:00:00. > :00:00.problem of young people trying to find a job is one of the biggest
:00:00. > :00:08.challenges facing Governments in every corner of the globe.
:00:09. > :00:14.Youth unemployment is one of the biggest challenges facing the world
:00:15. > :00:18.today. 73 million young people around the globe cannot find work.
:00:19. > :00:21.It is creating challenges in countries from America to India and
:00:22. > :00:26.South Africa. The next half an hour, we meet the interns fighting
:00:27. > :00:31.back in a battle for pay, the young Italians desperate for a future off
:00:32. > :00:33.the black market, and the Tunisian women who have been through a
:00:34. > :00:40.revolution but are still young and jobless.
:00:41. > :00:47.Most of us take work for granted, or even resent it, but increasingly,
:00:48. > :00:52.working just isn't an opportunity that is available to young people.
:00:53. > :00:56.Young adults are three times more likely to be out of work than older
:00:57. > :01:00.people. In America and Europe, the odds are even worse than that. So to
:01:01. > :01:05.get ahead of the competition, many are taking on unpaid work experience
:01:06. > :01:13.or internships. But now companies are using unpaid interns to do the
:01:14. > :01:20.work of paid employees, and the interns are fighting back.
:01:21. > :01:25.New York City, a mecca for young people around the world wanting to
:01:26. > :01:31.supercharge their career. The saying goes that if you can make it here,
:01:32. > :01:35.you can make it anywhere. Before Lucy Bickerton started studying to
:01:36. > :01:40.be a doctor, she wanted to produce films, but her first taste of the
:01:41. > :01:43.business, a four-month internship working long hours and getting paid
:01:44. > :01:49.nothing, left her questioning her career choice. While I was doing my
:01:50. > :01:54.internship, it didn't occur to me that I was doing the work of a
:01:55. > :01:59.production assistant, not an unpaid intern job, whatever that really
:02:00. > :02:02.means. So after I graduated and started getting paid work as a
:02:03. > :02:06.production assistant, I realised what I had done before was really
:02:07. > :02:12.that of a production assistant, what is normally a full-time position in
:02:13. > :02:17.a TV show. So she sued, and one. I think, yes, you should do work for
:02:18. > :02:20.free sometimes, but more like in a student situation and a lot of
:02:21. > :02:25.internships these days are not, they are just entry-level positions that
:02:26. > :02:29.are underpaid. Erica should know. She won a legal action against her
:02:30. > :02:35.employer, a New York fashion designer, after months of unpaid
:02:36. > :02:39.work. Exacerbating the trend of unpaid internships is this sheer
:02:40. > :02:44.number of young and jobless. The unemployment rate for those between
:02:45. > :02:52.the ages of 20 and 24 is about to appoint 5%. It is 5% higher than the
:02:53. > :02:57.rate for adults -- about numeric 12.5%. There are a steady stream of
:02:58. > :03:03.young people who are willing to trade paper work experience.
:03:04. > :03:08.Internships have become a disposable Labour workforce. Many companies use
:03:09. > :03:12.them to fill in at extra busy times or a particular project, and there
:03:13. > :03:17.has been a disingenuous use of interns that has propped up
:03:18. > :03:21.companies and certain industries in particular are realising they can
:03:22. > :03:24.take advantage. As a result of the litigious interns, some companies
:03:25. > :03:31.are abandoning their unpaid programmes altogether. But not
:03:32. > :03:35.here. These interns at the Nation magazine of the first to earn a
:03:36. > :03:40.minimum wage. Instead of legal action, their predecessors published
:03:41. > :03:43.this letter to their own letter, successfully convincing their boss
:03:44. > :03:49.to pay them more than just a stipend. We should be addressing the
:03:50. > :03:53.problem of young people's pathway to opportunity and offering
:03:54. > :03:59.opportunities that have at their core a fairness of a certain set of
:04:00. > :04:03.payments commensurate with the work. Competition for jobs is fierce,
:04:04. > :04:10.particularly for the young. Those entering the workplace want to find
:04:11. > :04:14.a job, just one that actually pays. In Europe, Spain, Italy, Greece and
:04:15. > :04:20.Ireland have some of the highest rates of youth unemployment ever.
:04:21. > :04:24.Many young people are having to work on the black market, cash in hand,
:04:25. > :04:28.no questions asked but no rights or security either. Hugh Pym has been
:04:29. > :04:34.in Italy to meet some of the young people trying to find legitimate
:04:35. > :04:38.work and a better future. It may just to look like pizza
:04:39. > :04:45.dough, but for these young Italians, they hope it is their passport into
:04:46. > :04:49.the world of work. Officially, youth unemployment in Italy is running at
:04:50. > :04:54.40%, but that statistic includes many like Stella, who is working on
:04:55. > :04:58.the black market at a call centre. She is training to make pizza so she
:04:59. > :05:04.can find a legitimate job and hopefully get a mortgage and start a
:05:05. > :05:08.family. How can I grow up a child if I don't have a good job? We don't
:05:09. > :05:12.have any future probably in this moment. From now to the next ten
:05:13. > :05:17.years, it is impossible here to have something good for you. I am 28 and
:05:18. > :05:22.what am I going to do for the next ten years? The Italian economy is a
:05:23. > :05:26.difficult place. Lack of growth means a lack of real job creation
:05:27. > :05:31.and the unofficial world of work remains a problem. On some
:05:32. > :05:35.estimates, the Italian black economy is worth the equivalent of more than
:05:36. > :05:39.one fifth of the country's official national output. It has long been a
:05:40. > :05:42.problem for the authorities. The police that they are cracking down
:05:43. > :05:46.on it. This police chief told me that in
:05:47. > :05:52.raids on businesses, they discovered 30,000 illegal workers last year.
:05:53. > :05:55.TRANSLATION: It is very important, it harms many interests. It hurts
:05:56. > :06:01.the state and the national budget, because taxes are not paid, and our
:06:02. > :06:04.purposes also to protect honest businesses. Those that comply with
:06:05. > :06:07.the law suffer unfair competition from other companies that are able
:06:08. > :06:14.to sell goods and services at lower prices. As job-seekers search for
:06:15. > :06:16.vacancies that this unemployment centre, they are often up against a
:06:17. > :06:21.lack of openings because employers find it too costly to hire people.
:06:22. > :06:25.Italian regulation is seen as an obstacle. That is another reason
:06:26. > :06:28.younger people are pushed towards illegal jobs. Staph hearsay some of
:06:29. > :06:34.the younger generation have moved into the black economy and stayed
:06:35. > :06:40.there -- staph here. TRANSLATION: Before, it was a choice
:06:41. > :06:43.between education and a permanent job, which gave you the chance to
:06:44. > :06:46.start a family and make a future for yourself. Unfortunately now more and
:06:47. > :06:53.more young people feel it is the only option open to them. For
:06:54. > :06:56.Stella, that black economy option is a necessity. She and other trainees
:06:57. > :07:00.hope their new skills will be a pathway to work, even if it is a
:07:01. > :07:04.long way from Italy, where the recipe for legitimate jobs still
:07:05. > :07:07.doesn't seem to be working. With uncertain prospects at home,
:07:08. > :07:10.Europe's young are increasingly going abroad to find a better
:07:11. > :07:18.future. Australia is one place they had to, but is there welcome then
:07:19. > :07:27.now cooling off? Phil Mercer in Sydney reports.
:07:28. > :07:31.The surf at Bondi Beach makes Ireland's economy problems a world
:07:32. > :07:35.away. Migration to Australia is at levels not seen since the 1980s. The
:07:36. > :07:40.young are abandoning their homelands in their thousands, but building a
:07:41. > :07:43.new life isn't always easy. A lot harder than people make out. Moved
:07:44. > :07:49.to Australia, there are loads of jobs. It is not like that at all.
:07:50. > :07:53.For lads, it is a lot easier, but for girls, it is hard. You need to
:07:54. > :07:58.look, but there are jobs if you look. Because I was working three
:07:59. > :08:01.jobs at the time, it was quite hard compared to when I came here,
:08:02. > :08:05.working one job and getting double the money for what I was getting at
:08:06. > :08:13.home. So the quality of life here is way better. But I miss home. The
:08:14. > :08:17.trade unions worry that foreign workers are not only taking jobs
:08:18. > :08:20.away from young Australians, but that they could be exploited by
:08:21. > :08:30.unscrupulous employers seeking cheap, imported Labour. We look at
:08:31. > :08:35.between 15-19 -year-olds, we have 14.5% unemployment. It is better
:08:36. > :08:41.than other places in the world was still significant enough saying that
:08:42. > :08:46.we are not absorbing enough young Australians, Labour is being brought
:08:47. > :08:51.in as an alternative that is being exploited and seen as a cheap form
:08:52. > :08:54.of Labour. Parts of the economy rely on migrants, but a lack of training
:08:55. > :09:00.means that many young Australians cannot compete and academics fear
:09:01. > :09:06.that of the flood of foreign workers under the age of 25 on temporary
:09:07. > :09:09.visas could make matters worse. It is important to think about where
:09:10. > :09:13.future immigrants are going and whether that competition could
:09:14. > :09:17.merge. I don't see it coming at currently, but I can see it being a
:09:18. > :09:20.problem in the future, somewhere like the Northern Territory, which
:09:21. > :09:24.has high rates of indigenous youth unemployment but is signalled as an
:09:25. > :09:30.area for potential regional migration in the future. People are
:09:31. > :09:33.Australia's greatest asset, an enterprising and diverse population
:09:34. > :09:38.has been boosted over the years by successive waves of immigration. The
:09:39. > :09:43.Irish have played a key part in Australia's rich Anglo Celtic
:09:44. > :09:46.heritage, and more and more young people young people from Ireland are
:09:47. > :09:51.seeing cities like Sydney as an escape from economic troubles back
:09:52. > :09:55.home. The Irish government says it is confident that many young
:09:56. > :10:00.migrants will go home when the scars of the financial crisis eventually
:10:01. > :10:10.heal. But as the exodus continues, Ireland's loss is Australia's gain.
:10:11. > :10:16.When it comes to the young and jobless, South Africa is one of the
:10:17. > :10:21.hardest hit nations on the planet. But the situations is spawning
:10:22. > :10:28.solutions in some surprising places. We have been to meet some of those
:10:29. > :10:36.trying to find new ways to help. OK, I have to ask you this.
:10:37. > :10:48.Congratulations. Go soap your mouth, you naughty girl. Fresh, fearless
:10:49. > :10:54.and Frank, this presenter says it like it is. She is the voice for
:10:55. > :11:00.South Africa's Urban News. A variety of issues are up for debate, among
:11:01. > :11:04.them unemployment. What I know about the youth and the economy is that
:11:05. > :11:12.the economy does not really register to them until it is time to get a
:11:13. > :11:19.job. The only time it bothers them is when they are looking for an
:11:20. > :11:25.income. It is almost like you're waiting your turn for your bit of
:11:26. > :11:30.history to be fixed. You watch it and you think the politicians well
:11:31. > :11:36.sorted. I am saying, it will not come around to you. If you don't do
:11:37. > :11:41.anything to yourself, you will not get anything. One young person
:11:42. > :11:45.trying to make it for himself is this man, who has been coming to
:11:46. > :12:00.this spot to try to find work every day for the past three years. I am
:12:01. > :12:11.29 years. Give me a job. Every day I am coming here, Monday to Sunday. I
:12:12. > :12:20.cant get a job. Sometimes I get a job for one day a week or two days a
:12:21. > :12:25.week. I am suffering. He is a plumber, one of many unemployed.
:12:26. > :12:29.Official statistics say a quarter of South Africa's population is
:12:30. > :12:35.unemployed, and 70% of those are under 35. He has no formal education
:12:36. > :12:41.and that makes his job search difficult. It is tough for
:12:42. > :12:48.university students as well, like this engineering student. I finished
:12:49. > :12:53.my theoretical courses in 2011 and it has been difficult to break into
:12:54. > :13:02.the industry, because there is such a big gap between varsity and
:13:03. > :13:06.industry. In order to graduate from his course, you needed practical
:13:07. > :13:12.work in the industry. But without practical experience, few can find
:13:13. > :13:17.the jobs they need. He is training a resolution circle, using a corporate
:13:18. > :13:26.network providing young engineers with work experience. The economic
:13:27. > :13:32.downturn happened. And suddenly we had 50% of our students who could
:13:33. > :13:36.not get a job. Now they are unemployed again. To give you an
:13:37. > :13:41.idea, we're running into the thousands now. Now remember, we're
:13:42. > :13:46.talking engineering students. They should be starting new products,
:13:47. > :13:52.creating new jobs, helping the economy. That is where resolution
:13:53. > :14:00.came in. It said, let's employ these guys and give them the experience.
:14:01. > :14:04.Creating jobs is the key target for South Africa. But the general
:14:05. > :14:08.feeling is that the Government should not be the root of all
:14:09. > :14:12.solutions. Possibly the Government should stop lying and saying
:14:13. > :14:16.everything is going to be fine. They should say, we hate to break it to
:14:17. > :14:24.you, but from now on, do it for yourself.
:14:25. > :14:27.Getting the right people in the right jobs is crucial for any
:14:28. > :14:31.country to grow, but it is particularly true of developing
:14:32. > :14:34.nations like India. Many graduates are struggling to find work and at
:14:35. > :14:44.the same time many companies are struggling to fill the positions
:14:45. > :14:49.they have open. This man runs a factory which makes
:14:50. > :14:53.metal foil. It is a tough task. The plant needs at least 250 skilled
:14:54. > :14:59.personnel working around the clock over three shifts to meet customer
:15:00. > :15:10.demand. But that skilled labour is in short supply.
:15:11. > :15:14.TRANSLATION: From the time that we hire someone, we take three years to
:15:15. > :15:21.train them fully so they can independently run a machine. This
:15:22. > :15:29.significantly increases costs. We often suffer wastage. We are paying
:15:30. > :15:34.more for trained workers -- we don't mind paying more for trained workers
:15:35. > :15:37.but where do we find them? It is a problem that most industries here
:15:38. > :15:41.are struggling with, despite the fact the country has one of the
:15:42. > :15:44.youngest populations in the world. That is because just about one tenth
:15:45. > :15:51.of those looking to join the workforce every year receive any
:15:52. > :15:57.skills training. And those who do are in much demand. This man is
:15:58. > :16:01.attending a mechanical skills course. He joined the Institute
:16:02. > :16:10.because he found students had no trouble finding a job.
:16:11. > :16:14.TRANSLATION: This training is really helped me. I have had a couple of
:16:15. > :16:20.offers from different companies. I think my career will really take
:16:21. > :16:23.off. That is in sharp contrast with students getting college degrees in
:16:24. > :16:29.India. The economy has slowed sharply. And fewer jobs for those
:16:30. > :16:33.finishing university are now available. Even the opportunities
:16:34. > :16:42.which are on, offer less than what most graduates expect. The job
:16:43. > :16:48.marketing in India is study so much. We need to get that level of job
:16:49. > :16:55.also. I don't think that is happening. It should get better. The
:16:56. > :17:01.better the course, the more opportunity you have. It is not easy
:17:02. > :17:03.to get a job. I don't think there would be enough job options for us
:17:04. > :17:08.in the market because market standards are going high and
:17:09. > :17:13.sometimes going in different directions. The Government has woken
:17:14. > :17:17.up to this mismatch between skills and jobs. It plans to give
:17:18. > :17:24.vocational training to 500 million people by 2022. That is a big
:17:25. > :17:29.target. But it is only when India can reach out to many more like this
:17:30. > :17:36.man that it can turn its large population into a strength rather
:17:37. > :17:39.than a weakness. Youth unemployment has been one of
:17:40. > :17:44.the factors driving the unrest in toppling governments across the Arab
:17:45. > :17:48.world. The Tunisian revolution sparked what has become known as the
:17:49. > :17:52.Arab Spring. But the problem of youth unemployment has not been
:17:53. > :17:55.fixed, and in particular women are increasingly at the back of the
:17:56. > :18:01.queue when it comes to landing a job.
:18:02. > :18:06.It is half past ten in the morning and the air is already thick with
:18:07. > :18:10.cigarette smoke and chatter. A few of the customers in this cafe our
:18:11. > :18:16.students from local colleges. Most have no class or job to go to. As
:18:17. > :18:19.Matt has been a regular since she lost her job with a regular since
:18:20. > :18:23.she lost her job with the advertising company and she is still
:18:24. > :18:26.finding it hard to adjust. TRANSLATION: The first thing I do
:18:27. > :18:30.when I opened my eyes in the morning is to check my e-mails, hoping to
:18:31. > :18:37.find an opportunity or a response to a job I have applied for. I come to
:18:38. > :18:41.the cafe almost every day, chat to people, look online for work.
:18:42. > :18:44.Sometimes I will have a few days when I'm depressed and I will spend
:18:45. > :18:50.the day is sleeping, trying to get more positive.
:18:51. > :18:54.But the odds are against. Seven out of men -- ten men are last is
:18:55. > :18:59.participating in the Tunisian workforce, it is less than three in
:19:00. > :19:02.ten women. According to a leading women's rights activist, the gender
:19:03. > :19:10.imbalance is based on traditional ideas of women as wives and mothers.
:19:11. > :19:13.TRANSLATION: There is a mentality that unemployed men must have
:19:14. > :19:17.priority in getting the jobs will be women stay at home. Even if it
:19:18. > :19:22.warming is better qualified, it would be given to a man instead
:19:23. > :19:28.unless it is farming or textile. But they are not getting the jobs that
:19:29. > :19:33.matter in education, in management. The low levels of female workforce
:19:34. > :19:37.participation here are not down to a lack of education. Young women make
:19:38. > :19:41.up 60% of students in universities and their grades are usually better.
:19:42. > :19:50.And as the country's economic growth, slows, some argues disparity
:19:51. > :19:56.between -- like the disparity is affecting Tunisia as a whole. We
:19:57. > :20:07.have a human capital which is no use. It is not used. This is
:20:08. > :20:11.garbage. This is not profitable. You have resources but these resources
:20:12. > :20:15.are not used. When Tunisians came out on the
:20:16. > :20:18.streets almost three years ago and overthrew their president, women
:20:19. > :20:24.stood alongside men demanding change. But on those streets now,
:20:25. > :20:31.that optimism has faded. And on the big issue of jobs, the young
:20:32. > :20:34.Tunisians -- for young Tunisians and women in particular there is little
:20:35. > :20:37.sign of a breakthrough. As more young people are finding it
:20:38. > :20:43.hard to find work, they are having to live at home with their parents.
:20:44. > :20:48.In Spain, that is traditional. What are the secrets of a harmonious
:20:49. > :20:58.whole life when you are living with mum and dad? Born in 1984, Alberto
:20:59. > :21:04.is part of a generation of young Spaniards living the effects of the
:21:05. > :21:19.economic crisis. Aged 26, he moved to find work in London. Aged 29, he
:21:20. > :21:26.is back. He is living once again with his parents on the edge of
:21:27. > :21:30.Madrid. I think it is the hardest journey in
:21:31. > :21:41.Spain right now for the young people. I think it is close to
:21:42. > :21:43.impossible. Get a job, follow your dreams, because there are no
:21:44. > :22:09.opportunities here right now. With no full-time job, Alberto is
:22:10. > :22:19.studying and works part-time for his friend. Jesus's business helps young
:22:20. > :22:24.Spaniards relocated to the UK. But for Alberto, living back at home has
:22:25. > :22:29.clear advantages. You don't have to worry about paying taxes or paying
:22:30. > :22:34.electricity. You are living basically for free. My parents know
:22:35. > :22:40.me very well. So they know what I like and what I dislike. And this is
:22:41. > :22:45.why it is so easy to live with them. Basically I don't have to wash my
:22:46. > :22:49.clothes, I don't have to make my bed, I don't have to buy anything
:22:50. > :22:56.for me because my mum does all these things for me. The reality is that
:22:57. > :23:01.living with your parents when you are nearly 30, is nothing new in
:23:02. > :23:06.Spain or strange. But with such high levels of youth unemployment, more
:23:07. > :23:07.young people are moving back on. What advice can Alberto and his
:23:08. > :23:38.parents offer? I have to be patient with them a lot
:23:39. > :23:45.of times because they never think that I am 29. I think they still
:23:46. > :23:50.think I am 18. They are all dead are worried about me, when I am going,
:23:51. > :24:05.what I am going to do, with who I am going.
:24:06. > :24:13.So living at home with your parents does not have to be something
:24:14. > :24:19.negative. But it is just a reality for more young people and families
:24:20. > :24:23.in today's Spain. We have seen just how bad the situation is in many
:24:24. > :24:27.countries. Youth unemployment is rising towards the top of the
:24:28. > :24:32.political agenda. No government wants to be the next to fall because
:24:33. > :24:36.it's young people see no hope. Over the next few months, the European
:24:37. > :24:40.Union will be spending billions trying to get young people into
:24:41. > :24:45.work. Many wonder how big the impact will be but it is a measure of just
:24:46. > :24:47.how seriously the world is taking this epidemic of youth
:24:48. > :24:51.unemployment. You can find out more about the
:24:52. > :25:08.issue in a special report online. Many thanks for watching.
:25:09. > :25:12.Hello, this is Breakfast, with John Kay and Sian Lloyd.
:25:13. > :25:15.One of Britain's biggest power distributors defends claims it's
:25:16. > :25:19.been too slow to reconnect people after the storms.
:25:20. > :25:20.As thousands of homes face another day without electricity, UK Power