0:00:36 > 0:00:39Darwin was loath to admit his evolutionary view.
0:00:39 > 0:00:44He began breeding pigeons and joined fanciers clubs.
0:00:44 > 0:00:50He wanted to know how they created their extraordinary strangely feathered birds.
0:00:50 > 0:00:57Darwin bought and kept every known breed in England and many of the types he kept survive today.
0:01:01 > 0:01:06These were the sorts of fancy breeds that existed in Darwin's day.
0:01:06 > 0:01:11Here we have the English pouter, the biggest and tallest of the pouters. This big yellow one.
0:01:11 > 0:01:16He knew if these birds were wild they would have been classed as distinct species.
0:01:16 > 0:01:19Miniature, where it gets its name from. The pygmy.
0:01:19 > 0:01:22And the Jacobin, which is the exotic feathering...
0:01:22 > 0:01:25But all the fancy breeds were of one species.
0:01:25 > 0:01:29He crossed his tumblers and fantails to prove it.
0:01:29 > 0:01:32Different from the common garden fantails you see.
0:01:32 > 0:01:34And the runt...
0:01:34 > 0:01:39All had been bred over generations from one ancestral type.
0:01:39 > 0:01:43The breeders' craft was a mysterious business. More art than science.
0:01:43 > 0:01:47But Darwin knew that within it lay their secrets of selection.
0:01:47 > 0:01:51We're just waiting for... the markings are all right.
0:01:51 > 0:01:57We can already see at this stage how much better it is in length of leg.
0:01:57 > 0:02:00These minute differences are what we're looking for all the time.
0:02:00 > 0:02:05- So that's the champion? - Hopefully, if everything carries on developing, yes.
0:02:05 > 0:02:08- At what age can you first spot the difference?- As early as day one.
0:02:08 > 0:02:12We have two babies here one day old and you can see the difference.
0:02:12 > 0:02:14- From the same nest?- Yeah.
0:02:14 > 0:02:18From day one you can see the difference in the beak.
0:02:18 > 0:02:21He found what he'd expected. The individual birds were composed
0:02:21 > 0:02:27of a myriad tiny variations, invisible to all but experienced fanciers.
0:02:27 > 0:02:33The selecting hand was artificial, but all nature must be like this.
0:02:33 > 0:02:41Nature was a supreme selector picking out those with an edge, discarding and killing the rest.
0:02:43 > 0:02:48Pigeon breeding gave Darwin the most graphic example of how new species originate.
0:02:56 > 0:03:01In Victorian times, the collecting of butterflies that showed any slight variation
0:03:01 > 0:03:03from the normal pattern was fashionable.
0:03:03 > 0:03:09It was popularly thought that such varieties were unimportant, they just died off.
0:03:09 > 0:03:12Darwin didn't think that at all.
0:03:12 > 0:03:19"These individual differences are of the highest importance for they're often inherited."
0:03:19 > 0:03:23And as the variation is inherited, Darwin thought wild animals,
0:03:23 > 0:03:28just like our domestic animals, had the potential to change, too.
0:03:28 > 0:03:34"According to my view, varieties are species in the process of formation."
0:03:34 > 0:03:36This was a startling idea.
0:03:36 > 0:03:41Although it was accepted that new species could appear and old ones disappear,
0:03:41 > 0:03:48these changes were commonly believed to be due to divine acts of creation or destruction.
0:03:48 > 0:03:52But Darwin believed he'd discovered a natural process by which
0:03:52 > 0:03:56a variety could evolve into a brand new species.
0:03:56 > 0:04:00He was supplanting God's work by a natural process.
0:04:00 > 0:04:02It was a dangerous idea.
0:04:04 > 0:04:10How exactly did Darwin think new species came into being?
0:04:10 > 0:04:16Before answering that, he had to propose a view of nature that went against a romanticised,
0:04:16 > 0:04:19Victorian ideal of how the natural world worked.
0:04:21 > 0:04:25"We behold the face of nature bright with gladness,
0:04:25 > 0:04:29"we forget that the birds idly singing around us mostly
0:04:29 > 0:04:34"live on insects or seeds and are thus constantly destroying life.
0:04:34 > 0:04:40"Or we forget how their eggs or nestlings are destroyed by birds or beasts of prey."
0:04:40 > 0:04:47He was suggesting that the tranquil beauty around us is largely an illusion.
0:04:47 > 0:04:52In the natural world, life is often a struggle just to survive, let alone breed.
0:05:02 > 0:05:05Of all the arguments raised against his ideas,
0:05:05 > 0:05:10nothing troubled Darwin more than that about the origin of the eye.
0:05:10 > 0:05:14"The belief that an organ so perfect as the eye could have been
0:05:14 > 0:05:18"formed by natural selection is enough to stagger anyone."
0:05:19 > 0:05:23It certainly staggered his critics.
0:05:23 > 0:05:28"It's only here or there that a second rate naturalist would
0:05:28 > 0:05:32"sympathise at all with such dreamy views."
0:05:32 > 0:05:38They simply couldn't believe that such an intricate mechanism could arise by any natural process.
0:05:38 > 0:05:42Darwin thought it could.
0:05:42 > 0:05:47"If numerous gradations from a simple eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist,
0:05:47 > 0:05:53"each grade useful to its possessor, then the difficulty of believing a complex eye could be formed
0:05:53 > 0:05:58"by natural selection shouldn't be considered as subversive of the theory."
0:05:59 > 0:06:05The earthworm has a layer of light, sensitive cells in its skin that can detect light from dark.
0:06:08 > 0:06:13It's the simplest eye possible and all that an earthworm needs.
0:06:16 > 0:06:21If a random variation should cause these cells to be set back in a pit,
0:06:21 > 0:06:25then the animal can detect the direction of light just as the limpet can.
0:06:30 > 0:06:33The snail has an additional refinement.
0:06:33 > 0:06:39A blob of mucus in the pit acts as a simple lens.
0:06:39 > 0:06:44The snail can seek a roughly focused image.
0:06:44 > 0:06:48If the lens then hardens, the vision becomes better.
0:06:48 > 0:06:50The conch has this kind of eye.
0:06:53 > 0:06:58Darwin argued that there were no limits to what such a process might ultimately produce.
0:06:58 > 0:07:03"A structure even as perfect as an eagle's eye might thus be formed."
0:07:03 > 0:07:05The eagle's vision is said to be
0:07:05 > 0:07:08eight times more acute than our own.
0:07:08 > 0:07:13It can spot prey at distances over which we would spot nothing.
0:07:17 > 0:07:23Darwin believed his theory could explain the entire variety of life on Earth.
0:07:36 > 0:07:41Through the adding up of tiny variations, fish would have evolved into amphibians.
0:07:41 > 0:07:48At every stage, the new form would be better adapted to an amphibious life than the last.
0:07:48 > 0:07:55In the struggle for life, the new kind would out compete the old and drive it to extinction.
0:07:55 > 0:08:02In the end result is a world today with fish and amphibians, but nothing in between.
0:08:02 > 0:08:06But don't the missing links turn up as fossils?
0:08:06 > 0:08:13"It's been asserted over and over again that geology yields no linking forms."
0:08:13 > 0:08:18Darwin's critics maintained he couldn't point to a single
0:08:18 > 0:08:21fossil intermediate between two different groups of living animals.
0:08:23 > 0:08:27He replied that few animals have ever become preserved as fossils.
0:08:27 > 0:08:31The fossil record was like an incomplete book.
0:08:31 > 0:08:35"Only here and there a short chapter has been preserved
0:08:35 > 0:08:38"and of each page only here and there a few lines."
0:08:38 > 0:08:41Yet he was sure that in time
0:08:41 > 0:08:45intermediate forms would come to light.
0:08:45 > 0:08:49One year after The Origin Of Species was published,
0:08:49 > 0:08:52an extraordinary fossil was found in Germany.
0:08:52 > 0:08:57It had a mouthful of teeth like a reptile and feathers like a bird.
0:09:02 > 0:09:04This is Archaeopteryx.
0:09:04 > 0:09:09It's an animal intermediate between two living animal groups.
0:09:20 > 0:09:25Darwin felt this natural process would hinge on which animals
0:09:25 > 0:09:30survived the struggle for life to breed and which do not.
0:09:30 > 0:09:34"Individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others would
0:09:34 > 0:09:38have the best chance of surviving and procreating their kind."
0:09:41 > 0:09:46This gazelle may be just that bit fast or stronger than the rest.
0:09:53 > 0:09:59"The preservation of favourable individual differences and the destruction
0:09:59 > 0:10:06"of those which are injurious I've called natural selection or survival of the fittest."
0:10:14 > 0:10:17So here is the crux of Darwin's great theory.
0:10:17 > 0:10:19A natural law, survival of the fittest,
0:10:19 > 0:10:24determines which animals will live long enough to have offspring.
0:10:24 > 0:10:28If this natural selection were to go on constantly
0:10:28 > 0:10:35perhaps those tiny individual differences could add up, then wild species might change.
0:10:35 > 0:10:40"Natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising
0:10:40 > 0:10:44"the slightest variations, rejecting those that are bad,
0:10:44 > 0:10:49"preserving and adding up all those that are good."
0:10:50 > 0:10:56This scrutiny may be constant, but the resulting change would be slow.
0:10:56 > 0:10:59The variation between individuals of a species
0:10:59 > 0:11:00are usually very slight
0:11:00 > 0:11:03yet the differences between one species and another
0:11:03 > 0:11:07may be very great, a lot of adding up of tiny differences
0:11:07 > 0:11:11would be needed to produce a new and different species.
0:11:21 > 0:11:25If he's looking a little smug, it may be with good reason.
0:11:25 > 0:11:28Joshua is the very first of a new kind of cat.
0:11:28 > 0:11:34You can stroke him all day long without risk of red eyes, sneezing or skin rash.
0:11:34 > 0:11:39In the UK alone, 8 million cats are kept as household pets,
0:11:39 > 0:11:42but many end up being given away because their presence
0:11:42 > 0:11:45can bring out an allergic reaction in their owners.
0:11:45 > 0:11:51It's the cat saliva which is responsible, or rather a protein within it called Fel d 1.
0:11:51 > 0:11:55The American scientists isolated two cats which were low in Fel d 1
0:11:55 > 0:12:02and bred them over several generations until the protein had virtually been eliminated.
0:12:02 > 0:12:05In doing so, they created cats which don't bring out allergies.
0:12:05 > 0:12:09The RSPCA has criticised the development saying selective
0:12:09 > 0:12:12breeding undermines the value of animal life.
0:12:12 > 0:12:16The company responsible is emphasising the benefits to people.
0:12:16 > 0:12:21I know how pet owners really are and in times of need and passion,
0:12:21 > 0:12:26whether it's depression or something traumatic, nothing
0:12:26 > 0:12:28substitutes the love of a pet.
0:12:28 > 0:12:31You can't put a price and it.
0:12:31 > 0:12:35But in fact they have. A moggy like this will set you back more than £2,000.
0:12:35 > 0:12:38There's already a long waiting list.
0:12:46 > 0:12:51Some living animals are so bizarre they seemed hard to explain by Darwin's theory.
0:12:53 > 0:12:59How can a tail like this evolve when it seems sure to slow its owners escape from predators?
0:13:01 > 0:13:06And wouldn't the same apply to the great cumbersome jaws of this stag beetle?
0:13:06 > 0:13:08Surely these are exactly the sort of things
0:13:08 > 0:13:11that would be weeded out in the struggle for life.
0:13:19 > 0:13:26Darwin said these kind of exaggerated features evolved by what he called sexual selection.
0:13:26 > 0:13:31"This form of selection depends on a struggle between the individuals
0:13:31 > 0:13:36"of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex.
0:13:36 > 0:13:41"The result isn't death, but few or no offspring."
0:13:41 > 0:13:44The struggle isn't violent.
0:13:44 > 0:13:50The males gather to show off their tails and the females choose which males to mate with.
0:13:50 > 0:13:55If, even with such long tail feathers, a male peacock is still strong enough
0:13:55 > 0:14:00to escape from predators then such feathers are a sure sign of a healthy male.
0:14:00 > 0:14:05From an ancestral form of peacock with short tail feathers,
0:14:05 > 0:14:11the females of each generation would have chosen the longest feathered males to mate with.
0:14:11 > 0:14:14In time, the feature would have become exaggerated
0:14:14 > 0:14:18to produce today's peacocks with their spectacular tails.
0:14:18 > 0:14:25Such a process would also explain the famous displays of male birds of paradise.
0:14:28 > 0:14:32But sexual selection isn't just about show.
0:14:32 > 0:14:38"In many cases victory depends on having a special weapons."
0:14:40 > 0:14:43Male stag beetles actually fight other males.
0:14:43 > 0:14:45The winner gets the female.
0:14:45 > 0:14:52So the biggest jawed males of each generation beat their rivals and have big-jawed offspring.
0:15:00 > 0:15:08The adding up of tiny advantages leads to animals superbly adapted to their own way of living.
0:15:17 > 0:15:21Given the number of offspring every living thing is able to produce,
0:15:21 > 0:15:25it's actually a good thing life is a struggle.
0:15:26 > 0:15:32"There's no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high a rate
0:15:32 > 0:15:39"that if not destroyed the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair."
0:15:41 > 0:15:46The result of just a few successive generations, in which all offspring
0:15:46 > 0:15:50from one original pair survive to breed, would be dramatic.
0:15:56 > 0:16:00Temporary outbreaks of mice in Australia when food is abundant
0:16:00 > 0:16:05and predators scarce are living proof of that.
0:16:23 > 0:16:27The hard times will return, then the struggle will begin again
0:16:27 > 0:16:31and many animals will die before they can breed.
0:16:50 > 0:16:54The first challenge to overcome is the intense and unrelenting heat.
0:16:54 > 0:16:59Red kangaroos deal with the worst of this by finding shade
0:16:59 > 0:17:03and digging to find cooler earth below the sun-baked ground.
0:17:03 > 0:17:06Another trick is to conserve as much water as possible.
0:17:06 > 0:17:10When resting, they don't sweat.
0:17:10 > 0:17:17Instead, they lick their forearms so that saliva cools blood vessels close to the surface.
0:17:18 > 0:17:22Emus also cool down using surface blood vessels,
0:17:22 > 0:17:26increasing the flow to their long necks, long legs and big feet.
0:17:26 > 0:17:32Their flightless wings have unique double quilled feathers that
0:17:32 > 0:17:38protect them from the burning heat so they can brave the midday sun without shade.
0:17:38 > 0:17:42The second problem desert dwellers face here,
0:17:42 > 0:17:46unlike their rainforest past, is finding water.
0:17:50 > 0:17:54Emus are often forced to walk huge distances to find water
0:17:54 > 0:17:56as they need to drink every day.
0:18:01 > 0:18:05Red kangaroos can memorise pools they visited before,
0:18:05 > 0:18:08but they're better adapted to cope without a drink.
0:18:08 > 0:18:15They store more water in their bodies, in the muscles and their guts, than other mammals.
0:18:15 > 0:18:20And can withstand water loss that would easily kill a human.
0:18:20 > 0:18:27If there are plenty of green plants, the kangaroos' sole diet, they don't need to drink at all.
0:18:27 > 0:18:29But they can't always count on that.
0:18:32 > 0:18:36Red kangaroos have evolved broad padded feet designed not to damage new shoots,
0:18:36 > 0:18:41but still their biggest problem is finding enough to eat.
0:18:45 > 0:18:47They're experts in saving energy.
0:18:47 > 0:18:50They can survive on the bare minimum of food.
0:18:50 > 0:18:54Kangaroos, and all of Australia's marsupials,
0:18:54 > 0:18:58have a much lower metabolism than mammals in other parts of the world.
0:18:58 > 0:19:02This means they use less energy, whether resting or on the move,
0:19:02 > 0:19:06so they can live on less food than other mammals of their size.
0:19:08 > 0:19:10A vital adaptation to desert life.
0:19:12 > 0:19:14Today, they number 10 million.
0:19:16 > 0:19:20But the kangaroos' ability to scrimp and save is nothing
0:19:20 > 0:19:23compared to their neighbours.
0:19:23 > 0:19:27In nearby creeks and billabongs, freshwater crocodiles have barely
0:19:27 > 0:19:32changed since their rainforest days 50 million years ago.
0:19:32 > 0:19:39They feed on fish, insects, crustaceans and the occasional unwary bird.
0:19:40 > 0:19:46When times are good, they lay down fat in special stores along their tails.
0:19:46 > 0:19:49This, combined with an exceptionally low metabolism,
0:19:49 > 0:19:55far lower than the kangaroos', allows them to survive up to two years without a single meal.
0:20:07 > 0:20:13Among the towering cliffs, peaks and ridges of Ethiopia's Semien highlands,
0:20:13 > 0:20:15the so-called roof of Africa,
0:20:15 > 0:20:19Walia Ibex - Ethiopia's national symbol.
0:20:25 > 0:20:29They can exist in these precarious places and they do.
0:20:29 > 0:20:31But that's mainly because they have to.
0:20:36 > 0:20:39The cliffs are something like a kilometre high
0:20:39 > 0:20:40and they're almost sheer.
0:20:40 > 0:20:42That's where the Walia Ibex live
0:20:42 > 0:20:46and to see them in this enormous distance
0:20:46 > 0:20:49on these sheer cliffs is truly spectacular.
0:20:51 > 0:20:55I tried to film them years and years ago for another series and they proved too difficult.
0:20:57 > 0:21:02The Walia Ibex were much wider spread at one time throughout the mountains of Ethiopia
0:21:02 > 0:21:05and are related to the Ibexes of Europe.
0:21:05 > 0:21:09But as humans have spread through Ethiopia
0:21:09 > 0:21:13and the environment has dried out, the Walia Ibex has
0:21:13 > 0:21:19been pushed into the most marginal habitats it can find and some
0:21:19 > 0:21:22of the last remaining places humans can't get to
0:21:22 > 0:21:24are these incredible sheer cliffs
0:21:24 > 0:21:28and it's only just been with a lot of warfare
0:21:28 > 0:21:33in the last century in Ethiopia, the Italian invasion
0:21:33 > 0:21:39and then a big civil war, that the Walia Ibex became favourite food for soldiers.
0:21:39 > 0:21:43The Semien mountains saw a huge amount of fighting
0:21:43 > 0:21:47through the 1970s and 1980s and in that period
0:21:47 > 0:21:53the easiest food for a very cold soldier would have been to take a shot at one of the Walia Ibex.
0:21:53 > 0:21:56We saw the numbers decimated.
0:21:56 > 0:22:01The one thing the Walia has going for it is the habitat it lives in.
0:22:01 > 0:22:02These sheer, sheer cliffs.
0:22:02 > 0:22:09There are very few animals in the world that could live on precipices like the Walia.
0:22:09 > 0:22:13It has a little niche it can cling to,
0:22:13 > 0:22:17but it's such a fragile situation.
0:22:17 > 0:22:21600 animals for a large mammal is nothing.
0:22:21 > 0:22:26When you've no other habitats to spread in to, no other populations to interbreed with,
0:22:26 > 0:22:28no Walia Ibex in captivity,
0:22:28 > 0:22:33you'd better be sure you can protect that one last piece of cliff they have.
0:22:44 > 0:22:47Aborigines survive by their exceptional knowledge of the land
0:22:47 > 0:22:51and its secret sources of food and water.
0:22:51 > 0:22:56This priceless knowledge is inherited through storytelling.
0:22:56 > 0:23:03Stories that relate to the magical dream time are passed from generation to generation.
0:23:03 > 0:23:06They retrace the journeys of the ancestral beings as they wandered
0:23:06 > 0:23:10over the empty continent creating the world.
0:23:10 > 0:23:15In doing so, every feature of the land and its invaluable resources
0:23:15 > 0:23:20are recounted to enable future generations to survive here, too.
0:23:20 > 0:23:23But even if you know what food you're looking for,
0:23:23 > 0:23:25how do you find enough?
0:23:25 > 0:23:28The best strategy is to keep on the move and eat
0:23:28 > 0:23:34from a wide variety of sources - to avoid any becoming depleted.
0:23:34 > 0:23:38And an intimate knowledge of wildlife is essential.
0:23:38 > 0:23:45Eggs from the freshwater crocodile are usually laid in the holes within ten metres of water.
0:23:45 > 0:23:51After laying, the female leaves them unguarded, only returning when the baby has hatched.
0:23:51 > 0:23:55So with the right knowledge, it's safe to raid her nest.
0:23:59 > 0:24:04By breaking open the roots of certain bushes and trees, witchety grubs can be found.
0:24:04 > 0:24:08These plump white insects are larvae of the ghost moth -
0:24:08 > 0:24:12an important source of protein, said to taste like almonds.
0:24:12 > 0:24:17They're usually cooked in ashes but can easily be eaten raw.
0:24:20 > 0:24:26The trail of a certain ant leads to a sweeter delicacy.
0:24:27 > 0:24:30Digging a hole as deep as herself,
0:24:30 > 0:24:35this Aboriginal woman can access the underground nest of the honey ant.
0:24:35 > 0:24:40Some of the worker ants are fed on nectar by other members of the colony
0:24:40 > 0:24:44until their abdomens are so swollen they can barely move.
0:24:44 > 0:24:49They become living storage vessels, tucked away deep in the nest where
0:24:49 > 0:24:52other ants can feed on them in times of drought.
0:24:54 > 0:25:00By easing them gently out with a stick, others can feed on this sugar sauce too.
0:25:02 > 0:25:06As women are traditionally gatherers, it's their task
0:25:06 > 0:25:10to collect plant food which makes up half of their diet.
0:25:11 > 0:25:15They have a special technique to help it grow.
0:25:17 > 0:25:20Firestick farming, as it's called, works in two ways.
0:25:23 > 0:25:26First, it burns off the tall, dominant grasses
0:25:26 > 0:25:30allowing a range of edible plants to grow in their place.
0:25:30 > 0:25:36So there is not only in more food to eat, but it's easier to find.
0:25:40 > 0:25:45The Aborigines rely on their detailed knowledge of the land to see them through.
0:25:45 > 0:25:49Just like their predecessors 40,000 years ago, they know
0:25:49 > 0:25:54how to find water underground when their usual water holes dry up.
0:25:56 > 0:26:03The desert sand protects this water from evaporating and the grass acts as a filter.
0:26:03 > 0:26:07So, digging in the right place can produce a life-saving drink.
0:26:10 > 0:26:15And in desperate times, every drop of water helps.
0:26:15 > 0:26:23Burrowing frogs can shut down body systems and live dormant underground for seven years.
0:26:23 > 0:26:29Even in the hottest months, they don't dry out because layers of dead skin act like cocoon.
0:26:32 > 0:26:37They stay alive this long by using water stored in their bladders after previous rains.
0:26:41 > 0:26:44And Aborigines know how to access this in an emergency.
0:27:01 > 0:27:07As temperatures in Australia rose, most of the rainforest trees died out,
0:27:07 > 0:27:12but one, the eucalyptus, adapted well to the new dry conditions
0:27:12 > 0:27:14and seized its chance to spread.
0:27:14 > 0:27:20There are now over 700 species of eucalypts in Australia's dry, dusty earth.
0:27:20 > 0:27:26To save precious nutrients, they grow fibrous leaves full of poisons
0:27:26 > 0:27:29so that like the Spinifex grass, nothing can eat them.
0:27:31 > 0:27:34But one animal has broken through its defences...
0:27:36 > 0:27:38..the Koala.
0:27:38 > 0:27:42In fact, it eats nothing else.
0:27:42 > 0:27:45Koalas have very long digestive tracts,
0:27:45 > 0:27:48full of specialised bacteria,
0:27:48 > 0:27:51which must be passed on to their young through their faeces.
0:27:54 > 0:28:00They carefully select leaves with the fewest tannins and the highest oil content.
0:28:00 > 0:28:03But despite munching through a kilo a day,
0:28:03 > 0:28:07they still gain very little energy.
0:28:07 > 0:28:11The price they pay for this poor diet is to sleep
0:28:11 > 0:28:13an epic 19 hours a day.
0:28:15 > 0:28:17Since they spend five hours feeding,
0:28:17 > 0:28:20there is little time for anything else.
0:28:20 > 0:28:24Koalas have another way to save energy.
0:28:24 > 0:28:28They are bears of very little brain.
0:28:29 > 0:28:32The brain consumes more energy than any other organ,
0:28:32 > 0:28:38so if all you do is eat and sleep, a small brain probably makes sense.
0:28:39 > 0:28:42But there is an upside to this poor diet.
0:28:42 > 0:28:49The chemicals in the pungent leaves means koala flesh is not popular to eat.
0:28:49 > 0:28:52So despite their sluggish way of life,
0:28:52 > 0:28:57koalas can still sleep away their days in relative peace.
0:29:04 > 0:29:10In the High Arctic, the Planet Earth team saw
0:29:10 > 0:29:13polar bears behaving in ways they'd
0:29:13 > 0:29:15never seen before.
0:29:55 > 0:29:59Get your eye behind the viewfinder, the adrenalin starts rushing.
0:29:59 > 0:30:03You know you're recording something so unusual, something so amazing
0:30:03 > 0:30:06that very few people have ever seen before.
0:30:06 > 0:30:09But you have to focus.
0:30:09 > 0:30:12It is very rare to see a bear go after walruses
0:30:12 > 0:30:14and to actually physically
0:30:14 > 0:30:18jump on them and attack them, stalk them, hunt them.
0:31:03 > 0:31:08Ten years ago, at the same time of year and at the same latitude,
0:31:08 > 0:31:12this, as filmed in a BBC Wildlife Special
0:31:12 > 0:31:14was what polar bears were doing.
0:31:17 > 0:31:21The sea was frozen and the bears were hunting
0:31:21 > 0:31:23less intimidating prey.
0:31:27 > 0:31:32Not enormous walruses in defensive herds on dry land,
0:31:32 > 0:31:36but small ring seals out on the ice.
0:31:52 > 0:31:55We are rapidly losing ice cover.
0:31:55 > 0:31:57It's happening as we speak.
0:31:57 > 0:32:01The ice cap is getting thinner and in its extent, is greatly reduced,
0:32:01 > 0:32:04and that icecap is the home of the polar bear.
0:32:05 > 0:32:12So, they're finding the places they're accustomed to breeding and hunting are disappearing.
0:32:12 > 0:32:16There's no doubt, people can see the ice breaking up,
0:32:16 > 0:32:19they can see the glaciers retreating.
0:32:19 > 0:32:22That's a real problem for the polar bears.
0:32:24 > 0:32:29Polar bears are in deep trouble and there's lots of research to show that.
0:32:29 > 0:32:32There are two possibilities, one, they go extinct
0:32:32 > 0:32:35as they try desperately to find ice.
0:32:35 > 0:32:39Or, they may go further south and come on to firm land.
0:32:39 > 0:32:43Of course, their habits will have to change greatly.
0:32:43 > 0:32:46Maybe they will evolve to do that?
0:32:46 > 0:32:48It's got a very short time in which to do this,
0:32:48 > 0:32:50if the projection is that
0:32:50 > 0:32:53the polar icecap will have disappeared within 50 years,
0:32:53 > 0:32:55we are expecting an awful lot
0:32:55 > 0:32:59in the way of habitat change, annual movement change,
0:32:59 > 0:33:03feeding habits, hunting techniques of a bear.
0:33:03 > 0:33:06I think it's going to be very interesting to see if it can do that.
0:33:08 > 0:33:15The estimates we have is that we might lose 35% of them over the next 50 years.
0:33:15 > 0:33:19As that population starts to go down and their prey species move out,
0:33:19 > 0:33:24it's going to be a tough adaptation for the polar bear.
0:33:35 > 0:33:42No part of the Earth is more hostile to life than the frozen wastes around the Poles.
0:33:42 > 0:33:48850 miles north of the Arctic Circle, this is Ellesmere Island.
0:33:48 > 0:33:51No animal can live permanently on these ice fields.
0:33:51 > 0:33:55And even plants face almost insuperable problems,
0:33:55 > 0:34:00for the four things they must have are in cripplingly short supply.
0:34:00 > 0:34:04Water, it's true there is a lot of frozen water all around me,
0:34:04 > 0:34:09but water has to be liquid for plants to make any use of it.
0:34:09 > 0:34:14Nutrients, there's virtually none in this frost-shattered rock.
0:34:14 > 0:34:15Warmth and light,
0:34:15 > 0:34:18for six months of the year it's dark,
0:34:18 > 0:34:20and in the brief summer as now,
0:34:20 > 0:34:24the sun doesn't rise high in the sky and devastating winds
0:34:24 > 0:34:27can carry away what little warmth it brings.
0:34:27 > 0:34:30And yet, there are plants here.
0:34:30 > 0:34:32Some live...
0:34:32 > 0:34:35actually inside the rock.
0:34:40 > 0:34:46This thin green line is made by algae, microscopic plants.
0:34:46 > 0:34:52They're so small they can live actually between the grains of the sandstone.
0:34:52 > 0:34:57And there at least, they're out of this desiccating wind.
0:34:57 > 0:35:00On the surface of the rocks there are lichens.
0:35:00 > 0:35:05They grow incredibly slowly and may take 50 years to cover a square centimetre.
0:35:05 > 0:35:12But they can survive even if there are only two days in the year when it's warm enough for them to grow.
0:35:12 > 0:35:17In spite of these bleak conditions, there are in fact flowers to be found here.
0:35:17 > 0:35:20But you have to look hard to find them.
0:35:22 > 0:35:24Here's one.
0:35:24 > 0:35:26It's a kind of mustard,
0:35:26 > 0:35:30but it's much smaller than its more southerly relatives.
0:35:30 > 0:35:35But by being so small, it manages to keep out of the crippling wind.
0:35:35 > 0:35:39In mid-summer, for a few weeks, enough water melts from the glaciers
0:35:39 > 0:35:46for streams to flow, then, miniature gardens burst into bloom.
0:35:56 > 0:36:01The searing wind compels them all to keep close to the ground.
0:36:09 > 0:36:12None keeps closer than this.
0:36:12 > 0:36:14It is in fact a tree, a willow.
0:36:14 > 0:36:17These are its catkins.
0:36:17 > 0:36:21But the trunk grows horizontally instead of vertically
0:36:21 > 0:36:23and it can stretch almost as far along the ground
0:36:23 > 0:36:27as its more southerly relatives stand up above it.
0:36:27 > 0:36:34Even so, it still produces enough leaves to sustain a few grazers -
0:36:34 > 0:36:36musk ox.
0:36:40 > 0:36:44The Arctic poppy, like all plants needs warmth to grow,
0:36:44 > 0:36:48but it's unusually efficient at collecting it.
0:36:48 > 0:36:53As the mid-summer sun skims round the horizon, all 360 degrees
0:36:53 > 0:36:55in 24 hours without setting,
0:36:55 > 0:36:58the poppy turns its flowers to track it.
0:37:06 > 0:37:09The slanting sun may not be strong,
0:37:09 > 0:37:13but it is at least continuous during the few weeks of high summer.
0:37:18 > 0:37:23The heat of the poppy gathers by staring continuously at the sun enables it to develop the seeds
0:37:23 > 0:37:27in the centre of each flower before summer comes to an end
0:37:27 > 0:37:31and the sun disappears below the horizon for months.
0:37:46 > 0:37:48On the high peaks of the Alps,
0:37:48 > 0:37:52spring brings a greater benefit than it does in the Arctic.
0:37:52 > 0:37:58The sun rises higher in the sky and is warm enough to melt all but the highest snowfields.
0:37:59 > 0:38:04As it melts, it reveals the snow bell, already in flower.
0:38:07 > 0:38:10The plant formed its flower buds last autumn,
0:38:10 > 0:38:15before the increasing cold shut down all its activities for the winter.
0:38:15 > 0:38:21The buds remained dormant until the spring sunshine filtering down through the snow triggered
0:38:21 > 0:38:25them into action and they opened even before
0:38:25 > 0:38:28the snowy blanket above them had melted.
0:38:35 > 0:38:37In summer, the high meadows,
0:38:37 > 0:38:41newly freed from snow, fill with flowers.
0:38:42 > 0:38:44Because for so much of the time it's so cold,
0:38:44 > 0:38:48the vegetation here decays only very slowly.
0:38:48 > 0:38:53So a peaty soil forms, but it's only a thin layer over solid rock
0:38:53 > 0:38:57and boulders and trees find it difficult to get root.
0:38:57 > 0:39:02Not only that, but avalanches regularly sweep these slopes,
0:39:02 > 0:39:07carrying away saplings before they can get firmly established.
0:39:07 > 0:39:11So, shallow-rooted plants have these parts of the mountains
0:39:11 > 0:39:16largely to themselves, and in summer they bring a rich display of colour.
0:39:16 > 0:39:19But, for every 1000 ft you climb,
0:39:19 > 0:39:23the average temperature drops by about three degrees.
0:39:23 > 0:39:26Plants living in the high mountains
0:39:26 > 0:39:29have to be able to survive extreme cold.
0:39:29 > 0:39:33It's very important to keep out of the worst of the chilling winds,
0:39:33 > 0:39:36and many plants here form small, rounded humps
0:39:36 > 0:39:40and that brings them a number of advantages.
0:39:44 > 0:39:46Growing into the shape of a cushion
0:39:46 > 0:39:49is an excellent way of conserving heat.
0:39:49 > 0:39:52And no plants do it more spectacularly than these growing
0:39:52 > 0:39:55high in the mountains of Tasmania.
0:39:55 > 0:39:58These are the largest cushion plants in the world.
0:39:58 > 0:40:00They grow to over 12 ft across.
0:40:00 > 0:40:04Any one square yard contains over 100,000 shoots.
0:40:04 > 0:40:09So I guess this one cushion around me contains several million.
0:40:10 > 0:40:15This rounded shape does more than just reduce wind chill.
0:40:15 > 0:40:20The air temperature around me here at about 3,500 ft high
0:40:20 > 0:40:22is only a degree or so above freezing.
0:40:22 > 0:40:26But if I take this temperature probe, put it on the surface of this cushion,
0:40:26 > 0:40:30I can see that there, it is several degrees warmer.
0:40:30 > 0:40:32The cushion in fact acts as a solar panel,
0:40:32 > 0:40:35absorbing heat directly from the sun.
0:40:35 > 0:40:39So that even on very cold days, providing it's not covered with snow
0:40:39 > 0:40:44and is exposed to direct sunshine, it can photosynthesise and grow.
0:40:44 > 0:40:47The plants that form these spectacular cushions
0:40:47 > 0:40:50come from several different families.
0:40:50 > 0:40:53Sedges and rushes, daisies and dandelions.
0:40:53 > 0:40:58One cushion may contain several species tightly packed together
0:40:58 > 0:41:00and growing to exactly the same height.
0:41:00 > 0:41:05For one kind to grow higher than those around it would be suicidal.
0:41:06 > 0:41:10In the New Zealand Alps, one of these cushion-forming species
0:41:10 > 0:41:15also protects itself by developing a blanket of hair.
0:41:15 > 0:41:18This tall pillar growing on Mount Kenya
0:41:18 > 0:41:21also covers itself in a blanket.
0:41:21 > 0:41:23It's a giant lobelia.
0:41:24 > 0:41:27Its long leaves are fringed with dense hairs.
0:41:27 > 0:41:33Its flowers are hidden away from the frost beneath this downy covering.
0:41:33 > 0:41:38There's no point in having bright petals if they can't be seen, and these are just simple tubes.
0:41:38 > 0:41:43But the lobelia's pollinator, a sunbird, knows where they are
0:41:43 > 0:41:44and how to reach them.
0:41:45 > 0:41:48During the day, it can get quite warm.
0:41:48 > 0:41:51For Mount Kenya stands almost exactly on the equator.
0:41:51 > 0:41:57But up here, at 14,000 ft, once the sun goes down it gets bitterly cold,
0:41:57 > 0:42:01and then the lobelia will have real need of its hairy blanket.
0:42:02 > 0:42:04There are other giants here, too.
0:42:04 > 0:42:10Tree groundsels, relatives of the little yellow weed that grows in European gardens.
0:42:10 > 0:42:14They have a different way of dealing with the cold nights.
0:42:14 > 0:42:16Their dead leaves remain attached
0:42:16 > 0:42:20to the stem so that they act like lagging and prevent the liquids
0:42:20 > 0:42:24in the pipes running up inside the trunk from freezing solid.
0:42:24 > 0:42:28Conditions here can change with extraordinary speed.
0:42:28 > 0:42:33One moment the equatorial sun is blazing down from a cloudless sky,
0:42:33 > 0:42:37the next, a chilling wind begins to blow and the great mountain
0:42:37 > 0:42:39collects a cloud cover.
0:42:43 > 0:42:47As well as the tree groundsel, there's another member of the family
0:42:47 > 0:42:51that grows close to the ground like a cabbage.
0:42:51 > 0:42:52As night falls,
0:42:52 > 0:42:57it makes its own preparations for surviving the bitter cold.
0:42:59 > 0:43:03The most precious and vulnerable part of the plant is the bud
0:43:03 > 0:43:06in its centre, from which all growth comes.
0:43:06 > 0:43:11That must be protected at all costs and folding the thick leaves over it does the trick.
0:43:21 > 0:43:24The birdcage plant lives in California.
0:43:24 > 0:43:27But the desert dunes are always moving and a sheltered site
0:43:27 > 0:43:30can suddenly become intolerably exposed -
0:43:30 > 0:43:33so the plant must find a new place.
0:43:51 > 0:43:53This plant is now dead.
0:43:53 > 0:43:57But within it, there is still life.
0:43:59 > 0:44:02These tiny particles are the next generation.
0:44:02 > 0:44:07Each is a miracle of packaging because each, after all, contains
0:44:07 > 0:44:13complete genetic instructions for rebuilding an adult plant like this.
0:44:13 > 0:44:16And it's precisely because these grains are so small
0:44:16 > 0:44:21that it is in this form that most plants do most of their travelling.
0:44:21 > 0:44:24Some of these genetic particles, in fact, are microscopic.
0:44:26 > 0:44:29The smallest of all belong to fungi.
0:44:29 > 0:44:34Fungi are not, to be accurate, plants at all. They belong to a kingdom all their own.
0:44:34 > 0:44:41But the particles they produce, called spores, are in many ways similar to seeds.
0:44:45 > 0:44:49A single puffball produces so many that someone has calculated that if,
0:44:49 > 0:44:51for two generations, every spore
0:44:51 > 0:44:57grew into an adult, the resultant mass of puffballs would be 800 times
0:44:57 > 0:44:58the volume of the Earth.
0:45:01 > 0:45:05Like the birdcage plant, a puffball can be carried along by the wind.
0:45:05 > 0:45:09But the real long-distance travelling is done by the spores
0:45:09 > 0:45:12that are knocked from it in clouds, like smoke.
0:45:23 > 0:45:29In autumn, other, smaller fungi appear on the woodland floor.
0:45:31 > 0:45:33Earth stars.
0:45:36 > 0:45:39Their appearance, just after they have emerged above ground,
0:45:39 > 0:45:42gives little hint of how complex they will become.
0:45:42 > 0:45:46As the damp autumn airs blow through the leafless woods,
0:45:46 > 0:45:50the earth stars begin to transform themselves.
0:46:23 > 0:46:28They open at this time of year to take advantage of the falling rain.
0:46:36 > 0:46:38A drip gives them all the energy they need
0:46:38 > 0:46:41to propel their spores into the air.
0:47:05 > 0:47:10A snow leopard, the rarest of Himalayan animals.
0:47:11 > 0:47:14The Planet Earth team spent months
0:47:14 > 0:47:20just trying to glimpse a snow leopard, and more months to film one.
0:47:23 > 0:47:27How do you conserve a creature that you're lucky even to see?
0:47:29 > 0:47:34How do these scientists, or how do these conservationists know
0:47:34 > 0:47:39where this animal is, how many there are, and what their behaviour is?
0:47:39 > 0:47:44Someone told me that there were 3000 between China and Afghanistan.
0:47:44 > 0:47:49Now, I mean, we've had a very tough time identifying three.
0:47:51 > 0:47:53There is a threat to its existence,
0:47:53 > 0:47:57simply because not enough is known about it.
0:47:57 > 0:48:01We really don't know where it thrives.
0:48:02 > 0:48:06Because it's isolated, you expect that a lot of wildlife is there.
0:48:06 > 0:48:10How much of it and what are the elements affecting it are unknown.
0:49:03 > 0:49:06In the distant reaches of Outer Mongolia,
0:49:06 > 0:49:10one of the planet's great migrations is underway.
0:49:11 > 0:49:16Few people ever see this extraordinary annual event.
0:49:19 > 0:49:22Mongolian gazelle. 2 million are thought to live here.
0:49:25 > 0:49:29But what will happen to the gazelle in 15 years?
0:49:29 > 0:49:32And if they go the way of the saiga, will it matter?
0:49:32 > 0:49:36Should we concentrate only on the most important species?
0:49:37 > 0:49:41If so, which ones are the most important?
0:49:42 > 0:49:45We need every species.
0:49:45 > 0:49:48We need a great diversity of species.
0:49:50 > 0:49:53We need every species
0:49:53 > 0:49:54because...
0:49:54 > 0:49:58when you start decreasing the numbers of species,
0:49:58 > 0:50:00especially in an environment
0:50:00 > 0:50:03which has adapted to a high level of diversity,
0:50:03 > 0:50:08you'll start reducing the stability of the area.
0:50:09 > 0:50:14I think any extinction that is before its time matters.
0:50:14 > 0:50:18If one was to pick two groups, it's at the very top and the very bottom.
0:50:18 > 0:50:21You know, the creatures that keep the planet going
0:50:21 > 0:50:27and the big organisms that keep our souls and imaginations on fire.
0:50:27 > 0:50:31The tiger, probably the best known poem in the English language,
0:50:31 > 0:50:32Blake's Tiger Tiger, which
0:50:32 > 0:50:36every child can recite and every child understands what it means.
0:50:36 > 0:50:40"Tiger Tiger, burning bright, In the forests of the night."
0:50:40 > 0:50:42They know that it's not just dark forest.
0:50:42 > 0:50:45It's to do with the pulse of life.
0:50:45 > 0:50:48If we lose these majestic creatures,
0:50:48 > 0:50:54with their sense of power and ancestry and their possibility
0:50:54 > 0:50:57of power over us sometimes, then I think
0:50:57 > 0:51:03we are diminished by that, as well as the ecosystem.
0:51:03 > 0:51:05If you go to a village in India
0:51:05 > 0:51:08and you start talking to them about saving the tiger,
0:51:08 > 0:51:13people will say to you, "How can you talk about saving the tiger when
0:51:13 > 0:51:15"we've got starving people here?"
0:51:15 > 0:51:21I think the way conservation was developed over the last 50 years,
0:51:22 > 0:51:26we have focused our energy into trying to convince people
0:51:26 > 0:51:29that things like tigers are inherently important.
0:51:29 > 0:51:34Ultimately, if our movement is not relevant to the lives of real people
0:51:34 > 0:51:38dealing with real issues, we're just going to be preaching to the choir.
0:51:38 > 0:51:43My concern is the great indifference that most people have toward
0:51:43 > 0:51:45the species of lesser creatures
0:51:45 > 0:51:48that they'd never noticed or dismissed as bugs and weeds.
0:51:48 > 0:51:52That's where the bulk of life on Earth exists.
0:51:52 > 0:51:57When you magnify one of these organisms
0:51:57 > 0:52:02to human size and approach it as an independent,
0:52:02 > 0:52:05highly-complicated entity on Earth,
0:52:05 > 0:52:10then you see it as the equal of a large mammal.
0:52:13 > 0:52:18The organisms that matter, perhaps most of all, are the plants.
0:52:18 > 0:52:23Many of them very unglamorous, hard-working, fantastically common.
0:52:23 > 0:52:24Of course, without which,
0:52:24 > 0:52:27there would be no way in which the energy of the sun
0:52:27 > 0:52:33was translated into available energy for all other organisms.
0:52:33 > 0:52:36Each of these creatures plays a role in its ecosystem.
0:52:36 > 0:52:38Some of those roles quite important.
0:52:38 > 0:52:40If you think in terms of a brick wall,
0:52:40 > 0:52:42we are systematically knocking out bricks.
0:52:42 > 0:52:45Sooner or later the wall collapses.
0:53:35 > 0:53:38This is biodiversity.
0:53:38 > 0:53:41The planet's full wide range of life-forms.
0:53:41 > 0:53:46And it benefits every single species, including the human one.
0:53:46 > 0:53:47How?
0:53:47 > 0:53:50The whole planet Earth is a system
0:53:50 > 0:53:53and we, human species,
0:53:53 > 0:53:57are only a very small part of the system.
0:53:57 > 0:53:59There are literally millions of species out there.
0:53:59 > 0:54:01We may not know them.
0:54:01 > 0:54:03We may not know their value.
0:54:03 > 0:54:06But we want to conserve them.
0:54:08 > 0:54:11There are a very wide range of practical reasons
0:54:11 > 0:54:14as to why we need to conserve this planet's biodiversity.
0:54:14 > 0:54:18For a start, all our food ultimately derives from biological systems.
0:54:18 > 0:54:19So do a lot of our medicines.
0:54:19 > 0:54:23A lot of our industrial products are based upon chemicals
0:54:23 > 0:54:25we've taken from nature, for example.
0:54:25 > 0:54:29Biodiversity is very much part, therefore, of the global economy.
0:54:29 > 0:54:31Very much part of our wellbeing.
0:54:31 > 0:54:34I don't think there's a single compelling
0:54:34 > 0:54:38reason of an economic kind
0:54:38 > 0:54:42that compels us to preserve biological diversity.
0:54:42 > 0:54:47Insofar as there are reasons, one says, we want to preserve all this
0:54:47 > 0:54:50gene pool because maybe we can use it.
0:54:50 > 0:54:51Very human-centred.
0:54:51 > 0:54:56Maybe we can be clever enough to just understand the molecules ourselves.
0:54:56 > 0:55:02The second says, we depend on the services ecosystems give - pollinating,
0:55:02 > 0:55:05cleaning water...
0:55:05 > 0:55:11and as we reduce the number of species, we can't be sure they will continue to deliver those services.
0:55:12 > 0:55:16Maybe we could be clever enough to live in an impoverished world.
0:55:16 > 0:55:22The third reason is a straight ethical reason that says we have a responsibility of stewardship.
0:55:24 > 0:55:28And how strong that is depends on the luxury you have to enjoy it.
0:55:41 > 0:55:45The head count of the Amur leopard is disturbing.
0:55:45 > 0:55:49Because of habitat loss and poaching,
0:55:49 > 0:55:52there are just 30 left in the wild.
0:55:56 > 0:56:01With extinction so close, conservation becomes desperate.
0:56:08 > 0:56:12Here in New Orleans, the Audubon zoo, we have a pair of the Amur leopards.
0:56:12 > 0:56:16Our long-term strategy with them is to work with what we call
0:56:16 > 0:56:18the species survival plan.
0:56:18 > 0:56:22The Amur leopard is one of the high-priority animals.
0:56:27 > 0:56:33What's happened recently, and some of the work we're doing involving cloning, has allowed
0:56:33 > 0:56:38us to now not necessarily take eggs and sperm but we're able
0:56:38 > 0:56:41to take tissue samples from these animals.
0:56:41 > 0:56:44Put this tissue sample in a culture and where it was once maybe 100 cells,
0:56:44 > 0:56:46we can now grow thousands of cells.
0:56:46 > 0:56:53Each one of those cells contains the complete copy of DNA of this animal.
0:56:53 > 0:56:56So we can freeze these cells.
0:56:56 > 0:57:02Let's say 50 years from now, scientists go into those liquid nitrogen containers and they
0:57:02 > 0:57:07pull out the DNA from tigers, Amur leopards, rhinos.
0:57:07 > 0:57:12That DNA is alive and it's able to be used to produce
0:57:12 > 0:57:16embryos that then could result in babies - in offspring.
0:57:16 > 0:57:21So, what I'm hoping we leave in our lifetime is this living library for the future.
0:57:21 > 0:57:2750 years from now, the scientists can say, "Oh my gosh, we're about to lose
0:57:27 > 0:57:33"this little rusty-spotted cat from Sri Lanka or the Amur leopard, but do you know what? We have the DNA.
0:57:33 > 0:57:40"We have the science to at least be able to bring the numbers up of the species so they won't go extinct."
0:57:40 > 0:57:42We have to be careful about producing
0:57:42 > 0:57:46something which is a facsimile of a wild animal,
0:57:46 > 0:57:49from something which is able to exist in the wild.
0:57:50 > 0:57:54One of the problems of keeping animals in conventional zoos, the
0:57:54 > 0:57:56selective pressures are very great
0:57:56 > 0:58:01and you're actually moving that animal towards domestication.
0:58:01 > 0:58:04It may look the same, but it may not have the skills
0:58:04 > 0:58:08or the behavioural attributes or physiology to survive in the wild.
0:58:08 > 0:58:11You know it's funny when people say, we may be playing God, we may be
0:58:11 > 0:58:17controlling and taking charge of kind of these species' destinies.
0:58:17 > 0:58:20But you know, man played God a long time ago.
0:58:21 > 0:58:25I think, and I believe, God gave us stewardship over these animals.
0:58:25 > 0:58:30What we're doing is using the capabilities that we have
0:58:30 > 0:58:33as humans to not destroy animals any longer but to try to protect them,
0:58:33 > 0:58:36to preserve them and bring them back.
0:58:44 > 0:58:47Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:58:47 > 0:58:50E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk