28:01 > 0:28:03- ..in the Middle Ages.
0:28:03 > 0:28:08- They held a parliament here - for estates from all over France.
0:28:08 > 0:28:09- Les Etats Generaux.
0:28:10 > 0:28:16- One of the chateau's handsomest - rooms is the Hall of Estates.
0:28:16 > 0:28:21- We know precisely when it was built - due to dendrochronology...
0:28:22 > 0:28:25- ..by studying the wood - in the timber fretwork.
0:28:25 > 0:28:31- The framework dates back to 1214, - so the hall is 800 years old.
0:28:32 > 0:28:36- Eight centuries of history - which is presented to us today...
0:28:36 > 0:28:39- ..via technology - and contemporary images.
0:28:42 > 0:28:43- The story takes us...
0:28:43 > 0:28:47- ..from Louis' construction work - during Anne's reign...
0:28:48 > 0:28:51- ..to the new wing of his successor, - King Francois I.
0:28:52 > 0:28:57- Francois is responsible - for Blois' most decorative building.
0:29:00 > 0:29:05- A polygonal staircase - which projects outward...
0:29:05 > 0:29:08- ..from the line of the facade.
0:29:11 > 0:29:13- There are balconies on each level...
0:29:14 > 0:29:17- ..offering - a platform for the king...
0:29:17 > 0:29:21- ..to show off to the courtiers - before ascending to his chambers.
0:29:25 > 0:29:28- It's a masterpiece - of Renaissance architecture.
0:29:31 > 0:29:34- This is the grandest staircase - I've ever seen.
0:29:34 > 0:29:40- With every step upwards, you're - following in the footsteps of kings.
0:29:41 > 0:29:47- Even for a man from Llanelli, who's - not loyal to any sovereignty...
0:29:47 > 0:29:50- ..the special ambience - is enchanting.
0:29:52 > 0:29:56- Perhaps in Blois, more so than in - any other castle in this series...
0:29:56 > 0:30:00- ..you can sense the spirits - of a golden era.
0:30:02 > 0:30:07- For me, every building around the - large court is perfect in itself.
0:30:08 > 0:30:12- They add to - the magic of the entire place.
0:30:12 > 0:30:16- Monsieur le Directeur is, of course, - happy to agree with me.
0:30:17 > 0:30:20- For me, it's a huge privilege - to be working at Blois.
0:30:21 > 0:30:28- It combines history and architecture - and houses rare collections.
0:30:28 > 0:30:31- But it's also a chateau - with a life of its own.
0:30:31 > 0:30:37- A home for the Duke, the King and - Queen of France for over a century.
0:30:37 > 0:30:40- Their presence - is still felt within these walls.
0:30:40 > 0:30:44- There are magical moments - to be had in this chateau...
0:30:44 > 0:30:47- ..especially at night - when the visitors have gone.
0:30:47 > 0:30:52- You can sense the presence - of all its inhabitants...
0:30:53 > 0:30:55- ..as if they've - left part of their souls behind.
0:30:56 > 0:31:01- In Blois' walls, we can see - the ebb and flow of French history.
0:31:01 > 0:31:05- The rise and fall - of several royal dynasties.
0:31:07 > 0:31:11- But if this is a story - about adaptation and renewal...
0:31:11 > 0:31:15- ..another of Europe's - most famous castles...
0:31:15 > 0:31:19- ..has been home to a remarkable - continuity across the centuries.
0:31:23 > 0:31:25- In Germany...
0:31:25 > 0:31:30- ..Burg Eltz has been home - to one family for 33 generations.
0:31:30 > 0:31:33- And what a castle it is.
0:31:33 > 0:31:35- The foundations of Burg Eltz...
0:31:36 > 0:31:39- ..stand on top of - a narrow column of natural rock...
0:31:40 > 0:31:45- ..which rises 70 metres - from Elzbach's riverbed below.
0:31:45 > 0:31:48- With no lateral floor space - to build on...
0:31:49 > 0:31:51- ..one had to build vertically.
0:31:51 > 0:31:54- That's precisely - what the builders did.
0:31:54 > 0:31:58- It's eight storeys tall - with towers...
0:31:58 > 0:32:00- ..soaring 40 metres above the rock.
0:32:02 > 0:32:07- It's no wonder that thousands of - visitors come here daily to marvel.
0:32:07 > 0:32:10- But people also live here...
0:32:10 > 0:32:13- ..and have done so - since the Middle Ages.
0:32:13 > 0:32:18- Three branches of the same family - share ownership.
0:32:18 > 0:32:20- A set-up unique to Germany.
0:32:20 > 0:32:24- The German name for it - is Ganerbenburg.
0:32:24 > 0:32:27- A castle - owned by a community of joint heirs.
0:32:27 > 0:32:31- The three branches - gave their names...
0:32:31 > 0:32:34- ..to three separate living spaces - inside the castle.
0:32:35 > 0:32:38- The Rubenach, - the Rodendorf and the Kempenich.
0:32:38 > 0:32:42- Scientific tests - on the living rooms' timber...
0:32:42 > 0:32:47- ..are a source of pride for Karl, - the current duke.
0:32:47 > 0:32:52- The latest tests - have brought us exciting results.
0:32:52 > 0:32:57- Every part of Burg Eltz - is older than we had suspected.
0:32:57 > 0:33:02- Rodendorf House doesn't date back - to 1560, as we earlier thought...
0:33:02 > 0:33:05- ..but to 1290.
0:33:06 > 0:33:10- Kempenich House, where we're sitting - now, doesn't date from 1400...
0:33:11 > 0:33:12- ..but from 1290.
0:33:13 > 0:33:18- The beautiful Rubenach House - doesn't date back to 1470...
0:33:18 > 0:33:21- ..as the paint on the wall suggests, - but to 1311.
0:33:21 > 0:33:26- Burg Eltz is older than that. - We have to rewrite its history.
0:33:27 > 0:33:29- As in every family...
0:33:29 > 0:33:32- ..understanding - and compromise were required.
0:33:33 > 0:33:38- In the Knights' Hall, three branches - of the family would convene...
0:33:38 > 0:33:41- ..to sit and discuss.
0:33:41 > 0:33:47- That way, the family - remained united against any enemy...
0:33:47 > 0:33:51- ..during the turbulent centuries - of the German Middle Ages.
0:33:55 > 0:33:59- Burg Eltz' stability is astounding.
0:33:59 > 0:34:05- But maintaining ancient buildings - requires huge money and effort.
0:34:07 > 0:34:10- The family is now supported...
0:34:10 > 0:34:13- ..by the state.
0:34:13 > 0:34:16- Upholding tradition - is left to the present generation...
0:34:17 > 0:34:19- ..who protect ancient customs.
0:34:19 > 0:34:23- Of course it's a burden - to maintain a house like this.
0:34:24 > 0:34:27- It's a huge responsibility - for the family, the public...
0:34:27 > 0:34:29- ..and even for myself.
0:34:30 > 0:34:37- It was made clear from childhood - that I'd have to manage the upkeep.
0:34:37 > 0:34:45- But the hard work is very rewarding - because it's such a beautiful house.
0:34:46 > 0:34:53- I'm a happy man instead of one - who carries a huge burden.
0:34:56 > 0:35:00- The walls of Burg Eltz - protects a unique continuity.
0:35:04 > 0:35:08- Every visitor gets a rare glimpse - of a bygone age.
0:35:08 > 0:35:11- A tradition that has disappeared...
0:35:11 > 0:35:16- ..as the age of the castle - turned into an industrial era.
0:35:17 > 0:35:21- There would be little room for decor - in the new mechanical age.
0:35:23 > 0:35:24- .
0:35:27 > 0:35:27- Subtitles
0:35:27 > 0:35:29- Subtitles- - Subtitles
0:35:29 > 0:35:33- In today's world, the castle - is more popular than ever.
0:35:34 > 0:35:36- However, over the past 250 years...
0:35:37 > 0:35:41- ..it's faced - a constant battle to hold its own.
0:35:48 > 0:35:52- The Industrial Revolution, - revolution being the apt word.
0:35:52 > 0:35:57- Water power and steam power, - new machines and devices.
0:35:58 > 0:36:00- There was change - in every aspect of life.
0:36:01 > 0:36:05- A new mechanical age, consuming - raw material and minerals...
0:36:05 > 0:36:09- ..and spewing out - more and more produce.
0:36:13 > 0:36:16- New structures - were being erected everywhere.
0:36:19 > 0:36:23- Structures that made the castle - appear old fashioned.
0:36:26 > 0:36:28- Socially, politically...
0:36:29 > 0:36:31- ..economically and militarily...
0:36:31 > 0:36:36- ..in every instance, people believed - the age of the castle was over.
0:36:39 > 0:36:42- But the change - led to unexpected results.
0:36:45 > 0:36:49- Not everyone benefited - from the new industries.
0:36:49 > 0:36:53- But for many, - it brought untold wealth.
0:36:56 > 0:36:59- Some yearned - to emulate the barons of old...
0:37:00 > 0:37:01- ..and live in a castle.
0:37:05 > 0:37:09- In North Wales, thanks to - the flourishing slate industry...
0:37:09 > 0:37:15- ..Baron Penrhyn amassed a fortune - to turn a fantasy into a reality.
0:37:23 > 0:37:26- On the back - of the quarrymen's labour...
0:37:26 > 0:37:28- ..the baron built a new castle.
0:37:29 > 0:37:32- This was a quaint house - in which he could welcome friends...
0:37:33 > 0:37:35- ..and boast about his generosity.
0:37:37 > 0:37:40- For the castle, therefore, - the Victorian era...
0:37:40 > 0:37:43- ..turned into the Renaissance era.
0:37:47 > 0:37:51- Penrhyn Castle - was decadent and luxurious.
0:37:51 > 0:37:55- But in order to see style - at its most lavish...
0:37:55 > 0:37:58- ..one must travel - to the other end of the country.
0:38:02 > 0:38:04- By the turn of the 20th century...
0:38:05 > 0:38:09- ..Cardiff was exporting more coal - than anywhere else in the world.
0:38:09 > 0:38:14- The docks belonged to - the Second Marquess of Bute.
0:38:18 > 0:38:21- His family had acquired - large estates in South Wales.
0:38:22 > 0:38:27- He set about restoring the - ancient castle in Cardiff as a home.
0:38:28 > 0:38:33- The Bute family's wealth soared - on the floor of the Coal Exchange...
0:38:33 > 0:38:35- ..in Cardiff's docklands.
0:38:36 > 0:38:41- It was here that businessmen - negotiated a price for coal exports.
0:38:41 > 0:38:46- Legend has it that one of them - signed a cheque for 1 million.
0:38:46 > 0:38:49- It was the first time - it had ever happened.
0:38:52 > 0:38:54- When King Coal was at its peak...
0:38:54 > 0:38:57- ..250,000 miners - worked underground in Wales.
0:38:58 > 0:39:02- None of the poor dabs - had the money to restore a castle.
0:39:02 > 0:39:06- But each dram of coal they filled - made someone rich.
0:39:09 > 0:39:14- When John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, - the 3rd Marquess of Bute...
0:39:14 > 0:39:17- ..inherited the family's fortune...
0:39:17 > 0:39:20- ..he decorated Cardiff Castle - in his own taste.
0:39:23 > 0:39:28- In a modernising age, - he was a man who embraced antiquity.
0:39:33 > 0:39:37- Restoring a castle - was a huge project.
0:39:37 > 0:39:41- But one residence - wasn't enough for Bute.
0:39:41 > 0:39:47- He brought architect William Burges - to Castell Coch, near Cardiff.
0:39:47 > 0:39:50- He asked him - to transform that one too.
0:39:52 > 0:39:56- Bute was his paymaster, so Burges - had no reason to hold back.
0:39:56 > 0:39:59- He had free rein.
0:40:01 > 0:40:04- Bute and Burges - took the hard labour...
0:40:04 > 0:40:09- ..of thousands - and thousands of workers...
0:40:09 > 0:40:12- ..here in the coalfields...
0:40:12 > 0:40:16- ..and turned it into - an architectural fantasy.
0:40:17 > 0:40:21- They had no reason to be concerned - about the castle's defences.
0:40:21 > 0:40:25- The chief concern - was its decorative beauty.
0:40:27 > 0:40:30- It was the dawning of a new age.
0:40:31 > 0:40:35- The main focus was on decoration.
0:40:36 > 0:40:38- Lavish rooms like this...
0:40:38 > 0:40:42- ..were full of intricate, - complex and rich designs.
0:40:42 > 0:40:46- Their only purpose - was to be pleasing on the eye.
0:40:48 > 0:40:53- Nobody knows how much coal - needed to be exported...
0:40:53 > 0:40:55- ..to pay for Castell Coch.
0:40:55 > 0:40:59- Perhaps it was better that - the colliers didn't know the cost.
0:41:03 > 0:41:06- As they were finishing - their night shift...
0:41:06 > 0:41:11- ..Bute and his lady might've been - waking up in this astounding bed.
0:41:15 > 0:41:18- Except that they very rarely did.
0:41:18 > 0:41:21- For all the money they spent...
0:41:21 > 0:41:24- ..there's no evidence - that the Butes...
0:41:24 > 0:41:27- ..slept for more than - a couple of nights here.
0:41:27 > 0:41:33- Perhaps they feared they'd - take the shine off the wash basin.
0:41:39 > 0:41:43- Of course, the Marquess had the use - of another castle in the area.
0:41:43 > 0:41:47- One must go to the city - to reach that one.
0:41:53 > 0:41:56- Here too, Bute asked Burges...
0:41:56 > 0:42:01- ..to dress his industrial wealth - in clothes of medieval splendour.
0:42:05 > 0:42:09- It's a palace of wonders, - a temple of romance.
0:42:13 > 0:42:18- It's an exquisite new version - of the past that never existed.
0:42:29 > 0:42:33- Ultimately, it was built on - the blood and sweat of the miners.
0:42:37 > 0:42:42- Now, the NATO chiefs have - an opportunity to admire the decor.
0:42:43 > 0:42:46- Where once the lords feasted...
0:42:46 > 0:42:49- ..world leaders - now sit down together.
0:42:50 > 0:42:56- Once again, the castle - is the seat of military might...
0:42:56 > 0:42:59- ..and generous hospitality.
0:43:03 > 0:43:08- In this series we've seen the castle - develop across the centuries...
0:43:09 > 0:43:11- ..from the viewpoint of the Welsh.
0:43:11 > 0:43:16- From the early days of the motte and - bailey and the square Norman keep...
0:43:17 > 0:43:20- ..the castle was important to Wales - and Wales to the castle.
0:43:22 > 0:43:26- It took Caerphilly Castle - and protective strategy...
0:43:26 > 0:43:29- ..to a whole new level.
0:43:29 > 0:43:33- It was the first castle in Britain - defended by walls within walls.
0:43:35 > 0:43:38- Edward I built a ring of castles...
0:43:38 > 0:43:41- ..that were even more oppressive.
0:43:41 > 0:43:46- According to historical evidence, - the Welsh response was complex.
0:43:46 > 0:43:49- The poets - weren't completely negative.
0:43:49 > 0:43:53- To them, the castle - was a symbol of might, of power...
0:43:54 > 0:43:55- ..and of ability.
0:43:56 > 0:43:59- Often, the castle - was used in a positive way.
0:43:59 > 0:44:03- The Eagle Tower at Caernarfon Castle - is often used...
0:44:03 > 0:44:06- ..to describe powerful noblemen.
0:44:06 > 0:44:10- If they were likened to Eagle Tower, - they were above others.
0:44:10 > 0:44:13- They had more influence and power.
0:44:13 > 0:44:16- Mixed feelings still exist.
0:44:16 > 0:44:18- They're very popular.
0:44:19 > 0:44:22- They're the main - tourist attraction in North Wales...
0:44:23 > 0:44:27- ..which is ironic, considering - they're a symbol of conquest.
0:44:27 > 0:44:30- I think castles are quite comical.
0:44:30 > 0:44:33- Everyone shops in Caernarfon town...
0:44:33 > 0:44:37- ..where a medieval castle - overshadows the high street.
0:44:40 > 0:44:42- This is the heart - of our capital city.
0:44:43 > 0:44:46- There's no avoiding - this castle either.
0:44:46 > 0:44:49- But are we willing - to accept the Normans' buildings...
0:44:50 > 0:44:54- ..as an image of Wales - to be promoted throughout the world?
0:44:54 > 0:44:58- These days, when the Old Enemy - comes to Cardiff...
0:44:58 > 0:45:01- ..the battle - is on the playing field.
0:45:01 > 0:45:05- Are we completely comfortable - laying claim to rugby...
0:45:05 > 0:45:10- ..a game that originated in English - public schools as our national game?
0:45:11 > 0:45:13- Perhaps - there's a lesson to be learnt.
0:45:13 > 0:45:15- If ever there was a time...
0:45:15 > 0:45:20- ..when castles were a symbol - of oppression and authority...
0:45:20 > 0:45:25- ..these days, they're a symbol - of Wales and are famous globally.
0:45:26 > 0:45:30- Here, at Legoland, Windsor, - Caerphilly takes its place...
0:45:30 > 0:45:34- ..alongside the landmarks - of Paris, Amsterdam and London...
0:45:35 > 0:45:38- ..as icons familiar to us all.
0:45:41 > 0:45:46- Walking around, it's obvious that - the castle's appeal hasn't waned...
0:45:46 > 0:45:50- ..especially - for the present generation.
0:45:50 > 0:45:53- For children, - the castle is important.
0:45:53 > 0:45:56- Something we can't afford to lose.
0:45:57 > 0:46:02- As a child, I loved going to - the beach and building sandcastles.
0:46:02 > 0:46:07- These days, children can build - entire castles from Lego bricks.
0:46:07 > 0:46:10- The castle - and the idea of a castle...
0:46:11 > 0:46:13- ..captures - the imagination of a child.
0:46:18 > 0:46:19- The magic of a bygone age.
0:46:20 > 0:46:23- It's a priceless gift - for the future.
0:46:25 > 0:46:28- Alun the Bear - is going on an adventure.
0:46:28 > 0:46:29- Where's he going?
0:46:29 > 0:46:31- Where's he going?- - He's going to the castle.
0:46:32 > 0:46:35- In a war, it's safer.
0:46:35 > 0:46:39- The wall's strong, - but perhaps it can break.
0:46:39 > 0:46:44- It keeps people like the queen safe.
0:46:49 > 0:46:53- Remembering its history, - it's little wonder...
0:46:53 > 0:46:55- ..that our response is mixed...
0:46:55 > 0:46:59- ..but for me, personally, - as a creative person...
0:46:59 > 0:47:04- ..I'm indebted to the castle, and - to Kidwelly Castle in particular.
0:47:06 > 0:47:09- This is - where I'd come to play as a child.
0:47:09 > 0:47:13- Since I had a Norman name, Gower, - though I'm a Welshman...
0:47:13 > 0:47:15- ..I had complex feelings.
0:47:16 > 0:47:18- Then again, the castle is complex.
0:47:18 > 0:47:21- It's a fortress, a court, - a family home...
0:47:21 > 0:47:24- ..and a centre - of power and influence.
0:47:24 > 0:47:26- One thing's for sure.
0:47:26 > 0:47:31- The castle is a powerful symbol - that has existed for 1,000 years...
0:47:31 > 0:47:35- ..and will remain part of Welsh - history for another 1,000 years.
0:48:05 > 0:48:07- S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.
0:48:07 > 0:48:07- .