0:00:04 > 0:00:07I'm at the centre of power of Scotland's medieval monarchs
0:00:07 > 0:00:11and home of the university where our future king and queen met.
0:00:11 > 0:00:14Welcome to the Kingdom of Fife.
0:00:17 > 0:00:22'This week, hymns from Dunfermline Abbey and St Andrews University.
0:00:22 > 0:00:26'The man who made a fortune, then gave it all away,
0:00:26 > 0:00:29'and who was the real Robinson Crusoe?'
0:00:37 > 0:00:40Fife is sandwiched between two of Scotland's great rivers,
0:00:40 > 0:00:42the Forth, here, and the Tay.
0:00:42 > 0:00:46It's called the Kingdom of Fife, and very proud Fifers are of this,
0:00:46 > 0:00:50because in ancient, Pictish times, they had their own kings.
0:00:53 > 0:00:57It was in St Andrews University that Prince William met Kate Middleton.
0:00:59 > 0:01:01St Andrews, on the east coast of Fife,
0:01:01 > 0:01:05was Scotland's medieval, religious capital.
0:01:05 > 0:01:07Its cathedral, built in the 12th century,
0:01:07 > 0:01:11is on the site where it's said the bones of the apostle were brought.
0:01:11 > 0:01:14It dominated Scotland's medieval church
0:01:14 > 0:01:17until the start of Reformation, in 1559.
0:01:20 > 0:01:23And we begin our journey in West Fife,
0:01:23 > 0:01:28in the ancient home of the Scottish kings and queens, Dunfermline.
0:03:47 > 0:03:51BELLS TOLL
0:03:51 > 0:03:56Dunfermline Abbey is not one but three churches, under one roof.
0:03:58 > 0:04:00Underneath its ancient floors,
0:04:00 > 0:04:04lie the bodies of eight Scottish kings.
0:04:04 > 0:04:06Mary Welsh is the custodian.
0:04:09 > 0:04:11The abbey here is of a very special place.
0:04:11 > 0:04:16It was built originally by Queen Margaret, as a small priory.
0:04:16 > 0:04:19She brought monks from Canterbury and she established
0:04:19 > 0:04:21- a very small priory here. - And that's...
0:04:21 > 0:04:25That's the part that's down there.
0:04:25 > 0:04:31Margaret was a very pious lady and she tried to encourage people to be kind to the poor.
0:04:31 > 0:04:33It was very often said that she would feed the children
0:04:33 > 0:04:39from the king's table and bathe the feet of poor men as a penance.
0:04:39 > 0:04:42Margaret was originally buried in the floor of her own church,
0:04:42 > 0:04:45when she died, in 1093.
0:04:45 > 0:04:49It caused such a great uproar of tremendous feeling in Dunfermline.
0:04:49 > 0:04:52David, her youngest son, when he became king,
0:04:52 > 0:04:55he decided to honour his mother
0:04:55 > 0:04:58by turning her small priory into a large abbey.
0:04:58 > 0:05:02The abbey itself was consecrated in 1157.
0:05:02 > 0:05:06So, David actually didn't live to see his great church completed.
0:05:06 > 0:05:09- It took 100 years for that to be done.- (Oh!)
0:05:09 > 0:05:13So, what is it like for you to spend your time...talking about this?
0:05:13 > 0:05:15You start out wanting to know a little bit of history
0:05:15 > 0:05:18and then eventually, you're hooked!
0:05:18 > 0:05:22You have to go back, look at the beginnings and work your way through history.
0:05:22 > 0:05:25To get to talk to people all over the world about that
0:05:25 > 0:05:27is really, quite an amazing thing.
0:05:27 > 0:05:30People have their own idea about Scotland
0:05:30 > 0:05:33and sometimes they think Scotland is Edinburgh and Glasgow!
0:05:33 > 0:05:37But to be honest, Dunfermline is much more ancient,
0:05:37 > 0:05:39has a huge royal history.
0:05:39 > 0:05:43It's a wonderful place to be.
0:05:43 > 0:05:47- And this place is very precious to you personally, is it?- It is, yes.
0:05:47 > 0:05:51A few years ago I lost my mother, very suddenly,
0:05:51 > 0:05:53and I was looking for something
0:05:53 > 0:05:56and I didn't know what I was looking for.
0:05:56 > 0:05:59However, I saw a small advert in the paper
0:05:59 > 0:06:02and decided I would apply for the job of historian at the abbey
0:06:02 > 0:06:05and I haven't regretted it,
0:06:05 > 0:06:09I've loved every minute of it, and I think it was something I was given,
0:06:09 > 0:06:11something that was given to me,
0:06:11 > 0:06:14and I really love every minute of it.
0:09:38 > 0:09:42One individual who lived over a century ago
0:09:42 > 0:09:45has left a living legacy across the world.
0:09:45 > 0:09:48Libraries, schools, hospitals,
0:09:48 > 0:09:51universities - even church organs, including Dunfermline Abbey's -
0:09:51 > 0:09:55all benefited from the philanthropy of one of the richest men
0:09:55 > 0:09:58of all time, Andrew Carnegie.
0:09:59 > 0:10:02His personal wealth in today's money
0:10:02 > 0:10:06would probably be greater than computer billionaire, Bill Gates.
0:10:06 > 0:10:10He gave away a fortune during his lifetime
0:10:10 > 0:10:14and even today, his trust funds are still distributing millions.
0:10:16 > 0:10:21What was Andrew Carnegie's philosophy...about money?
0:10:21 > 0:10:24It would be fascinating to actually be able to interview him...
0:10:24 > 0:10:28- Hmmm.- ..to find, to get the real answer to that question.
0:10:28 > 0:10:32But by a comparatively young man, he had made this huge fortune
0:10:32 > 0:10:35and then by his middle years
0:10:35 > 0:10:38had decided to start to give it all away,
0:10:38 > 0:10:42and created these trusts, across the world.
0:10:42 > 0:10:45I mean the programmes, the extent of the programmes
0:10:45 > 0:10:47is just...astonishing!
0:10:47 > 0:10:50And the breadth of his thinking in that era...
0:10:50 > 0:10:53..I just find really challenging.
0:10:53 > 0:10:58By the time he had died in 1919, he'd given away
0:10:58 > 0:11:02in the region of 350 million,
0:11:02 > 0:11:04which equates in today's terms to billions.
0:11:06 > 0:11:10He grew up in Dunfermline, the son of a weaver,
0:11:10 > 0:11:13whose family all lived in just one room.
0:11:13 > 0:11:17The family emigrated to America and by the time he died,
0:11:17 > 0:11:20he'd made his fortune from steel,
0:11:20 > 0:11:23which funded a rather grander home beside New York's Central Park.
0:11:23 > 0:11:27A far cry from the Dunfermline cottage.
0:11:27 > 0:11:31Carnegie's legacy in his home town is here for all to see.
0:11:31 > 0:11:34The estate opposite his cottage -
0:11:34 > 0:11:37which as a boy he was never allowed to enter -
0:11:37 > 0:11:41was bought and turned into a public park for everyone to enjoy.
0:11:43 > 0:11:46He believed, didn't he, that it was actually a matter of shame
0:11:46 > 0:11:49for a wealthy man to die wealthy?
0:11:49 > 0:11:52That's right. He had this principle that the man that dies rich,
0:11:52 > 0:11:54dies disgraced,
0:11:54 > 0:11:59and so, he set about to give away all of his money before he died.
0:11:59 > 0:12:02- And of course, there's lots of it left...- There is, there is.
0:12:02 > 0:12:06- ..because of how it was invested. - We're still spending it every day. - Exactly.
0:12:06 > 0:12:11But it does bring responsibilities, so that when we do spend money,
0:12:11 > 0:12:14we've got to be sure that it's spent wisely.
0:12:14 > 0:12:17We want this trust to be here in another 100 years' time.
0:12:18 > 0:12:22Today, Andrew Carnegie's trusts are still spending
0:12:22 > 0:12:26almost a quarter of a million dollars, every single day.
0:13:59 > 0:14:03From the magnificent Forth bridges linking Fife to Edinburgh,
0:14:03 > 0:14:06there's a path around the coast, over 100 miles long.
0:14:16 > 0:14:19This part of the coast is known as the East Neuk.
0:14:19 > 0:14:23Neuk is an old Scots word for a corner.
0:14:23 > 0:14:27Every twist and turn reveals another historic town or village.
0:14:27 > 0:14:30The picturesque harbours are a tribute
0:14:30 > 0:14:32to 16th century building skills
0:14:32 > 0:14:36and evidence of the long tradition of a fishing industry.
0:14:37 > 0:14:41Ships would sail out from harbours like this, not just to fish
0:14:41 > 0:14:43but to trade with European countries,
0:14:43 > 0:14:45just across the North Sea.
0:14:45 > 0:14:48Our next song, in Scotland's ancient language, Gaelic,
0:14:48 > 0:14:51is a prayer for safe return from sea.
0:18:13 > 0:18:16The old ports and harbours are now havens for leisure.
0:18:16 > 0:18:20As well as holiday-makers, they attract commuters
0:18:20 > 0:18:23from Scotland's capital, on the other side of the Forth.
0:18:23 > 0:18:27Who would have thought that one of these villages, Largo,
0:18:27 > 0:18:32would produce Alexander Selkirk, the man whose real-life story
0:18:32 > 0:18:35would form a basis of Daniel Defoe's novel, whose hero,
0:18:35 > 0:18:39Robinson Crusoe, was marooned on an island off the coast of Chile.
0:18:43 > 0:18:49'This is the church where Alexander Selkirk worshipped regularly. A native of Largo,'
0:18:49 > 0:18:54he, like many schoolboys played pranks,
0:18:54 > 0:18:56but some of the behaviour that he got up to, was,
0:18:56 > 0:19:00in the eyes of the Kirk Session, just a little too excessive.
0:19:00 > 0:19:02So, he was asked to come before them,
0:19:02 > 0:19:05he was told to behave himself
0:19:05 > 0:19:09and I think as a result of that, he decided to take himself off to sea.
0:19:10 > 0:19:13He found himself in a ship, off Chile.
0:19:13 > 0:19:18When it was suggested that the ship he was on should mutiny,
0:19:18 > 0:19:21he wanted no part in that.
0:19:21 > 0:19:26So, they said, "Well, if you don't want any part, we're going to put you off!" And put him off, they did.
0:19:26 > 0:19:31And he landed in the islands that we now know as Juan Fernandez Islands.
0:19:31 > 0:19:36In particular, Robinson Crusoe Island.
0:19:36 > 0:19:41Largo was twinned with Juan Fernandez Island, just before a tsunami struck.
0:19:41 > 0:19:45Since then, Largo children have been raising funds
0:19:45 > 0:19:48to rebuild the school there.
0:19:48 > 0:19:51We found out about Juan Fernandez Island
0:19:51 > 0:19:55when one of the people from the town went
0:19:55 > 0:19:59and they set up a twinning project with the two towns -
0:19:59 > 0:20:01the town on the island, St John The Baptist
0:20:01 > 0:20:05and Lundin Links in Largo.
0:20:05 > 0:20:08There's been an earthquake in Chile and it didn't take very long
0:20:08 > 0:20:13but the shudders vibrated the sea and it made a tsunami...
0:20:13 > 0:20:16..most of their town was destroyed along with their school.
0:20:16 > 0:20:21When that happened we decided, "Right, we need to raise money for this. We need to help them."
0:20:21 > 0:20:23We're sort of, like, friends together,
0:20:23 > 0:20:26so we need to get them back on track.
0:20:26 > 0:20:32Well, we've already raised with our sponsored walk, over £1,000,
0:20:32 > 0:20:35and we've sent that over to help with the school
0:20:35 > 0:20:37and help rebuild the society.
0:20:37 > 0:20:40It's just sort of, to make their lives easier.
0:22:59 > 0:23:02I've made a detour back to Burntisland.
0:23:02 > 0:23:04It was at a meeting here,
0:23:04 > 0:23:08of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in 1601,
0:23:08 > 0:23:12that the idea of the 1611 King James Bible was conceived.
0:23:14 > 0:23:18In the 16th century, in the wake of the Reformation,
0:23:18 > 0:23:21various vernacular translations
0:23:21 > 0:23:24of the Bible into English had been produced.
0:23:24 > 0:23:28All of them controversial for various reasons,
0:23:28 > 0:23:31partly because they were littered with mistakes.
0:23:33 > 0:23:38When King James VI became James I of England,
0:23:38 > 0:23:42the Scots said, "Please, don't forget our Presbyterian request
0:23:42 > 0:23:44"to get a new Bible."
0:23:46 > 0:23:49The tragedy is that King James immediately -
0:23:49 > 0:23:54when he had arrived in England, in the year 1604, said -
0:23:54 > 0:23:59"I will give you a Bible, but not the way you expected."
0:23:59 > 0:24:02He's reported to have said
0:24:02 > 0:24:06Scottish Presbyterianism and monarchy go together
0:24:06 > 0:24:08as well as God and the Devil,
0:24:08 > 0:24:12and so, he wanted to have a new translation,
0:24:12 > 0:24:18which would rather absorb and include difference of opinion,
0:24:18 > 0:24:22rather than favouring one side and thereby annoying the other.
0:24:27 > 0:24:30I'm travelling further along the Fife coast now
0:24:30 > 0:24:34to St Andrews, to find out about a more recent but very unusual
0:24:34 > 0:24:38translation of the Bible into Scots.
0:24:40 > 0:24:43"Ae day some fowk brocht forrit their bairns
0:24:43 > 0:24:45"for Jesus tae pit his haunds on them.
0:24:45 > 0:24:48"The disciples begoud tae quarrel them..."
0:24:48 > 0:24:50It's the work of the late Robert Lorimer,
0:24:50 > 0:24:54who was Professor of Greek at St Andrews University.
0:24:54 > 0:24:56"..come tae me, seekna tae hender them;
0:24:56 > 0:24:59"it is een sie as them at the Kingdom o God belangs...
0:24:59 > 0:25:02"..Syne he tuik the littlans in his oxter
0:25:02 > 0:25:06"an pat his haunds on them an gae them his blissin."
0:25:06 > 0:25:10- I love that, "The littlans to his oxter!"- He puts them in under his arm, yeah.
0:25:10 > 0:25:13It's interesting, the language is simple and it's forceful
0:25:13 > 0:25:16but it's not, it's not simplistic, it's not...
0:25:16 > 0:25:18No, no, I mean, this guy who did it
0:25:18 > 0:25:22was a Greek scholar, he knew the Greek New Testament,
0:25:22 > 0:25:26he'd gone back to the original and thought very carefully about it,
0:25:26 > 0:25:29it took him ten years to make this version.
0:25:29 > 0:25:32What does it do to you, to hear the Bible in Scots, like that?
0:25:32 > 0:25:36I love the expression, "The Loch o Galilee"
0:25:36 > 0:25:38because it makes it very immediate.
0:25:38 > 0:25:41Although that's about water, it grounds it.
0:25:41 > 0:25:46"Ae day he wis gaein alangside the Loch o Galilee, whan he saw
0:25:46 > 0:25:49"Simon an his brither Andro castin their net i the watter -
0:25:49 > 0:25:52"they war fishers tae tredd - an he said til them,
0:25:52 > 0:25:56"'Come awa efter me, an i s'mak ye men-fishers;'
0:25:56 > 0:26:00"an strecht they quat their nets an fallowt him."
0:26:00 > 0:26:03I warmed to it quite immediately.
0:26:03 > 0:26:07It's a Jesus who hasn't gone to elocution lessons.
0:26:07 > 0:26:10So, he sounds quite warm,
0:26:10 > 0:26:13gets in under the radar,
0:26:13 > 0:26:15there's a vernacular immediacy to it.
0:26:15 > 0:26:19Words like, "Bairns," that Christ uses in the Bible, here,
0:26:19 > 0:26:23you could go onto a bus between here and Dundee
0:26:23 > 0:26:26and people would be speaking that way.
0:26:26 > 0:26:30So, maybe there's a slight class aspect to it,
0:26:30 > 0:26:35but there's also just a vernacularity
0:26:35 > 0:26:38that's hard to hear now, in the King James Bible.
0:26:38 > 0:26:41The King James Bible is such an orthodox,
0:26:41 > 0:26:43and to many people, a rather posh voice.
0:26:43 > 0:26:46This isn't posh-voiced in that sense.
0:26:46 > 0:26:49King James was a hater of democracy.
0:26:49 > 0:26:53He was very against Scots Presbyterianism
0:26:53 > 0:26:57and the King James Bible is not a Presbyterian version of the Bible.
0:26:57 > 0:27:00This, I think, is written by somebody who'd grown up
0:27:00 > 0:27:03very much in Scots Presbyterianism
0:27:03 > 0:27:06and with the vernacular Scots tongue of the people.
0:27:06 > 0:27:09So, to me, it has a kind of democratic accent.
0:27:14 > 0:27:16# Jesu
0:27:16 > 0:27:24# Joy of man's desiring
0:27:27 > 0:27:33# Holy wisdom
0:27:33 > 0:27:38# Love most bright
0:27:56 > 0:28:00# Drawn by Thee
0:28:00 > 0:28:06# Our souls aspiring
0:28:10 > 0:28:18# Soar to uncreated light
0:28:41 > 0:28:46# Word of God
0:28:46 > 0:28:52# Our flesh that fashioned
0:28:59 > 0:29:04# With the fire
0:29:04 > 0:29:10# Of life impassioned
0:29:16 > 0:29:21# Striving still
0:29:21 > 0:29:27# To truth unknown
0:29:31 > 0:29:34# Soaring
0:29:34 > 0:29:37# Dying
0:29:37 > 0:29:40# Round Thy
0:29:40 > 0:29:43# throne. #
0:29:46 > 0:29:49'We thank you for the faith, which inspired those
0:29:49 > 0:29:53'who gave us the buildings, where we can be still and reflect.'
0:29:54 > 0:29:58'We thank you for the vision, which has given us the opportunity
0:29:58 > 0:30:02'to make others' lives better and to play our part
0:30:02 > 0:30:04'in bringing your kingdom, here on Earth.'
0:30:06 > 0:30:10'We thank you for the words we use to shed new light
0:30:10 > 0:30:12'on our understanding of Jesus' life.'
0:30:20 > 0:30:22We close with an old favourite,
0:30:22 > 0:30:24Timothy Dudley-Smith's popular hymn,
0:30:24 > 0:30:26Lord For The Years.
0:33:15 > 0:33:18'Next week, we're back in St Andrews University,
0:33:18 > 0:33:20'whose 600th anniversary
0:33:20 > 0:33:23'celebrations were kicked off earlier this year
0:33:23 > 0:33:27'by two of its best known graduates, Prince William and Kate Middleton.
0:33:27 > 0:33:31'We'll be meeting the Prince's former tutor
0:33:31 > 0:33:33'and we'll have hymns from the university chapel
0:33:33 > 0:33:35'and from Dunfermline Abbey.'
0:33:50 > 0:33:53Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
0:33:53 > 0:33:56E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk