0:00:14 > 0:00:18Jonathan Grubin is 18 and about to start university.
0:00:18 > 0:00:21But first, he's got to make a few arrangements
0:00:21 > 0:00:26to ensure his new online business, Live Newcastle, is running smoothly.
0:00:26 > 0:00:28Live Newcastle is a project I set up
0:00:28 > 0:00:33to help promote regional independent retail and leisure businesses.
0:00:33 > 0:00:36So, shops, cafes, bars, restaurants, nightclubs.
0:00:36 > 0:00:39What we do is we partner with all these organisations
0:00:39 > 0:00:42to offer some sort of discount or benefit to our members.
0:00:42 > 0:00:45For example, the cinema offers cheaper tickets.
0:00:45 > 0:00:4710% off clothing, that sort of thing.
0:00:47 > 0:00:55Jonathan needs 1,000 people to sign up to Live Newcastle via the website this year in order to break even.
0:00:55 > 0:01:00But he's aiming to exceed that and get between 5,000 and 7,000 members on board.
0:01:00 > 0:01:03Businesses pay us a small fee to get involved
0:01:03 > 0:01:06but this gives them access to our network of members,
0:01:06 > 0:01:09who they wouldn't otherwise be able to reach
0:01:09 > 0:01:11and our members just pay £15 a year,
0:01:11 > 0:01:15which entitles them to all of these discounts and deals that we have.
0:01:15 > 0:01:18Live Newcastle isn't Jonathan's first company.
0:01:18 > 0:01:22His online business ventures began at the age of 12.
0:01:22 > 0:01:27He created a website allowing people to download screensavers and backgrounds
0:01:27 > 0:01:28he designed for mobile phones.
0:01:28 > 0:01:32I realised that if I wanted to get stuff for free for my computer and my phone,
0:01:32 > 0:01:38chances were other people would as well. So, I set up a website where you could download it free.
0:01:38 > 0:01:42I remember the first version of it was a bright green background,
0:01:42 > 0:01:45big red text on. It didn't look good at all.
0:01:45 > 0:01:48But it worked. People could come on there,
0:01:48 > 0:01:50see my stuff and they could download it.
0:01:50 > 0:01:53Well, I set the website up purely as a hobby.
0:01:53 > 0:01:56I didn't realise there was any way I could make money out of it.
0:01:56 > 0:01:57And I didn't really want to.
0:01:57 > 0:02:00It was something I was doing for fun, because I enjoyed it.
0:02:00 > 0:02:02But someone said to me,
0:02:02 > 0:02:04"Look, you can make some money off your website."
0:02:04 > 0:02:06I didn't really believe them.
0:02:06 > 0:02:10I thought they were a bit crazy. How can you make money off the internet?
0:02:10 > 0:02:12But after investigating,
0:02:12 > 0:02:14Jonathan discovered that he could make more money
0:02:14 > 0:02:17by allowing advertisers to market themselves
0:02:17 > 0:02:19on sections of his website.
0:02:19 > 0:02:22A few months later, I got a cheque through the door for £12.01.
0:02:22 > 0:02:25I've still got the invoice and it was a fantastic feeling at the time,
0:02:25 > 0:02:27earning a bit of pocket money online
0:02:27 > 0:02:30when my friends are doing paper rounds or washing dishes.
0:02:30 > 0:02:33It was good to be making money from something I enjoyed.
0:02:33 > 0:02:36And that really gave me an eye for business.
0:02:36 > 0:02:40In 2006, when Jonathan was 14,
0:02:40 > 0:02:43he set about turning his online hobby into a business
0:02:43 > 0:02:46by launching the ForFree4u network.
0:02:46 > 0:02:50ForFree4u encouraged users of the website to get
0:02:50 > 0:02:53their friends to sign up in order to receive free gifts.
0:02:53 > 0:02:57Companies advertised on the website and paid Jonathan a commission.
0:02:57 > 0:03:01The network went incredibly well. We had 70,000 members,
0:03:01 > 0:03:03a network of 10 or 11 websites.
0:03:03 > 0:03:07In the first full year of business, the sites turned over around £70,000.
0:03:07 > 0:03:11They've now turned over more than £100,000.
0:03:11 > 0:03:15Then he came up with the idea for Live Newcastle.
0:03:22 > 0:03:27Live Newcastle has cost about £15,000 to develop and launch.
0:03:27 > 0:03:31As well as contributing his personal profit from ForFree4u,
0:03:31 > 0:03:35Jonathan has also managed to secure funding from Business Link.
0:03:35 > 0:03:39This means he's been able to hire a professional web team
0:03:39 > 0:03:40to design his website.
0:03:40 > 0:03:43One of their biggest challenges
0:03:43 > 0:03:47- is how to get new members to sign up online.- Now, what are you like with online networking?
0:03:47 > 0:03:52We've got a few hundred followers on Twitter, which is proving quite good.
0:03:52 > 0:03:55Great for getting businesses on board more than the consumer end.
0:03:55 > 0:03:58We're looking to kick off the Facebook page soon.
0:03:58 > 0:04:03- Brilliant.- Hopefully, once we get that going, we can link that with the website.- Yes.
0:04:03 > 0:04:06- So we can feed through everything. - OK, then. Fantastic...
0:04:06 > 0:04:10Launching online businesses has proved to be a perfect platform for young entrepreneurs.
0:04:10 > 0:04:12Obviously having a website,
0:04:12 > 0:04:16you've got no overheads in terms of having to pay rent on a shop
0:04:16 > 0:04:21or having to employ people to manage something for you 24-7.
0:04:21 > 0:04:26A website effectively can automate and manage everything for you and so it's a lot less hassle
0:04:26 > 0:04:30and, you know, obviously increases your profit margin as well.
0:04:30 > 0:04:33And the internet offers access to free market research tools.
0:04:33 > 0:04:38This is Google Analytics. We implemented this on the Live Newcastle website.
0:04:38 > 0:04:43Basically it can monitor the traffic coming to your site.
0:04:43 > 0:04:48If we want adverts on the website, we can show people who's coming to it, how they're getting there,
0:04:48 > 0:04:52whether they're coming through search engines or if it's direct traffic
0:04:52 > 0:04:54and how much time they spend on the website.
0:04:54 > 0:04:58It means we get a lot of information which we don't spend money for.
0:05:04 > 0:05:08Down in London, Jonathan's balancing his new life as a student
0:05:08 > 0:05:11with the demands of running his online business.
0:05:13 > 0:05:16Tonight, he's off to a networking event
0:05:16 > 0:05:20to meet other entrepreneurs who might be good contacts for the future.
0:05:20 > 0:05:24Obviously I use Facebook, Twitter, e-mail, which are all amazing.
0:05:24 > 0:05:28But I started going along to events in person a year and a half ago
0:05:28 > 0:05:30and they're fantastic.
0:05:30 > 0:05:31Face-to-face contact is amazing.
0:05:31 > 0:05:34Someone I know quite well from Newcastle,
0:05:34 > 0:05:37Nick Bell, who runs Quick TV, is coming along tonight as well.
0:05:37 > 0:05:43Nick made nearly £1 million from the sale of an online teenage magazine when he was just 16.
0:05:43 > 0:05:47And he's carried on creating new online businesses.
0:05:47 > 0:05:49It's interesting to look at the demographic
0:05:49 > 0:05:51of young, successful entrepreneurs.
0:05:51 > 0:05:54A lot of them are using the web as the first step into business
0:05:54 > 0:05:58and then developing their ideas, so, the guys that started Facebook,
0:05:58 > 0:06:00or in the UK, you look at Ally and Andy at Huddle,
0:06:00 > 0:06:03the likes of Sam Barnett at Struq...
0:06:03 > 0:06:09What do Nick and Jonathan think the advantages are of setting up a business online?
0:06:09 > 0:06:12I think when you launch a business online,
0:06:12 > 0:06:13it costs far less.
0:06:13 > 0:06:17You also have the potential reach of a huge audience
0:06:17 > 0:06:18to get your message to.
0:06:18 > 0:06:22I think you can also hide the fact that you're a teen,
0:06:22 > 0:06:25that you have no business experience.
0:06:25 > 0:06:29When I launched my business and I'm sure it's the same, Jon, when you launched yours,
0:06:29 > 0:06:33we didn't shout about the fact that we were still in our bedrooms.
0:06:33 > 0:06:35- No-one actually knew that. - No, exactly, yeah.
0:06:35 > 0:06:38I launched with £300 that I'd saved up.
0:06:38 > 0:06:41Bricks-and-mortar business, you'd need a lot more money than that,
0:06:41 > 0:06:44but I was promoting some big, big names.
0:06:44 > 0:06:47Without the internet that wouldn't have been possible at all.
0:06:47 > 0:06:50Running a business is about having ideas, enthusiasm
0:06:50 > 0:06:52and getting people to buy into what you're doing.
0:06:52 > 0:06:55I would say if you've got an idea, go ahead and try it.
0:06:55 > 0:06:57Especially if you're young, you're in school.
0:06:57 > 0:07:01There's no harm in trying out your idea. If it doesn't work,
0:07:01 > 0:07:03at least you've tried, you haven't failed.
0:07:03 > 0:07:06You know what you're good at, what you might not be good at.
0:07:06 > 0:07:08You can take something away from that.
0:07:14 > 0:07:18I've been on the internet and I've found a nice bit from Wikipedia
0:07:18 > 0:07:21which I'm going to use as my introduction.
0:07:21 > 0:07:26It talks about how Caesar isn't the main character, although the play is named after him.
0:07:26 > 0:07:30Clare is in Year Ten and is writing an essay on Julius Caesar.
0:07:30 > 0:07:34As usual, she's using the web for research.
0:07:34 > 0:07:38We've asked her to plagiarise sections from the internet and put them into her essay.
0:07:38 > 0:07:42Plagiarism occurs when a student takes material from a source
0:07:42 > 0:07:44and doesn't acknowledge it in their work,
0:07:44 > 0:07:47for example, taking material directly from the internet
0:07:47 > 0:07:50and then not providing a reference as to the website
0:07:50 > 0:07:54and to the actual name of the author whose material they used.
0:07:54 > 0:07:56So, it's OK to take material and use it in your work
0:07:56 > 0:08:00as long as you give proper acknowledgement and give that work credit.
0:08:00 > 0:08:04Playing a huge role in the battle to stamp out plagiarism
0:08:04 > 0:08:07are sophisticated plagiarism detector programs.
0:08:07 > 0:08:11Nearly all universities in the UK have this software
0:08:11 > 0:08:14and more and more schools are now using it.
0:08:14 > 0:08:18I went on Google and I typed in "Julius Caesar" and "Brutus"
0:08:18 > 0:08:20and just saw what results came up.
0:08:20 > 0:08:22I'm on a site called SparkNotes
0:08:22 > 0:08:25and I've found a bit which describes Brutus as a person
0:08:25 > 0:08:29and I'm going to copy and paste that into my essay.
0:08:29 > 0:08:32I'm on The Literature Network and I'd never heard of it before,
0:08:32 > 0:08:35it just came up when I typed in for my search.
0:08:35 > 0:08:38It should have some interesting stuff.
0:08:38 > 0:08:43A recent study indicates that 80% of US college students
0:08:43 > 0:08:46admit to copying directly from websites for their essays.
0:08:46 > 0:08:49Teachers and lecturers across the world
0:08:49 > 0:08:51are concerned about this worrying trend.
0:08:51 > 0:08:55In the case of serious plagiarism, they could actually get zero,
0:08:55 > 0:08:57which could eventually mean failing a module
0:08:57 > 0:08:59and actually failing the course.
0:08:59 > 0:09:02We have had serious action had to be taken on a few occasions.
0:09:02 > 0:09:06There was one occasion where an assessment was submitted.
0:09:06 > 0:09:09It was a direct copy of another student's work.
0:09:09 > 0:09:12The original student was unaware of that.
0:09:12 > 0:09:14I think the internet has added to the problem
0:09:14 > 0:09:17because of the cut-and-paste ability.
0:09:17 > 0:09:18It's pretty easy to plagiarise
0:09:18 > 0:09:20cos it's just really clicking buttons,
0:09:20 > 0:09:23copying, pasting. Very basic.
0:09:24 > 0:09:26I've now finished the essay.
0:09:26 > 0:09:30I've got 10 plagiarised pieces.
0:09:30 > 0:09:33In some sources, I've changed some words and swapped some round.
0:09:33 > 0:09:35I'm not sure if the software will get it.
0:09:35 > 0:09:39Clare's off to meet Will Murray at plagiarismadvice.org,
0:09:39 > 0:09:44which distributes the software, to find out how effective it is.
0:09:44 > 0:09:47OK, Clare. We've received your essay
0:09:47 > 0:09:50and we've loaded it in to turn it in, which took about five minutes
0:09:50 > 0:09:53and it's carrying out a comparison with its database.
0:09:53 > 0:09:58Let's go through each of the matches and have a look at where they've come from.
0:09:58 > 0:10:02In this match here, it's showing that it's come from Wikipedia as the source.
0:10:02 > 0:10:03Yeah, that is right, yeah.
0:10:03 > 0:10:07And if we go into that and ask it to show us in context...
0:10:07 > 0:10:11So, now we can see the Wikipedia page here
0:10:11 > 0:10:13that that content came from.
0:10:13 > 0:10:16And on the left hand side, we can see the original essay.
0:10:16 > 0:10:19And the software has even identified
0:10:19 > 0:10:24the sections where Clare swapped the plagiarised paragraphs around.
0:10:24 > 0:10:27Here's a section that's been identified as coming from SparkNotes
0:10:27 > 0:10:30and we can see on the left-hand side here in the original essay,
0:10:30 > 0:10:32it looks like they've been re-ordered.
0:10:32 > 0:10:36Because the second paragraph here has been moved to the bottom
0:10:36 > 0:10:39and the bottom one's been moved into the middle.
0:10:39 > 0:10:42- Is that what you did?- Yeah. I swapped the sentences round.
0:10:42 > 0:10:46The matching algorithm still works because it's looking for patterns.
0:10:46 > 0:10:49Even though some of the words have been changed, it identifies it.
0:10:49 > 0:10:53All essays submitted to Turnitin are saved.
0:10:53 > 0:10:56So, if someone has copied another student's essay,
0:10:56 > 0:11:00wherever they are in the country, this would also be detected.
0:11:00 > 0:11:07What is acceptable is to use material from the internet as long as it's properly referenced.
0:11:07 > 0:11:09What exactly is a reference?
0:11:09 > 0:11:11A reference is a way of indicating to the reader
0:11:11 > 0:11:13where you got the material from,
0:11:13 > 0:11:15so that they can find it themselves.
0:11:15 > 0:11:17Things you might have in a reference,
0:11:17 > 0:11:19say from some content from a website,
0:11:19 > 0:11:23are the original author, the date of the publication,
0:11:23 > 0:11:26the title of the work and, with an internet site,
0:11:26 > 0:11:28the site address and the date that you accessed it,
0:11:28 > 0:11:32because obviously material on the internet changes regularly.
0:11:32 > 0:11:37That enables somebody reading it to find that original source so they know where the ideas have come from
0:11:37 > 0:11:40and you're giving acknowledgement to that original author.
0:11:40 > 0:11:44Despite Clare's attempts to catch the software out,
0:11:44 > 0:11:47every single instance of plagiarism in her essay has been detected.
0:11:47 > 0:11:49The software was really effective.
0:11:49 > 0:11:52It picked up even the stuff that I'd swapped around.
0:11:52 > 0:11:55It picked up loads from all different sources.
0:11:55 > 0:11:59I would never plagiarise but now I know that I wouldn't get away with it,
0:11:59 > 0:12:01it's definitely put me off.
0:12:06 > 0:12:12Twelve years ago, two brothers developed their first free online game.
0:12:12 > 0:12:17Now aged 22 and 24, they've set up their own gaming website,
0:12:17 > 0:12:18JohnnyTwoShoes.
0:12:18 > 0:12:20They're on to their 17th game
0:12:20 > 0:12:23and are getting a million new players a month.
0:12:23 > 0:12:26How do they do it?
0:12:49 > 0:12:55Banana Dash started out being a simple platformer game.
0:12:55 > 0:12:57Like Mario, you collect coins.
0:12:57 > 0:12:59Banana Dash, you collect bananas.
0:12:59 > 0:13:02But the difference was, instead of adding to a score,
0:13:02 > 0:13:04which was then your final score in the game,
0:13:04 > 0:13:06it was about getting the best time
0:13:06 > 0:13:10and every banana you collected would shave a second off the time.
0:13:10 > 0:13:13We have traditional action games, which is for a certain audience
0:13:13 > 0:13:16and then we have laid-back puzzle games as well.
0:13:16 > 0:13:18They all have our style to them,
0:13:18 > 0:13:21but they are very varied, cos we like to explore ideas.
0:13:21 > 0:13:24We kind of think about, "What would be fun?"
0:13:24 > 0:13:27- If you're playing this, what would be fun? - We come up with a new mechanic,
0:13:27 > 0:13:30say a ball or a cart or something like that
0:13:30 > 0:13:34and then we try and think of what will be interacting with that.
0:13:34 > 0:13:37Like, what world would it be in? Will it be on a motorway?
0:13:37 > 0:13:40Will it be underwater? Will it be in the sky?
0:13:40 > 0:13:42Will it be somewhere new?
0:13:42 > 0:13:44When we've got the graphic style down,
0:13:44 > 0:13:46we move onto the objective of the game.
0:13:46 > 0:13:51Usually, the last thing we do is sound. We think, "Oh, we need to have some sound effects!"
0:13:51 > 0:13:53In some games, we've forgotten to do half of the sounds.
0:13:53 > 0:13:57We're like, "Nothing happens when you collect a banana!"
0:13:57 > 0:13:59So, we have to go look for a "ding" noise
0:13:59 > 0:14:01that will find a sound which sounds good.
0:14:01 > 0:14:02FANFARE
0:14:02 > 0:14:05When you're delivering something for free,
0:14:05 > 0:14:07it's almost more difficult to engage a player
0:14:07 > 0:14:10because they'll want instant fun.
0:14:10 > 0:14:13If you can give them that within the first, like...
0:14:13 > 0:14:16even 10, 20 seconds, then they'll play the next levels.
0:14:16 > 0:14:18If you cannot, then you've lost the player.
0:14:18 > 0:14:22That's what's different from, say, big title console games.
0:14:22 > 0:14:25They've made an investment. They've paid £50 or whatever to play that game.
0:14:25 > 0:14:27They're going to spend hours on it.
0:14:27 > 0:14:30Whereas an internet game, you've paid nothing,
0:14:30 > 0:14:32so you've got to make people interested.
0:14:36 > 0:14:41We get around a million people a month come to our website.
0:14:41 > 0:14:43They publicise our games.
0:14:43 > 0:14:46We don't necessarily do it, they do it, which is good,
0:14:46 > 0:14:50cos they get more people on our website for them to talk to and play against.
0:14:50 > 0:14:55It's more honest. If you get people who are already on your website, promoting your content...
0:14:55 > 0:14:59We don't pay them, they do it because they love JohnnyTwoShoes. It's more effective.
0:14:59 > 0:15:03I think we're biggest in Norway.
0:15:03 > 0:15:04- Outside of America, though.- Yeah.
0:15:04 > 0:15:08No, I mean, we're in the top few thousand websites in Norway.
0:15:08 > 0:15:11We're one of the most visited websites. It's quite strange.
0:15:11 > 0:15:13Oslo is like red hot. It's quite interesting.
0:15:18 > 0:15:20All you really need to make a game is a computer.
0:15:20 > 0:15:23It can be any level of computer, really.
0:15:23 > 0:15:26To start out, you're going to be making simple things anyway.
0:15:26 > 0:15:31Essentially, to have that ability to design on the timeline for animation and stuff,
0:15:31 > 0:15:36Flash is really essential. And that is about 300 quid on its own.
0:15:36 > 0:15:39And obviously, if you're making games for the commercial market,
0:15:39 > 0:15:41then that's nothing, really.
0:15:41 > 0:15:43You start off a cheap tablet,
0:15:43 > 0:15:46so you can draw like a pen to paper or a pad.
0:15:46 > 0:15:48And that's really reasonable.
0:15:48 > 0:15:49You can start about, how much?
0:15:49 > 0:15:52I think you can get a basic tablet for about 60 quid.
0:15:52 > 0:15:55A lot of people ask us how we make our money
0:15:55 > 0:15:58because we don't actually charge to play the games on the website.
0:15:58 > 0:16:01On their own, they kind of act as a portfolio for what we can do.
0:16:01 > 0:16:04People see the work we've done and they hire us based on that.
0:16:04 > 0:16:08They pay for themselves, even if it's not a traditional direct route.
0:16:08 > 0:16:11We try and keep the experience of playing our games
0:16:11 > 0:16:13as much about the games as possible.
0:16:13 > 0:16:14We don't want to exploit that
0:16:14 > 0:16:16and ruin it in the process,
0:16:16 > 0:16:18by having over-the-top adverts.
0:16:18 > 0:16:21We try and find alternative methods to make money.
0:16:21 > 0:16:26I mean, we've just launched a game on the mobile device.
0:16:26 > 0:16:30Essentially, what happens is, if for example, a million people buy that,
0:16:30 > 0:16:32which isn't outlandish,
0:16:32 > 0:16:37that is 700,000 of revenue that comes to us.
0:16:43 > 0:16:45If you want to develop games,
0:16:45 > 0:16:49I guess the best thing to do is really just enjoy playing games
0:16:49 > 0:16:50and enjoy thinking about new ideas.
0:16:50 > 0:16:53There is so much resource on the internet.
0:16:53 > 0:16:55You can look into what you want to do,
0:16:55 > 0:16:57then look how you can technically achieve it.
0:16:57 > 0:17:00People will tell you, "You probably can't."
0:17:00 > 0:17:02That's probably going to come up a lot.
0:17:02 > 0:17:05People have always said we can't do things and then we do it.
0:17:05 > 0:17:07It's actually a good motivator.
0:17:07 > 0:17:11The great thing about making games is they're not really strictly defined.
0:17:11 > 0:17:14They can be an experience which is interactive
0:17:14 > 0:17:17and that experience is made up of so many different elements.
0:17:17 > 0:17:20Be it art, animation, design, music,
0:17:20 > 0:17:23programming, technical knowledge or creativity.
0:17:23 > 0:17:25There's so much you can do.
0:17:25 > 0:17:28Don't get disheartened that things aren't good straight away.
0:17:28 > 0:17:31You're not going to be the next big game developer straight away.
0:17:31 > 0:17:34You have to plug away until you get something that is good.
0:17:34 > 0:17:37And, you know, sometimes that can take years.
0:17:37 > 0:17:38You have to keep going at it.
0:17:38 > 0:17:41If you really love it, then just keep going.
0:17:41 > 0:17:44There's such a sense of achievement, doing your own thing.
0:17:44 > 0:17:45It's really worthwhile.
0:17:45 > 0:17:47Even though it's difficult,
0:17:47 > 0:17:50it's definitely worth it to make something new and be creative.
0:17:58 > 0:18:03When the top of the road was all bombed, it was a Sunday lunchtime.
0:18:03 > 0:18:06I can remember that quite clearly.
0:18:07 > 0:18:11My aunt had had nappies out on the line
0:18:11 > 0:18:14and she'd done some roast potatoes for her dinner
0:18:14 > 0:18:19and the glass all came through the window and was all in the dinner.
0:18:19 > 0:18:24And the nappies were absolutely full of holes with the shrapnel.
0:18:24 > 0:18:28And we were in the shelter, which was, what...
0:18:28 > 0:18:31under 100 yards away, when this...
0:18:31 > 0:18:33Meg is 78 years old.
0:18:33 > 0:18:36Today, she's going to have her memories of the Second World War
0:18:36 > 0:18:41recorded for the Heritage Plus website, run by the WRVS.
0:18:41 > 0:18:44The website has allowed those stories
0:18:44 > 0:18:48that would normally be untold and forgotten
0:18:48 > 0:18:50and not passed on any further,
0:18:50 > 0:18:52for people around the world to access.
0:18:52 > 0:18:56Somebody from Eastbourne can tell a story and somebody in New Zealand can read it.
0:18:56 > 0:18:58I mean, it's incredible.
0:18:58 > 0:19:03Julius, a trained volunteer, is interviewing Meg.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07We had a lot of bombing in this area, really.
0:19:07 > 0:19:09Can you remember anything about that?
0:19:09 > 0:19:12We used to spend a lot of time in that shelter.
0:19:12 > 0:19:14And because we didn't have much room,
0:19:14 > 0:19:17we used to have neighbours in there as well,
0:19:17 > 0:19:21we used to have to sit up on stools all the way round it.
0:19:21 > 0:19:24And we made a leaner-on-er!
0:19:24 > 0:19:26That's we used to call it!
0:19:26 > 0:19:33Which was a pole with a block of wood on the top and a cushion on the top,
0:19:33 > 0:19:35so you could lean on it and go to sleep!
0:19:35 > 0:19:36THEY LAUGH
0:19:36 > 0:19:39Then, the audio recordings and scanned images
0:19:39 > 0:19:41are uploaded to the website.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44How much have you got altogether of the...?
0:19:44 > 0:19:47- I've probably got about three-quarters of an hour.- OK.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50With all the material, we don't need to put it all on one page.
0:19:50 > 0:19:52We could do two separate pages.
0:19:52 > 0:19:54When we are happy with the page,
0:19:54 > 0:19:57all laid out with all the information that need,
0:19:57 > 0:19:59we simply publish it.
0:19:59 > 0:20:02The moment of publishing the page, it goes live on the internet.
0:20:04 > 0:20:08The Imperial War Museum has a major project underway
0:20:08 > 0:20:11to create a digital archive of its collection.
0:20:11 > 0:20:13Our collections are enormous
0:20:13 > 0:20:15and they hold a range of material,
0:20:15 > 0:20:20so we have the guns and the uniforms and the medals and the awards.
0:20:20 > 0:20:23An enormous collection of 20th-century British art,
0:20:23 > 0:20:26tens of thousands of hours of film and of sound.
0:20:26 > 0:20:28Millions of photographs.
0:20:28 > 0:20:30Documents, books, posters.
0:20:30 > 0:20:32The collection is huge.
0:20:32 > 0:20:35The museum's collections are so enormous,
0:20:35 > 0:20:39they don't have enough space to put every item on display.
0:20:39 > 0:20:41There are all the people who want to see our material
0:20:41 > 0:20:43but can't get here.
0:20:43 > 0:20:46We want to make our collections as widely-known as possible.
0:20:46 > 0:20:49We've invested millions of pounds and so we are cataloguing,
0:20:49 > 0:20:51we are digitising,
0:20:51 > 0:20:54we are publishing these things onto our website.
0:20:54 > 0:20:58We have teams who are dedicated to doing the digital work.
0:20:58 > 0:21:01So if it's photographing material,
0:21:01 > 0:21:06or if it's transferring it from video and film onto digital media.
0:21:06 > 0:21:10We also have a dedicated team of people who are doing the cataloguing.
0:21:10 > 0:21:12Maeve is an assistant curator at the museum.
0:21:12 > 0:21:17Today, she's cataloguing a Second World War soldier's water flask
0:21:17 > 0:21:19that was recently donated.
0:21:19 > 0:21:21We need to describe the material.
0:21:21 > 0:21:24You can see it's enamelled metal.
0:21:24 > 0:21:26So, on this tag, it says,
0:21:26 > 0:21:28"A POW's best friend."
0:21:28 > 0:21:30A POW is a prisoner of war.
0:21:30 > 0:21:31So...
0:21:32 > 0:21:37I will type the inscription on that label into the records.
0:21:37 > 0:21:41There's interesting differences between putting something on display
0:21:41 > 0:21:44in a physical museum and putting it on to the internet.
0:21:44 > 0:21:49For one thing, you can get a whole group of things together on the page of a website
0:21:49 > 0:21:53that you couldn't possibly get together in a room at the same time,
0:21:53 > 0:21:57because a film needs one sort of light level and a painting another.
0:21:57 > 0:22:01And they just can't exist in the same space comfortably.
0:22:01 > 0:22:05You can bring into it paintings that are so big, it takes six or eight people to move them.
0:22:05 > 0:22:09But on the internet, you know, it's very, very simple to do that.
0:22:09 > 0:22:14With so much precious historical information now available on the internet,
0:22:14 > 0:22:18the question is, is anyone archiving the internet itself?
0:22:18 > 0:22:20The answer is yes,
0:22:20 > 0:22:22at the Internet Archive in California.
0:22:22 > 0:22:27It's actually a shipping container, about 20ft by 8ft by 8ft long.
0:22:27 > 0:22:32It is currently the case that about four petabytes of compressed data
0:22:32 > 0:22:35can live in that amount of space.
0:22:35 > 0:22:42Two petabytes is roughly 150 billion snapshots of web page content.
0:22:42 > 0:22:46Websites are preserved using software called a web crawler.
0:22:46 > 0:22:51And what the software does is collect the materials presented by the website.
0:22:51 > 0:22:54The challenge is that private networks are not accessible,
0:22:54 > 0:22:58unless you have the permission of an individual user within that network.
0:22:58 > 0:23:04Anyone can access the archive's website by what's called the Wayback Machine.
0:23:04 > 0:23:05Type in a web address,
0:23:05 > 0:23:07you pull up a series of dates.
0:23:07 > 0:23:09You select the date that's of interest to you
0:23:09 > 0:23:14and you can begin browsing the web from that point in time, forward or backwards.
0:23:14 > 0:23:19The Wayback Machine currently receives over 500 requests per second.
0:23:19 > 0:23:24That roughly equates to tens of millions of requests in the course of a day.
0:23:24 > 0:23:28If the Internet Archive does not preserve this content, it will be lost.
0:23:28 > 0:23:32And traditional archives are changing their attitude
0:23:32 > 0:23:36to the kind of material they should be collecting and preserving.
0:23:36 > 0:23:37We've just launched a project
0:23:37 > 0:23:42which is asking people who are serving in the armed forces in Afghanistan
0:23:42 > 0:23:46to send their texts and their blogs and their digital photographs
0:23:46 > 0:23:51and their e-mails and their Facebook content
0:23:51 > 0:23:54to us, so we can preserve digital content.
0:23:54 > 0:23:58It's hugely important that we start capturing that material because,
0:23:58 > 0:24:02for most people, it's a text and it just gets discarded.
0:24:02 > 0:24:06And so we want to create it, so that in 50 years' time, 100 years' time,
0:24:06 > 0:24:09people will be able to look at those records
0:24:09 > 0:24:13and try and re-imagine what it was like
0:24:13 > 0:24:16to be living in Britain in the year 2009,
0:24:16 > 0:24:20or serving in Afghanistan in the year 2009.
0:24:26 > 0:24:27It's six in the morning,
0:24:27 > 0:24:31and 13-year-old Louis and his mum are off to a car-boot sale.
0:24:31 > 0:24:35They're not just looking to buy things for themselves.
0:24:40 > 0:24:42If I see something I like,
0:24:42 > 0:24:45then I'll buy it and go back home
0:24:45 > 0:24:47and put it on eBay and see what I get for it.
0:24:47 > 0:24:49Hoping to make a bit of money.
0:24:49 > 0:24:55I'm looking for clothes, games, china, ornaments, whatever, really.
0:24:59 > 0:25:03Louis is one of a growing number of teenagers making money
0:25:03 > 0:25:06by selling items via online auction sites.
0:25:11 > 0:25:13How much for the little jug?
0:25:13 > 0:25:15- They're both £1.50 together.- Yeah.
0:25:17 > 0:25:20I just bought these two pieces of Royal Albert. Both for £1.50.
0:25:20 > 0:25:24I'm just going to look on my phone and see how much they're going for on eBay.
0:25:24 > 0:25:27I'm just seeing if I can see one like mine.
0:25:27 > 0:25:30And there's a few of my pattern, but none like mine.
0:25:30 > 0:25:33But it's going quite well, from about £8 - £20.
0:25:40 > 0:25:44So, basically, I bought these two Royal Albert jugs
0:25:44 > 0:25:46with the Blossom Time pattern,
0:25:46 > 0:25:47which is quite good.
0:25:47 > 0:25:49I also like the little cat,
0:25:49 > 0:25:53cos a lot of people collect cats and it should go quite well.
0:25:53 > 0:25:57And I got Caterpillar boots which are quite expensive new,
0:25:57 > 0:25:59so should go well second hand.
0:25:59 > 0:26:01My favourite thing is probably the kettle.
0:26:01 > 0:26:04It's quite collectible and it's quite expensive new.
0:26:04 > 0:26:08Louis has spent £18 in total on his items.
0:26:08 > 0:26:11And now the preparation to sell them begins.
0:26:11 > 0:26:16We're taking pictures of our items, so people can see what they are.
0:26:16 > 0:26:18Cos, unlike a boot sale,
0:26:18 > 0:26:20where you can touch it and make sure it's what you want
0:26:20 > 0:26:23or it's genuine, you can't do that online.
0:26:23 > 0:26:28Most online marketplaces only allow people over 18 to have an account.
0:26:28 > 0:26:31So, Louis sells his items with the help of his mum.
0:26:31 > 0:26:33This is my account. Louis is underage
0:26:33 > 0:26:36and he can't have an account in his own name.
0:26:36 > 0:26:40If there's anything he wants to list, he uses my account, with my permission.
0:26:40 > 0:26:42So, would you say orange or red?
0:26:42 > 0:26:44Well, let's start with the make.
0:26:44 > 0:26:47Just going to put Le Creuset kettle.
0:26:47 > 0:26:51If you put the size, it helps as well, doesn't it? 1.6 litres.
0:26:51 > 0:26:54All buyers and sellers using online marketplaces
0:26:54 > 0:26:56are encouraged to leave feedback and ratings,
0:26:56 > 0:27:01which indicate how trustworthy the person they've dealt with is.
0:27:01 > 0:27:05You can check on a seller's feedback and it gives you confidence
0:27:05 > 0:27:06that they're a trustworthy person
0:27:06 > 0:27:09and they have described their item accurately.
0:27:09 > 0:27:12For us, it's important that people comment
0:27:12 > 0:27:14that the items we send are well packed,
0:27:14 > 0:27:16because we send a lot of breakable items.
0:27:16 > 0:27:18A comment is also a good way
0:27:18 > 0:27:22because a comment can be more precise than just a numerical figure.
0:27:22 > 0:27:27Tony Neate is the managing director of Get Safe Online,
0:27:27 > 0:27:30an organisation which offers advice to internet users.
0:27:30 > 0:27:32Feedback's useful when it comes to shops.
0:27:32 > 0:27:34There are a number of sites
0:27:34 > 0:27:37that you can get a review of the shop you're buying from.
0:27:37 > 0:27:40Are they reliable? How quick are they in delivering?
0:27:40 > 0:27:42If there's a problem, how quick are they to respond?
0:27:42 > 0:27:45Leaving feedback is important, positive or negative.
0:27:45 > 0:27:47Most of the items Louis sells
0:27:47 > 0:27:50are paid for via an online payment system.
0:27:50 > 0:27:53But how secure is this?
0:27:53 > 0:27:58Gareth Griffith is the head of risk management at PayPal UK.
0:27:58 > 0:27:59It is very safe with PayPal.
0:27:59 > 0:28:02It's behind the equivalent of big thick locked doors
0:28:02 > 0:28:04and no-one can access it.
0:28:04 > 0:28:05I can't even get to that data.
0:28:05 > 0:28:08It's all encrypted in technical code
0:28:08 > 0:28:11that no-one would be able to understand anyway.
0:28:11 > 0:28:13Buyer and seller don't see each other's details.
0:28:13 > 0:28:17We give the minimum amount required - your e-mail address, your shipping address,
0:28:17 > 0:28:20so that the seller can ship it. But nothing more.
0:28:20 > 0:28:25Every transaction that goes through PayPal is checked by a machine.
0:28:25 > 0:28:29If there's something suspicious, they are manually checked.
0:28:29 > 0:28:33Someone who has been trained in investigating these kinds of things
0:28:33 > 0:28:37will look at each transaction and make a decision one way or the other.
0:28:37 > 0:28:41If we find something that's definitely fraudulent, we alert the buyer,
0:28:41 > 0:28:43and we take action against the seller.
0:28:43 > 0:28:47If it's criminal, if it's something particularly bad,
0:28:47 > 0:28:49we'll get in touch with the police.
0:28:49 > 0:28:52Despite the protection offered by online payment systems,
0:28:52 > 0:28:56things can go wrong if the correct procedures aren't followed,
0:28:56 > 0:28:58as Harriet found out.
0:28:58 > 0:29:01When I was 15, I was looking on eBay and I saw this second-hand laptop,
0:29:01 > 0:29:05and I thought, "I don't mind if it's got a few chips, doesn't bother me."
0:29:05 > 0:29:09After about a week, after the bidding ended, I'd won this laptop for £112.
0:29:09 > 0:29:11I was working in a Chinese for about £3 an hour,
0:29:11 > 0:29:15so £112 was a lot of money then, to me anyway.
0:29:15 > 0:29:17I basically bought it, put it through PayPal.
0:29:17 > 0:29:20Eventually, the laptop didn't come and I thought,
0:29:20 > 0:29:23give it a week or two, see what actually happens. Nothing arrived.
0:29:23 > 0:29:27Harriet opened a dispute with PayPal.
0:29:27 > 0:29:31This alerts the organisation to potentially fraudulent transactions.
0:29:31 > 0:29:34However, she was then finally contacted by the seller,
0:29:34 > 0:29:37assuring her that the laptop was on its way.
0:29:37 > 0:29:42I e-mailed him, he e-mailed back with a phone number and a tracking number for the Post Office.
0:29:42 > 0:29:44So, she closed her dispute.
0:29:44 > 0:29:47The telephone line was dead, the tracking number didn't exist at all.
0:29:47 > 0:29:50By this time, I knew it was a complete and utter scam
0:29:50 > 0:29:52and I didn't know what to do from there.
0:29:52 > 0:29:58I'd already opened and closed the dispute, naively, which meant that I didn't get any money whatsoever.
0:29:58 > 0:30:02In the case of Harriet, my advice to her would be the same as to anyone else.
0:30:02 > 0:30:07Until you're holding the item that you've bought in your hand and it looks like what you meant to buy,
0:30:07 > 0:30:12then you shouldn't consider the transaction complete or that you're happy with the transaction.
0:30:12 > 0:30:14And Tony Neate's advice?
0:30:14 > 0:30:18Make sure you speak to your parents about the site you're using.
0:30:18 > 0:30:20Make sure it's a website that we all know about.
0:30:20 > 0:30:22If you don't know about it, do some research.
0:30:22 > 0:30:24Check out the shop that you're using.
0:30:24 > 0:30:30Make sure that other people haven't had bad experiences. They might show a picture of something new,
0:30:30 > 0:30:33where actually they're selling you something four or five years old.
0:30:33 > 0:30:35So, always be cautious.
0:30:35 > 0:30:38If something looks too good to be true, it probably is.
0:30:40 > 0:30:46It's been a week since Louis listed his items on eBay and the auctions are coming to an end.
0:30:48 > 0:30:50It's gone up to £17 now.
0:30:50 > 0:30:52Our cat trinket box went for £5.19
0:30:52 > 0:30:56and I only paid 50p, so I have ten times my money.
0:30:56 > 0:31:00People do like to put a last-second bid on, sneak a bargain.
0:31:00 > 0:31:03This seagull sold for £2.99.
0:31:03 > 0:31:09I only paid 50p. The kettle sold for £17.01, making me £14 profit.
0:31:09 > 0:31:13So, now all his auctions are over, how did Louis do?
0:31:13 > 0:31:18The total I made from the items was £35.69.
0:31:18 > 0:31:24Minus the £18 I spent, I've got a profit of £17.69.
0:31:24 > 0:31:26Not bad for a day's work!
0:31:31 > 0:31:36Leo was, as a young child, very, very outgoing and joking around,
0:31:36 > 0:31:38having a great time.
0:31:38 > 0:31:41But when he went to secondary school, things changed.
0:31:41 > 0:31:44I started playing computer games when I was about seven.
0:31:44 > 0:31:47I normally play, like, action, adventure games.
0:31:47 > 0:31:50I moved onto playing games on the computer and online,
0:31:50 > 0:31:53instead of just playing console games.
0:31:53 > 0:31:54We...
0:31:54 > 0:31:56We noticed a change in him.
0:31:56 > 0:31:58Every evening, after he'd done his homework,
0:31:58 > 0:32:01he sat down at the computer to play games.
0:32:01 > 0:32:06He became more withdrawn and spent even more time on the computer.
0:32:06 > 0:32:09And when people came to visit, relatives or friends,
0:32:09 > 0:32:12he wouldn't go and socialise with people.
0:32:12 > 0:32:14When the games got serious,
0:32:14 > 0:32:19I would play anything from 12 to 14 hours a day.
0:32:19 > 0:32:20Leo didn't think he had a problem.
0:32:20 > 0:32:22No problem whatsoever.
0:32:22 > 0:32:25"What's the problem?" You know.
0:32:25 > 0:32:27But Leo did have a problem.
0:32:27 > 0:32:30Aged 16, he ended up in a clinic in Amsterdam,
0:32:30 > 0:32:33being treated for gaming addiction.
0:32:33 > 0:32:36Keith Bakker runs the Smith and Jones Clinic,
0:32:36 > 0:32:39which helps people with different addictions,
0:32:39 > 0:32:40including compulsive gaming.
0:32:40 > 0:32:44It's my opinion that there's nothing wrong with video games.
0:32:44 > 0:32:47Video games are not a problem. It's the same thing with handguns.
0:32:47 > 0:32:48Guns don't kill people,
0:32:48 > 0:32:50people kill people.
0:32:50 > 0:32:52There's a lot of positive things about video games.
0:32:52 > 0:32:54The bad news is,
0:32:54 > 0:32:56that there are a group of people that are going to be...
0:32:56 > 0:33:00Um, they're going to get caught in a trap.
0:33:00 > 0:33:05He lost a lot of weight, his hair grew long, his nails grew long.
0:33:05 > 0:33:07He didn't look after himself.
0:33:07 > 0:33:09His hygiene suffered.
0:33:09 > 0:33:11I wouldn't really bother to make my own meals.
0:33:11 > 0:33:14My mum or my sister would bring me in some food.
0:33:14 > 0:33:16I used to eat it at the computer.
0:33:16 > 0:33:19The only way to get him to eat was to actually take the food to him.
0:33:19 > 0:33:22And even then he wouldn't eat everything on his plate.
0:33:22 > 0:33:27He was too busy talking and playing on the computer.
0:33:27 > 0:33:31The bulk of the people we get and I would even say almost virtually 100%
0:33:31 > 0:33:35are people that are playing multi-player games.
0:33:35 > 0:33:41And these are online community-based video games.
0:33:41 > 0:33:46So you get the game that is actually quite exhilarating while you play,
0:33:46 > 0:33:52coupled with an entire community of millions of other kids around the world who are playing.
0:33:52 > 0:33:55The combination of those two things,
0:33:55 > 0:33:58that's like a recipe for a stick of dynamite.
0:33:58 > 0:34:01Leo is by no means a violent child at all.
0:34:01 > 0:34:05But when we took the modem away, he did posture,
0:34:05 > 0:34:09this is the word I'd use, with a pair of scissors.
0:34:09 > 0:34:12The gamers have, um...
0:34:12 > 0:34:14very interesting symptoms.
0:34:14 > 0:34:16They quite often can't sleep.
0:34:16 > 0:34:19Their daily schedules normally have no structure.
0:34:19 > 0:34:23Their self-esteem is based on virtual reality.
0:34:23 > 0:34:25Virtual means "not".
0:34:25 > 0:34:27Once they turn that game off, who are they?
0:34:27 > 0:34:31I was quite shy. I did find it difficult to make friends.
0:34:31 > 0:34:36And so I'd say going home and playing on the computer games online,
0:34:36 > 0:34:39with friends that I'd made over the internet,
0:34:39 > 0:34:43was kind of like having my social life.
0:34:43 > 0:34:47My lowest point, when I was 15, I dropped out of school.
0:34:47 > 0:34:49I didn't feel like I could face it,
0:34:49 > 0:34:52getting up in the morning and going back in again.
0:34:52 > 0:34:55And so I started playing games non-stop.
0:34:56 > 0:34:58Leo became agoraphobic.
0:34:58 > 0:35:03He wouldn't go out of the house at all, not even out into the garden.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06It was a very worrying time, extremely worrying as a parent,
0:35:06 > 0:35:08not knowing how to deal with it
0:35:08 > 0:35:11because it's something that's not really out there.
0:35:11 > 0:35:15After years of trying to deal with Leo's addiction,
0:35:15 > 0:35:18finally Jenny heard about Keith and his clinic.
0:35:18 > 0:35:21I heard a news clip about this clinic in Amsterdam
0:35:21 > 0:35:25that was treating young people with gaming addiction.
0:35:25 > 0:35:27So I wrote an e-mail to Keith.
0:35:27 > 0:35:33He answered my e-mail and said, could we meet up in London with Leo?
0:35:33 > 0:35:36We managed to persuade Leo to go to see Keith
0:35:36 > 0:35:38and he was with him for well over an hour in a hotel.
0:35:38 > 0:35:43He said, "You and your daughter go and have a cup of coffee, leave Leo with me.
0:35:43 > 0:35:46"By the time you come back, he's going to be coming to Amsterdam."
0:35:46 > 0:35:51I was in the centre for five weeks.
0:35:51 > 0:35:55I had one-to-one counselling sessions as well as group sessions.
0:35:55 > 0:35:59We had group bonding exercises where we just went out and had fun,
0:35:59 > 0:36:03just to really re-socialise and be involved in a team.
0:36:03 > 0:36:08We developed a programme where we look at the empty place
0:36:08 > 0:36:11that is created when the video game is taken out.
0:36:11 > 0:36:14And that empty place is all about life skills.
0:36:14 > 0:36:18It's all about health and nutrition, work and career, free time,
0:36:18 > 0:36:20hobbies, relationships, finance, all the...
0:36:20 > 0:36:27What are you going to do to begin to get a life that you enjoy so much,
0:36:27 > 0:36:31that you're not going to find it necessary to play video games any more? That's the trick.
0:36:31 > 0:36:35Leo pays a yearly visit to the clinic in Amsterdam,
0:36:35 > 0:36:37to take part in group sessions
0:36:37 > 0:36:40and to help others suffering from gaming addiction.
0:36:40 > 0:36:43What's the difference between a video gamer and a drug addict?
0:36:43 > 0:36:47The substance. That's about it.
0:36:47 > 0:36:52So, Teddy, you've got some issues with drugs.
0:36:52 > 0:36:54- Yeah.- And at the end of the day,
0:36:54 > 0:36:58can you tell us, what were the negative consequences of your drug addiction?
0:36:58 > 0:37:00- Er, the isolation.- Isolation.
0:37:00 > 0:37:02Hang on, Leo, you're a gamer.
0:37:02 > 0:37:05What were the negative consequences of your gaming?
0:37:05 > 0:37:06- Isolation.- Isolation.
0:37:06 > 0:37:11Tell us about what the last days of your gaming looked like.
0:37:11 > 0:37:12Mmm.
0:37:12 > 0:37:17It was sad, I was depressed, lonely, bored of playing games.
0:37:17 > 0:37:21I thought that I didn't have a future in front of me.
0:37:21 > 0:37:25- I thought my life was pretty much over.- It's the same insanity, the same obsession.
0:37:25 > 0:37:29- Incredible, isn't it?- Yeah, it's incredible. First thing I thought,
0:37:29 > 0:37:32yeah, addiction gaming - come on!
0:37:32 > 0:37:36But it's... Really, it's the same symptoms, it's the same.
0:37:36 > 0:37:40Your life became unmanageable.
0:37:40 > 0:37:41It was no fun any more.
0:37:41 > 0:37:43It was crisis. The same as him.
0:37:43 > 0:37:45When somebody crosses the line
0:37:45 > 0:37:48to becoming an obsessive-compulsive gamer,
0:37:48 > 0:37:51it's very rare that they can ever go back to being a normal gamer.
0:37:51 > 0:37:52The alcoholic comes to us
0:37:52 > 0:37:56thinking he's having a problem with the third or the fourth beer.
0:37:56 > 0:37:59The problem is not the third or fourth beer, the problem is the first.
0:37:59 > 0:38:00So we suggest, look,
0:38:00 > 0:38:06if you don't want to have a problem with the fourth or the fifth or the sixth hour of your video game,
0:38:06 > 0:38:11don't play the first minute and then you'll never get to the fifth hour.
0:38:11 > 0:38:12Since leaving the clinic,
0:38:12 > 0:38:17Leo has re-entered education and has been accepted at university.
0:38:17 > 0:38:20I'd say my state of mind is completely different.
0:38:20 > 0:38:22Now, I'm more independent, self-assured,
0:38:22 > 0:38:24got more self-confidence.
0:38:24 > 0:38:28Looking back on my time that I spent gaming,
0:38:28 > 0:38:30it's not something that I'm especially proud of.
0:38:30 > 0:38:34But it's a part of my life and it happened for a reason,
0:38:34 > 0:38:35so now I can move forward,
0:38:35 > 0:38:38using those experiences to better myself in the future.
0:38:46 > 0:38:48It's the beginning of the day at New College,
0:38:48 > 0:38:53a boarding school for blind and visually impaired students just outside Worcester.
0:38:53 > 0:38:56Andrea is deputy head girl.
0:38:56 > 0:38:59I came to this school when I was ten.
0:38:59 > 0:39:02So in January I will be in my eighth year here.
0:39:04 > 0:39:10The liquid level indicator is to help me know when the cup is almost full, so that I don't scald myself.
0:39:10 > 0:39:12BEEPING
0:39:13 > 0:39:17As I get older, my cells die in my retinas.
0:39:17 > 0:39:20So, now I'm totally blind in my left eye
0:39:20 > 0:39:23and in my right eye I can sometimes see light.
0:39:23 > 0:39:26When I could see, I could see colours. I loved colour.
0:39:26 > 0:39:28And that's what I really miss.
0:39:30 > 0:39:35I can remember what colour things are by the texture of the clothes.
0:39:35 > 0:39:37But sometimes I use a colour probe.
0:39:37 > 0:39:39- AUTOMATED VOICE - 'Purple.
0:39:39 > 0:39:41'Black.'
0:39:41 > 0:39:46For blind people, digital technology sometimes provides clever solutions.
0:39:46 > 0:39:49But it can also bring huge challenges.
0:39:49 > 0:39:52Because I am deputy headgirl, I do get a lot of e-mails.
0:39:52 > 0:39:54I get about 30 a day.
0:39:54 > 0:39:57So, I always have to keep on top of it.
0:39:57 > 0:40:00To enable Andrea to use a computer,
0:40:00 > 0:40:02she has a speech package called Jaws,
0:40:02 > 0:40:05which reads back the text on screen.
0:40:05 > 0:40:08AUTOMATED VOICE READS QUICKLY
0:40:10 > 0:40:13If I wanted to, I could slow it down.
0:40:13 > 0:40:16- AUTOMATED VOICE - 'Slower sl-sl-sl-sl-sl-slower, slower.'
0:40:16 > 0:40:17So it would be like this.
0:40:17 > 0:40:21- VOICE READS SLOWLY - 'Senior Christmas party meeting, 16th November...'
0:40:21 > 0:40:25When I first used Jaws, my friends laughed at me because it was that slow
0:40:25 > 0:40:29and they've had theirs gabbling away. And now I have mine gabbling away,
0:40:29 > 0:40:31so you just train your ear to understand it.
0:40:31 > 0:40:35AUTOMATED VOICE READS VERY QUICKLY
0:40:36 > 0:40:38As I can't use the mouse because I'm blind,
0:40:38 > 0:40:40I have to learn all the shortcuts.
0:40:40 > 0:40:46For example, when I'm spell checking my work, we have to press F7.
0:40:46 > 0:40:48And to ignore it, it's Alt-G.
0:40:48 > 0:40:50And to change it, it's Alt-C.
0:40:50 > 0:40:53The number of short cuts that I know are about 30.
0:40:56 > 0:41:02I'm studying A-level theatre studies, A-level PE and A-level health and social care.
0:41:02 > 0:41:03Morning, Andrea.
0:41:03 > 0:41:05Morning.
0:41:05 > 0:41:08- How are you?- OK.- Jolly good.
0:41:08 > 0:41:14Right, first of all then, we're going to have a recap on the behaviourist theory.
0:41:14 > 0:41:21And the first key point we're going to be writing down is that we learn by being given a reward.
0:41:21 > 0:41:23When she's writing notes for essays,
0:41:23 > 0:41:25Andrea uses an electronic Braille strip
0:41:25 > 0:41:27rather than the speech package.
0:41:27 > 0:41:33Basically, the Braille strip brings everything which I do on the laptop up in Braille.
0:41:33 > 0:41:35I'll type and then keep flicking my finger back
0:41:35 > 0:41:38to read the Braille strip, to see what I've just written.
0:41:38 > 0:41:41Second key point then?
0:41:41 > 0:41:42- Punishment?- Punishment.
0:41:42 > 0:41:45We learn through being punished.
0:41:45 > 0:41:48The teachers give us worksheets and text books
0:41:48 > 0:41:50in Braille or electronically.
0:41:50 > 0:41:56I personally prefer Braille because it can get a bit dull just listening to a synthetic voice
0:41:56 > 0:42:00and because it's all one tone it sounds a bit like a robot.
0:42:00 > 0:42:02AUTOMATED VOICE
0:42:02 > 0:42:05It's using the internet that poses real problems for Andrea
0:42:05 > 0:42:07and for many other blind people.
0:42:07 > 0:42:11A few of my friends can use the internet very well,
0:42:11 > 0:42:15because they've learned which web pages are accessible.
0:42:15 > 0:42:19Some of my other friends are just like me and they find it more hard.
0:42:19 > 0:42:24Andrea's friend Megan is a more confident internet user.
0:42:24 > 0:42:28Because most websites don't apply accessibility standards for page design,
0:42:28 > 0:42:30navigation can be difficult.
0:42:30 > 0:42:34Because the speech package then reads everything on the page.
0:42:34 > 0:42:38The first slot of links that will come up are the standard links with Google -
0:42:38 > 0:42:40images, videos, maps and all that.
0:42:40 > 0:42:43So, I need to bypass all these links really.
0:42:43 > 0:42:45Things like "Donate now".
0:42:45 > 0:42:49You tend to find that some sites are better than others
0:42:49 > 0:42:52because they have a pretty simple layout.
0:42:52 > 0:42:55Sites that tend to be difficult
0:42:55 > 0:42:58are things where there are lots of graphics.
0:42:58 > 0:43:01On sites which are thoughtfully designed,
0:43:01 > 0:43:05images are identified by their title, followed by the file type,
0:43:05 > 0:43:07for example, jpeg.
0:43:07 > 0:43:11On other sites, an image will read as absolute rubbish.
0:43:11 > 0:43:12It will literally read,
0:43:12 > 0:43:17"Back slash, back slash, c, caret, underscore, line, dash..."
0:43:17 > 0:43:18a bit like Morse code really!
0:43:18 > 0:43:22So, what's Andrea's solution for using the internet?
0:43:22 > 0:43:24When I get set research to do,
0:43:24 > 0:43:28I will find a member of staff who will sit with me.
0:43:28 > 0:43:31I will tell them what to put in, so they're not doing my work for me.
0:43:31 > 0:43:34But they will basically be my eyes.
0:43:34 > 0:43:38So we've got internet book list, book information about it.
0:43:38 > 0:43:40We've got Shadow Of A Gunman, summary.
0:43:40 > 0:43:44Then we've got, sort of reviews of performances.
0:43:44 > 0:43:45The summary one might be useful.
0:43:45 > 0:43:47- Shadow Of A Gunman summary.- Yeah. - OK.
0:43:49 > 0:43:53The way I normally find my way around the school
0:43:53 > 0:43:55is outside I'll use my white stick.
0:43:55 > 0:43:58Inside I will trail along the walls.
0:43:58 > 0:44:04Andrea has been trying out a new GPS device. It operates like a sat-nav.
0:44:04 > 0:44:07She's programmed it to help her on routes outside school,
0:44:07 > 0:44:09which she often uses.
0:44:09 > 0:44:11I will do the route and record a landmark on the route.
0:44:11 > 0:44:13And when I go to do that route again,
0:44:13 > 0:44:16it will tell me where the landmarks are.
0:44:17 > 0:44:20- ELECTRONIC JINGLE AND AUTOMATED VOICE - 'School gate.
0:44:20 > 0:44:23'Three-way intersection.
0:44:23 > 0:44:25'Street with no name crossing Whittington Road.
0:44:25 > 0:44:28'On street with no name.
0:44:28 > 0:44:31'School entrance.
0:44:31 > 0:44:33'Driveway two.'
0:44:33 > 0:44:37It can be really useful if you're lacking confidence
0:44:37 > 0:44:42and the Trekker Breeze will speak the landmarks
0:44:42 > 0:44:44so if you're feeling lost, you won't feel lost any more.
0:44:44 > 0:44:46I don't believe...!
0:44:46 > 0:44:49'In the evenings I hang around with my friends.'
0:44:49 > 0:44:51- Anyway, are you coming to tea?- No.
0:44:51 > 0:44:54- Why?- Because it's manky.
0:44:54 > 0:44:56- Is it?- Actually, what is it?
0:44:56 > 0:44:59- It's turkey meatballs.- Oh, yeah, I quite like that, actually.
0:44:59 > 0:45:03And she keeps in touch with friends and family with her mobile.
0:45:03 > 0:45:05My mobile phone has speech on it.
0:45:05 > 0:45:07- AUTOMATED VOICE - 'This.
0:45:07 > 0:45:10'S. Is.
0:45:10 > 0:45:12'E. Andrea.
0:45:12 > 0:45:13'Hi, this is Andrea.
0:45:13 > 0:45:16'Select. Send.'
0:45:16 > 0:45:21You can join in with everyone texting each other. I think it's really good.
0:45:24 > 0:45:27With technology, I don't suppose I feel disadvantaged
0:45:27 > 0:45:34because even though sighted people can do things a lot faster and they can do more things on the internet,
0:45:34 > 0:45:38we can always find ways around it even though it can be slower.
0:45:45 > 0:45:50This is an advert for a mobile phone, but it's not a TV ad.
0:45:50 > 0:45:56It's what's known as a viral advertisement, part of an online campaign.
0:45:56 > 0:45:57In 2009,
0:45:57 > 0:46:01spending on online advertising overtook the amount spent on TV ads.
0:46:01 > 0:46:06Viral marketing is the type of campaign that people will want to forward to their friends.
0:46:06 > 0:46:10This mobile phone viral is one of Paul's latest.
0:46:10 > 0:46:12The phone's very cheap and colourful
0:46:12 > 0:46:14and as social networking is the main feature
0:46:14 > 0:46:16we thought it would be cool
0:46:16 > 0:46:19if we gave four social butterflies, people with a lot of friends,
0:46:19 > 0:46:20the chance to create an army
0:46:20 > 0:46:23and fight with paints the colour of their phones.
0:46:23 > 0:46:27Once the advert has been made, the challenge is to make people aware of it,
0:46:27 > 0:46:30a process known as seeding.
0:46:30 > 0:46:34The idea behind seeding as a metaphor is we plant it into the social web
0:46:34 > 0:46:37and then it'll sprout out and become very visible online.
0:46:37 > 0:46:40If we've got a campaign that's quite targeted,
0:46:40 > 0:46:44if we want someone to look at a mobile phone with social networking features,
0:46:44 > 0:46:46we'd probably go to a network of blogs
0:46:46 > 0:46:51that was interested in people looking for cool new features or groundbreaking technology.
0:46:51 > 0:46:56Paul is able to track and measure the success of the viral adverts he sees.
0:46:56 > 0:46:58Once we've launched a viral,
0:46:58 > 0:47:02tracking it is important because the client wants to see results in almost real time
0:47:02 > 0:47:04and there are tools we have to do that.
0:47:04 > 0:47:07This is an example of the data that we get back.
0:47:07 > 0:47:10This one's from the mobile phone campaign discussed earlier.
0:47:10 > 0:47:14We can see this is the total and we'll be the first to know about it.
0:47:14 > 0:47:18There's a map which shows us which countries are the most interested in the campaign.
0:47:18 > 0:47:22We get told how people find the video, their age and their genders.
0:47:22 > 0:47:24We can learn who's enjoying the video the most
0:47:24 > 0:47:27and who we should maybe target more in the future.
0:47:27 > 0:47:30This shows us audience attention as we go through the clip.
0:47:30 > 0:47:33At the start, people aren't sure what to make of it
0:47:33 > 0:47:35then they get interested at the end.
0:47:35 > 0:47:39For any average campaign we're usually happy with in excess of a million views,
0:47:39 > 0:47:43and we always want a target to get over five million views in a campaign
0:47:43 > 0:47:45because that's a huge amount of engagement.
0:47:45 > 0:47:50Virals have a different delivery model to that of mainstream advertising.
0:47:50 > 0:47:56But they still have to abide by the rules enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority.
0:47:56 > 0:48:00The ASA's remit expands to certain areas of online advertising,
0:48:00 > 0:48:03so we cover advertising that appears in paid space.
0:48:03 > 0:48:05That includes pop-up banner ads,
0:48:05 > 0:48:10virals, e-mails and sales promotions wherever they appear online.
0:48:10 > 0:48:15We have follow their guidelines and make our content acceptable for an online audience.
0:48:15 > 0:48:18This includes not being allowed to pretend that we're an individual
0:48:18 > 0:48:23who has no affiliation with the company and we're not allowed to deceive intentionally.
0:48:23 > 0:48:27When we post a video we have to make it clear that it's commercial content
0:48:27 > 0:48:30and it was posted by an affiliate of the company that we're advertising.
0:48:30 > 0:48:33Out of the total amount of complaints we receive each year,
0:48:33 > 0:48:35as a percentage of those,
0:48:35 > 0:48:37Internet advertising represents around 13%,
0:48:37 > 0:48:43which might not sound high but that makes it around the second most- complained-about advertising media.
0:48:43 > 0:48:46In terms of having an ad withdrawn from cyberspace,
0:48:46 > 0:48:49it's slightly different from having an ad removed from TV.
0:48:49 > 0:48:51We can do that instantly.
0:48:51 > 0:48:54But if an ad is winging around cyberspace into people's inboxes,
0:48:54 > 0:48:57we can't go into their inboxes and retrieve them
0:48:57 > 0:49:02but we received only a small handful of complaints about viral advertising
0:49:02 > 0:49:04out of the 26,000 or so complaints we do have.
0:49:04 > 0:49:09Virals tend to be quite edgy, quite dynamic and cheeky and jokey,
0:49:09 > 0:49:12but they're targeted at an audience who engage with that
0:49:12 > 0:49:15and be less likely to be offended and complain.
0:49:15 > 0:49:19And what makes virals attractive to advertisers is that viewers
0:49:19 > 0:49:22actively choose to watch them, unlike ads on TV.
0:49:22 > 0:49:27If you have a slot on the television show's commercial break, you know your advert has been played to
0:49:27 > 0:49:30X million people, but you don't know if they have the TV muted,
0:49:30 > 0:49:33or if they're having a cup of tea or have just left the room.
0:49:33 > 0:49:36With viral, if we get a recorded view to one of our sites, our embeds,
0:49:36 > 0:49:40we know that somebody has pressed play, watched most of the the video,
0:49:40 > 0:49:44so the quality of engagement is much higher than that of television.
0:49:44 > 0:49:47As well as being targeted by online advertisers,
0:49:47 > 0:49:52young people are now being recruited to promote products online.
0:49:52 > 0:49:58Melissa's just 14 and is what's called a brand ambassador.
0:49:58 > 0:50:03The sort of campaigns I've done in the past is things like deodorants,
0:50:03 > 0:50:07games consoles, work safety, Talk To Frank.
0:50:07 > 0:50:10We use brand ambassadors or young people
0:50:10 > 0:50:15with verifiable parental consent who want to get involved in marketing
0:50:15 > 0:50:17goods or services to their peers.
0:50:17 > 0:50:22There's about 10,000 young people between the ages of 13 and 24.
0:50:22 > 0:50:26This is a briefing document, and it tells you what you have to do for that brand.
0:50:26 > 0:50:31You get sent a target. So it could be three MSN conversations,
0:50:31 > 0:50:35four message board posts, all sorts of things like that.
0:50:35 > 0:50:39Your target is to do those within the time set.
0:50:39 > 0:50:43Today Mel has been given a new marketing task - to promote
0:50:43 > 0:50:49the organisation she works for in order to get other young people on board as brand ambassadors.
0:50:49 > 0:50:51This is a Facebook message.
0:50:51 > 0:50:54It just gives them an idea of a Dubit Insider website is.
0:50:54 > 0:50:58I'm actually on a message board site that a lot of teens use.
0:51:00 > 0:51:03If I was going to go to a message board site,
0:51:03 > 0:51:08I'd go to a teen site because I'd be more likely to get teenagers' attention there
0:51:08 > 0:51:12than going to maybe a site on just health or something.
0:51:12 > 0:51:14I have also sent this e-mail to my friends.
0:51:14 > 0:51:18It's one message sent to everybody, so it's easier.
0:51:18 > 0:51:22And brand ambassadors do get rewarded for their work.
0:51:22 > 0:51:27I was only 12 when I first found the website and I thought it was too good to be true at first.
0:51:27 > 0:51:31Because it meant being paid and getting merchandise
0:51:31 > 0:51:34just for telling your friends about a company.
0:51:34 > 0:51:39If you've done a lot of work you get up to £40 in cheques or vouchers.
0:51:39 > 0:51:42If it comes from me, a young person, people are more likely to hear.
0:51:42 > 0:51:45But it's best to tell someone that you're promoting a product.
0:51:45 > 0:51:48All brand ambassadors, when they're online or doing any
0:51:48 > 0:51:53sort of commercial activity, have to always tell people they're involved with the brand
0:51:53 > 0:51:57or product and it's not something they're doing off their own back.
0:51:57 > 0:52:02There are specific rules about not targeting children inappropriately, such as products that are unsuitable
0:52:02 > 0:52:08for them such as alcohol, gambling products or trying to target kitchen knives to under-16s.
0:52:08 > 0:52:10It's an inappropriate type of product.
0:52:10 > 0:52:14The internet made promoting different because, if you're out on the street,
0:52:14 > 0:52:18and suddenly somebody just handed you a leaflet that you didn't know about,
0:52:18 > 0:52:22I don't think you'd really take it. So I think the internet is better
0:52:22 > 0:52:25because more people are more likely to read it, click on the links,
0:52:25 > 0:52:31go to the website, know more about it instead of just handing things out on the street.
0:52:40 > 0:52:44Communicating your thoughts and ideas to the world has never been easier.
0:52:44 > 0:52:48Carrie is 19 and Mike is 17.
0:52:48 > 0:52:52Both are students and both are bloggers.
0:52:52 > 0:52:55200 million people are out there blogging
0:52:55 > 0:53:00in what's called the blogosphere, and many of those are under 18.
0:53:01 > 0:53:04On my blog I normally write about shops and places I've been, so today
0:53:04 > 0:53:09I'm off to Camden Passage in Angel to find out something to write about.
0:53:17 > 0:53:19I started blogging when I was about 16.
0:53:19 > 0:53:21I wanted to have my own little piece of the internet
0:53:21 > 0:53:25and I wanted to be able to put on there whatever I wanted.
0:53:25 > 0:53:31I've been really surprised by how popular my blog has got in just over the past year and a half.
0:53:31 > 0:53:36I get around 2,500 readers coming every single day.
0:53:38 > 0:53:43I try not to talk too much about, "This is the latest collection from so and so."
0:53:43 > 0:53:45It's more personal.
0:53:45 > 0:53:47I think readers really like that.
0:53:47 > 0:53:50It's sort of an insight into somebody else's life.
0:53:51 > 0:53:53You want to take your blog somewhere.
0:53:53 > 0:53:57You need to write something that means something to other people.
0:53:57 > 0:54:01They'll come to your blog and they'll take something away from it,
0:54:01 > 0:54:04even if that's just inspiration via your photography, perhaps.
0:54:06 > 0:54:12At the moment I'm uploading my photos, editing them a bit, and I'll put them on my blog.
0:54:12 > 0:54:15Carrie blogs about her passion for fashion.
0:54:15 > 0:54:18But Mike, on the other hand, chronicled his adventures,
0:54:18 > 0:54:22as he became the youngest person to sail solo around the world.
0:54:22 > 0:54:26The reason for doing the blog was both for me and for everyone else.
0:54:26 > 0:54:29Most people just sail over the horizon and you don't hear from them,
0:54:29 > 0:54:34so I wanted people to know what it was really like to be out there sailing in the middle of an ocean.
0:54:34 > 0:54:37But I also wanted to make a very good record for myself.
0:54:37 > 0:54:40So I can now look back and I can see what I actually did.
0:54:44 > 0:54:46I guess, at the top of the mast...
0:54:48 > 0:54:51is as good a place as any to do a video, right?
0:54:51 > 0:54:54Had to come up here to release the sail which is caught.
0:54:56 > 0:54:57I hate heights!
0:55:00 > 0:55:02Just covered everything - how I was feeling, the food,
0:55:02 > 0:55:05what it was like, the conditions, some of the wildlife as well.
0:55:05 > 0:55:07'Hey, hey, dolphins!'
0:55:07 > 0:55:12Video blogs are great because a picture tells a thousand words, and a video must tell a heck of a lot.
0:55:12 > 0:55:17So, it was great to be able to show people exactly what a 50ft wave looks like.
0:55:19 > 0:55:22Sailing alone can be very lonely, but that's part of the challenge.
0:55:22 > 0:55:27The blog actually helped, seeing completely random people from everywhere in the world
0:55:27 > 0:55:31comment and write back, and seeing their supportive messages was a big help to me.
0:55:31 > 0:55:34When I first started blogging and started getting comments,
0:55:34 > 0:55:36I was like, "Wow, where have all these people come from?
0:55:36 > 0:55:38"Why are they talking to me?"
0:55:38 > 0:55:43It's an odd feeling. I received so many lovely comments saying, "I really like what you do,"
0:55:43 > 0:55:47but you do get the bad ones, and it sort of makes you think, "Oh, no!"
0:55:47 > 0:55:52But if you want to blog you have to know that anyone can come and visit and anyone can comment.
0:55:52 > 0:55:55I think blogging is becoming more and more relaxed.
0:55:55 > 0:55:58It's more and more social, and I think it's good because it's more inviting.
0:55:58 > 0:56:02People can now go on and respond to blogs and write blogs themselves
0:56:02 > 0:56:04and become part of this community as well.
0:56:04 > 0:56:12This community comes to expect their regular blog updates, and this can put pressure on the bloggers.
0:56:12 > 0:56:14I update my blog around every other day.
0:56:14 > 0:56:19People learn to sort of rely on you. It can become like a job.
0:56:19 > 0:56:24I was quite surprised how eager a lot of the other guys reading the blog were.
0:56:24 > 0:56:30Sometimes, when I was a little late they would post comments saying, "Where is the next one?"
0:56:30 > 0:56:33I'd be sitting thinking, "Easy now, it's coming, it's coming!"
0:56:33 > 0:56:40Advances in technology enabled Mike to update the blog regularly from his boat in the middle of the ocean.
0:56:40 > 0:56:45With video blogging, it's quite expensive to upload them from the middle of the ocean,
0:56:45 > 0:56:48so to work my way around that and to get some more video blogs up there
0:56:48 > 0:56:50I asked people, the public, to sponsor them.
0:56:50 > 0:56:55So they would pay about £50 for a 30-second video, because that's how much it costs.
0:56:55 > 0:57:01Because people were sponsoring that, I was able to upload more, so the public were able to interact.
0:57:01 > 0:57:04How a lot of blogs make their money, just through advertising.
0:57:04 > 0:57:07You'll find that if your blog does get more popular then
0:57:07 > 0:57:11you'll get a lot of e-mails from different PR companies,
0:57:11 > 0:57:15trying to sell you their products and for you to write about them on your blog.
0:57:15 > 0:57:18Sometimes they're going to be relevant, and if they are, I often do post them.
0:57:18 > 0:57:22I make a little bit of money, but enough to keep the blog alive.
0:57:22 > 0:57:28Carrie uses social networks and microblogging technology to promote her own blog.
0:57:28 > 0:57:31I use Twitter to promote my new posts.
0:57:31 > 0:57:36When a new post goes live, then on Twitter a little Tweet will go out saying the name of my post.
0:57:36 > 0:57:39I think it's about your online visibility.
0:57:39 > 0:57:45If you're willing to make a Twitter account to promote your blog, or even a Facebook page where people
0:57:45 > 0:57:51can stumble across it, or links on other people's blogs as well, that's a great way of getting new readers.
0:57:51 > 0:57:56With the amount people go on the internet, I think almost anyone could start a blog.
0:57:56 > 0:57:57There are so many platforms out there.
0:57:57 > 0:58:01I think a blog can show people who you are, and that would open doors
0:58:01 > 0:58:05to all sorts of opportunities, so it can lead to interesting places.
0:58:05 > 0:58:08I think it's relatively easy. If you know how to use a word processing programme,
0:58:08 > 0:58:11then you'll be able to blog.
0:58:11 > 0:58:17It's a great way of putting yourself out there because literally anybody can read it.
0:58:17 > 0:58:21Right, so I finished my blog. All the pictures are uploaded and all the text is written.
0:58:21 > 0:58:24I'm just going to publish it and let everyone on Twitter know.
0:58:24 > 0:58:27Hopefully everyone will get reading and leave me comments.
0:58:43 > 0:58:46Subtitling by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:58:46 > 0:58:49E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk