0:00:06 > 0:00:07When it comes to our health,
0:00:07 > 0:00:12it seems everyone has an opinion and everyone has an agenda.
0:00:12 > 0:00:14So what's the health advice you can really trust?
0:00:18 > 0:00:20We're here to weigh up the evidence
0:00:20 > 0:00:23and use our expertise to guide you
0:00:23 > 0:00:27through the contradictions and the confusions.
0:00:30 > 0:00:32We do the research no-one else has done...
0:00:34 > 0:00:37..and put your health at the heart of what we do...
0:00:38 > 0:00:41..to ensure you get the information you need.
0:00:46 > 0:00:49We're here when you want to know the latest findings
0:00:49 > 0:00:51and not just the latest fads.
0:00:54 > 0:00:55I'm Michael Mosley.
0:00:55 > 0:00:57In this series I'm joined by a team of doctors.
0:00:59 > 0:01:02Together, we'll cut through the hype, the headlines
0:01:02 > 0:01:04and the health claims.
0:01:04 > 0:01:07This is Trust Me I'm A Doctor.
0:01:13 > 0:01:16Hello and welcome to a new series of Trust Me I'm A Doctor.
0:01:16 > 0:01:18This time, we're coming from Nottingham
0:01:18 > 0:01:22because the university is helping us run a really interesting experiment
0:01:22 > 0:01:24to see which is the quickest and most effective way
0:01:24 > 0:01:26to get fit and healthy.
0:01:27 > 0:01:31We'll also be asking which fabrics make you sweat and smell more.
0:01:31 > 0:01:33Bury your face right in there.
0:01:33 > 0:01:36With the NHS set to change guidelines
0:01:36 > 0:01:39on the use of acupuncture, we ask once and for all,
0:01:39 > 0:01:40does it really work?
0:01:41 > 0:01:44Do all bangs on the head need medical attention?
0:01:46 > 0:01:48As antibiotics become less effective,
0:01:48 > 0:01:51could this fridge contain a surprising answer?
0:01:51 > 0:01:54And can you really trust home fitness monitors?
0:01:54 > 0:01:56Woo!
0:01:56 > 0:01:57But first...
0:01:57 > 0:02:00The government recommends that we do at least 150 minutes
0:02:00 > 0:02:03of moderate-intensity exercise every week.
0:02:03 > 0:02:06But frankly, a lot of us struggle to make the time.
0:02:06 > 0:02:08So Dr Chris van Tulleken
0:02:08 > 0:02:11has been working with the University of Nottingham
0:02:11 > 0:02:14to test approaches which promise similar benefits,
0:02:14 > 0:02:17maybe even greater benefits, in just a few minutes a week.
0:02:19 > 0:02:23We're all looking for shortcuts to getting fit and healthy.
0:02:23 > 0:02:26And where exercise is concerned, the most talked-about shortcut
0:02:26 > 0:02:30at the moment is high-intensity interval training, or HIIT.
0:02:34 > 0:02:38It involves alternating short bursts of intense exercise
0:02:38 > 0:02:41with brief recovery periods.
0:02:41 > 0:02:43The promise of high-intensity interval training
0:02:43 > 0:02:45is maximum impact in minimum time
0:02:45 > 0:02:48with lots of study showing it's actually better for you
0:02:48 > 0:02:50than longer forms of exercise.
0:02:50 > 0:02:53But most of the studies have been done on people
0:02:53 > 0:02:56using specialist exercise bikes in laboratory conditions.
0:02:56 > 0:02:59So we wanted to put it to the test in the real world.
0:02:59 > 0:03:02Can we make HIIT even more convenient by doing it at home?
0:03:04 > 0:03:06We've taken a group of 24 volunteers,
0:03:06 > 0:03:08aged between 40 and 60,
0:03:08 > 0:03:10who all have jobs and lifestyles
0:03:10 > 0:03:13that they describe as "pretty sedentary".
0:03:14 > 0:03:18We're breaking them into four groups and, over the next few weeks,
0:03:18 > 0:03:21each will undertake a different exercise regime.
0:03:21 > 0:03:24Our first group will follow the government guidelines.
0:03:24 > 0:03:28150 minutes each week of moderate physical activity.
0:03:28 > 0:03:30Enough to make you start to sweat,
0:03:30 > 0:03:34but during which you could still have a conversation
0:03:34 > 0:03:37and we're going to compare that with some exercise shortcuts.
0:03:37 > 0:03:39Unlike the moderate exercise team,
0:03:39 > 0:03:45who will be doing the recommended 150 minutes a week, they'll all do
0:03:45 > 0:03:46around 15 minutes.
0:03:46 > 0:03:51Firstly, two forms of high intensity interval training, or HIIT.
0:03:51 > 0:03:55One group is going to do HIIT on a special resistance bike in a lab.
0:03:56 > 0:03:59The next group have a HIIT regime with a twist.
0:03:59 > 0:04:01So the researchers at the University of Nottingham
0:04:01 > 0:04:04have designed a version that you guys can do at home.
0:04:04 > 0:04:07You're going to spend exactly the same amount of time
0:04:07 > 0:04:10as the guys doing the HIIT in the lab.
0:04:10 > 0:04:13But your periods of high intensity, of the hard work,
0:04:13 > 0:04:17are going to comprise exercises that don't need any specialist equipment.
0:04:17 > 0:04:22They're going to do star jumps, high knees and mountain climbers.
0:04:22 > 0:04:23Everyone's favourite!
0:04:23 > 0:04:25Get your feet wide.
0:04:25 > 0:04:27Get them out and back in.
0:04:27 > 0:04:31Both our lab and home HIIT groups will do three sessions a week,
0:04:31 > 0:04:35each including five bursts of intense exercise
0:04:35 > 0:04:37lasting just 60 seconds,
0:04:37 > 0:04:40alternating with 90-second rest periods.
0:04:40 > 0:04:42But for those of us not willing, or able,
0:04:42 > 0:04:44to do this kind of high-intensity exercise,
0:04:44 > 0:04:48we want to test whether you can get at least some of the benefits
0:04:48 > 0:04:50without even getting out of your chair.
0:04:50 > 0:04:54So for our final group, we've got the wild card entry.
0:04:54 > 0:04:55You guys are going to be doing something
0:04:55 > 0:04:57called grip strength dynamometry.
0:04:57 > 0:04:59That may sound fancy but it's very simple.
0:04:59 > 0:05:02All you have to do is squeeze a device like this.
0:05:02 > 0:05:06This is a new form of training with lots of potential,
0:05:06 > 0:05:08but it's still in the early stages of research.
0:05:08 > 0:05:11I'm particularly interested in seeing how you guys get along.
0:05:11 > 0:05:14Just like the other two interval training groups,
0:05:14 > 0:05:18they'll be doing their exercise in short, intense bursts,
0:05:18 > 0:05:20three times a week.
0:05:20 > 0:05:22But they only have to squeeze a grip strength meter,
0:05:22 > 0:05:26holding it for 30% of their maximum strength for two minutes,
0:05:26 > 0:05:29four times in a row, with a two-minute rest between each.
0:05:33 > 0:05:35Dr Beth Phillips from Nottingham University
0:05:35 > 0:05:38is overseeing all the groups in our experiment.
0:05:39 > 0:05:43So what's the theory behind this high-intensity training?
0:05:43 > 0:05:46Why is that brief period of intensity so important?
0:05:46 > 0:05:50There's still a lot of work going on trying to explore the mechanisms
0:05:50 > 0:05:52behind why HIIT has the effects that it does
0:05:52 > 0:05:55but we think the function of the mitochondria -
0:05:55 > 0:05:58that's the powerhouse of the cells - we think that improves.
0:05:58 > 0:06:01That improves our oxygen and our energy delivery.
0:06:01 > 0:06:04We think that the intensity of the high-intensity bouts,
0:06:04 > 0:06:06that improves our cardiorespiratory fitness.
0:06:06 > 0:06:08That is the function of our heart and lungs.
0:06:08 > 0:06:10Overall, we think these come together
0:06:10 > 0:06:12to give us all the benefits that HIIT does.
0:06:12 > 0:06:15There are lots of studies about the benefits of HIIT that have
0:06:15 > 0:06:17been done in labs like this, I guess,
0:06:17 > 0:06:19but what about home HIIT, do we know much about that?
0:06:19 > 0:06:23Well, as far as I'm aware, no study has ever looked at home HIIT.
0:06:23 > 0:06:25What we wanted to do was use everyday body weight actions
0:06:25 > 0:06:27and see if people could get the same benefits.
0:06:27 > 0:06:31What about the hand grip training? What's the theory behind that?
0:06:31 > 0:06:32There have been published papers
0:06:32 > 0:06:35that have shown that hand grip training can actually improve
0:06:35 > 0:06:37cardiovascular markers for health.
0:06:37 > 0:06:39Things like blood pressure, resting heart rate
0:06:39 > 0:06:42and also the amount of blood flow that flows through your arteries.
0:06:42 > 0:06:43Really? OK.
0:06:43 > 0:06:45That does sound almost too good to be true
0:06:45 > 0:06:47but we will find out, I guess.
0:06:48 > 0:06:49Before they started,
0:06:49 > 0:06:52our volunteers did what's called a VO2 max test
0:06:52 > 0:06:56to show how well their heart and lungs get oxygen around their body -
0:06:56 > 0:06:59a recognised measure of overall fitness.
0:07:00 > 0:07:03We also measured their blood pressure.
0:07:04 > 0:07:07And we'll be repeating those measurements after four weeks
0:07:07 > 0:07:10to see which of our exercise regimes has made a difference.
0:07:21 > 0:07:25Now we've always been told about foods that supposedly hold
0:07:25 > 0:07:27the key to good health.
0:07:27 > 0:07:30Headlines about one in particular have caused our mailbox
0:07:30 > 0:07:33to overflow with requests for us to investigate.
0:07:35 > 0:07:38Now apple cider vinegar is a traditional folk remedy,
0:07:38 > 0:07:41but in recent years, it's become increasingly popular
0:07:41 > 0:07:44because of a whole load of claims.
0:07:44 > 0:07:46It's claimed, for example, it may help with split ends,
0:07:46 > 0:07:48obesity, arthritis.
0:07:48 > 0:07:52The thing is that the European Food Safety Authority,
0:07:52 > 0:07:56who actually look at these claims, have yet to validate any of them.
0:07:56 > 0:08:01So what, if anything, is apple cider vinegar really good for?
0:08:02 > 0:08:04To help us put it to the test,
0:08:04 > 0:08:08we've teamed up with Dr James Brown from Aston University.
0:08:08 > 0:08:11He thinks there might be some science behind the hype.
0:08:11 > 0:08:13There is some evidence to suggest
0:08:13 > 0:08:15that there are a number of diseases which could benefit
0:08:15 > 0:08:17from consumption of apple cider vinegar.
0:08:17 > 0:08:20You're not entirely cynical? I'm not entirely cynical.
0:08:20 > 0:08:22I'm interested to see what data we get.
0:08:24 > 0:08:26James wants to test the claim that it might be good for
0:08:26 > 0:08:30controlling blood sugar levels and, therefore, type 2 diabetes.
0:08:32 > 0:08:36We've taken two groups of volunteers and asked them to eat bagels,
0:08:36 > 0:08:40containing a whopping 44g of carbohydrate.
0:08:41 > 0:08:44We measured their blood sugar levels before and after and,
0:08:44 > 0:08:48as James expected, the white bread gives them an unhealthily
0:08:48 > 0:08:50quick hit of sugar in the blood.
0:08:53 > 0:08:55The next day, we get them to eat more bagels,
0:08:55 > 0:08:58but this time they're taking a deleted shot
0:08:58 > 0:09:03of either cider vinegar or humdrum malt vinegar beforehand,
0:09:03 > 0:09:07and we measure their blood sugar levels once again.
0:09:07 > 0:09:09This should reveal whether any benefits
0:09:09 > 0:09:12are down to the vinegar bit, or the apple bit,
0:09:12 > 0:09:13of apple cider vinegar.
0:09:15 > 0:09:17It turns out in our study that the cider vinegar
0:09:17 > 0:09:21reduced the amount of sugar going into the blood by about 40%
0:09:21 > 0:09:23but the malt didn't.
0:09:24 > 0:09:28Were you surprised with it? I was. I was actually very surprised.
0:09:28 > 0:09:32There is data to suggest you would expect this in people
0:09:32 > 0:09:34who are at high risk of diabetes.
0:09:34 > 0:09:36This has been shown with vinegar drinks before.
0:09:36 > 0:09:39I'm not sure it's been shown in healthy volunteers, previously.
0:09:39 > 0:09:41This could be a first. Absolutely.
0:09:41 > 0:09:44I was delighted and nicely surprised to see this data.
0:09:50 > 0:09:53It's thought that the acid found in all vinegars may reduce
0:09:53 > 0:09:57the amount of sugar our bodies release from starch.
0:09:57 > 0:10:00This results in lower blood sugar after a meal
0:10:00 > 0:10:02which is healthier for us, in the short term.
0:10:02 > 0:10:06So could there be something in vinegar's long-term health claims?
0:10:06 > 0:10:10And is apple cider vinegar really better than malt?
0:10:12 > 0:10:15We've recruited three more groups of volunteers to help us find out.
0:10:15 > 0:10:19For eight weeks, the first group will take two tablespoons of
0:10:19 > 0:10:23dilute apple cider vinegar just before their two main meals.
0:10:24 > 0:10:28The second group will take dilute malt vinegar instead.
0:10:29 > 0:10:32The third group will take a placebo of coloured water.
0:10:33 > 0:10:37We want to find out whether the blood sugar-lowering effects
0:10:37 > 0:10:40of cider vinegar will actually improve our volunteers' health.
0:10:41 > 0:10:42So...
0:10:42 > 0:10:45We're weighing them, testing their blood fats,
0:10:45 > 0:10:47which are linked to heart disease,
0:10:47 > 0:10:50checking how well their bodies deal with sugar,
0:10:50 > 0:10:55linked to type 2 diabetes, and looking for any reduction in
0:10:55 > 0:10:58the markers of inflammation, which would be linked to claims
0:10:58 > 0:11:01that apple cider vinegar can help arthritis.
0:11:02 > 0:11:05If the results are the same for both vinegars,
0:11:05 > 0:11:09that suggests it's the acetic in all vinegars that having the effect.
0:11:11 > 0:11:15But could it be that cider vinegar has something extra,
0:11:15 > 0:11:18adding some of the famous good health benefits of apples.
0:11:20 > 0:11:24Two months later, and our volunteers have clearly been impressed.
0:11:25 > 0:11:28I think I ate slightly less
0:11:28 > 0:11:33and I didn't crave sweet, sweet food after a meal.
0:11:33 > 0:11:36I was quite satisfied to just have the meal.
0:11:36 > 0:11:38I found I had less aches and pains in my joints,
0:11:38 > 0:11:40especially after exercise.
0:11:41 > 0:11:46Anecdotal evidence is one thing but what did the data show?
0:11:46 > 0:11:49The first thing we looked at was body weight
0:11:49 > 0:11:52and I can tell you that none of you lost any weight.
0:11:52 > 0:11:54LAUGHTER
0:11:54 > 0:11:56Sorry!
0:11:58 > 0:12:02Disappointingly, the blood sugar and inflammation results also
0:12:02 > 0:12:04showed no change in any of our groups.
0:12:04 > 0:12:06Our study shows no likely benefits
0:12:06 > 0:12:10in terms of type 2 diabetes or arthritis.
0:12:11 > 0:12:14But what of our last test, the blood fats?
0:12:16 > 0:12:19So you'll also remember we looked at cholesterol.
0:12:19 > 0:12:21In our placebo group, sadly,
0:12:21 > 0:12:23no change in your cholesterol levels.
0:12:23 > 0:12:27In the malt vinegar group, no change in your cholesterol levels.
0:12:27 > 0:12:28GROANS
0:12:28 > 0:12:30But in the apple cider vinegar group,
0:12:30 > 0:12:33there was a 10% reduction in your total cholesterol.
0:12:33 > 0:12:36That's really important because bringing cholesterol levels down,
0:12:36 > 0:12:38even by a small amount, like 10%,
0:12:38 > 0:12:40can significantly reduce your chances
0:12:40 > 0:12:42of having a heart attack in the future.
0:12:42 > 0:12:45So we were really excited to see that finding.
0:12:48 > 0:12:51So while many of the claims around apple cider vinegar
0:12:51 > 0:12:53seem to be unfounded, unexpectedly,
0:12:53 > 0:12:55even our healthy volunteers saw
0:12:55 > 0:12:57a 10% reduction in cholesterol
0:12:57 > 0:13:00when taking dilute apple cider vinegar
0:13:00 > 0:13:02over just eight weeks.
0:13:03 > 0:13:05So...
0:13:05 > 0:13:07There was no effect with the malt vinegar group,
0:13:07 > 0:13:09suggests there is something special about apples.
0:13:09 > 0:13:11What do you think it might be?
0:13:11 > 0:13:15Apple cider vinegar has lots of different bioactive molecules
0:13:15 > 0:13:18which are found in apples and at least two of those molecules
0:13:18 > 0:13:21have been shown to have really beneficial effects.
0:13:21 > 0:13:25It's likely that there is a component of apples which is
0:13:25 > 0:13:27found in a concentrated form in apple cider vinegar
0:13:27 > 0:13:30which is giving us this impact on your cholesterol levels.
0:13:30 > 0:13:33An apple cider a day keeps your cholesterol at bay.
0:13:33 > 0:13:34LAUGHTER
0:13:36 > 0:13:39So a surprise finding all round.
0:13:39 > 0:13:42Apple cider vinegar is not a cure-all, but as we've seen,
0:13:42 > 0:13:45it may have some short-term health benefits,
0:13:45 > 0:13:48particularly in those who struggle with their blood sugar levels,
0:13:48 > 0:13:50and potentially some longer term benefits,
0:13:50 > 0:13:53particularly around the area of cholesterol.
0:13:53 > 0:13:55That said, however, there is a word of warning.
0:13:55 > 0:13:58This stuff is really acidic, so don't glug it down.
0:13:58 > 0:14:01Drink it diluted, or sparingly.
0:14:13 > 0:14:17Next up, surgeon Gabriel Weston is tracking down the answer
0:14:17 > 0:14:19to a particularly pungent problem.
0:14:22 > 0:14:24When we exercise, we sweat,
0:14:24 > 0:14:28and the resulting odour seems to permanently infiltrate
0:14:28 > 0:14:30certain gym clothes.
0:14:30 > 0:14:33It's often claimed that to avoid odour, we should wear cotton,
0:14:33 > 0:14:37yet most sports clothes are made of synthetic fabrics
0:14:37 > 0:14:39that claim to wick away sweat.
0:14:39 > 0:14:42So what's the truth?
0:14:42 > 0:14:45What's the best thing to wear if you don't want to get too sweaty
0:14:45 > 0:14:48and smelly when you exercise?
0:14:48 > 0:14:52Most of us tend to blame our sweat for unpleasant aromas
0:14:52 > 0:14:55but sweat itself doesn't actually smell.
0:14:55 > 0:14:58It's when it interacts with the bacteria that naturally occur
0:14:58 > 0:15:01on our skin that things get stinky.
0:15:01 > 0:15:05That's because bacteria feed on fats in our armpit sweat
0:15:05 > 0:15:07and this produces odour.
0:15:07 > 0:15:10So can our choice of clothing make a difference?
0:15:10 > 0:15:14Here at Trust Me, we're going to put some different fabrics
0:15:14 > 0:15:16through their paces.
0:15:16 > 0:15:19We want to see how they affect the way we sweat and find out,
0:15:19 > 0:15:22once and for all, which fabric packs the pongiest punch.
0:15:25 > 0:15:28We gathered a group of volunteers and asked them to work up
0:15:28 > 0:15:31a sweat in a high-intensity spin class.
0:15:32 > 0:15:36Half of them wore 100% cotton T-shirts,
0:15:36 > 0:15:39the other half wore 100% polyester.
0:15:39 > 0:15:41A week later, we asked them to repeat the experiment
0:15:41 > 0:15:43in the other T-shirt.
0:15:45 > 0:15:48We swabbed their armpits so that we could study the bacteria
0:15:48 > 0:15:52on their skin and we gathered up the T-shirts for analysis.
0:15:54 > 0:15:57The synthetic T-shirts did feel drier,
0:15:57 > 0:15:59whereas the cotton ones absorbed more sweat,
0:15:59 > 0:16:01but what about smell?
0:16:01 > 0:16:06These T-shirts have been festering for a full 48 hours,
0:16:06 > 0:16:09so it's time now to put them to the smell test.
0:16:12 > 0:16:16So we've got two sets of stinky, sweaty sports gear here
0:16:16 > 0:16:19and what I want you to do is to bury your face in it
0:16:19 > 0:16:23and tell me which of the two piles you think is most disgusting?
0:16:23 > 0:16:28The yellow cotton, or the blue polyester?
0:16:28 > 0:16:30The blue ones. Absolutely. Absolutely.
0:16:30 > 0:16:32I would say the blue ones. Would you?
0:16:32 > 0:16:34That one smells a bit worse.
0:16:34 > 0:16:35The blue one.
0:16:35 > 0:16:37Your face says it all there. Yeah.
0:16:37 > 0:16:39You made a face. That one's worse? Yeah
0:16:39 > 0:16:42I'd say that's more putrid.
0:16:42 > 0:16:43Tell me why?
0:16:43 > 0:16:45It's just got a more noticeable smell.
0:16:47 > 0:16:51Now our smell test wasn't exactly scientific but,
0:16:51 > 0:16:55believe it or not, real studies have been done on this and have concluded
0:16:55 > 0:17:00that synthetic fabrics are stinkier than cotton ones after exercise.
0:17:00 > 0:17:03So can the results of our experiment
0:17:03 > 0:17:05give us any clues as to why?
0:17:08 > 0:17:11Firstly, we sent our sweaty samples
0:17:11 > 0:17:14to Professor Andrew McBain and Dr Gavin Humphreys
0:17:14 > 0:17:18at the University of Manchester to see if the different fabrics
0:17:18 > 0:17:21affected our volunteers' armpit bacteria.
0:17:21 > 0:17:25When we'd had time to analyse the data,
0:17:25 > 0:17:28there was anywhere in the region of 100 to almost 300 different species
0:17:28 > 0:17:30in the armpits of some of these individuals. Wow.
0:17:30 > 0:17:32300 species!
0:17:32 > 0:17:34That's a huge amount.
0:17:34 > 0:17:37But there's one species in particular called Corynebacteria
0:17:37 > 0:17:40that is relevant to our study.
0:17:41 > 0:17:43Corynebacteria like fats
0:17:43 > 0:17:46and a lot of the metabolism that they do with those fats
0:17:46 > 0:17:49is associated with malodour and the production
0:17:49 > 0:17:52of these compounds that smell.
0:17:52 > 0:17:54What you do tend to see is in males,
0:17:54 > 0:17:58there is a higher abundance of Corynebacteria.
0:17:58 > 0:18:02So that explains possibly why male sweat smells more horrible
0:18:02 > 0:18:04than female sweat? Yes, possibly.
0:18:05 > 0:18:09So are these Corynebacteria getting onto our clothes and
0:18:09 > 0:18:11causing them to smell bad?
0:18:11 > 0:18:16So when we looked at bacterial transference from the armpit
0:18:16 > 0:18:19to the T-shirt material, we didn't actually see
0:18:19 > 0:18:24a difference between a T-shirt made out of natural or synthetic fibres.
0:18:24 > 0:18:28We also noted that we did not find Corynebacteria
0:18:28 > 0:18:30on the surface of the fabric.
0:18:30 > 0:18:33It could be because they're not transferring or they're not growing.
0:18:37 > 0:18:41So interestingly, it seems that the Corynebacteria that make
0:18:41 > 0:18:45our armpits smell aren't responsible for our stinky clothes.
0:18:45 > 0:18:49Instead, there's another reason, and it emerged from a study
0:18:49 > 0:18:52comparing a range of clothing materials.
0:18:53 > 0:18:59When researchers in Belgium analysed the bacteria on different fabrics,
0:18:59 > 0:19:04they found that a bacteria called Micrococcus grew in abundance
0:19:04 > 0:19:05on synthetic material.
0:19:05 > 0:19:09Now, Micrococcus doesn't generally live on the skin,
0:19:09 > 0:19:13nor did the research team find much of it on cotton.
0:19:13 > 0:19:15It seems to particularly enjoy
0:19:15 > 0:19:17the environment of synthetic material
0:19:17 > 0:19:21and it's a bacterium that's known to produce odour.
0:19:25 > 0:19:29And the longer bacteria are left, the more they will multiply,
0:19:29 > 0:19:33which means unwashed polyester clothes will keep getting stinkier.
0:19:34 > 0:19:37So which material should you choose for exercise?
0:19:38 > 0:19:44Smelly but dry synthetics, or sweet-smelling and soggy cottons?
0:19:47 > 0:19:50So it really depends on what you care most about,
0:19:50 > 0:19:53keeping dry or smelling fresh.
0:19:53 > 0:19:57In terms of personal hygiene, keeping dry is more important
0:19:57 > 0:20:01and certainly more comfortable when exercising.
0:20:01 > 0:20:04I'm going to be sticking to my sweat-wicking synthetic gear
0:20:04 > 0:20:08but perhaps making just a bit more effort not to let it fester
0:20:08 > 0:20:11at the bottom of my sports bag.
0:20:21 > 0:20:24On our website, you can send us the health questions
0:20:24 > 0:20:26that you'd most like to see answered.
0:20:31 > 0:20:35Is cranberry juice good for a urinary tract infection?
0:20:36 > 0:20:38Over to Dr Saleyha Ahsan.
0:20:40 > 0:20:45Many people suffer from urinary tract infections, or UTIs.
0:20:45 > 0:20:49In fact, half of all women will get one at some point in their life.
0:20:49 > 0:20:52The symptoms are pain around the lower back
0:20:52 > 0:20:55and just below the belly button,
0:20:55 > 0:20:57and there's a constant urge to pass urine,
0:20:57 > 0:20:59which can be really painful and stingy,
0:20:59 > 0:21:03and the urine itself could be quite cloudy.
0:21:03 > 0:21:06And if you're really unwell with it, you could get a fever.
0:21:07 > 0:21:11What's causing these symptoms is a bacterial infection that can
0:21:11 > 0:21:15affect the whole urinary system, including the bladder and kidneys.
0:21:15 > 0:21:17Thank you very much.
0:21:17 > 0:21:21The bacteria to blame are usually our own gut bacteria,
0:21:21 > 0:21:23often the famous E-coli.
0:21:25 > 0:21:26So a good way to prevent UTIs
0:21:26 > 0:21:29is simply to be careful when going to the loo.
0:21:31 > 0:21:34Wipe from front to back rather than the other way round.
0:21:36 > 0:21:40Some people still get frequent infections, and for them,
0:21:40 > 0:21:43cranberry juice is often recommended.
0:21:43 > 0:21:47That's because cranberries contain a particular type of chemical
0:21:47 > 0:21:49that's supposed to stop bacteria
0:21:49 > 0:21:52from getting to grips with your waterworks.
0:21:52 > 0:21:53But does it really work?
0:21:55 > 0:21:57The evidence isn't strong.
0:21:57 > 0:22:01Although some scientists believe that cranberry juice can help
0:22:01 > 0:22:02prevent recurring UTIs,
0:22:02 > 0:22:06many don't agree and drinking a lot of it can bring other problems.
0:22:10 > 0:22:12Raw cranberries tend to be sharp,
0:22:12 > 0:22:15so cranberry juice contains a lot of sugar.
0:22:15 > 0:22:19It's expensive and it has an important reaction
0:22:19 > 0:22:21with the blood-thinning drug warfarin,
0:22:21 > 0:22:22so you've got to be careful.
0:22:23 > 0:22:28So what are the alternatives? Well, if you've already got a UTI,
0:22:28 > 0:22:31then cranberry juice is not going to help.
0:22:31 > 0:22:35You're going to need antibiotics from your doctor to treat it.
0:22:35 > 0:22:37And if you're taking painkillers,
0:22:37 > 0:22:41avoid aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
0:22:41 > 0:22:46like Ibuprofen, as they can increase the risk of kidney problems.
0:22:46 > 0:22:48If you do suffer from recurrent infections
0:22:48 > 0:22:50and you want to try to prevent them,
0:22:50 > 0:22:54then you could speak to your doctor about a drug called Hiprex.
0:22:54 > 0:22:59Now, that works by making your urine hostile to the bacteria.
0:22:59 > 0:23:04Another thing that will help is emptying your bladder frequently.
0:23:04 > 0:23:06There's nothing wrong with trying cranberry juice,
0:23:06 > 0:23:09but the evidence for it is pretty weak,
0:23:09 > 0:23:12and just be wary about the amount of sugar that you'll be drinking.
0:23:21 > 0:23:25Earlier in the programme, we started an experiment to try and find
0:23:25 > 0:23:28the fastest and most effective way to get fit and healthy.
0:23:28 > 0:23:31But if you're doing it, how do you know whether it's working?
0:23:31 > 0:23:35Well, we've invited GP Dr Zoe Williams to test out
0:23:35 > 0:23:37a range of gadgets.
0:23:40 > 0:23:43There are dozens of consumer devices that aim to help us monitor
0:23:43 > 0:23:45our own health and fitness at home,
0:23:45 > 0:23:49with one in seven of us in the UK currently owning one.
0:23:49 > 0:23:51'But are they worth it?'
0:23:51 > 0:23:52Hi, everyone.
0:23:52 > 0:23:55So, I've got some fitness gadgets for us to try today.
0:23:55 > 0:23:58I've also got a chest strap heart monitor,
0:23:58 > 0:24:00so that's the gold standard.
0:24:00 > 0:24:03'The chest strap I have is a professional monitor that
0:24:03 > 0:24:07'works in a similar way to the machines we use in hospitals.'
0:24:07 > 0:24:11The chest strap actually measures the electrical current
0:24:11 > 0:24:13directly coming from the heart.
0:24:13 > 0:24:16'The common consumer wrist straps and phone apps, though,
0:24:16 > 0:24:19'use a completely different technique to measure your pulse.'
0:24:19 > 0:24:21They have little sensors that look at the blood vessels and
0:24:21 > 0:24:23actually monitor the change in colour,
0:24:23 > 0:24:26so as the blood vessels fill up with blood,
0:24:26 > 0:24:27and then it reduces again,
0:24:27 > 0:24:29they're actually checking that colour change
0:24:29 > 0:24:32and therefore counting your heart rate in that way.
0:24:32 > 0:24:35'It's really useful to know your heart rate. When you're at rest,
0:24:35 > 0:24:39'a healthy rate is anything from about 60 to 100 beats per minute.
0:24:41 > 0:24:43'When you're really pushing yourself,
0:24:43 > 0:24:46'it should definitely go above 100.
0:24:46 > 0:24:49'So are any of our consumer gadgets accurate enough
0:24:49 > 0:24:51'to get those readings right?
0:24:51 > 0:24:54'Some of the monitors seem suspiciously inaccurate.'
0:24:54 > 0:24:57Where are we up to? Please tell me it's over 100 at least.
0:24:57 > 0:24:58No, 86. Oh!
0:24:58 > 0:25:01It can't be working. THEY LAUGH
0:25:01 > 0:25:02Because, if I'm doing exercise
0:25:02 > 0:25:06that's getting me slightly out of breath, how can my heart rate...
0:25:06 > 0:25:07It's going down. Let me check.
0:25:07 > 0:25:09If I could just have a little feel there.
0:25:10 > 0:25:12Yeah, that's at least 100.
0:25:12 > 0:25:15I think the only way we can put these gadgets properly to the test
0:25:15 > 0:25:19is if we have one person wearing all of them at the same time
0:25:19 > 0:25:22and doing that exercise all over again.
0:25:22 > 0:25:23Any volunteers?
0:25:23 > 0:25:25Great, we've got loads of volunteers.
0:25:25 > 0:25:29'Each of us tries wearing the professional chest strap,
0:25:29 > 0:25:31'beaming its results to a device on one wrist...
0:25:33 > 0:25:35'..at the same time as two readily available
0:25:35 > 0:25:38'consumer heart rate monitors on the other wrist.
0:25:48 > 0:25:51'Can the wrist monitors help us accurately judge
0:25:51 > 0:25:52'the intensity of our exercise?
0:25:52 > 0:25:57'Your maximum heart rate is roughly 220 minus your age.'
0:25:57 > 0:26:00184 is my maximum heart rate, so...
0:26:00 > 0:26:02There's the challenge for you.
0:26:02 > 0:26:04SHE LAUGHS
0:26:04 > 0:26:06'For high-intensity exercise,
0:26:06 > 0:26:11'you should be aiming for at least 80% of your maximum heart rate.'
0:26:11 > 0:26:13How are you doing, Dr Zoe?
0:26:13 > 0:26:16Woo! 182.
0:26:16 > 0:26:18'But compared to that accurate chest strap reading,
0:26:18 > 0:26:20'the wrist devices are way off.'
0:26:20 > 0:26:2274.
0:26:22 > 0:26:24THEY LAUGH
0:26:24 > 0:26:27And...108.
0:26:28 > 0:26:31'So, to know in real-time how intense your exercise is
0:26:31 > 0:26:34'and how quickly your heart rate falls after it,
0:26:34 > 0:26:36'which is a key indicator of fitness,
0:26:36 > 0:26:39'then the wrist monitors we tested seemed too slow.'
0:26:40 > 0:26:43My heart rate on the chest monitor is now 163,
0:26:43 > 0:26:46still 102, and 72.
0:26:50 > 0:26:51'We found two potential problems
0:26:51 > 0:26:55'with using colour sensors to measure our pulse.'
0:26:55 > 0:26:57I think perhaps this is dark skin.
0:26:57 > 0:27:01Yeah, it could be. Because it didn't work at all for either of us. Yeah.
0:27:01 > 0:27:05'And they can be difficult to fit tightly enough on the wrist.'
0:27:05 > 0:27:06Look, that's quite a big gap there.
0:27:06 > 0:27:09I mean, how is it going to read accurately?
0:27:09 > 0:27:10And that's the tightest it goes?
0:27:10 > 0:27:14'So they're not great at telling you the intensity of your exercise
0:27:14 > 0:27:17'or even, it turns out, how much you're doing.
0:27:17 > 0:27:19'We tested step counters on phone apps,
0:27:19 > 0:27:23'chest straps and wrist devices by taking exactly 100 steps...'
0:27:26 > 0:27:29MUSIC: Theme from The Benny Hill Show
0:27:33 > 0:27:36'..several times, in different ways.'
0:27:43 > 0:27:46So I had 90... 130.
0:27:46 > 0:27:4993 and 92. 92.
0:27:49 > 0:27:5390 and 75. Mine was 78. Wow.
0:27:53 > 0:27:58I think what we can say is that a lot of these fitness devices
0:27:58 > 0:28:00are not that accurate.
0:28:00 > 0:28:02'And they are relatively expensive.'
0:28:02 > 0:28:04Before doing those experiments,
0:28:04 > 0:28:06I would have thought about buying one of these devices.
0:28:06 > 0:28:08I'll use the app that's already on my phone.
0:28:08 > 0:28:10I don't know how accurate they need to be.
0:28:10 > 0:28:11I mean, in terms of...
0:28:11 > 0:28:14If you're just a regular fitness enthusiast,
0:28:14 > 0:28:17does it need to be 100%?
0:28:17 > 0:28:19It's not serving the purpose of what
0:28:19 > 0:28:23you're actually buying it for, so for me, in the bin.
0:28:23 > 0:28:25Thank you all very much for being involved,
0:28:25 > 0:28:27and thank you for helping me reach my maximum heart rate.
0:28:27 > 0:28:31I'm not sure I've done that for a long time.
0:28:31 > 0:28:34Recently, legal action was started against manufacturers
0:28:34 > 0:28:37of some consumer heart rate monitors over their accuracy.
0:28:37 > 0:28:39So my advice is, give them a go,
0:28:39 > 0:28:42but take the readings with quite a large pinch of salt.
0:28:42 > 0:28:45To be honest, whilst these gadgets can give you a rough guide and
0:28:45 > 0:28:47a little bit of inspiration,
0:28:47 > 0:28:50when it comes to measuring your heart rate for your health,
0:28:50 > 0:28:52I'd say the cheapest way, and the easiest way,
0:28:52 > 0:28:55is just put two fingers on your pulse,
0:28:55 > 0:28:58use a watch and count the beats per minute yourself.
0:28:58 > 0:29:00As always, there's more information on the website...
0:29:11 > 0:29:13Still to come...
0:29:13 > 0:29:17With more of us suffering anxiety, how do you deal with panic attacks?
0:29:17 > 0:29:20And is there a shortcut to getting fit?
0:29:20 > 0:29:21The results of our big experiment.
0:29:21 > 0:29:23Which is enormous. That's huge, yeah.
0:29:23 > 0:29:25But first...
0:29:27 > 0:29:31We've all had a bang on the head or know someone else whose had one.
0:29:31 > 0:29:33It could be the result of falling off a bicycle
0:29:33 > 0:29:34or simply tripping over.
0:29:34 > 0:29:38But when can you safely ignore it and when should you see a doctor?
0:29:38 > 0:29:40Over to Saleyha.
0:29:43 > 0:29:47As an emergency medicine doctor, I see a steady stream of people
0:29:47 > 0:29:52coming through the hospital doors who've suffered a bang to the head.
0:29:52 > 0:29:56In fact, in the UK, over 400 people are admitted to hospital
0:29:56 > 0:29:58with head injuries every day.
0:29:58 > 0:30:02Some of these injuries are harmless, but others can cause damage
0:30:02 > 0:30:04to the brain, which could be life-threatening.
0:30:04 > 0:30:07The most common injury to the brain is concussion,
0:30:07 > 0:30:10which leads to a temporary disruption
0:30:10 > 0:30:12in the brain's ability to function.
0:30:12 > 0:30:14It can happen to anyone,
0:30:14 > 0:30:17but a lot of what we know about it comes from the world of sport.
0:30:19 > 0:30:23Because of the concussion risk that activities like football,
0:30:23 > 0:30:27rugby and boxing have, these sports have found themselves
0:30:27 > 0:30:31at the cutting edge of concussion research and treatment.
0:30:31 > 0:30:33And the measures that they are now taking
0:30:33 > 0:30:36are something we can all learn from.
0:30:36 > 0:30:38A new set of national guidelines
0:30:38 > 0:30:42on concussion management in grassroots sport
0:30:42 > 0:30:43are in use in Scotland,
0:30:43 > 0:30:48so I've come to Currie Rugby Club near Edinburgh to find out more.
0:30:48 > 0:30:51The players here are no strangers to head injuries.
0:30:51 > 0:30:54My head had gone into someone's thigh during the tackle
0:30:54 > 0:30:55and I'd lost consciousness.
0:30:55 > 0:30:59And then the coaches ran on checking I was all right. I was a bit dazed.
0:30:59 > 0:31:02I didn't really know what was going on so much.
0:31:02 > 0:31:04Lewis, what about you? What happened to you?
0:31:04 > 0:31:07I thought I was in for the try and I put my head down
0:31:07 > 0:31:10and a boy came straight across the front of me,
0:31:10 > 0:31:13hit the side of my face and I just...
0:31:13 > 0:31:17There was a big flash and then I remember waking up on the ground.
0:31:17 > 0:31:20And how did you feel? What can you remember from that time?
0:31:20 > 0:31:22How your head felt, how you felt?
0:31:22 > 0:31:27I felt extremely dizzy and then it turned into, like, a sickly feeling.
0:31:27 > 0:31:31But that didn't last for too long. That must have been a day or two.
0:31:32 > 0:31:36These are clear cases of concussion, but it's important to know
0:31:36 > 0:31:40that concussion isn't always caused by a bang to the head.
0:31:40 > 0:31:43It can also happen due to impacts to the upper body
0:31:43 > 0:31:45or a sudden movement, like whiplash.
0:31:45 > 0:31:48And you don't have to be knocked out.
0:31:48 > 0:31:52Only 10% of concussed patients lose consciousness.
0:31:52 > 0:31:55In most cases, the signs are more subtle,
0:31:55 > 0:31:58as team medic Karen knows only too well.
0:31:58 > 0:32:02The kind of things you might see are if somebody's slow to get up,
0:32:02 > 0:32:05they might be holding their head, clutching their head.
0:32:05 > 0:32:07They may be unsteady on their feet, stagger a little bit,
0:32:07 > 0:32:10or they might just look a bit, kind of, vacant and dazed.
0:32:13 > 0:32:15These symptoms can take up to two days
0:32:15 > 0:32:18after the initial injury to show.
0:32:18 > 0:32:20So if a person's had a bang to the head,
0:32:20 > 0:32:24you really need to watch them quite carefully over this period of time.
0:32:24 > 0:32:28And stay on the lookout for signs of a more serious head injury.
0:32:28 > 0:32:31With worrying signs and symptoms, obviously we're suspicious
0:32:31 > 0:32:33that there might be a more significant head injury.
0:32:33 > 0:32:36So that's, you know, loss of consciousness at all,
0:32:36 > 0:32:41repeated vomiting, really unsteady, symptoms getting worse,
0:32:41 > 0:32:44a headache that gets worse rather than better with time.
0:32:45 > 0:32:47Whether you're a sportsperson or not,
0:32:47 > 0:32:50if you develop any of the more serious symptoms after a concussion,
0:32:50 > 0:32:53then you do need to come and see us in A
0:32:53 > 0:32:55cos we might need to do some further tests.
0:32:57 > 0:33:01If someone does have concussion, the best treatment is rest,
0:33:01 > 0:33:03for both the body and the brain.
0:33:03 > 0:33:07This means avoiding any demanding activity, including work,
0:33:07 > 0:33:11sport, driving and even reading or texting.
0:33:11 > 0:33:13It's also dangerous to drink alcohol
0:33:13 > 0:33:16and the advice in the guidelines here in Scotland
0:33:16 > 0:33:18is that you should only return to everyday life
0:33:18 > 0:33:20when you're free of all symptoms.
0:33:20 > 0:33:25Symptoms that we're looking out for are headache, pressure in head,
0:33:25 > 0:33:27neck pain, nausea or vomiting,
0:33:27 > 0:33:30dizziness, blurred vision...
0:33:30 > 0:33:33We're looking to make sure their brain function is back to normal.
0:33:33 > 0:33:35Concussion is a disruption of how your brain works.
0:33:35 > 0:33:38We want to make sure that your brain is working as it was.
0:33:38 > 0:33:40We're looking for kind of balance testing,
0:33:40 > 0:33:42just to make sure the balance is back to normal.
0:33:42 > 0:33:44Perfect. OK.
0:33:44 > 0:33:47How can that translate to people outside of this arena?
0:33:47 > 0:33:50Well, some of the questions we do are, you know,
0:33:50 > 0:33:52you could ask them of anyone.
0:33:52 > 0:33:55So things like your name, date of birth, your address.
0:33:55 > 0:33:58If you're looking at kids, what's your teacher's name,
0:33:58 > 0:34:03you know, what subject did you study yesterday or the last lesson?
0:34:03 > 0:34:05That kind of thing.
0:34:05 > 0:34:08The overriding message from the guidelines here is
0:34:08 > 0:34:10if in doubt, sit them out,
0:34:10 > 0:34:14and that can be applied to any of us in any situation.
0:34:14 > 0:34:18If you are worried about a head injury, look for the red flags.
0:34:18 > 0:34:22Things like visual disturbance, memory loss,
0:34:22 > 0:34:25confusion and loss of consciousness.
0:34:25 > 0:34:27If the symptoms get worse,
0:34:27 > 0:34:30then you need to seek medical advice immediately.
0:34:39 > 0:34:40It seems as if every day,
0:34:40 > 0:34:43we read about so-called alternative therapies
0:34:43 > 0:34:46that claim to do things like relieve pain,
0:34:46 > 0:34:50cure addiction or improve our mental health.
0:34:50 > 0:34:53But which, if any of them, really help?
0:34:54 > 0:34:57This time, we're looking at acupuncture.
0:34:57 > 0:34:59Now, fans of acupuncture have claimed it can be used
0:34:59 > 0:35:01to treat a whole range of things,
0:35:01 > 0:35:05from pain to headaches, even infertility.
0:35:05 > 0:35:08But although it's been around for thousands of years,
0:35:08 > 0:35:11other people are deeply sceptical.
0:35:12 > 0:35:15Acupuncture uses thin needles to pierce the skin
0:35:15 > 0:35:17at specific points on the body.
0:35:17 > 0:35:21But new NHS guidelines due in the near future
0:35:21 > 0:35:23are expected to withdraw approval
0:35:23 > 0:35:27for its use in lower back pain because of lack of evidence.
0:35:27 > 0:35:30So I want to get to the truth and decide...
0:35:30 > 0:35:33Should I try acupuncture?
0:35:33 > 0:35:34# Let's go, baby. #
0:35:37 > 0:35:41I'm going to start by trying acupuncture for the first time.
0:35:41 > 0:35:43It's most commonly used for pain relief, but,
0:35:43 > 0:35:45as I currently have no pain,
0:35:45 > 0:35:47someone is going to inflict it on me.
0:35:47 > 0:35:49As soon as the pressure turns to pain,
0:35:49 > 0:35:51I want you to press the button. OK?
0:35:51 > 0:35:55Professor David Walsh from the University of Nottingham
0:35:55 > 0:35:58is an expert in the treatment of chronic pain.
0:35:58 > 0:36:02He is measuring my pain threshold, a classic way to study pain,
0:36:02 > 0:36:05because pain is complex.
0:36:06 > 0:36:09So there's an emotional component to all pain.
0:36:09 > 0:36:11So if not just what's going on in your knee,
0:36:11 > 0:36:12if you've got a painful knee,
0:36:12 > 0:36:15but the way that you understand what that pain means,
0:36:15 > 0:36:19your expectations about whether it's going to get better or not,
0:36:19 > 0:36:22whether your mood's low, whether you're feeling anxious,
0:36:22 > 0:36:25all those will affect the fact that you're experiencing pain.
0:36:25 > 0:36:29So, will acupuncture affect how I experience pain?
0:36:29 > 0:36:32Dr Mike Cummings is medical director
0:36:32 > 0:36:35of the British Medical Acupuncture Society.
0:36:37 > 0:36:41I first started using it in very acute muscle-pain-type conditions
0:36:41 > 0:36:44in the military and I saw instant effects on the end of a needle,
0:36:44 > 0:36:47and so it didn't take long of me using it - for a week or two -
0:36:47 > 0:36:50and I was convinced something was happening.
0:36:50 > 0:36:52I was really surprised, but convinced.
0:36:54 > 0:36:57Mike's going to perform two rounds of acupuncture on me.
0:36:57 > 0:37:01One with real needles and one with what's known as sham needles
0:37:01 > 0:37:03that don't actually puncture the skin.
0:37:05 > 0:37:07I have no idea which is which.
0:37:08 > 0:37:11After each one, David tests my pain threshold again.
0:37:13 > 0:37:15Yeah, felt that.
0:37:15 > 0:37:16I couldn't tell the difference between
0:37:16 > 0:37:19the sham acupuncture and the real acupuncture.
0:37:19 > 0:37:21I have absolutely no idea
0:37:21 > 0:37:24whether any of that made any difference to my pain threshold.
0:37:25 > 0:37:27But it's not over yet.
0:37:27 > 0:37:32Mike's also going to test a hi-tech version, electro-acupuncture.
0:37:32 > 0:37:35This time, a small current is passed between pairs of needles.
0:37:36 > 0:37:39Theoretically, the difference is that you can stimulate
0:37:39 > 0:37:42all nerve fibres in the vicinity, not just those that respond
0:37:42 > 0:37:44to the pressure of the needle.
0:37:44 > 0:37:46After all that prodding and piercing,
0:37:46 > 0:37:50has acupuncture actually had a measurable effect?
0:37:51 > 0:37:55Well, both acupuncture and electro-acupuncture seem to do
0:37:55 > 0:37:56what they promised.
0:37:56 > 0:37:59My pain threshold was higher after both.
0:37:59 > 0:38:01But interestingly, sham acupuncture
0:38:01 > 0:38:04was almost as effective as the real thing.
0:38:04 > 0:38:07They are all clearly doing something.
0:38:07 > 0:38:09There's all sorts of possible explanations.
0:38:09 > 0:38:11It might be the acupuncture that's changed things,
0:38:11 > 0:38:13it could be you were more relaxed.
0:38:13 > 0:38:15We can certainly say there was a big change. Yeah.
0:38:15 > 0:38:19You were tolerating, before you felt it as pain,
0:38:19 > 0:38:21twice the pressure at the end of the study
0:38:21 > 0:38:23as you were right at the beginning. Right.
0:38:23 > 0:38:25Well, that was certainly fascinating,
0:38:25 > 0:38:28but it was also just one small demonstration,
0:38:28 > 0:38:31So, what's the scientific consensus?
0:38:33 > 0:38:36I'm going to talk to Professor Asbjorn Hrobjartsson
0:38:36 > 0:38:38from the University of Southern Denmark.
0:38:38 > 0:38:39He's spent much of his career
0:38:39 > 0:38:42studying the effectiveness of acupuncture
0:38:42 > 0:38:44and so is perfectly placed to explain
0:38:44 > 0:38:47why the medical community is so sceptical.
0:38:47 > 0:38:50So, how many studies have been done looking at acupuncture?
0:38:50 > 0:38:52A lot of trials on acupuncture. Several thousand.
0:38:52 > 0:38:55Probably, I think, the estimate today
0:38:55 > 0:38:57would be 4,000, maybe 5,000 trials.
0:38:57 > 0:39:02Why do you think we still don't know after so many thousands of trials?
0:39:02 > 0:39:04The problem is a lot of these trials are small.
0:39:04 > 0:39:06They are preliminary trials.
0:39:06 > 0:39:10They're pilot trials, a lot of problems with them.
0:39:10 > 0:39:15If you look at the number of trials that are...good trials,
0:39:15 > 0:39:18high-quality trials, they are fewer.
0:39:18 > 0:39:21And when you look at those trials,
0:39:21 > 0:39:24there is a signal coming out that the pain reduction for those
0:39:24 > 0:39:27who have gotten acupuncture is slightly larger
0:39:27 > 0:39:31than the pain reduction of those who have got placebo,
0:39:31 > 0:39:32or sham acupuncture.
0:39:32 > 0:39:35It's roughly four or five millimetres
0:39:35 > 0:39:38measured on a 100-millimetre scale.
0:39:38 > 0:39:42And the debate is whether this small effect is small enough
0:39:42 > 0:39:44to be of clinical relevance to patients,
0:39:44 > 0:39:48and whether that effect is not a true effect,
0:39:48 > 0:39:52but a spill-over of imperfections in the trials done
0:39:52 > 0:39:55because it's very difficult to have sham acupuncture
0:39:55 > 0:39:58that is indistinguishable from a true acupuncture.
0:39:58 > 0:40:02And when you stick a needle in, you do see an effect.
0:40:02 > 0:40:06Doesn't that suggest to you that acupuncture is doing something?
0:40:06 > 0:40:08That would be highly implausible that you stick
0:40:08 > 0:40:10a needle into the body and nothing happens.
0:40:10 > 0:40:13The interesting question is,
0:40:13 > 0:40:17does that have a therapeutic effect on you as a person?
0:40:17 > 0:40:19And that is still, er...
0:40:19 > 0:40:25That is still unclear, even after hundreds and thousands of trials.
0:40:25 > 0:40:26What's the harm...
0:40:26 > 0:40:29I'm a doctor, a patient comes to see me with chronic back pain
0:40:29 > 0:40:32and I say, "Well, I'm going refer you to acupuncture".
0:40:32 > 0:40:34What's wrong with that?
0:40:34 > 0:40:38One issue is that we base our system on trust.
0:40:40 > 0:40:42So when I go to you as a doctor,
0:40:42 > 0:40:46I would assume that the interventions you recommend
0:40:46 > 0:40:48are based on good evidence.
0:40:48 > 0:40:53However, the second thing is that in a publicly funded system,
0:40:53 > 0:40:56good use of resources are important.
0:40:56 > 0:41:00It's not free to use money for acupuncture that could be
0:41:00 > 0:41:02used for things that we know work.
0:41:02 > 0:41:05Is there any evidence that electro-acupuncture
0:41:05 > 0:41:07is any more effective?
0:41:07 > 0:41:11There are studies or trials of electro-acupuncture that indicate
0:41:11 > 0:41:14that it might be more effective,
0:41:14 > 0:41:18but when you look at the trials done that actually randomise
0:41:18 > 0:41:21patients to electro-acupuncture and standard acupuncture,
0:41:21 > 0:41:22they find no real difference.
0:41:22 > 0:41:25Have you ever tried acupuncture, and would you?
0:41:25 > 0:41:27No, I have never tried acupuncture.
0:41:27 > 0:41:30I might do it for fun,
0:41:30 > 0:41:35but I think that the evidence to support that use is far too weak
0:41:35 > 0:41:39and I decide not to, but that's an individual decision.
0:41:44 > 0:41:46Asbjorn has looked at a lot of studies
0:41:46 > 0:41:48and is clearly very sceptical
0:41:48 > 0:41:50about the benefits of acupuncture.
0:41:50 > 0:41:52So, should I try it?
0:41:52 > 0:41:53Well, I think it depends.
0:41:53 > 0:41:56If I had problems with fertility or depression,
0:41:56 > 0:41:58then almost certainly not.
0:41:58 > 0:42:01On the other hand, if I had a chronic headache
0:42:01 > 0:42:03and I'd tried everything else and none of it worked,
0:42:03 > 0:42:06then I think I would certainly give it a go.
0:42:06 > 0:42:08As ever, there is more information
0:42:08 > 0:42:10available on our website.
0:42:18 > 0:42:20We've all heard about the problem of antibiotic resistance -
0:42:20 > 0:42:24the fact that so many bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant
0:42:24 > 0:42:26to all the medicines we can throw at them.
0:42:26 > 0:42:28There is, however, new hope
0:42:28 > 0:42:32coming from work done many years ago behind the Iron Curtain.
0:42:32 > 0:42:35Surgeon Gabriel Weston has been to Georgia
0:42:35 > 0:42:37in the former Soviet Union to investigate.
0:42:43 > 0:42:46For decades, we've been helping bacteria to develop resistance
0:42:46 > 0:42:50to antibiotics by taking these medicines when we don't need them
0:42:50 > 0:42:54and by failing to finish prescribed courses.
0:42:54 > 0:42:59Already, drug resistance kills over 700,000 people a year worldwide
0:42:59 > 0:43:03and it's forcing many to travel to Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia,
0:43:03 > 0:43:07where an alternative to antibiotics is available.
0:43:07 > 0:43:10Sophie has travelled here from France.
0:43:10 > 0:43:12She suffers from cystic fibrosis,
0:43:12 > 0:43:14which causes chronic lung infections
0:43:14 > 0:43:16which are no longer responding to antibiotics.
0:43:47 > 0:43:50But now Sophie has been offered new hope
0:43:50 > 0:43:53in the form of a 100-year-old therapy.
0:43:55 > 0:43:58The treatment that I've come to see here in Tbilisi
0:43:58 > 0:43:59is called phage therapy
0:43:59 > 0:44:03and involves using naturally occurring viruses
0:44:03 > 0:44:07called bacteriophages to fight infection.
0:44:07 > 0:44:10Now, these viruses were actually discovered about 100 years ago,
0:44:10 > 0:44:14but when antibiotics became popular in the 1950s,
0:44:14 > 0:44:17they were soon overshadowed and forgotten.
0:44:20 > 0:44:24But behind the iron curtain in Stalin's Soviet Republic,
0:44:24 > 0:44:26antibiotics were scarce.
0:44:26 > 0:44:29So scientists continued to use phages.
0:44:30 > 0:44:34And in 1923, a researcher named George Eliava
0:44:34 > 0:44:38founded an institute for bacteriophages here in Tbilisi.
0:44:43 > 0:44:47When the phages encounter bacteria, they latch on
0:44:47 > 0:44:51and inject their DNA inside the cell, where it reproduces.
0:44:51 > 0:44:54The new phages then burst through the cell walls
0:44:54 > 0:44:58and repeat the cycle until the infection is beaten.
0:45:03 > 0:45:05Sophie's treatment begins with doctors collecting a sample
0:45:05 > 0:45:09of bacteria so they can identify the types causing her infection.
0:45:11 > 0:45:13This is really important because,
0:45:13 > 0:45:16unlike with broad-spectrum antibiotics
0:45:16 > 0:45:19which kill a large number of bacteria,
0:45:19 > 0:45:23each bacteriophage kills just one strain or species.
0:45:23 > 0:45:28So it's really important that the doctors here figure out exactly
0:45:28 > 0:45:30which bacteria they're dealing with
0:45:30 > 0:45:32so they can find and develop a phage
0:45:32 > 0:45:35that will target that specific type.
0:45:37 > 0:45:41This crucial part of the process takes place in Eliava's phage labs,
0:45:41 > 0:45:45where they've learnt how to optimise the most effective phages.
0:45:45 > 0:45:49We've got a fresh bacteria on a Petri dish
0:45:49 > 0:45:52and we just pop different phages on this
0:45:52 > 0:45:55and then we incubate it overnight
0:45:55 > 0:45:59and check the result the next day, which looks like this.
0:45:59 > 0:46:04And where you get a clear spot, that's where it's working? Yes.
0:46:04 > 0:46:06Once a phage has been identified,
0:46:06 > 0:46:08the researchers begin the process of turning it into
0:46:08 > 0:46:10a treatment which can be drunk,
0:46:10 > 0:46:14inhaled or applied externally to target the problem precisely.
0:46:14 > 0:46:18The science of phage therapy is really specific.
0:46:18 > 0:46:21But by contrast, the range of clinical diseases
0:46:21 > 0:46:24that are being treated with phages is vast.
0:46:24 > 0:46:27This clinic is incredibly busy
0:46:27 > 0:46:30and notably, on each door,
0:46:30 > 0:46:32there are names of different specialties.
0:46:32 > 0:46:35And all of these clinic specialties are being treated right here,
0:46:35 > 0:46:38every day, with phages.
0:46:38 > 0:46:41Whether it's for ear or throat infections
0:46:41 > 0:46:42or infected burns and wounds,
0:46:42 > 0:46:46phages have been found to be effective,
0:46:46 > 0:46:48and one of the reasons behind this success
0:46:48 > 0:46:51is their sheer abundance and diversity.
0:46:53 > 0:46:56Here at the Eliava, they've been collecting phages for decades.
0:46:56 > 0:46:59In fact, some of these vials have been here since the 1930s.
0:47:01 > 0:47:04But even this is just a drop in the ocean.
0:47:04 > 0:47:06Bacteriophages are actually
0:47:06 > 0:47:10the most abundant life form on earth, with an estimated
0:47:10 > 0:47:1410 million trillion trillion of them.
0:47:14 > 0:47:17That's more than all the other organisms in the world,
0:47:17 > 0:47:20including bacteria, put together.
0:47:22 > 0:47:26So if bacteria evolved to resist a phage, the researchers
0:47:26 > 0:47:30can simply turn to their library or to nature to find another
0:47:30 > 0:47:33and they can help stop resistance developing in the first place
0:47:33 > 0:47:35by creating mixtures of phages
0:47:35 > 0:47:38to attack bacteria from different angles.
0:47:40 > 0:47:43This is one of the reasons why the director of the Eliava Institute,
0:47:43 > 0:47:48Mzia Kutateladze, believes that phages can play an important role.
0:47:49 > 0:47:52What do you see the future has for phage therapy?
0:47:52 > 0:47:56First of all, we can eradicate a lot of infectious diseases
0:47:56 > 0:48:00which we cannot treat by antibiotics today.
0:48:00 > 0:48:03And also, they can decrease the antibiotic resistance.
0:48:03 > 0:48:06This is a very, very important achievement.
0:48:07 > 0:48:11So together, combined usage of antibiotics and phages
0:48:11 > 0:48:15is really very effective and promising.
0:48:17 > 0:48:20Despite its success here in Georgia,
0:48:20 > 0:48:23phage therapy needs to be approved and regulated
0:48:23 > 0:48:25before it can be used in the West.
0:48:25 > 0:48:30But the good news is that clinical trials are now underway in Europe,
0:48:30 > 0:48:35so patients like Sophie might one day find the help they need at home.
0:48:56 > 0:48:58From my time here in Tbilisi,
0:48:58 > 0:49:01it's clear that phage therapy is going to play
0:49:01 > 0:49:04a really important role in our continuing fight
0:49:04 > 0:49:06against bacterial infection.
0:49:06 > 0:49:10After all, if we've learned anything from the antibiotic era,
0:49:10 > 0:49:13it's that we need as many weapons as possible in our arsenal
0:49:13 > 0:49:16to fight these superbugs.
0:49:16 > 0:49:20Maybe now, 100 years after they were first discovered,
0:49:20 > 0:49:23it's time we finally gave bacteriophages
0:49:23 > 0:49:25the attention they deserve.
0:49:32 > 0:49:34SNEEZE
0:49:34 > 0:49:37Now, when we talk about health, we often think about the body.
0:49:37 > 0:49:40But in fact, one in four of us will, at some point in our lives,
0:49:40 > 0:49:44suffer from a problem related to mental health.
0:49:44 > 0:49:46Now, I am fortunate I don't ever get depression,
0:49:46 > 0:49:48which is fantastically common,
0:49:48 > 0:49:53but I do experience panic and fear in some contexts.
0:49:53 > 0:49:57A while ago, I was filming in a caving experiment
0:49:57 > 0:50:01and I thought I'd got stuck and I completely freaked out.
0:50:01 > 0:50:04Oh. I feel panic. Calm down.
0:50:04 > 0:50:05Oh, God!
0:50:09 > 0:50:10Oh, God!
0:50:13 > 0:50:15Since I got stuck underground,
0:50:15 > 0:50:17it seems to have triggered something,
0:50:17 > 0:50:20so that when I recently went into a brain scanner,
0:50:20 > 0:50:23as soon as my head started to go into the machine,
0:50:23 > 0:50:25I just freaked.
0:50:25 > 0:50:28It was like I was being buried alive.
0:50:30 > 0:50:34It was just wild, unreasoning fear.
0:50:34 > 0:50:36There was nothing I could do
0:50:36 > 0:50:40that would actually...or felt as though it would control it,
0:50:40 > 0:50:43and my primal, primeval part of my brain
0:50:43 > 0:50:46was just screaming, you know, "This is really, really bad.
0:50:46 > 0:50:48"Get out, get out, get out now."
0:50:49 > 0:50:52It's almost indescribable to somebody who doesn't experience it
0:50:52 > 0:50:55and to people who don't understand it,
0:50:55 > 0:50:56it makes no sense at all.
0:50:59 > 0:51:02One in ten of us will have a panic attack at some point,
0:51:02 > 0:51:06often triggered by a fear or phobia, as in my case, or simply by stress.
0:51:07 > 0:51:10But for one in 50, it becomes a recurring problem,
0:51:10 > 0:51:11as it has for me.
0:51:11 > 0:51:13So, what can we do?
0:51:13 > 0:51:18I've come to meet Dr Nick Grey of King's College London to find out.
0:51:20 > 0:51:23Now, I went into the brain scanner and I felt overwhelming fear.
0:51:23 > 0:51:26I couldn't stay there - I came out again.
0:51:26 > 0:51:28Am I experiencing a form of panic attack?
0:51:28 > 0:51:30Did the symptoms come on in a rush? Oh, immediately.
0:51:30 > 0:51:33As soon as I went in, I... I thought, "I'm fine",
0:51:33 > 0:51:36then I went in and I thought, "Get me out of here!"
0:51:36 > 0:51:39My heart rate shot up from, sort of, 50 to 120,
0:51:39 > 0:51:40and my breathing shot up.
0:51:40 > 0:51:44Yeah, so it sounds almost certainly that that is a panic attack.
0:51:44 > 0:51:47So, panic attacks are essentially a sudden rush of physical symptoms
0:51:47 > 0:51:51such as heart racing, feeling sweaty, feeling hot,
0:51:51 > 0:51:53might have kind of numbing, tingling in the fingers,
0:51:53 > 0:51:57and it's sometimes is described as a crescendo of fear.
0:51:57 > 0:52:00What should you do if you are experiencing a panic attack?
0:52:00 > 0:52:03Firstly, to learn that this is just an anxiety reaction -
0:52:03 > 0:52:05there's nothing bad happening, there's no real danger.
0:52:05 > 0:52:08Obviously I know that. Intellectually I know that.
0:52:08 > 0:52:11So one of the things they then need to do is to learn it emotionally.
0:52:11 > 0:52:14So the most effective treatment for anxiety, generally,
0:52:14 > 0:52:15is cognitive behaviour therapy,
0:52:15 > 0:52:18and it's the treatment that's recommended across the UK.
0:52:18 > 0:52:21One of the things we do is try and get you imagining yourself
0:52:21 > 0:52:24in that situation and seeing if that brings up any of the fear
0:52:24 > 0:52:26until you learn that this is just a fear reaction,
0:52:26 > 0:52:29nothing bad is going to happen. So how do you teach them that?
0:52:29 > 0:52:32Not just through talking, but really through putting things
0:52:32 > 0:52:35to the test so that rather than, say,
0:52:35 > 0:52:37if their heart's racing, kind of sitting down,
0:52:37 > 0:52:40taking some kind of, you know, medication or rescue remedy
0:52:40 > 0:52:42or something like that and breathing calmly.
0:52:42 > 0:52:47Actually, if they just carry on what they're doing and even, perhaps,
0:52:47 > 0:52:50move a bit more quickly, it's still not going to cause them any harm.
0:52:50 > 0:52:53Particularly for anxiety and people with panic attacks
0:52:53 > 0:52:56in specific phobias and panic disorder, you know,
0:52:56 > 0:52:58the treatments are really highly effective. They work.
0:52:58 > 0:53:01Not for everybody, but they're amongst the most effective
0:53:01 > 0:53:05psychological therapies we've got, that's for sure.
0:53:05 > 0:53:08These therapies are now readily available through the NHS,
0:53:08 > 0:53:11so if you suffer anxiety and panic attacks,
0:53:11 > 0:53:13it should be easy to get treatment.
0:53:13 > 0:53:15If you want to seek treatment,
0:53:15 > 0:53:17you don't need a referral from your GP
0:53:17 > 0:53:20or from any other mental health practitioner, you can self-refer.
0:53:20 > 0:53:23And you can get it for free. You can get it for free, absolutely.
0:53:25 > 0:53:29You can find your local therapy centre online and sign up.
0:53:29 > 0:53:31We've got links to the service on our website.
0:53:33 > 0:53:36If you do have a panic attack, then say to yourself,
0:53:36 > 0:53:37"Look, I know this feels terrible,
0:53:37 > 0:53:40"but nothing awful is going to happen to me."
0:53:40 > 0:53:42Try and control your breathing - steady in, steady out.
0:53:42 > 0:53:44Clearly, if you're worried,
0:53:44 > 0:53:46you should go and seek professional help,
0:53:46 > 0:53:48but the good news is it is incredibly treatable.
0:53:48 > 0:53:51For more information, visit our website.
0:54:01 > 0:54:04Earlier in the programme, we set up a test with four groups
0:54:04 > 0:54:07of volunteers to discover whether there's
0:54:07 > 0:54:10a shortcut to the benefits of exercise.
0:54:10 > 0:54:11One group has been doing
0:54:11 > 0:54:14exactly what the government guidelines suggest -
0:54:14 > 0:54:17150 minutes of moderate exercise,
0:54:17 > 0:54:20like jogging or cycling, every week.
0:54:20 > 0:54:22The other three groups have been doing
0:54:22 > 0:54:24around 15 minutes a week of exercise.
0:54:24 > 0:54:28Two have been doing what's called high-intensity interval training,
0:54:28 > 0:54:32or HIIT, short bursts of very intense exercise -
0:54:32 > 0:54:35one group on specialist equipment in a lab,
0:54:35 > 0:54:39the other at home using our specially designed home workout,
0:54:39 > 0:54:42something that's never been tested before,
0:54:42 > 0:54:44and our fourth group have been doing what seems to be
0:54:44 > 0:54:46the laziest option -
0:54:46 > 0:54:50three weekly sessions of squeezing a hand grip monitor.
0:54:50 > 0:54:51I was doing the home HIIT.
0:54:51 > 0:54:53First week was very intense, very difficult,
0:54:53 > 0:54:56but as the weeks went by, it did get easier.
0:54:56 > 0:54:59It worked really well for me, it fitted into my lifestyle.
0:54:59 > 0:55:02Just managed to get the ten minutes of home HIIT
0:55:02 > 0:55:04done each time and done and dusted.
0:55:04 > 0:55:06Dr Beth Phillips at Nottingham University
0:55:06 > 0:55:10has been looking for improvements in our volunteers' health.
0:55:10 > 0:55:13She's been testing their blood pressure and also putting them
0:55:13 > 0:55:16through a test called VO2 max.
0:55:16 > 0:55:18This shows how well your heart and lungs
0:55:18 > 0:55:20are getting oxygen around your body -
0:55:20 > 0:55:24a good indicator of your fitness and future health.
0:55:24 > 0:55:27Four weeks later, it's time to reveal the results.
0:55:27 > 0:55:29First, the VO2 max test.
0:55:31 > 0:55:33These were really exciting results.
0:55:33 > 0:55:39So, we found about a 17% improvement in our lab HIIT group in VO2 max.
0:55:39 > 0:55:41Which is enormous. That's huge, yeah.
0:55:41 > 0:55:42A really significant increase.
0:55:42 > 0:55:45And actually, following not far behind with
0:55:45 > 0:55:48a 12% improvement were our home HIITers.
0:55:48 > 0:55:52A 12% improvement in VO2 max is immense.
0:55:52 > 0:55:54Yeah, I mean, that's similar to what's been shown with
0:55:54 > 0:55:57much longer traditional endurance training programmes,
0:55:57 > 0:56:00so, yeah, it's definitely a significant improvement.
0:56:00 > 0:56:02Whilst those doing moderate activity
0:56:02 > 0:56:05showed little change to their fitness
0:56:05 > 0:56:08and those doing just hand grip exercises not much better,
0:56:08 > 0:56:11both those doing high-intensity exercise
0:56:11 > 0:56:13showed a significant improvement.
0:56:13 > 0:56:15But when it came to the blood pressure results,
0:56:15 > 0:56:17there was a surprise winner.
0:56:17 > 0:56:20I guess some of you may be surprised to hear that actually it was
0:56:20 > 0:56:24our hand grip group were the only group to demonstrate a significant -
0:56:24 > 0:56:26and actually a remarkable - reduction in blood pressure.
0:56:26 > 0:56:30A really significant decrease in that, yeah.
0:56:30 > 0:56:32Compared with the other three groups,
0:56:32 > 0:56:34the hand grip exercises were way ahead
0:56:34 > 0:56:37with their drop in blood pressure -
0:56:37 > 0:56:40a massive 15% on average.
0:56:40 > 0:56:41That is a very weird result.
0:56:41 > 0:56:45I'm sure everyone must be surprised. How can that be true?
0:56:45 > 0:56:48We think it's basically that you get improved vascular function,
0:56:48 > 0:56:51so your vessels become more adept at responding to
0:56:51 > 0:56:54a stimulus and therefore they lower your blood pressure because
0:56:54 > 0:56:57the resistance in your vessels becomes much less.
0:56:57 > 0:56:59I was on the hand grip training.
0:56:59 > 0:57:01I didn't expect the results to be what they were today
0:57:01 > 0:57:04so I'm really impressed and now I'm hoping to carry on.
0:57:04 > 0:57:07If I just have a spare five, ten minutes, I'll do some HIIT,
0:57:07 > 0:57:10because it has been a real benefit to my life, I think.
0:57:10 > 0:57:13So it seems that doing exercise in short, intense bursts
0:57:13 > 0:57:16can get us fitter and in much less time.
0:57:17 > 0:57:20And we found evidence that just squeezing a grip meter
0:57:20 > 0:57:24a few times a week might lower one of the biggest risks of
0:57:24 > 0:57:26strokes and heart attacks.
0:57:26 > 0:57:30It's remarkable that something as simple as grip exercises
0:57:30 > 0:57:33might have a really powerful effect, and it just shows that
0:57:33 > 0:57:36some exercise is much better than no exercise.
0:57:36 > 0:57:39I'm a firm believer in quality over quantity
0:57:39 > 0:57:40and that's what HIIT is all bout.
0:57:40 > 0:57:44It's time-efficient, it's practical and it has real benefits,
0:57:44 > 0:57:47so our busy diaries are no longer an excuse for not exercising.
0:57:50 > 0:57:52And for a demonstration of the exercises
0:57:52 > 0:57:54that our volunteers undertook,
0:57:54 > 0:57:57you can go to the Trust Me website and find out more.
0:57:57 > 0:58:00But there are risks to doing this kind of intense exercise
0:58:00 > 0:58:02and it's worth getting a checkup
0:58:02 > 0:58:05before launching into any of these options.
0:58:14 > 0:58:16That's it from Nottingham.
0:58:16 > 0:58:18Next time, we're in Worcester,
0:58:18 > 0:58:20where we're finding out what benefits, if any,
0:58:20 > 0:58:22there are from going gluten-free.
0:58:22 > 0:58:24Also...
0:58:25 > 0:58:28How we could all improve our eyesight,
0:58:28 > 0:58:32and a revolutionary new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
0:58:32 > 0:58:34# My eyes went ooh Uh-huh, uh-huh
0:58:34 > 0:58:37# My voice just cooed You know it
0:58:37 > 0:58:39# My mind let loose
0:58:39 > 0:58:42# Mmm, Dr Love
0:58:47 > 0:58:49# Doctor I want you
0:58:49 > 0:58:51# Mmm, my Doctor Wanna Do
0:58:51 > 0:58:54# I can't get over you
0:58:54 > 0:58:56# Doctor do anything that you wanna do
0:58:56 > 0:58:59# Doctor I want you
0:58:59 > 0:59:01# Mmm, my Doctor Wanna Do
0:59:01 > 0:59:03# I can't get over you
0:59:03 > 0:59:06# Doctor do anything that you wanna do. #
0:59:09 > 0:59:11What's new on BBC Two?
0:59:11 > 0:59:14A proper divorce is built on a solid foundation of hate.
0:59:14 > 0:59:16GAVEL BANGS
0:59:16 > 0:59:17Mum?!
0:59:18 > 0:59:19I can see you.
0:59:19 > 0:59:21If it was men doing the feeding,
0:59:21 > 0:59:23there'd be blokes all over this cafe with their breasts out.
0:59:23 > 0:59:24This is a semidetached house.
0:59:24 > 0:59:26If we argue, we argue away from the neighbours.