...about the Weather

:00:10. > :00:15.Here is the forecast for the next 30 minutes. It will be an

:00:15. > :00:20.unpredictable start, giving way to clear blue skies. Later it there

:00:20. > :00:23.will be wind with rain and the occasional flash of lightning.

:00:23. > :00:27.There is also the distinct possibility of a hurricane so

:00:27. > :00:31.please stay tuned for further updates. And if you do decide to

:00:31. > :00:38.head out, here is the important things you need to know about the

:00:38. > :00:42.weather. First up, why it is the weather so

:00:42. > :00:48.unpredictable? We have probably all been victims of bad weather

:00:48. > :00:53.forecasts at some point. Believe it or not, you need a degree to be a

:00:53. > :00:58.meteorologist. In their defence, the planet's weather is in chaos.

:00:58. > :01:01.It is what scientists call a chaotic dynamics system. Dynamic

:01:02. > :01:07.because it changes all the time, and chaotic because it doesn't

:01:07. > :01:12.follow any set pattern. That is because the Alf has massive

:01:12. > :01:19.mountains, huge oceans and a thick atmosphere -- the earth. It is

:01:19. > :01:26.being constantly bombarded by heat from the Sun. This combination of

:01:26. > :01:30.limitless energy and lopsided landscapes provide -- produces

:01:30. > :01:35.large and violent weather systems, and they bump into each other as

:01:35. > :01:37.they stomp around the planet. This complexity makes the weather in the

:01:37. > :01:42.earth the least predictable in the phone system, but it has not

:01:42. > :01:49.stopped us from trying. In olden times, we relied on guesswork and

:01:49. > :01:53.folklore, like interpreting animal behaviour. Or entrails. But the

:01:53. > :01:58.only vaguely accurate method was observation. During the Renaissance,

:01:58. > :02:03.we invented machines like a barometer, which measures

:02:03. > :02:07.variations in air pressure. This helped us with short-term weather

:02:07. > :02:15.changes. Then Samuel Morse patented the electromagnetic Telegraph,

:02:15. > :02:20.which meant we could find out what the weather was like elsewhere, but

:02:20. > :02:25.that was still no guarantee that this weather was on its way to us.

:02:25. > :02:29.We were still stuck in observation mode. A major breakthrough came in

:02:29. > :02:34.1922, when a scientist, Lewis Richardson, developed a

:02:34. > :02:38.mathematical model for forecasting future weather, using information

:02:38. > :02:42.gained from observations of conditions around the world. This

:02:42. > :02:48.was great, except it would have needed 64,000 people working flat

:02:48. > :02:56.out to keep the forecast up-to-date. Luckily, we then invented computers

:02:56. > :03:00.that did the math for us and the idea took off. But even with all

:03:00. > :03:04.today's modern forecasting technology, meteorologists still

:03:04. > :03:11.struggle to stay on top of the chaos of the world's weather, which

:03:11. > :03:14.is why they can still be wrong about tomorrow. So now you know why

:03:14. > :03:18.forecasters make bad predictions. Not that we should best as they

:03:18. > :03:23.really give them a break about it. It does seem that all you need to

:03:23. > :03:27.do is press this button and the weather changes, and all anybody

:03:27. > :03:35.wants his sunny days and clear skies. Except they are not really

:03:35. > :03:39.clear. They are blue. Why is the sky-blue? This would be a strong

:03:39. > :03:45.contender for signs's dirtiest trick question because really, it

:03:45. > :03:49.isn't blue. It isn't any colour at all. It all comes down to how the

:03:49. > :03:53.human brain interprets visible electromagnetic radiation. Also

:03:54. > :03:57.known as sunlight. Although sunlight appears as white, it is

:03:57. > :04:01.actually a mixture of all the magical colours of the rainbow.

:04:01. > :04:07.Isaac Newton demonstrated this when he used a prism to separate them

:04:07. > :04:10.out, a nifty little party trick known as refraction. These colours

:04:10. > :04:17.form the visible range of what is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

:04:17. > :04:25.It includes super hero powers, like the Marais and X-rays, and the less

:04:25. > :04:30.sexy microwaves and radio waves. Like waves on the spectrum of so

:04:30. > :04:35.small they are measured in nanometres, and each colour have

:04:35. > :04:39.its own individual wave length and frequency. But in space, they

:04:39. > :04:45.combine to produce white lights and they all travel at the same speed.

:04:45. > :04:49.The speed of light. The action doesn't really begin until the

:04:49. > :04:55.light reaches the Earth and crashes headlong into the oxygen and

:04:55. > :04:57.nitrogen molecules that make up 99% of our atmosphere. It is then that

:04:57. > :05:02.the colours started separate, with some getting knocked about more

:05:02. > :05:07.than others. An effect known as Rayleigh scattering. The shorter

:05:07. > :05:10.the colour's wavelength, the more it gets bounced around and the blue

:05:10. > :05:15.light is that the shorter end of the spectrum. This means that when

:05:15. > :05:18.it hits the atmosphere, the air molecules scatter the blue light

:05:18. > :05:24.everywhere, while other colours pass straight through with barely a

:05:24. > :05:31.scratch. So the colour blue appears to be coming from all over the sky

:05:31. > :05:36.as it makes its way to your eyes. But here is why it is a trick

:05:36. > :05:42.question. This guy isn't really blue, we just think it is. -- the

:05:42. > :05:48.sky isn't really blue. The are his only pick up the wavelength and

:05:48. > :05:54.send that signal to be a brain. The brain and then decides what colour

:05:54. > :06:01.that wavelength should be, while painting a picture in real time. It

:06:01. > :06:06.is the original blue-sky thinking. This guy isn't the only vast

:06:06. > :06:10.expanse that appears to us to be blue -- the sky. The oceans do for

:06:10. > :06:14.the same reasons. They scatter at the Blue Light while absorbing the

:06:14. > :06:22.other colours and that is probably why the Earth is referred to as the

:06:22. > :06:29.Blue Planet. There are 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water out there

:06:29. > :06:35.and that begs the question: How do oceans affect the weather? Water,

:06:36. > :06:42.water, everywhere and not a drop to drink. Unless, of course, you are

:06:42. > :06:46.one of these. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain 90

:06:46. > :06:51.tempers cent of its water. So it is not surprising that the ocean has a

:06:51. > :06:56.big say in the world's weather. Their most important role is in

:06:56. > :07:01.storing and distributing heat. In fact, over half of the heat we get

:07:01. > :07:06.from the sun is stored in them. Most of its days near the surface

:07:06. > :07:10.in the first few metres of what is called the epic pelagic zone. Ocean

:07:10. > :07:16.temperatures can reach up to 36 degrees Celsius and this warm-water

:07:16. > :07:22.it swims around in surface currents, created by passing winds. Other

:07:22. > :07:27.currents move about in water as Col des minus two, and this change

:07:27. > :07:32.helps to keep worldwide temperatures in balance -- as cold

:07:32. > :07:38.as minus two. The most well-known is the Gulf Stream. It starts out

:07:38. > :07:42.in the Gulf of Mexico and passes the tip of Florida, where it begins

:07:43. > :07:48.a 2500 kilometres migration across the Atlantic. Amazingly it shifts

:07:48. > :07:58.over 100 times more water than all the rivers on earth. Ocean's also

:07:58. > :07:59.

:07:59. > :08:02.supply around 90% of the water used to create rain. They are hugely

:08:02. > :08:08.effective at absorbing carbon dioxide, which manages the Earth's

:08:08. > :08:13.climate. They are also home to more slippery things, like hurricane.

:08:13. > :08:18.But perhaps the most slippery of phenomenon is a mean you have. It

:08:19. > :08:28.is a complex phenomenon in the earth's climate -- L Lemieux. It

:08:29. > :08:31.

:08:31. > :08:34.appears every three-- El Nino. Its arrival causes a number of strange

:08:34. > :08:39.things to happen, including a dramatic increase in rainfall in

:08:39. > :08:45.South America, while at the same time droughts in Australia, and

:08:45. > :08:48.these extremes caused upset to everyone. We still don't completely

:08:48. > :08:54.understand what causes El Nino but did implement on the weather is

:08:54. > :08:59.second only to the changing of the seasons. And we are never really

:08:59. > :09:04.totally sure when it will return. So you can think of the oceans

:09:04. > :09:08.might joined factories where a lot of the weather is manufactured --

:09:08. > :09:12.like joint factories. But it would not get anywhere without another

:09:13. > :09:16.vital component, the wind. Sometimes it is a gentle breeze,

:09:16. > :09:26.sometimes it is strong enough to blow you over, but how does that

:09:26. > :09:28.

:09:28. > :09:37.come out of thin air? Why does the wind blow? The wind is guaranteed

:09:37. > :09:42.to get you on the moves. The key is the Sun, which produces 386 billion

:09:42. > :09:46.billion megawatts of power every second. Some of this energy gets

:09:46. > :09:50.transferred onto the Earth's atmosphere. The equator receives

:09:50. > :09:54.the most direct sunlight while the North Pole and the South Pole have

:09:54. > :09:58.to make do with whatever they can get. To redress the imbalance, the

:09:58. > :10:04.warm air at the equator rises and heads off to the North Pole and the

:10:04. > :10:10.South Pole. Once there, it gets colder then goes back to the

:10:10. > :10:15.rises because the molecules get excited and begin to jump about so

:10:15. > :10:19.that the air expands. Colder temperatures, the molecules down,

:10:19. > :10:23.so the air contracts, becomes more dense and fought back to earth.

:10:23. > :10:27.These motions create regions of high and low air pressure and the

:10:27. > :10:35.air will always flow from where the pressure is high to where it is low.

:10:35. > :10:43.This results in wind. Added to that is friction, caused by the planets

:10:43. > :10:48.dips and bums. This helped to decide when speed and direction.

:10:48. > :10:52.Then at the Coriolis effect comes into the mix. As the Earth rotates,

:10:52. > :10:56.it sends the moving air into a spin, throwing it to the right in the

:10:56. > :11:01.northern hemisphere and to the left down under, leading to weather

:11:01. > :11:05.systems that rotate in opposite directions. But wind is not simply

:11:05. > :11:11.a global phenomenon. It also happens on a much smaller scale.

:11:11. > :11:15.With different surfaces, such as forests, mountains, deserts, Oceans,

:11:15. > :11:19.all been heated unevenly, it creates localised wind patterns.

:11:19. > :11:24.What you end up with are those funny circles on a weather map that

:11:24. > :11:27.look as though they have been drawn by a two-year-old. They represent

:11:27. > :11:34.regions of high pressure and low pressure, with the Arrows telling

:11:34. > :11:38.you which way things are going. The wind comes recommended by

:11:38. > :11:43.Christopher Columbus, geese and the Netherlands. But please remember to

:11:43. > :11:49.treat it with caution. As it can, in some cases, lead to extreme

:11:49. > :11:57.devastation. The wind is a fundamental part of Mother Nature's

:11:57. > :12:00.game plan for the weather, but occasionally she throws in a couple

:12:00. > :12:05.of other players as well, and almost, their least favourite

:12:05. > :12:10.opponent is the rain. Love it or loathe it, it is an essential part

:12:10. > :12:15.of the weather. The next question is: Where does all of the rain come

:12:15. > :12:20.from? Rain, rain, go away, come again another day. You might

:12:20. > :12:24.remember that one from your childhood. It is actually a good

:12:24. > :12:28.summary of the hydrological cycle. The never-ending journey mortar mix

:12:28. > :12:33.between the Earth and the atmosphere. -- water makes. It

:12:33. > :12:38.begins with water vapour, which is water in gas form that has been

:12:38. > :12:48.sweating of the planet's surface by heat from the sun. As it rises, the

:12:48. > :12:49.

:12:49. > :12:54.Weber calls off, ready to condense back into a liquid -- the vapour

:12:54. > :12:59.calls down. It uses condensation nuclei, the microscopic stuff that

:12:59. > :13:04.gets coughed up by dust storms, volcanoes, fire and pollution. The

:13:04. > :13:09.vapour condenses into these particles, forming water droplets

:13:09. > :13:13.or, if it has travelled where the temperature was below freezing, ice

:13:13. > :13:19.crystals. This process is repeated until then number in the trillions,

:13:19. > :13:23.forming what scientists call clouds. To fall as rain, the droplets have

:13:23. > :13:29.to be heavy enough to succumb to gravity and large enough to power

:13:29. > :13:33.through the rising warm air beneath a cloud. To do this, the droplets

:13:33. > :13:37.joined forces to create raindrops, which can be up to one centimetre

:13:37. > :13:42.in diameter. Some parts of the world are more prone to heavy rain

:13:42. > :13:47.and others because of the different way the climates work. India is

:13:47. > :13:52.famous for its monsoon season. There would monsoon actually

:13:52. > :13:57.referred to seasonal changes in wind direction -- the word monsoon.

:13:57. > :14:07.During in the year's summer, warm, wet air is drawn in from the ocean,

:14:07. > :14:09.

:14:09. > :14:17.In winter, the wind changes direction and blows the rain away.

:14:17. > :14:23.Although, like the Rhine says, it will come again another day. The

:14:23. > :14:29.high score for the most rain in 24 hours is held by a tiny island off

:14:29. > :14:35.the east coast of Madagascar. It was swamped by 73 inches in 1952.

:14:35. > :14:40.That is going to be tough to beat. Precipitation can come in other

:14:40. > :14:44.varieties besides rain. My least favourite example of this is snow.

:14:44. > :14:49.It always makes me think of my grandmother, who used to look out

:14:49. > :14:56.of the window and say things like "it is trying to snow but it is

:14:56. > :15:02.just too cold". I wonder if she was ever write about that. Can it be

:15:02. > :15:09.too cold to snow? Snow might look soft but don't be fooled, it can

:15:09. > :15:14.close down schools, roads, and even airport. It is hardly likely to let

:15:14. > :15:19.the drop in temperature get in the way. It can see no no matter how

:15:19. > :15:25.cold it is, but there is more to it than that. Just like rain, snow

:15:25. > :15:31.needs water vapour to rise up from the ground, which then freezes into

:15:31. > :15:38.snow crystals. However, the further the air temperature falls below

:15:38. > :15:45.zero, the less water vapour there is floating about. So any crystals

:15:45. > :15:52.that do fall will lack the moisture they need to get bigger. This makes

:15:52. > :15:58.it harder for snow to fall, but not impossible. It has been seen

:15:58. > :16:06.falling below minus 40 degrees Celsius. At these temperatures

:16:06. > :16:12.there is less of it about and the crystals are much smaller. Another

:16:13. > :16:18.commonly asked questions about snow is weather or not any two

:16:18. > :16:23.snowflakes can be identical. Let's find out. Snowflakes definitely

:16:23. > :16:28.seem to think they are too cool for school because they do look

:16:28. > :16:32.different when viewed close-up. The random way in which they fall as

:16:32. > :16:37.they fall through the atmosphere means there are more potential

:16:37. > :16:42.shapes than atoms in the universe, so the likelihood of two snowflakes

:16:42. > :16:48.being exactly alike is bordering on impossible. Apparently scientists

:16:48. > :16:52.came close in 1988 with two that were very much alike, but that is

:16:52. > :17:02.not the same as identical. Of course snow is not the only Ic

:17:02. > :17:02.

:17:02. > :17:07.thing falling from the sky, there is also sleet and hail. When hill

:17:07. > :17:12.is earthbound, you had better watch out, otherwise you might end up

:17:12. > :17:17.losing some of your teeth. The largest hailstone on record that

:17:18. > :17:25.landed in Bangladesh in 1986 weighed over one kilo. Of course it

:17:25. > :17:30.did not travel alone. Incredibly, cold as it is, hill has been

:17:30. > :17:34.identified as a major contributor to the creation of lightning. Which

:17:34. > :17:39.is right off the other end of the temperature scale and more

:17:39. > :17:46.difficult to sidestep. Maybe I can give you a few pointers. How do I

:17:46. > :17:50.avoid being hit by lightning? Lightning flashes up to 100 times a

:17:50. > :17:55.second worldwide. You would think this would be enough for us to

:17:55. > :18:00.understand it properly, but it isn't. We can't predict when or

:18:00. > :18:06.were lightning will strike. We know Ben Franklin was very lucky with

:18:06. > :18:10.his kite experiment because lightning has up to 1 billion

:18:10. > :18:15.vaults of static electricity. It mainly appears during thunderstorms,

:18:15. > :18:19.which are named after the sound of a lightning strike. The big issue

:18:19. > :18:25.is that we don't fully understand how lightning forms. One of the

:18:25. > :18:29.leading theories is that in a storm tiny ice crystals and lumps of

:18:29. > :18:33.hailstones are crashing against each other. This causes electrons

:18:33. > :18:37.on some of the ice crystals to break off and attach themselves to

:18:37. > :18:42.some of the heavier falling hailstones. Then the hailstones

:18:42. > :18:48.become negatively charged. We know the electricity is divided into

:18:48. > :18:52.positive and negative charge. It was Benjamin Franklin who

:18:52. > :18:56.introduced this idea. The negative charge starts to collect in the

:18:56. > :19:01.base of the storm cloud. The ground below contains negative and

:19:01. > :19:04.positive charge, but the negative charges are repulsed by the

:19:04. > :19:11.negativity in the cloud base, leaving the positive charges or

:19:11. > :19:16.loan. Just like in a bad romantic comedy, opposite always attract.

:19:16. > :19:21.Eventually, this attraction becomes overwhelming and all the pent-up

:19:21. > :19:25.energy is released with a bold five times hotter than the sum.

:19:25. > :19:34.Lightning comes in several additions, including four Oct,

:19:34. > :19:38.streaked, rocket, and the very rare ball. Not all lightning strikes the

:19:38. > :19:43.ground, in fact most of the time it just fires around inside the storm

:19:43. > :19:48.cloud. It you see this happening, count the seconds from when you see

:19:48. > :19:53.lightning to when you hear thunder, and then divide that number by five.

:19:53. > :19:59.This will tell you how many miles away the storm is. If you get

:19:59. > :20:04.caught out, Steer clear of any metal. Water it is also a good

:20:04. > :20:10.conductor of electricity, so avoid that. Try to get indoors if you can

:20:10. > :20:15.but don't use the telephone to let people know you are OK. That is

:20:15. > :20:20.wind, rain, snow and lightning taking care of. It is getting

:20:20. > :20:26.lively but I can't help thinking that we have not yet hit on the

:20:26. > :20:32.real big movers and shakers, like Hurricanes for example. They are in

:20:32. > :20:39.a class of their own when it comes to big weather. When is a hurricane

:20:39. > :20:44.not a hurricane? They are dry rating mega machines with a minimum

:20:44. > :20:48.speed of 119 kilometres per hour. Really, they are just very big

:20:48. > :20:53.storms. And they are not the only storms that operate like this,

:20:53. > :20:57.there are also typhoons and tropical cyclones. Want to know the

:20:58. > :21:03.difference? There is not one, at least not from a meteorological

:21:03. > :21:09.perspective. To develop, all three need the water temperature to be

:21:09. > :21:12.26.6 degrees and they all have the distinctive look to them known as

:21:12. > :21:18.closed wind circulation. Simply put, they have been given different

:21:18. > :21:25.names according to where in the world they form. They are called

:21:25. > :21:32.hurricanes in the North Atlantic and the north-east Pacific.

:21:32. > :21:35.Typhoons occur in the north-west Pacific, and cyclones fall in the

:21:35. > :21:42.south-west Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Even though they have been

:21:42. > :21:45.given different names, they function in the same way. It begins

:21:45. > :21:50.with what experts call tropical disturbances in the atmosphere.

:21:50. > :21:56.Warm, wet air rises into the sky and cools rapidly creating

:21:56. > :22:04.thunderstorms. The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation,

:22:04. > :22:12.blends these storms together, spinning them around together. This

:22:12. > :22:19.becomes the eye of the storm where it is actually pretty calm. These

:22:19. > :22:22.storm systems can only get upgraded when their wind reaches that magic

:22:22. > :22:26.119 kilometres per hour mark. But although they are not really

:22:26. > :22:31.different, they are all record- holders in their own right with a

:22:31. > :22:39.top wind speed of 408 kilometres per hour. Tropical cyclone of

:22:39. > :22:45.Bolivia, which struck Australia in 1996, was the fastest. Typhoon tip

:22:45. > :22:52.was the largest, but hurricane Catrina, which hit the US in 2005,

:22:52. > :22:57.caused the most damaged - $81 billion. So a hurricane is not a

:22:57. > :23:03.hurricane when it is a typhoon or cyclone. It is all a roller-coaster

:23:03. > :23:08.ride but it is not amusing. Things don't come much bigger than a

:23:08. > :23:13.tropical cyclone, but there are smaller forces at work, subtle

:23:13. > :23:19.forces all around you that you didn't even know existed. They are

:23:19. > :23:24.called micro-climates. Try to imagine the important stuff that

:23:24. > :23:31.can affect the weather, like wind, temperature, a humidity and

:23:31. > :23:38.rainfall. Then imagine cramming it into a small box. You are just

:23:38. > :23:43.about ready to build your very own micro-climate. Essentially, micro-

:23:43. > :23:48.climates are small areas where the climate is different from the one

:23:48. > :23:52.outside it. These differences are caused by the lay of the land in

:23:52. > :23:57.your plot and the way it influences the weather's behaviour. For

:23:57. > :24:02.example, if your plot has sandy coloured soil, it will bounce more

:24:02. > :24:08.heat back into the atmosphere than darker soil, which absorbs it. This

:24:08. > :24:13.will affect how hot it is. Trees can provide shade in the summer,

:24:13. > :24:18.which keeps the plot cool, but deciduous trees lose their leaves

:24:18. > :24:25.in the winter so the sun shines through which warms it up. Trees

:24:25. > :24:30.their leaves, making the air more moist. If your plot has a mountain

:24:30. > :24:35.near it, this will affect the way the wind blows through it and will

:24:35. > :24:41.force moist air to rise, creating rain clouds. You also need to think

:24:41. > :24:45.about what latitude you want to be on, and how far above sea level

:24:45. > :24:54.because for every 1000 metres you go up, the temperature can drop by

:24:54. > :25:04.10 degrees Celsius. These features have created countless natural my -

:25:04. > :25:04.

:25:04. > :25:09.- micro-climate around the world. Cities can be several degrees

:25:09. > :25:15.warmer than rural areas. The pioneering amateur meteorologist

:25:15. > :25:20.Haward was the first to document this in 1818. He described London

:25:20. > :25:24.as having an artificial excess of heat, one of its many excesses that

:25:24. > :25:30.continues today, although scientists now refer to the place

:25:30. > :25:34.as an urban heat island. You can even change the micro-climate in

:25:34. > :25:41.your own garden, depending on what plants you have got, what the soil

:25:41. > :25:46.is like, the direction it faces and so on. Your DIY contribution to

:25:46. > :25:52.micro climate change. The weather works in time as well as space, and

:25:52. > :25:59.some aspects of it are as regular as clockwork. Four of them at any

:25:59. > :26:03.rate, these are the seasons. Why do we have seasons? Up close, the

:26:03. > :26:09.Earth looks like a well-built machine, but take a step back and

:26:09. > :26:19.you will realise it has a few flaws. For starters, it has a wonky

:26:19. > :26:19.

:26:19. > :26:23.vertical axis, off by about 23.5 degrees so that North Pole does not

:26:23. > :26:31.point straight up. This tool was first measured accurately over 2000

:26:31. > :26:36.years ago by this Greek mathematician, a very smart man. It

:26:36. > :26:43.always tilts in the same direction, pointing towards the North Star, no

:26:43. > :26:47.matter where it is on its journey around the sun. And, depending on

:26:47. > :26:52.where you live, the tilt affect how much sunlight you get during

:26:52. > :27:02.different times of the year. This results in the four very different

:27:02. > :27:05.seasons. Spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The people in the

:27:05. > :27:10.northern hemisphere get more attention during their summer

:27:10. > :27:15.months when the Earth's tilt is in their favour. But they get the cold

:27:15. > :27:19.shoulder in winter, when the Earth is tilting away and the sun is

:27:19. > :27:24.shining on everyone below the equator. Although seasonal weather

:27:24. > :27:29.changes gradually, there are days when the polls of the Earth are

:27:29. > :27:35.tilted as near to or as far from the sun as is possible, and we call

:27:35. > :27:41.these the solstices. The summer solstice is the longest day of the

:27:41. > :27:46.year, and the winter solstice is the shortest. You will know when

:27:46. > :27:53.they are because you will see people dancing at World Heritage

:27:53. > :27:58.sites on the news. Not everywhere has four different seasons. If you

:27:58. > :28:05.live near the equator, you only get wet and dry seasons because you get

:28:05. > :28:10.a lot of sunlight nearly all the time. The polls only have summer

:28:10. > :28:15.and winter, but that does not seem to bother anyone who lives there.

:28:15. > :28:19.But they will be concerned by the fact that they are melting and the

:28:19. > :28:24.long-term forecast is for global warming. That will change things in