0:00:00 > 0:00:00- 888
0:00:00 > 0:00:01- 888- - 888
0:00:01 > 0:00:04- The Welsh have celebrated - St David's Day on 1 March...
0:00:05 > 0:00:06- ..for centuries.
0:00:07 > 0:00:10- How would they have celebrated - during the Age of the Princes...
0:00:11 > 0:00:12- ..when David was canonised.
0:00:13 > 0:00:16- What kind of music - would they have sung and heard?
0:00:16 > 0:00:19- I'm embarking on a journey - to discover the clues...
0:00:19 > 0:00:23- ..that will revive Welsh music - from the Middle Ages.
0:00:26 > 0:00:28- 888
0:00:32 > 0:00:34- 888
0:00:38 > 0:00:40- 888
0:00:44 > 0:00:46- 888
0:00:50 > 0:00:51- 888
0:00:55 > 0:00:57- 888
0:00:59 > 0:01:02- A Musical Journey
0:01:05 > 0:01:07- I'm an incomer.
0:01:07 > 0:01:09- I was born near Birmingham.
0:01:10 > 0:01:14- I had no connection to Wales - and couldn't speak Welsh.
0:01:14 > 0:01:18- But I was charmed by the country, - its people and its music.
0:01:18 > 0:01:21- Today, I'm a lecturer - at Bangor University...
0:01:22 > 0:01:24- ..specialising in early Welsh music.
0:01:25 > 0:01:30- I've been granted special access - to the National Library's archives.
0:01:30 > 0:01:35- For the first time, I will - be allowed to see and touch...
0:01:35 > 0:01:39- ..a musical manuscript which - includes a special service...
0:01:40 > 0:01:42- ..to St David - - The Penpont Antiphonal.
0:01:43 > 0:01:45- I'm going to open the book now.
0:01:45 > 0:01:48- Since it's such a rare - and fragile book...
0:01:49 > 0:01:52- ..I have to be extremely careful.
0:01:52 > 0:01:57- It's heavy - it's hard - to believe how heavy it is.
0:01:59 > 0:02:03- I've never seen this book before.
0:02:05 > 0:02:07- What strikes me immediately...
0:02:07 > 0:02:10- ..is the quality of the writing.
0:02:13 > 0:02:17- The decoration and the notation - are remarkable.
0:02:26 > 0:02:30- There are hours and hours - of music in this book.
0:02:31 > 0:02:34- Chanting or simple plainsong.
0:02:34 > 0:02:40- This part of the book - is completely unique to Wales.
0:02:41 > 0:02:45- As I turn the page very carefully...
0:02:48 > 0:02:51- ..I reach the service for St David.
0:02:53 > 0:02:56- "In festo Sancti David."
0:03:02 > 0:03:04- It's an honour to be here.
0:03:04 > 0:03:09- I'm starting to understand - the composition of the music.
0:03:09 > 0:03:14- I can almost hear - the clergymen singing.
0:03:16 > 0:03:23- These notes haven't been sung - in a service for 500 years.
0:03:24 > 0:03:28- My hope is to revive this music...
0:03:28 > 0:03:33- ..and present the music - that was performed...
0:03:34 > 0:03:37- ..in St David's Cathedral - during the Age of the Princes.
0:03:44 > 0:03:49- By the end of the programme, - we'll have a special performance...
0:03:49 > 0:03:53- ..of the Latin Office of St David - by the Consort Alamire.
0:03:53 > 0:03:56- To fully appreciate - this remarkable music...
0:03:56 > 0:03:59- ..we have to first understand...
0:03:59 > 0:04:03- ..more about the world - and the people who created it.
0:04:03 > 0:04:06- Come with me - on a musical pilgrimage.
0:04:16 > 0:04:20- I don't have to travel far - to find my first clue.
0:04:20 > 0:04:25- The first part of this Middle Age - jigsaw is only a stone's throw away.
0:04:27 > 0:04:32- This is Llanbadarn Fawr Church, - not far from the National Library.
0:04:32 > 0:04:40- During the Age of the Princes, - this site was an important centre.
0:04:40 > 0:04:45- It was home to a community - of clerics and singers.
0:04:45 > 0:04:52- It was also home to Rhygyfarch, one - of our nation's foremost writers.
0:04:54 > 0:04:57- If we look at Wales - in the 11th Century...
0:04:57 > 0:05:01- ..the learned people - would be found in Llanbadarn.
0:05:02 > 0:05:04- Rhygyfarch, his father Sulien...
0:05:04 > 0:05:07- ..his brother Ieuan - and their descendants...
0:05:08 > 0:05:11- ..were central to Welsh education - at the time.
0:05:11 > 0:05:15- There was a family university - in Llanbadarn.
0:05:15 > 0:05:21- Rhygyfarch was an important man - in his day.
0:05:21 > 0:05:23- He also plays an important part...
0:05:24 > 0:05:26- ..in our story.
0:05:26 > 0:05:31- Without him, we would probably - never have heard of St David.
0:05:33 > 0:05:39- Rhygyfarch chronicled the life - of St David in Buchedd Dewi...
0:05:39 > 0:05:43- ..some time before the end - of the 11th century.
0:05:43 > 0:05:48- His story was used as a basis - for the service of St David.
0:05:48 > 0:05:52- It included some of the readings - and chants.
0:05:53 > 0:05:56- Using Rhygyfarch's readings...
0:05:56 > 0:05:59- ..the service of St David - became truly unique...
0:05:59 > 0:06:03- ..to the Church of the Middle Ages - in Wales.
0:06:03 > 0:06:09- His work has ensured that we can - celebrate St David's Day on 1 March.
0:06:09 > 0:06:14- Rhygyfarch is our source - for the entire life of St David.
0:06:14 > 0:06:16- St David only drank water...
0:06:17 > 0:06:19- ..he worked hard, - his mother was Non...
0:06:20 > 0:06:23- ..and his father a saint - of one of Ceredigion's princes.
0:06:24 > 0:06:28- Rhygyfarch also wrote about the - ground rising up beneath his feet...
0:06:28 > 0:06:30- ..in Llanddewi Brefi.
0:06:30 > 0:06:33- When you consider - the landscape of Ceredigion...
0:06:33 > 0:06:37- ..it's hard to think - of a more unnecessary miracle...
0:06:37 > 0:06:39- ..than creating another hill.
0:06:39 > 0:06:42- All this information - was chronicled by Rhygyfarch.
0:06:43 > 0:06:47- Rhygyfarch wrote Buchedd Dewi - 600 years after St David's death.
0:06:48 > 0:06:51- It comes as no surprise - that these tales...
0:06:51 > 0:06:55- ..are more fiction - than accurate biographical fact.
0:06:55 > 0:06:59- But these stories weren't written - by pure accident.
0:06:59 > 0:07:02- Rhygyfarch was cleverer than that.
0:07:02 > 0:07:07- Rhygyfarch was driven by political - reasons when he wrote Buchedd Dewi.
0:07:07 > 0:07:12- He was trying to prove that St - David's had been an archbishopric...
0:07:12 > 0:07:15- ..and that St David - had been responsible...
0:07:15 > 0:07:18- ..for the archbishops of Wales.
0:07:18 > 0:07:20- In some ways, he was seeking...
0:07:20 > 0:07:23- ..ecclesiastical self-government - for Wales.
0:07:23 > 0:07:26- The cult emerged from his writings.
0:07:27 > 0:07:31- The Age of the Princes in Wales - was a turbulent period.
0:07:32 > 0:07:34- The Norsemen - had barely left Wales...
0:07:34 > 0:07:38- ..when the Norman Invasion - was about to begin.
0:07:38 > 0:07:41- Rebellion was a constant threat.
0:07:41 > 0:07:45- Life wasn't easy - for the common folk of Wales.
0:07:45 > 0:07:47- As I drove to north Wales...
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- ..I wondered what kind of music - would they have heard...
0:07:51 > 0:07:53- ..outside the church walls?
0:07:54 > 0:08:01- They probably played music - in rural Wales at the time.
0:08:01 > 0:08:05- Gerald of Wales - or Giraldus Cambrensis...
0:08:05 > 0:08:09- ..wrote about music in Wales...
0:08:09 > 0:08:12- ..especially instrumental music.
0:08:12 > 0:08:19- Welsh people were experts - at playing the harp and the crwth.
0:08:19 > 0:08:22- The crwth was very similar - to a violin.
0:08:41 > 0:08:43- The common folk of the time...
0:08:44 > 0:08:46- ..would have heard - and performed music.
0:08:47 > 0:08:51- People have sung and danced - for as long as we can remember.
0:08:51 > 0:08:54- We have good descriptions - by Gerald of Wales...
0:08:54 > 0:08:57- ..about men and women - dancing and singing...
0:08:57 > 0:09:01- ..as they celebrated - the Mabsant festival near Brecon.
0:09:01 > 0:09:05- We're not entirely sure which kind - of music they performed...
0:09:06 > 0:09:08- ..since it wasn't chronicled.
0:09:14 > 0:09:18- The vocal tradition - has lasted longer in Wales...
0:09:18 > 0:09:20- ..that almost anywhere else - in Europe.
0:09:21 > 0:09:25- We have no record - of early folk music...
0:09:25 > 0:09:28- ..but this is not to say - that it didn't exist.
0:09:28 > 0:09:32- It did exist - it's always existed.
0:09:34 > 0:09:37- There was a strong secular - vocal tradition...
0:09:38 > 0:09:40- ..in mainland Europe at the time.
0:09:40 > 0:09:43- Melodies, songs and dances - have survived...
0:09:43 > 0:09:46- ..from the 11th and 12th centuries.
0:09:46 > 0:09:48- In the south of France...
0:09:49 > 0:09:53- ..troubadours praised - their patrons through song...
0:09:53 > 0:09:55- ..and sang love songs.
0:09:55 > 0:09:59- Further north, - the trouveres also performed.
0:09:59 > 0:10:04- We can surmise that some of this - influenced Welsh music.
0:10:09 > 0:10:12- Wales was the land of song...
0:10:13 > 0:10:16- ..before during and after - the Age of the Princes.
0:10:16 > 0:10:21- The music we're about to hear - was written after this age...
0:10:21 > 0:10:26- ..but this was probably the type - of music our forefathers heard...
0:10:26 > 0:10:28- ..in the Middle Ages.
0:11:48 > 0:11:48- 888
0:11:48 > 0:11:50- 888- - 888
0:11:51 > 0:11:54- I'm on a journey to discover more...
0:11:54 > 0:11:58- ..about Wales and its music - during the Age of the Princes.
0:11:58 > 0:12:03- The Penpont Antiphonal has already - revealed some musical secrets.
0:12:03 > 0:12:08- Its notes were written during - a time when Wales was independent...
0:12:08 > 0:12:11- ..and had plenty to sing about.
0:12:13 > 0:12:17- I'm about to explore - a darker period in our history.
0:12:20 > 0:12:22- This is a time of great wars.
0:12:22 > 0:12:25- A time of castle-building - and sieges.
0:12:27 > 0:12:30- A time of fear and savagery.
0:12:30 > 0:12:33- This is the time - of the Norman Invasion.
0:12:36 > 0:12:40- Edward I wanted - complete control over Wales...
0:12:40 > 0:12:42- ..its princes, its people...
0:12:43 > 0:12:45- ..and its religion.
0:12:46 > 0:12:50- This wasn't going to be - easy for him.
0:12:51 > 0:12:57- Wales wanted to retain its religious - and spiritual independence...
0:12:58 > 0:13:00- ..especially in north Wales.
0:13:00 > 0:13:02- I've reached Bangor.
0:13:03 > 0:13:06- I'm a lecturer - at the university here.
0:13:06 > 0:13:09- But I'm not here - to lecture anyone today!
0:13:09 > 0:13:12- I have something to show you.
0:13:14 > 0:13:18- We have very few records of the - music from the Age of the Princes.
0:13:18 > 0:13:22- We have the Penpont Antiphonal - in the National Library...
0:13:22 > 0:13:27- ..and one other important manuscript - which gives us the second clue.
0:13:28 > 0:13:33- This originates from the age of - oppression - the Bangor Pontifical.
0:13:34 > 0:13:36- Every time I open this book...
0:13:37 > 0:13:41- ..I appreciate - how special and valuable it is.
0:13:41 > 0:13:46- It is associated with someone - very important and, furthermore...
0:13:47 > 0:13:52- ..it belongs to a family - of manuscripts from England.
0:13:53 > 0:13:58- There are prayers, music - and special texts in this book.
0:13:59 > 0:14:04- These include a series - of blessings...
0:14:05 > 0:14:07- ..which were written - by Bishop John Peckham...
0:14:08 > 0:14:11- ..the Archbishop of Canterbury - at the time.
0:14:12 > 0:14:16- He was responsible for ensuring - that the Church in Wales...
0:14:17 > 0:14:22- ..conformed with - the Church in England at the time.
0:14:48 > 0:14:51- 200 years - after Buchedd Dewi was written...
0:14:52 > 0:14:56- ..the Archbishop of Canterbury - travelled around Wales...
0:14:56 > 0:14:59- ..following Edward I's invasion.
0:14:59 > 0:15:04- He visited the main centres to stamp - his authority as the Archbishop.
0:15:04 > 0:15:08- He was the primary authority within - the Church in England and Wales.
0:15:09 > 0:15:13- He complained about the atrocious - activities that were happening.
0:15:13 > 0:15:18- Drunk priests - some married, - some having fathered children...
0:15:18 > 0:15:21- ..assuming control of property - through unruly means.
0:15:25 > 0:15:30- There were rules and guidelines - to follow in the Pontifical...
0:15:31 > 0:15:35- ..such as which music to sing - during a particular service...
0:15:35 > 0:15:38- ..what clergymen should wear, - what they should say...
0:15:39 > 0:15:41- ..and how they should walk.
0:15:41 > 0:15:44- Being forced to follow - an alien system...
0:15:44 > 0:15:47- ..found little approval - among Welsh clergymen.
0:15:48 > 0:15:52- With the conquerors - tightening their grip on Wales...
0:15:52 > 0:15:56- ..there was no choice but - to conform and accept the fact...
0:15:57 > 0:16:01- ..that they would have to learn - the words of an unfamiliar song.
0:16:04 > 0:16:07- The next performance - from the Bangor Pontifical...
0:16:08 > 0:16:10- ..is testament - to the importance of music...
0:16:11 > 0:16:13- ..during the Age of the Princes...
0:16:13 > 0:16:18- ..not only to express devotion - but also to highlight oppression.
0:17:58 > 0:18:00- For once, I'm glad to leave Bangor.
0:18:01 > 0:18:04- I leave behind Edward I - and his strict bishops...
0:18:04 > 0:18:09- ..and I head back - to the time of our patron saint.
0:18:09 > 0:18:14- The aim of this programme - is to discover what kind of music...
0:18:14 > 0:18:19- ..would have been sung in St David's - during the Age of the Princes.
0:18:19 > 0:18:22- I'm visiting - the British Library in London...
0:18:23 > 0:18:26- ..to read an important document - about St David's.
0:18:27 > 0:18:29- During the Age of the Princes...
0:18:30 > 0:18:34- ..manuscripts were kept - in religious centres.
0:18:34 > 0:18:39- There was a library and scriptorium - in St David's at one time.
0:18:39 > 0:18:42- It was destroyed - some centuries later.
0:18:44 > 0:18:49- In 1648, a regiment of Parliamentary - soldiers arrived here...
0:18:49 > 0:18:53- ..with an order to remove - three tons of lead from the roof.
0:18:53 > 0:18:58- This they did and, at the same time, - they damaged the windows...
0:18:58 > 0:19:00- ..the graves and the library.
0:19:01 > 0:19:04- Anything that remained - in the library was burnt.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07- It's a surprise - that anything survived.
0:19:08 > 0:19:12- One of the rare manuscripts - that did survive...
0:19:12 > 0:19:15- ..is an early copy of - the Acts and Statutes of St David's.
0:19:15 > 0:19:19- Here, we find the third clue - in our story.
0:19:20 > 0:19:23- There's something in this book...
0:19:23 > 0:19:29- ..which goes right to the root - of our investigative journey.
0:19:31 > 0:19:38- If we read this, it says that - all the bishops and the clergymen...
0:19:38 > 0:19:42- ..should meet once a year...
0:19:42 > 0:19:45- ..to celebrate a grand service...
0:19:46 > 0:19:50- ..on St David's Day - 1 March.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53- Towards the bottom of the page, - it outlines...
0:19:53 > 0:19:59- ..the format of the service - - the words, music and the ceremony.
0:20:00 > 0:20:04- It should follow - the ecclesiastical pattern...
0:20:05 > 0:20:07- ..of Sarum.
0:20:08 > 0:20:09- Well, where was Sarum?
0:20:14 > 0:20:18- Sarum, or Salisbury, - to use its modern name.
0:20:18 > 0:20:22- At the bottom of the hill - is the present cathedral.
0:20:22 > 0:20:26- The site of the original cathedral, - in Old Sarum...
0:20:26 > 0:20:29- ..is where our story continues.
0:20:29 > 0:20:32- Here, we find the origin - of the period's music.
0:20:34 > 0:20:41- Here, in 1075, the primitive - version of the music...
0:20:41 > 0:20:48- ..which was later used in churches - across England and Wales...
0:20:48 > 0:20:53- ..including St David's, - was first played.
0:20:54 > 0:20:58- Old Sarum is important because - it was past of the attempt...
0:20:58 > 0:21:01- ..to create conformity - in church ceremonies.
0:21:01 > 0:21:05- It spread very quickly - from Salisbury after 1219...
0:21:06 > 0:21:09- ..and reached Dublin by 1220 - and St David's by 1224.
0:21:09 > 0:21:14- St David's was the most important - church in Wales at the time.
0:21:20 > 0:21:26- But Sarum Rite was part - of a wider European tradition...
0:21:26 > 0:21:30- ..which brought the Anglo-Norman - and the Welsh churches...
0:21:30 > 0:21:35- ..under the control - of the Pope in Rome.
0:21:36 > 0:21:40- We have to remember that a building - such as St David's Cathedral...
0:21:41 > 0:21:46- ..does not belong to a Welsh - or an English tradition.
0:21:46 > 0:21:49- It belongs to an European tradition.
0:21:49 > 0:21:54- This is an European building - and the liturgy is also European.
0:21:55 > 0:21:59- It reminds us that Wales was part - of Europe in the Middle Ages.
0:21:59 > 0:22:03- This was one of the influences - of the Normans.
0:22:03 > 0:22:08- It's become apparent to me - that some church-goers in Wales...
0:22:08 > 0:22:10- ..welcomed this influence.
0:22:10 > 0:22:13- They became part - of a wider tradition.
0:22:18 > 0:22:22- A little diversion now - down - the road to Salisbury Cathedral.
0:22:22 > 0:22:28- Since I'm so close, I'm taking - this opportunity to appreciate...
0:22:29 > 0:22:31- ..the architecture - of the Middle Ages.
0:22:32 > 0:22:36- This majestic building - took around a century to complete...
0:22:37 > 0:22:39- ..from 1218 onwards.
0:22:39 > 0:22:46- Most of our churches - have taken far longer to complete.
0:22:46 > 0:22:49- There have been many additions...
0:22:49 > 0:22:54- ..to the original - St David's Cathedral over the years.
0:22:55 > 0:22:58- The music has also developed - through the ages.
0:22:58 > 0:23:03- We began in Bangor - with chanting and simple plainsong.
0:23:03 > 0:23:07- It developed into multi-voice - singing or polyphony...
0:23:07 > 0:23:11- ..which were new layers - on the old foundations.
0:23:13 > 0:23:17- Plainsong is the basis - of ecclesiastical music...
0:23:17 > 0:23:19- ..but by the year 900...
0:23:19 > 0:23:26- ..people realised that two different - voices could sing at the same time.
0:23:26 > 0:23:29- That developed over the centuries.
0:23:29 > 0:23:33- By the 12th century, - it happened across Europe...
0:23:33 > 0:23:38- ..in centres in Spain, the South - of France, Northern France...
0:23:38 > 0:23:41- ..and in Paris, - the music is developed further.
0:23:42 > 0:23:46- Music is performed with three - and, sometimes, four voices.
0:23:53 > 0:23:57- This would have sounded like - a progression of the ceremonies.
0:24:00 > 0:24:04- Polyphony wasn't something - that happened every day.
0:24:04 > 0:24:07- It was for specific parts - of the service...
0:24:07 > 0:24:10- ..or different ceremonies - throughout the year.
0:24:10 > 0:24:15- We can only imagine how different - and unique it must have sounded.
0:26:54 > 0:26:55- 888
0:26:55 > 0:26:57- I'm on a journey - to find Wales's lost music.
0:26:58 > 0:27:01- I'm trying to discover - what type of music...
0:27:01 > 0:27:05- ..would have been heard - in St David's Cathedral...
0:27:05 > 0:27:07- ..during the Middle Ages.
0:27:07 > 0:27:11- My journey has taken me - from Aberystwyth to London.
0:27:11 > 0:27:15- In Salisbury, - I discovered the origin...
0:27:15 > 0:27:19- ..of almost all - the devotional music of the time.
0:27:19 > 0:27:23- Sarum chanting - and polyphony singing...
0:27:23 > 0:27:27- ..was introduced to Wales - in an old-fashioned manner.
0:27:27 > 0:27:31- It was carried in - the clergymen's leather satchels...
0:27:32 > 0:27:34- ..when they visited Wales.
0:27:34 > 0:27:40- Some walked, - others travelled on horseback...
0:27:40 > 0:27:43- ..but most of them sailed.
0:27:43 > 0:27:46- They started from the banks - of the River Severn...
0:27:46 > 0:27:49- ..and sailed all the way - to St David's.
0:28:03 > 0:28:07- Another group of travellers - were also heading for Wales...
0:28:07 > 0:28:09- ..the pilgrims.
0:28:10 > 0:28:14- During the Age of the Princes, - pilgrimages were very popular.
0:28:15 > 0:28:19- St David's became a very important - destination for the pilgrims.
0:28:19 > 0:28:23- During this time, - two pilgrimages to St David's...
0:28:23 > 0:28:26- ..equated to one pilgrimage - to Rome...
0:28:26 > 0:28:30- ..but only if you were willing - to walk every step of the way.
0:28:30 > 0:28:32- Thank heavens for modern transport!
0:28:40 > 0:28:45- The words 'gwyl' and 'gwyliau' - meaning holiday or holy day...
0:28:45 > 0:28:50- ..suggest that recreation - was a holy occasion.
0:28:50 > 0:28:57- Recreational time was spent - on pilgrimages to cleanse the soul.
0:28:57 > 0:29:00- Many stories refer to this practice.
0:29:00 > 0:29:03- From the 11th century onwards...
0:29:04 > 0:29:09- ..St David's became a popular - destination for pilgrimages.
0:29:13 > 0:29:18- St David's is in a very remote - place - it's almost in the sea.
0:29:18 > 0:29:21- It was hard work - reaching St David's.
0:29:23 > 0:29:28- Pilgrimages were - very important within Wales...
0:29:28 > 0:29:31- ..and many Welsh people - made pilgrimages...
0:29:31 > 0:29:34- ..to Santiago Compostela in Spain.
0:29:34 > 0:29:38- The Spanish Government - acknowledged the importance...
0:29:38 > 0:29:41- ..of the Welsh pilgrimages - to Compostela...
0:29:42 > 0:29:47- ..by creating a stamp with a picture - of St David's Cathedral on it...
0:29:47 > 0:29:50- ..to commemorate the pilgrimages - to Compostela.
0:29:51 > 0:29:54- The journey to St David's - was long and tiring.
0:29:54 > 0:29:57- We can imagine the pilgrims...
0:29:57 > 0:30:02- ..singing on their journey - to keep spirits high.
0:30:02 > 0:30:05- Sometimes, they would sing - religious songs...
0:30:05 > 0:30:07- ..to maintain the spiritual focus.
0:30:07 > 0:30:10- Carols were popular - throughout the year.
0:30:11 > 0:30:15- This happened at a time when - a figure as important as St David...
0:30:15 > 0:30:18- ..had to share centre stage - with the Virgin Mary.
0:30:21 > 0:30:30- # My farthing I'll offer - for a locked soul
0:30:31 > 0:30:40- # My candle I'll burn - in the parish church
0:30:41 > 0:30:49- # And I'll pray the mass deeply - seven times over seven
0:30:49 > 0:30:56- # To save his immortal soul
0:30:57 > 0:31:01- # In Mary's name
0:31:02 > 0:31:07- # In Mary's name
0:31:09 > 0:31:15- # In Mary's name
0:31:18 > 0:31:22- # St Paul and St Peter
0:31:22 > 0:31:26- # And all saints of heaven
0:31:27 > 0:31:31- # And Mary, God's Mother
0:31:32 > 0:31:35- # Intercede strongly
0:31:36 > 0:31:44- # That he may have peace - and worthy release
0:31:45 > 0:31:49- # And the open paradise
0:31:49 > 0:31:54- # Of his Father's protection
0:31:56 > 0:32:02- # In Mary's name
0:32:03 > 0:32:11- # In Mary's name #
0:32:20 > 0:32:25- The pilgrimages meant far more - than reaching a destination.
0:32:25 > 0:32:31- The pilgrims visited churches and - holy sanctuaries on their journey.
0:32:31 > 0:32:34- Every additional - song and prayer...
0:32:34 > 0:32:38- ..contributed - to their spiritual salvation.
0:32:42 > 0:32:45- After travelling - so far to the west...
0:32:45 > 0:32:49- ..the pilgrims would visit - one more location...
0:32:49 > 0:32:52- ..before reaching the cathedral.
0:32:52 > 0:32:58- St David was born here, - in the Church of St Non.
0:32:58 > 0:33:02- There was a turbulent storm - during his birth.
0:33:02 > 0:33:06- Pilgrims visited this spot not only - to pay homage to St David...
0:33:07 > 0:33:09- ..but also to his mother, St Non.
0:33:09 > 0:33:13- It was an important part - of their pilgrimage.
0:33:33 > 0:33:35- St David's.
0:33:36 > 0:33:38- I've reached my journey's end.
0:33:38 > 0:33:41- It's almost the end of my quest...
0:33:41 > 0:33:45- ..to discover the music - from the Age of Princes.
0:33:45 > 0:33:48- St David's is the smallest city - in Britain.
0:33:48 > 0:33:50- During the Age of Princes...
0:33:51 > 0:33:56- ..it was one of the largest centres - in terms of status and size.
0:33:56 > 0:34:02- At that time, St David's was - one of the busiest places in Wales.
0:34:02 > 0:34:06- Today, there is - a thriving tourist business here.
0:34:06 > 0:34:07- In the Age of Princes...
0:34:08 > 0:34:12- ..there was a constant stream - of pilgrims, clergymen and kings.
0:34:12 > 0:34:16- Henry II visited St David's - on a pilgrimage in 1172.
0:34:16 > 0:34:21- That illustrates - the importance of this place.
0:34:21 > 0:34:24- St David's was one - of the few places...
0:34:25 > 0:34:27- ..which could stand side by side...
0:34:27 > 0:34:31- ..with the great churches - of the Norman world.
0:34:37 > 0:34:40- Without pilgrimages, - St David's wouldn't exist.
0:34:40 > 0:34:44- It's evident from St David's time, - and certainly after his death...
0:34:44 > 0:34:47- ..that countless pilgrims - visited here.
0:34:47 > 0:34:53- The profits gathered from the gifts - they left in the reliquary...
0:34:53 > 0:34:58- ..were used to create - the wonderful architecture...
0:34:58 > 0:35:01- ..you can see in St David's today.
0:35:03 > 0:35:06- St David's was the jewel - in the Welsh crown.
0:35:06 > 0:35:09- There are numerous references to it - in the literature...
0:35:10 > 0:35:12- ..of the Middle Ages.
0:35:12 > 0:35:15- It would be referred - to as 'Mynyw' or 'Menevia'.
0:35:17 > 0:35:20- Iolo Goch wrote - at the end of the 14th century...
0:35:20 > 0:35:25- .."My needs are fulfilled - by visiting Menevia thrice...
0:35:25 > 0:35:30- .."or by embarking - on a journey to Rome."
0:35:31 > 0:35:34- Here, Rome and Menevia - are uttered in the same breath...
0:35:34 > 0:35:37- ..each being considered - as good as the other.
0:35:39 > 0:35:42- We've discovered the final clue - on our journey...
0:35:43 > 0:35:46- ..the cathedral itself.
0:35:46 > 0:35:51- During the Age of Princes, a group - of singers would have performed...
0:35:51 > 0:35:53- ..the liturgy at this cathedral...
0:35:54 > 0:35:56- ..from one year to the next.
0:35:56 > 0:36:00- It's important to note that St - David's was an important centre...
0:36:00 > 0:36:04- ..not only for travelling clergymen, - but also for local people.
0:36:04 > 0:36:07- When you look - at St David's Cathedral...
0:36:07 > 0:36:11- ..you must appreciate the two - strong influences on the place.
0:36:12 > 0:36:15- On the one hand, - as you look at the building...
0:36:15 > 0:36:17- ..the strong Norman influence.
0:36:17 > 0:36:21- The Normans dominated - the political and cultural life...
0:36:21 > 0:36:23- ..of Wales at the time.
0:36:23 > 0:36:28- On the other hand, you can see the - influence of the Welsh population.
0:36:28 > 0:36:32- Before the Norman Invasion, - St David's Cathedral...
0:36:33 > 0:36:36- ..was originally a mother church.
0:36:36 > 0:36:41- That system survived - throughout the Age of the Princes...
0:36:41 > 0:36:44- ..since they were the patrons - of the church...
0:36:45 > 0:36:48- ..and even past the death - of Llywelyn The Last.
0:36:48 > 0:36:51- The music has also survived.
0:36:51 > 0:36:55- Join me in the final part - to hear the echo of the centuries...
0:36:56 > 0:37:00- ..when we hear the music - that was performed here...
0:37:00 > 0:37:02- ..during the Age of the Princes.
0:37:06 > 0:37:06- 888
0:37:06 > 0:37:08- 888- - 888
0:37:13 > 0:37:17- Most of the music from the - Age of the Princes has been lost.
0:37:17 > 0:37:19- Little of it has survived.
0:37:20 > 0:37:22- I've been - on a detective's journey...
0:37:23 > 0:37:26- ..to piece together - the music of the period.
0:37:27 > 0:37:31- My pilgrimage has taken me - from Aberystwyth to Bangor...
0:37:32 > 0:37:34- ..from Salisbury to London.
0:37:34 > 0:37:39- I've now reached St David's, - my journey's end...
0:37:39 > 0:37:42- ..and the focal point of this story.
0:37:42 > 0:37:46- Here, on 1 March, - on a night like tonight...
0:37:46 > 0:37:51- ..a group of clergymen would have - gathered to sing and read...
0:37:51 > 0:37:55- ..a majestic service - to our patron saint.
0:37:55 > 0:38:02- Join me as I go back in time, - back to a time when these walls...
0:38:02 > 0:38:07- ..would echo the voices of those - who paid homage to St David.
0:38:08 > 0:38:12- We will now listen - to the Latin Office of St David...
0:38:12 > 0:38:18- ..being sung in this cathedral for - the first time in almost 500 years.
0:38:18 > 0:38:22- This is where my journey ends.
0:39:43 > 0:39:46- "Dewi walked with - the missionary of the saints...
0:39:47 > 0:39:49- .."to the synod which awaited him.
0:39:49 > 0:39:54- "When Dewi entered the synod, - the saints rose to greet him...
0:39:54 > 0:39:56- .."and wished him well.
0:39:56 > 0:40:01- "He started to preach - Jesus's gospel.
0:40:02 > 0:40:04- "His voice rang out - like a trumpet...
0:40:04 > 0:40:09- .."heard equally by those who were - nearest and those who were furthest.
0:40:09 > 0:40:14- "The sun seemed to shine - on everyone as if it were midday...
0:40:14 > 0:40:17- .."and the multitude were joyful.
0:40:17 > 0:40:21- "When David preached - on the level ground...
0:40:21 > 0:40:25- .."the ground rose - like a hill under his feet.
0:40:26 > 0:40:33- "It remains a hill which is clear to - all with level land surrounding it.
0:40:34 > 0:40:40- "This was the miracle God created - for David in Llanddewi Brefi.
0:40:41 > 0:40:44- "David was canonised...
0:40:44 > 0:40:48- .."and sovereign of the saints - of the British Isles.
0:40:48 > 0:40:54- "On that day, the saints - of these isles and all the kings...
0:40:54 > 0:40:58- .."knelt down to worship David.
0:40:58 > 0:41:00- "This was his entitlement."
0:44:00 > 0:44:05- "On Sunday, - David preached to the multitude...
0:44:05 > 0:44:09- .."the like of which - had never previously been heard...
0:44:09 > 0:44:12- .."and was never heard again.
0:44:12 > 0:44:17- "There had never been - so many people in one place.
0:44:17 > 0:44:19- "After completing his sermon...
0:44:19 > 0:44:23- .."David blessed all - who were in attendance.
0:44:23 > 0:44:28- "When he had finished, he blessed - the crowd and spoke unto them...
0:44:29 > 0:44:32- .."Lords, brothers and sisters...
0:44:32 > 0:44:37- .."be joyful, - and keep your faith and your creed.
0:44:37 > 0:44:42- "Do those little things that you - have seen me do and heard about."
0:44:42 > 0:44:46- "I will follow the paths - of our fathers.
0:44:46 > 0:44:51- "Be strong in your time - on this earth without me.
0:44:52 > 0:44:55- "Soon, you will not see me.
0:44:57 > 0:45:02- "The multitude rose in unison and - expressed their sadness with tears.
0:45:03 > 0:45:05- "Then he said...
0:45:05 > 0:45:08- .."Oh, that the ground - will not swallow us up...
0:45:08 > 0:45:11- .."Oh, that the fire - will not come and burn us...
0:45:11 > 0:45:14- .."Oh, that the oceans - will not drown us...
0:45:14 > 0:45:18- .."Oh, that the mountains - will not fall on us.
0:45:18 > 0:45:23- "From the Sunday until the Wednesday - following David's death...
0:45:23 > 0:45:28- .."there was no joy and the people - fasted. They prayed in anguish.
0:45:29 > 0:45:35- "On the first day of March, - Jesus Christ took St David's soul...
0:45:36 > 0:45:41- .."with a great triumph - and joy and honour.
0:45:41 > 0:45:48- "After starvation, thirst, - toiling, abstinence and begging...
0:45:48 > 0:45:50- .."and concern for the world...
0:45:50 > 0:45:53- .."the angels - took his soul to a place...
0:45:53 > 0:45:58- .."where there is eternal light - and rest without toil...
0:45:58 > 0:46:02- .."and joy without sadness - and an abundance of pleasures.
0:46:02 > 0:46:08- "And triumph, radiance and beauty."
0:49:20 > 0:49:23- S4/C Subtitles by- Simian 04
0:49:23 > 0:49:23- .