0:00:20 > 0:00:23- New York, icon of wealth - and success...
0:00:23 > 0:00:26- ..leads the way in all senses.
0:00:28 > 0:00:32- But amid the affluence, - the city wages a daily battle...
0:00:33 > 0:00:35- ..against one of mankind's - oldest enemies.
0:00:40 > 0:00:44- This enemy flourishes - among the poor and the homeless...
0:00:44 > 0:00:48- ..not just in New York - but all over the world.
0:00:48 > 0:00:51- It kills two million people - each year.
0:00:52 > 0:00:54- There's a new victim every second.
0:00:55 > 0:01:00- Skin colour, belief, affluence or - social position count for nothing.
0:01:01 > 0:01:03- This can attack everyone.
0:01:04 > 0:01:07- We in Wales were familiar - with this enemy.
0:01:08 > 0:01:12- It's been the biggest killer - in recent centuries.
0:01:13 > 0:01:16- It spread through the country - causing grief and sorrow.
0:01:17 > 0:01:20- It's now back among us once again.
0:01:21 > 0:01:24- This enemy - is known by several names.
0:01:24 > 0:01:28- Decay, phthisis, consumption, - tuberculosis, TB.
0:01:30 > 0:01:33- But the pale faces - of the victims...
0:01:34 > 0:01:39- ..gave rise to the disease's most - chilling name - the white plague.
0:01:57 > 0:01:59- TB has been with us for centuries.
0:02:00 > 0:02:03- The ancient Egyptians - were familiar with it.
0:02:10 > 0:02:13- When a person died in Egypt...
0:02:13 > 0:02:16- ..the body was buried - in a particular way...
0:02:16 > 0:02:20- ..to prevent the putrefaction - and dismemberment of the corpse.
0:02:21 > 0:02:24- That's what happened - to this little girl's corpse.
0:02:24 > 0:02:28- She died 2,300 years ago, - at the age of eight.
0:02:29 > 0:02:34- X-rays of the body - reveal a curve in the spine.
0:02:34 > 0:02:39- This often happens to people who - suffer tuberculosis of the bones.
0:02:43 > 0:02:46- TB has left its mark - on rural Wales, too.
0:02:47 > 0:02:49- Sanatoria and isolated hospitals...
0:02:49 > 0:02:52- ..remain as memorials - to thousands of sufferers...
0:02:52 > 0:02:55- ..who fell victim - to this cruel sickness.
0:02:55 > 0:02:58- It changed lives for ever.
0:02:59 > 0:03:03- Years ago, there was no treatment - and people died.
0:03:03 > 0:03:07- It was known as decay, - and everyone feared it.
0:03:07 > 0:03:11- People knew that sufferers - very often did not get better...
0:03:12 > 0:03:14- ..after catching this cruel disease.
0:03:14 > 0:03:17- Cruel, because sufferers - grew thinner and thinner.
0:03:17 > 0:03:20- Consumption - people were consumed - before your eyes.
0:03:20 > 0:03:23- Once you heard - that someone had TB...
0:03:24 > 0:03:28- ..you were, more or less, - talking about their death.
0:03:28 > 0:03:30- They died almost inevitably.
0:03:30 > 0:03:33- It was as bad as cancer, - maybe worse.
0:03:34 > 0:03:38- It was only at the end - of the 19th century...
0:03:39 > 0:03:43- ..that it was understood - that TB was caused by bacteria.
0:03:45 > 0:03:48- Strict regulations were introduced - to prevent bacteria from spreading.
0:03:49 > 0:03:51- Glamorganshire introduced a law...
0:03:51 > 0:03:54- ..forbidding people - from spitting in public.
0:03:54 > 0:03:57- Offenders were fined 2 on the spot.
0:03:57 > 0:04:00- But poverty was the biggest problem.
0:04:00 > 0:04:04- Parents and children - often slept in the same room.
0:04:05 > 0:04:09- If the father caught the disease, - his wife would catch it...
0:04:09 > 0:04:13- ..and so would the children - who shared the bedroom.
0:04:13 > 0:04:16- The whole family would succumb - and die.
0:04:18 > 0:04:21- The effects of the disease - were pitiful.
0:04:21 > 0:04:24- TB changed the lives of families.
0:04:27 > 0:04:30- Mam was expecting - my little brother.
0:04:32 > 0:04:37- She went to the doctor and he said - she was seriously ill with TB.
0:04:38 > 0:04:42- She had to go to a sanatorium - in Tregaron.
0:04:42 > 0:04:45- My brother was born on May 15th...
0:04:46 > 0:04:48- ..and Mam died in August.
0:04:49 > 0:04:52- My grandparents - - my mother's father and mother...
0:04:52 > 0:04:55- ..had to take me and my sister in.
0:04:56 > 0:04:59- They couldn't cope - with the baby as well.
0:04:59 > 0:05:01- So an aunt looked after my brother.
0:05:05 > 0:05:08- The bacteria that cause TB - are cunning.
0:05:08 > 0:05:12- They grow slowly inside body cells - that fight infection...
0:05:12 > 0:05:15- ..and settle - in cavities in the lungs.
0:05:15 > 0:05:19- As the body fights the disease...
0:05:19 > 0:05:23- ..a wall of dead cells - forms around the bacteria.
0:05:24 > 0:05:28- This is what causes - the white shadows on X-rays.
0:05:35 > 0:05:40- When TB affects the lungs, - it can spread from person to person.
0:05:41 > 0:05:43- You might expect...
0:05:43 > 0:05:46- ..that densely populated areas - would have suffered most...
0:05:46 > 0:05:52- ..when the disease was at its most - prevalent early in the last century.
0:05:52 > 0:05:56- But more people suffered from TB - in rural Wales.
0:05:56 > 0:06:00- We tend to think that the - southern coalfield areas...
0:06:00 > 0:06:03- ..were the poorest parts of Wales.
0:06:03 > 0:06:06- But these areas - were quite prosperous.
0:06:06 > 0:06:09- That's why thousands of people - flocked there.
0:06:09 > 0:06:11- Rural areas were very much poorer.
0:06:12 > 0:06:14- If you look at the statistics...
0:06:15 > 0:06:19- ..TB deaths seem to double - as you go further west.
0:06:19 > 0:06:22- They seem to imply - that tuberculosis...
0:06:22 > 0:06:27- ..was a disease of the windy, - wet areas of western Britain.
0:06:28 > 0:06:33- The only treatment for TB - was to get away from wind and rain.
0:06:33 > 0:06:37- The Germans came up - with the idea of sanatoria.
0:06:38 > 0:06:41- These were hospitals offering - fresh air and healthy diets.
0:06:42 > 0:06:44- They soon spread all over Europe.
0:06:44 > 0:06:49- Today, the old sanatorium in Davos, - Switzerland, is a luxury hotel.
0:06:49 > 0:06:54- The rich and famous came here - to recover from the white plague.
0:06:57 > 0:07:01- This is where Thomas Mann - wrote 'The Magic Mountain'...
0:07:01 > 0:07:03- ..about the mountain that cured TB.
0:07:06 > 0:07:09- Wales's first sanatorium - - Plas Pendyffryn, Penmaenmawr...
0:07:09 > 0:07:11- ..opened in 1900.
0:07:12 > 0:07:18- Soon, there began a campaign for a - sanatorium in every Welsh county...
0:07:18 > 0:07:20- ..led by a new movement, the WNMA.
0:07:21 > 0:07:25- The WNMA was one of the - most significant movements...
0:07:25 > 0:07:30- ..to spring up in Wales - at the start of the 20th century.
0:07:30 > 0:07:35- It was a memorial association - in tribute to King Edward VII.
0:07:35 > 0:07:40- Edward VII had visited a TB centre - before he became king...
0:07:40 > 0:07:45- ..and had asked if patients could - be cured, why it wasn't happening.
0:07:47 > 0:07:51- When Edward died, David Davies, - the MP for Montgomeryshire...
0:07:51 > 0:07:55- ..was asked to raise a memorial - to him.
0:07:56 > 0:07:59- The Lord Lieutenants came together - to plan a memorial.
0:08:00 > 0:08:05- But David Davies said that something - to help people with tuberculosis...
0:08:05 > 0:08:09- ..would be a more fitting tribute - than a memorial.
0:08:10 > 0:08:14- David Davies, Llandinam, - was famous throughout Wales.
0:08:14 > 0:08:19- He was the best person to lead - this new national association.
0:08:19 > 0:08:23- At that time, few people could - afford to contribute 150,000...
0:08:25 > 0:08:27- ..to launch the campaign.
0:08:28 > 0:08:31- Not long afterwards, in July 1920...
0:08:31 > 0:08:35- ..the WNMA invited - King George V and Queen Mary...
0:08:35 > 0:08:39- ..to open its first two sanatoria - in Wales.
0:08:40 > 0:08:44- The north Wales sanatorium - in Llangwyfan...
0:08:44 > 0:08:48- ..and the other at Bronllys - near Brecon in the south.
0:08:49 > 0:08:52- They would provide free treatment - for TB sufferers.
0:08:52 > 0:08:56- Llangwyfan's 300 beds and the 400 - at Bronllys were soon filled.
0:08:56 > 0:09:01- The biggest sanatoria in the country - couldn't control the white plague.
0:09:12 > 0:09:17- During the 1930s and '40s, sanatoria - were packed with TB sufferers.
0:09:18 > 0:09:22- The only treatments available - were rest and good food...
0:09:23 > 0:09:26- ..but these were not to be had - in many homes.
0:09:27 > 0:09:31- We hear of four or five people - sharing a bedroom.
0:09:31 > 0:09:35- There was no heat and the food - contained little nutrition.
0:09:37 > 0:09:42- Things like medical services - were a lot worse in rural areas...
0:09:44 > 0:09:46- ..than in industrial areas.
0:09:47 > 0:09:50- Put these together - and you can see...
0:09:50 > 0:09:54- ..why Wales was a black spot - in the disease's history...
0:09:54 > 0:09:56- ..particularly its rural areas.
0:09:57 > 0:10:01- In offering rest, good food - and fresh air...
0:10:01 > 0:10:04- ..sanatoria helped to strengthen - people's bodies...
0:10:04 > 0:10:06- ..to fight the bacteria.
0:10:06 > 0:10:08- No drugs were available.
0:10:08 > 0:10:12- Sufferers often didn't realise - there was much wrong with them.
0:10:13 > 0:10:15- TB has symptoms similar to flu.
0:10:16 > 0:10:19- Some people didn't take much notice.
0:10:20 > 0:10:22- But there are other symptoms.
0:10:23 > 0:10:26- I didn't feel ill but I was tired.
0:10:26 > 0:10:28- I was terribly tired.
0:10:28 > 0:10:30- I also lost weight.
0:10:31 > 0:10:33- I'd been sweating so much...
0:10:33 > 0:10:37- ..that they had to burn - my mattress at home.
0:10:37 > 0:10:41- It had become so damp, - it wasn't worth keeping.
0:10:43 > 0:10:46- Glenys Jones spent a year - at Llangwyfan.
0:10:46 > 0:10:49- She hasn't been back there - since 1950.
0:10:50 > 0:10:52- It's now a residential home.
0:10:52 > 0:10:55- Manager Bob Ellis - took her around the buildings.
0:10:57 > 0:11:00- A lot has changed - but the memories flowed back.
0:11:02 > 0:11:06- All of us got on well - with each other.
0:11:06 > 0:11:10- I still write to two of the girls.
0:11:11 > 0:11:14- This is where I met my husband.
0:11:15 > 0:11:20- A friend and I went for a walk - to a cemetery one Saturday.
0:11:20 > 0:11:23- We stopped to talk to two men.
0:11:24 > 0:11:28- We met them when we could - and we'd write letters.
0:11:31 > 0:11:35- I remember him sending me - a box of chocolates!
0:11:36 > 0:11:39- Patients at Bronllys, near Talgarth, - have similar memories.
0:11:41 > 0:11:44- This was the domain - of the famous Sister O'Shea.
0:11:46 > 0:11:49- Max Evans and Ryan Peregrine - have been lifelong friends...
0:11:50 > 0:11:54- ..after meeting here as TB patients - in the '40s.
0:11:54 > 0:11:57- You could see Mynydd Troed - from the window.
0:11:59 > 0:12:03- I saw this in all weathers - and seasons.
0:12:03 > 0:12:08- They said I'd be here - for no more than three months.
0:12:08 > 0:12:15- I went in and I saw people - who'd been there for a year...
0:12:15 > 0:12:19- ..or 18 months, - and I started wondering.
0:12:20 > 0:12:24- I didn't think - they'd told me everything.
0:12:25 > 0:12:28- People were dying in the next ward.
0:12:28 > 0:12:33- There was one man - - I can show you a picture of him.
0:12:33 > 0:12:36- I'd played cards with him - that evening.
0:12:37 > 0:12:42- He wanted one more game - but I wanted to go to bed.
0:12:42 > 0:12:47- Next morning, I called over to him, - "How are you, Emrys?"
0:12:47 > 0:12:51- No answer - he'd gone - in the middle of the night.
0:12:53 > 0:12:55- In the 1930s and '40s...
0:12:55 > 0:13:01- ..it's clear that Wales was one of - the worst places in Europe for TB.
0:13:02 > 0:13:05- But some areas suffered worse - than others.
0:13:05 > 0:13:09- The slate quarrying areas of Gwynedd - weren't very well off.
0:13:09 > 0:13:12- Unlike the south, - there was no cheap coal...
0:13:13 > 0:13:16- ..so houses were colder and damper.
0:13:16 > 0:13:21- The area around Caernarfon - was one of the main TB black spots.
0:13:21 > 0:13:27- This slate quarrying, rural area was - among the worst in Europe for TB.
0:13:28 > 0:13:31- There were whole families with TB.
0:13:32 > 0:13:36- People lived in small houses - and they shared bedrooms.
0:13:37 > 0:13:39- TB could spread easily.
0:13:41 > 0:13:44- The situation was so bad in Wales...
0:13:44 > 0:13:49- ..that one report suggested a link - between the number of TB cases...
0:13:49 > 0:13:52- ..and Welsh people's - narrow lifestyles!
0:13:53 > 0:13:58- Dr Chalk wrote a report on TB in - Caernarfonshire in the early '30s.
0:13:58 > 0:14:03- He thought that Welshness - and this disease went hand-in-hand.
0:14:03 > 0:14:07- Those areas where nearly - all the people spoke Welsh...
0:14:07 > 0:14:10- ..were, in his opinion, - the worst areas.
0:14:10 > 0:14:14- But to jump to that conclusion - is rather contrived.
0:14:17 > 0:14:22- Doctors were worried about TB of - the lungs as it was so contagious.
0:14:23 > 0:14:29- People were afraid to go near TB - sufferers in case they caught it.
0:14:29 > 0:14:30- Neighbours would become strangers...
0:14:31 > 0:14:34- ..and friends - would sometimes keep away.
0:14:34 > 0:14:38- No wonder some sufferers - refused to face the facts...
0:14:38 > 0:14:41- ..and talk about the disease.
0:14:41 > 0:14:45- It was crucial for people - to receive the correct information.
0:14:46 > 0:14:49- In the middle of the last century...
0:14:49 > 0:14:54- ..about 20 million people in Britain - went to the cinema every week.
0:14:54 > 0:15:00- The cinema was the ideal place - to teach people how to avoid TB.
0:15:00 > 0:15:03- Intensive research - and powerful microscopes...
0:15:03 > 0:15:06- ..have revealed the cause - of tuberculosis.
0:15:07 > 0:15:12- The WNMA produced a film in Welsh - and English called 'The Crusade'.
0:15:16 > 0:15:20- But more and more beds were needed - for TB sufferers.
0:15:21 > 0:15:25- Craig y Nos, the former home - of singer Adelina Patti...
0:15:25 > 0:15:30- ..in the Swansea Valley, was bought - and converted into a sanatorium...
0:15:30 > 0:15:32- ..for women and children.
0:15:32 > 0:15:36- The grim castle frightened - 12-year-old Mair Harris.
0:15:39 > 0:15:43- A big car came to fetch me - from home.
0:15:43 > 0:15:46- Mam and I sat in the back.
0:15:48 > 0:15:50- I remember - we drove through Ammanford...
0:15:51 > 0:15:54- ..and over the mountain - to Craig y Nos.
0:15:59 > 0:16:01- We arrived at this castle.
0:16:01 > 0:16:05- There was a high wall - around the castle.
0:16:05 > 0:16:07- The big gates were open.
0:16:08 > 0:16:12- I told Mam - I didn't want to stay there.
0:16:14 > 0:16:19- We went through the gates - and stopped in front of the castle.
0:16:31 > 0:16:35- I stood there and heard the gates - closing behind me.
0:16:36 > 0:16:39- I felt I'd never - get out of there again.
0:16:45 > 0:16:48- I had to stay there - for nearly two years.
0:16:57 > 0:17:02- This is Mair's first visit - in 53 years to the old sanatorium.
0:17:06 > 0:17:07- Things have changed.
0:17:07 > 0:17:11- The wards are still there - but the castle's being renovated.
0:17:12 > 0:17:16- It's going to be a hotel - and call centre.
0:17:17 > 0:17:23- Roy, Mair's husband, is visiting the - old sanatorium for the first time.
0:17:23 > 0:17:26- Mair is happy to show him around.
0:17:26 > 0:17:28- This was the bathroom.
0:17:30 > 0:17:36- I was a child, and I felt I was - losing touch with home and family.
0:17:37 > 0:17:42- I was on my own in a strange place. - I didn't know anyone.
0:17:42 > 0:17:45- It wasn't a nice experience.
0:17:45 > 0:17:50- The first Saturday and Sunday - of each month...
0:17:50 > 0:17:53- ..were the only days - when people could visit.
0:17:54 > 0:17:57- Two hours on Saturday - and two hours on Sunday.
0:17:58 > 0:18:03- We had to wait a whole month - to see our visitors again.
0:18:06 > 0:18:10- They came in an old Morris 8, - whatever the weather.
0:18:10 > 0:18:13- They even came when it was snowing.
0:18:14 > 0:18:18- If they couldn't come, you wouldn't - see them for two months.
0:18:19 > 0:18:22- I did feel homesick sometimes.
0:18:22 > 0:18:28- I felt I wanted to go home to see - familiar places and old friends.
0:18:30 > 0:18:36- But you got used to it and learned - to live with it - you had to.
0:18:36 > 0:18:40- I had no choice. - I had to live with it.
0:18:41 > 0:18:45- Many children lived with the effects - of TB for years.
0:18:46 > 0:18:49- Not all of them had infected lungs.
0:18:49 > 0:18:53- TB can affect many different organs, - including the bones.
0:18:53 > 0:18:57- I started getting this pain - in my lower back.
0:18:58 > 0:19:03- Then I noticed that one leg - was a bit shorter than the other.
0:19:04 > 0:19:07- I had TB at the base of my spine.
0:19:07 > 0:19:12- I was given a plaster bed - in Glan Ely.
0:19:12 > 0:19:18- A plaster cast was made of my body, - in two halves - front and back.
0:19:19 > 0:19:23- I'd lie on my back - for three weeks...
0:19:23 > 0:19:28- ..then I'd be turned - on to my belly for a week...
0:19:28 > 0:19:32- ..to give my kidneys - a chance to work properly.
0:19:32 > 0:19:36- I had to endure that for a year.
0:19:40 > 0:19:44- The bacteria that cause TB - in bones and other organs...
0:19:45 > 0:19:47- ..enter the body in food.
0:19:47 > 0:19:50- TB of the lungs enters by breathing.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53- But the bacteria are very similar.
0:19:54 > 0:19:58- The disease is just as serious - whichever part is infected.
0:20:01 > 0:20:04- The germ was present in milk.
0:20:04 > 0:20:09- It could also be found in meat - but most often in milk.
0:20:10 > 0:20:15- You drank infected milk and the - germ would affect different parts...
0:20:15 > 0:20:18- ..the bones, the kidneys, - the bowels.
0:20:19 > 0:20:21- It affected my lungs.
0:20:21 > 0:20:26- But some people had it - in the glands in their necks...
0:20:26 > 0:20:29- ..others had it in their backs.
0:20:29 > 0:20:34- Two girls, Shirley and Joan, had to - lie in plaster casts all the time.
0:20:34 > 0:20:39- They were here for about five years, - unable to move for long periods.
0:20:40 > 0:20:42- Since the late 18th century...
0:20:42 > 0:20:46- ..scientists had known that the - TB bacteria could live in milk.
0:20:47 > 0:20:52- A law was passed in 1926 to allow - vets to inspect dairy herds...
0:20:53 > 0:20:57- ..and to prevent the sale of milk - from infected animals.
0:20:58 > 0:21:01- Cattle showing signs of TB - would be slaughtered...
0:21:01 > 0:21:05- ..and the farmer - would receive compensation.
0:21:05 > 0:21:07- The same scheme exists today.
0:21:07 > 0:21:10- Recently, there's been - an increase in TB...
0:21:11 > 0:21:13- ..among dairy cattle on Welsh farms.
0:21:14 > 0:21:19- The situation is causing farmers - and doctors a lot of concern.
0:21:22 > 0:21:25- Pasteurising milk - - heating it for while...
0:21:25 > 0:21:27- ..kills the bacteria.
0:21:27 > 0:21:29- But people weren't keen - on pasteurisation...
0:21:30 > 0:21:34- ..and many argued that it impaired - the quality of the milk.
0:21:36 > 0:21:42- During World War II, people used - powdered milk instead of fresh milk.
0:21:42 > 0:21:43- It lasted longer.
0:21:44 > 0:21:48- This was a serious threat - to the large milk companies.
0:21:49 > 0:21:51- So they started pasteurising milk...
0:21:51 > 0:21:55- ..which killed bacteria, - allowing fresh milk to last longer.
0:21:55 > 0:21:59- Now it could compete - with powdered milk in the shops.
0:22:00 > 0:22:05- It was the fear of loss of business - that led to milk pasteurisation...
0:22:05 > 0:22:08- ..not a desire to do away with TB.
0:22:19 > 0:22:23- TB was still prevalent - in the 1940s and '50s.
0:22:24 > 0:22:27- Fresh air was the most efficient - treatment...
0:22:27 > 0:22:33- ..and sanatoria were located - to make the most of the weather.
0:22:33 > 0:22:36- Ward doors and windows - were kept open.
0:22:36 > 0:22:40- Anyone who came into the ward - to see us...
0:22:41 > 0:22:43- ..must have been freezing.
0:22:43 > 0:22:45- Every window was open.
0:22:45 > 0:22:49- Fresh air was an important part - of the treatment.
0:22:49 > 0:22:51- It was so cold.
0:22:51 > 0:22:55- We had no hot water bottles, - no heating, even.
0:22:56 > 0:23:00- Some left their teeth - to soak overnight...
0:23:01 > 0:23:04- ..and they'd be frozen - the following morning!
0:23:04 > 0:23:07- It was a hard winter.
0:23:09 > 0:23:12- These doors led to a verandah.
0:23:12 > 0:23:14- They were always open.
0:23:15 > 0:23:18- The verandah ran - from that corner to there.
0:23:18 > 0:23:22- There were about ten beds - on the verandah.
0:23:22 > 0:23:27- It was lovely here in summer - but not so nice in winter.
0:23:27 > 0:23:30- We had waterproof sheeting - over our beds.
0:23:32 > 0:23:35- The snow would fall on the sheeting.
0:23:35 > 0:23:37- We could scoop up snow...
0:23:37 > 0:23:42- ..and throw snowballs - at the person in the next bed!
0:23:43 > 0:23:44- It was very cold.
0:23:45 > 0:23:48- I wore a cap, scarf, gloves, - three cardigans...
0:23:48 > 0:23:51- ..bedsocks, - two or three hot water bottles...
0:23:51 > 0:23:54- ..and we hid under the blankets.
0:23:54 > 0:23:57- That's what we did most days.
0:23:59 > 0:24:02- Rest was another important element.
0:24:02 > 0:24:07- But it was difficult - for young people to stay in bed...
0:24:07 > 0:24:10- ..and not move, - sometimes for weeks or months.
0:24:10 > 0:24:14- There was nothing to do - but lie in bed.
0:24:15 > 0:24:18- Nothing to do but eat well.
0:24:18 > 0:24:23- They were supposed to rest for an - hour every morning and afternoon.
0:24:23 > 0:24:26- No-one was allowed to walk around.
0:24:26 > 0:24:30- They had to stay in bed - and not move.
0:24:30 > 0:24:32- No trolleys were allowed in.
0:24:33 > 0:24:36- The nurses weren't allowed - back and forth.
0:24:36 > 0:24:38- Patients had to rest.
0:24:38 > 0:24:43- What sticks in my mind - is having to stay quietly in bed.
0:24:43 > 0:24:46- I couldn't move or walk or run.
0:24:47 > 0:24:49- That's what sticks in my mind.
0:24:50 > 0:24:53- To stop patients - from escaping from sanatoria...
0:24:53 > 0:24:58- ..staff had to find something - to keep people occupied in bed.
0:24:59 > 0:25:01- They had some activities...
0:25:03 > 0:25:07- ..like basket-making, painting, - things like that.
0:25:08 > 0:25:10- That helped pass the time.
0:25:10 > 0:25:12- They had a snooker table.
0:25:12 > 0:25:14- They played snooker and cards.
0:25:14 > 0:25:16- Anything to pass the time.
0:25:18 > 0:25:23- We'd have a session of Housey - - we didn't call it Bingo then.
0:25:24 > 0:25:26- Everyone would contribute - sixpence...
0:25:26 > 0:25:31- ..that's two and a half pence today - - in the kitty.
0:25:31 > 0:25:35- We played Housey - and that helped pass the time.
0:25:35 > 0:25:40- We had school for two hours - every morning and afternoon.
0:25:40 > 0:25:42- Then I'd read.
0:25:42 > 0:25:47- And I built models - - I did a lot of that.
0:25:47 > 0:25:49- And jigsaws, of course.
0:25:49 > 0:25:52- We played any game you can think of.
0:25:53 > 0:25:56- We all had different games - and we played those.
0:25:57 > 0:26:01- We had a factory line going - in the first eight beds.
0:26:02 > 0:26:06- One cut out the lampshades, - another made the frames, and so on.
0:26:07 > 0:26:09- Another put the frills on.
0:26:10 > 0:26:13- A shop in Llanelli sold them.
0:26:13 > 0:26:15- We made a few shillings.
0:26:16 > 0:26:19- We worked too hard, really!
0:26:20 > 0:26:25- Doctors developed surgical - treatments to help patients.
0:26:25 > 0:26:28- Artificial pneumothorax - was one of them.
0:26:28 > 0:26:32- The lung was punctured - with a needle to collapse it.
0:26:32 > 0:26:36- Then air would be pumped - into the chest...
0:26:37 > 0:26:39- ..to prevent the lung from working.
0:26:39 > 0:26:43- This allowed the lung - to heal much faster.
0:26:43 > 0:26:47- A simple treatment, - but it had to be repeated regularly.
0:26:48 > 0:26:50- You had refills every week.
0:26:50 > 0:26:53- You went and stood in a queue.
0:26:53 > 0:26:58- Then you went into this room - and lay down on the bed.
0:26:58 > 0:27:02- The doctor would clean the needle - over a flame...
0:27:07 > 0:27:11- ..and poke wire through the needle - to clear it.
0:27:11 > 0:27:13- Everyone got the same needle.
0:27:18 > 0:27:21- There was a pressure gauge - to one side.
0:27:21 > 0:27:23- You could watch that.
0:27:23 > 0:27:25- They did that every week.
0:27:26 > 0:27:29- But some surgical treatments - were more serious.
0:27:29 > 0:27:33- Ryan experienced - nearly every treatment...
0:27:34 > 0:27:36- ..during his five years - in sanatoria.
0:27:37 > 0:27:40- Thoracoplasty made the biggest - impression on him and others.
0:27:41 > 0:27:46- What they did was take out ribs - from under the shoulder blade.
0:27:47 > 0:27:52- They took four out the first time - and three the second time.
0:27:53 > 0:27:56- When you started getting better - after the first operation...
0:27:57 > 0:28:00- ..you had to go - and have it done again.
0:28:04 > 0:28:06- It was an unpleasant operation.
0:28:07 > 0:28:09- I went for the first operation.
0:28:09 > 0:28:13- They opened you up - from here to here...
0:28:13 > 0:28:16- ..and they cut out four ribs.
0:28:17 > 0:28:21- I had to go back a fortnight later.
0:28:21 > 0:28:26- They opened up the wound again - and took our three more ribs.
0:28:26 > 0:28:29- That meant - that the two upper lobes...
0:28:30 > 0:28:32- ..collapsed, as they called it.
0:28:37 > 0:28:40- As the demand for more beds - increased...
0:28:40 > 0:28:45- ..a smart new sanatorium was built - by the sea outside Cardiff.
0:28:45 > 0:28:48- Sully Sanatorium - was originally planned...
0:28:49 > 0:28:53- ..to provide 300 beds for patients - from Cardiff and south east Wales...
0:28:54 > 0:28:56- ..who needed long-term care.
0:28:57 > 0:29:00- Before long, Sully became a centre - of surgical expertise...
0:29:01 > 0:29:03- ..in the battle to treat TB.
0:29:03 > 0:29:08- Every bed in Sully - had a view of the sea.
0:29:08 > 0:29:10- It was a beautiful place.
0:29:10 > 0:29:14- All they used at Sully - was the knife.
0:29:14 > 0:29:16- The end product was the knife.
0:29:18 > 0:29:22- Sully came to specialise - in treating children with TB.
0:29:23 > 0:29:28- It became evident that TB - in organs other than the lungs...
0:29:28 > 0:29:32- ..was a lot more common - among children than adults.
0:29:34 > 0:29:38- But all the research, developments - and new treatments...
0:29:38 > 0:29:42- ..failed to reduce the number - of people suffering from TB.
0:29:42 > 0:29:47- Some said the situation was worse - in Wales than in England.
0:29:47 > 0:29:49- An inquiry was called for.
0:29:50 > 0:29:53- In Wales, county - and district councils...
0:29:53 > 0:29:57- ..were responsible for housing - standards, medical services...
0:29:57 > 0:29:59- ..and so on.
0:29:59 > 0:30:03- The Memorial Association - was responsible for treating TB.
0:30:03 > 0:30:07- A 1938 report commissioned under the - chairmanship of Clement Davies...
0:30:07 > 0:30:09- ..the MP for Montgomeryshire...
0:30:09 > 0:30:13- ..looked at why tuberculosis - was still so common.
0:30:14 > 0:30:18- It concluded that despite the - sanatoria's praiseworthy efforts...
0:30:18 > 0:30:22- ..the original problem - of inadequate housing remained...
0:30:22 > 0:30:26- ..especially in rural Wales - and in quarrying areas.
0:30:26 > 0:30:29- The food people ate - was also inadequate.
0:30:30 > 0:30:34- Also, public services - in those areas were worse...
0:30:34 > 0:30:38- ..than in areas perceived - as being less favourable...
0:30:38 > 0:30:40- ..such as Rhondda and Merthyr.
0:30:40 > 0:30:44- Clement Davies visited some houses - in Newborough, Anglesey...
0:30:44 > 0:30:49- ..and said, "They are worse than - the native quarter of Shanghai."
0:30:53 > 0:30:58- Even in the '40s, there weren't - enough beds in the sanatoria.
0:30:58 > 0:31:03- The number of new cases fell as - living standards gradually improved.
0:31:03 > 0:31:08- Despite this, there were thousands - of new cases every year.
0:31:08 > 0:31:13- There was a list of patients waiting - for vacant beds at sanatoria.
0:31:13 > 0:31:18- But there were hopes of more beds - to alleviate the situation...
0:31:18 > 0:31:21- ..this time, - on the outskirts of Swansea.
0:31:22 > 0:31:25- Morriston Hospital - was the first Welsh hospital...
0:31:25 > 0:31:29- ..to have wards set aside - specifically for TB patients.
0:31:29 > 0:31:32- Over the period of one week - in 1942...
0:31:33 > 0:31:35- ..the hospital - admitted 100 TB patients.
0:31:35 > 0:31:40- It had specialist doctors, whose - names patients never forgot...
0:31:40 > 0:31:42- ..such as Dr Danino.
0:31:43 > 0:31:46- Dr Danino was known as Dr Dan.
0:31:46 > 0:31:50- I remember him coming back - from his holidays.
0:31:50 > 0:31:56- He was wearing a suit, and he walked - in to see one of the patients.
0:31:57 > 0:31:59- He was concerned about him.
0:31:59 > 0:32:02- He was a very kind man.
0:32:03 > 0:32:06- A new surgeon came to Morriston.
0:32:08 > 0:32:10- Mr Cyril Evans.
0:32:10 > 0:32:13- They said he did five operations - every day.
0:32:17 > 0:32:22- One of the wards at Morriston - is now named after him.
0:32:23 > 0:32:28- The next development in TB's history - was revolutionary.
0:32:28 > 0:32:31- Mobile X-ray units were established.
0:32:31 > 0:32:36- They travelled around and could - examine 100 people per hour.
0:32:36 > 0:32:39- At last, the disease - could be detected...
0:32:39 > 0:32:42- ..before it became established - in the body.
0:32:42 > 0:32:48- The mobile X-ray units also proved - critical for Lord David Davies.
0:32:48 > 0:32:52- David Davies established - these mobile X-rays, too.
0:32:52 > 0:32:56- You just stood in front - of a screen.
0:32:56 > 0:33:00- With luck, a postcard would arrive - a few days later...
0:33:01 > 0:33:02- ..saying "OK today."
0:33:03 > 0:33:06- If the X-ray - wasn't absolutely clear...
0:33:06 > 0:33:09- ..they asked you to come back.
0:33:09 > 0:33:12- People knew well enough - what that meant.
0:33:13 > 0:33:16- On the day - the scheme was launched...
0:33:16 > 0:33:19- ..in front of Sully Hospital, - Cardiff...
0:33:19 > 0:33:25- ..David Davies was the first - to stand in front of the screen.
0:33:25 > 0:33:28- It was discovered - he was seriously ill...
0:33:28 > 0:33:31- ..and he was dead within six months.
0:33:32 > 0:33:34- Such a shame.
0:33:35 > 0:33:39- The mobile X-ray units - visited schools and workplaces...
0:33:39 > 0:33:45- ..and discovered many sufferers - who showed no symptoms of TB.
0:33:46 > 0:33:49- The mass X-rays arrived - in big caravans.
0:33:50 > 0:33:54- Everyone in the school - had to have an X-ray.
0:33:54 > 0:33:56- Then a week later...
0:33:56 > 0:34:01- ..I had a letter saying - I had to go to Llandudno Hospital...
0:34:01 > 0:34:03- ..to see Dr Glyn Jones.
0:34:04 > 0:34:06- He told Mam I had tuberculosis.
0:34:07 > 0:34:09- It was a killer.
0:34:10 > 0:34:14- But before long, TB - came up against a new enemy.
0:34:22 > 0:34:26- By the mid 1900s, - Wales had so many TB sufferers...
0:34:26 > 0:34:30- ..that some of them had to go abroad - for treatment.
0:34:31 > 0:34:34- The Davos sanatoria in Switzerland - were still the favourites.
0:34:35 > 0:34:38- My brother, Ken, - came out of the army...
0:34:38 > 0:34:43- ..and he was sent to a sanatorium - in Davos, Switzerland.
0:34:44 > 0:34:49- They had spare beds there - so that's where he was sent.
0:34:50 > 0:34:52- He had bed rest and fresh air.
0:34:53 > 0:34:57- Switzerland was supposed to be - a healthier place than Wales...
0:34:57 > 0:34:59- ..but I don't believe that.
0:35:00 > 0:35:03- But there was a new development - on the horizon.
0:35:04 > 0:35:08- For the first time ever, doctors saw - patients recovering completely...
0:35:08 > 0:35:12- ..thanks to something - rather stronger than fresh air.
0:35:13 > 0:35:16- Doctors and scientists worldwide...
0:35:16 > 0:35:21- ..had for many years been searching - for a drug to treat TB.
0:35:21 > 0:35:25- Many had seemed promising - but had failed to deliver.
0:35:25 > 0:35:29- In the late '40s, - stunning news arrived from America.
0:35:30 > 0:35:34- I remember the doctor - walking into the ward...
0:35:34 > 0:35:38- ..and saying, "Well, lads, - I've got good news for you.
0:35:39 > 0:35:42- "They've discovered - the cure for TB."
0:35:42 > 0:35:48- Miraculous, revolutionary, amazing - - thus was streptomycin described.
0:35:49 > 0:35:54- It was the first effective drug - in the battle against TB.
0:35:54 > 0:35:57- Suddenly, patients - who would have died...
0:35:57 > 0:36:00- ..were leaving the sanatoria - completely cured.
0:36:00 > 0:36:04- Doctors organised clinical trials - for streptomycin.
0:36:04 > 0:36:09- But this antibiotic worked so well, - the trials were called off...
0:36:09 > 0:36:13- ..so that everyone who needed it - could receive it.
0:36:14 > 0:36:16- They tried it out on us.
0:36:17 > 0:36:18- They experimented on us.
0:36:19 > 0:36:21- As it happened, it worked well.
0:36:22 > 0:36:26- I took it every day for over a year.
0:36:26 > 0:36:30- I was lucky to be there - when streptomycin came out.
0:36:31 > 0:36:34- I don't think I'd have survived - without it.
0:36:35 > 0:36:39- A child came in, from somewhere - in the Carmarthen area.
0:36:40 > 0:36:42- His parents were with him.
0:36:42 > 0:36:44- He was unconscious.
0:36:44 > 0:36:46- He evidently had TB meningitis.
0:36:47 > 0:36:50- Meningitis is bad enough - in any form.
0:36:51 > 0:36:55- But there was no recovery - from TB meningitis at that time.
0:36:56 > 0:37:00- There was a lot of talk - about streptomycin back then.
0:37:01 > 0:37:02- It wasn't available everywhere.
0:37:03 > 0:37:06- Anyway, streptomycin was sent - by train from London.
0:37:07 > 0:37:11- He received an injection - quite late that night.
0:37:12 > 0:37:16- I went to see him - early the next morning.
0:37:16 > 0:37:18- He hadn't moved at all.
0:37:18 > 0:37:23- He had another injection - that morning and in the evening.
0:37:23 > 0:37:26- There was an amazing difference - the following morning.
0:37:27 > 0:37:30- The boy was talking - and looking around.
0:37:30 > 0:37:34- One hand was paralysed. - Apart from that, he was fine.
0:37:34 > 0:37:38- The father and mother - and the doctors were delighted.
0:37:39 > 0:37:40- Streptomycin led the way....
0:37:41 > 0:37:44- ..and soon, - other drugs became available.
0:37:44 > 0:37:46- They may have killed TB...
0:37:46 > 0:37:49- ..but they weren't all popular - with patients.
0:37:51 > 0:37:54- It was called PAS. It was nasty.
0:37:55 > 0:37:58- It wasn't at all nice to take.
0:37:59 > 0:38:02- The dreaded PAS, as they called it.
0:38:03 > 0:38:06- It was a terrible thing to take.
0:38:06 > 0:38:08- You took it in liquid form.
0:38:10 > 0:38:12- It was nasty to take.
0:38:13 > 0:38:15- I remember some of the boys...
0:38:16 > 0:38:20- ..when they brought this round - on a tray...
0:38:21 > 0:38:26- ..some of the boys vomited - just at the sight of it.
0:38:28 > 0:38:31- But thanks to the new drugs...
0:38:31 > 0:38:34- ..people who had been bedridden - for months...
0:38:34 > 0:38:37- ..could walk around - and enjoy life once more.
0:38:38 > 0:38:41- Doctors had to assess - how well people were doing.
0:38:42 > 0:38:43- Grades were introduced.
0:38:44 > 0:38:46- B1 meant bed.
0:38:46 > 0:38:49- They washed you - and did everything for you.
0:38:50 > 0:38:53- Everything that needed doing - was done in bed.
0:38:53 > 0:38:57- B2s were allowed to walk - to the toilet.
0:38:58 > 0:39:01- You could wash once a day - in the bathroom...
0:39:02 > 0:39:04- ..otherwise you stayed in bed.
0:39:04 > 0:39:07- B3s were allowed to walk around...
0:39:07 > 0:39:10- ..and do what they wanted - when they wanted.
0:39:13 > 0:39:17- For an hour a day at first, - then two hours...
0:39:17 > 0:39:21- ..then three hours, then four hours, - when you could get dressed.
0:39:22 > 0:39:27- You got up and you walked about - half a mile morning and afternoon.
0:39:29 > 0:39:32- That was after I spent - a year in bed.
0:39:32 > 0:39:36- Then I was allowed to do - some weeding...
0:39:36 > 0:39:38- ..progressing - to digging the garden.
0:39:38 > 0:39:40- We worked quite hard.
0:39:40 > 0:39:44- We ate the produce - that was grown there.
0:39:44 > 0:39:46- In one of the grades...
0:39:48 > 0:39:53- ..you went out to the garden - where the flowers grew...
0:39:53 > 0:39:55- ..to do the weeding.
0:39:57 > 0:40:01- The superintendent, Jock Watson, - was a very dour Scotsman.
0:40:01 > 0:40:04- He said the same thing to everyone.
0:40:05 > 0:40:09- "Take a small tool - and go up to the nurses' home...
0:40:12 > 0:40:15- ..and do some work in a bed!"
0:40:16 > 0:40:22- At last, people were getting better, - and nothing could hold them back.
0:40:22 > 0:40:27- They could be mischievous, when - allowed out of bed for eight hours.
0:40:27 > 0:40:30- They wore their own clothes - instead of pyjamas...
0:40:31 > 0:40:34- ..and they could walk freely - around the ward.
0:40:35 > 0:40:40- If it was visiting time - and someone didn't have a visitor...
0:40:41 > 0:40:45- ..it wasn't unknown - for them to slip out.
0:40:45 > 0:40:49- There was one man, Idwal, - who was B1.
0:40:49 > 0:40:52- B1s weren't supposed - to leave their beds.
0:40:52 > 0:40:55- He'd discovered we were going out...
0:40:55 > 0:40:58- ..and he was coming with us.
0:41:00 > 0:41:03- I remember telling him, - "Idwal, use your head!"
0:41:03 > 0:41:06- He was much older than me.
0:41:06 > 0:41:10- I was 20 and he was in his 40s.
0:41:10 > 0:41:13- He wanted to go for a pint.
0:41:13 > 0:41:15- "Where will you find clothes?"
0:41:15 > 0:41:19- But he borrowed some clothes - and he came with us.
0:41:19 > 0:41:24- One of the nurses knew - we were off to the Masons.
0:41:24 > 0:41:28- We had to be back - before the shift changed.
0:41:31 > 0:41:33- So off we went.
0:41:33 > 0:41:35- Idwal refused to come back.
0:41:35 > 0:41:41- He wasn't going back to that hole, - he was staying until stop-tap!
0:41:41 > 0:41:44- And that's what we all did.
0:41:44 > 0:41:48- We had a few - - a bit too much, perhaps.
0:41:51 > 0:41:54- When we got back the ward was shut.
0:41:56 > 0:41:58- People were walking around.
0:41:58 > 0:42:02- I think Duncan Davies, D D Davies, - was the doctor.
0:42:02 > 0:42:05- He and the matron, - Catherine Evans...
0:42:05 > 0:42:08- ..and everyone - were out looking for us!
0:42:08 > 0:42:12- On Saturday nights, - because I was the youngest....
0:42:12 > 0:42:16- ..I had to go to Caernarfon - to fetch chips.
0:42:16 > 0:42:20- I'd jump the fence - and run like a fool.
0:42:20 > 0:42:23- The porter phoned the order ahead.
0:42:23 > 0:42:27- The chips cost half a crown - for eight of us.
0:42:27 > 0:42:30- I'd run back with the carrier bag.
0:42:31 > 0:42:35- But one night, there was a car - outside the chip shop.
0:42:36 > 0:42:38- It was a very nice car.
0:42:38 > 0:42:42- An old lady in the car said, - "Hello, lad.
0:42:42 > 0:42:46- "What are you doing - with so much chips?"
0:42:46 > 0:42:50- The man in the shop said, - "He's from Bryn Seiont."
0:42:50 > 0:42:53- "Oh, would you like a lift?"
0:42:53 > 0:42:57- I got into the car - - it had leather seats.
0:42:57 > 0:43:00- Two men sat in the front.
0:43:00 > 0:43:04- They asked questions, - and like a fool I answered.
0:43:04 > 0:43:06- We stopped at Pont Seiont.
0:43:06 > 0:43:10- I got out and went over the fence.
0:43:10 > 0:43:13- The car went the other way.
0:43:13 > 0:43:18- About 15 minutes later, - who walked in but the two men.
0:43:18 > 0:43:20- They were doctors!
0:43:20 > 0:43:23- Dear me! Sister Kate was called.
0:43:23 > 0:43:25- There was a big inquiry.
0:43:26 > 0:43:28- They wanted to send me home.
0:43:28 > 0:43:32- There was big trouble, - but it was fun!
0:43:32 > 0:43:36- Another important development - in the early '50s...
0:43:36 > 0:43:38- ..was the BCG vaccination.
0:43:39 > 0:43:44- In 1950, research was carried out - in Britain on 56,000 children.
0:43:45 > 0:43:49- The results demonstrated - that the vaccination prevented TB.
0:43:50 > 0:43:54- The process of vaccinating children - annually began in 1953.
0:43:56 > 0:43:59- The same vaccination - is still being used today.
0:44:00 > 0:44:04- The first thing the local doctor did - after the children were born...
0:44:05 > 0:44:07- ..was give them a BCG.
0:44:07 > 0:44:09- He vaccinated them against TB.
0:44:09 > 0:44:13- They got the BCG - before any other vaccination...
0:44:13 > 0:44:15- ..when they were three months old.
0:44:16 > 0:44:19- The three boys - had to have it straight away.
0:44:20 > 0:44:22- The situation changed completely.
0:44:22 > 0:44:27- In 1913, there were 120,000 cases - of TB in Wales and England.
0:44:29 > 0:44:33- By the early '60s, - the number was down to 40,000.
0:44:34 > 0:44:38- More people were now dying - from lung cancer than from TB.
0:44:40 > 0:44:44- The new drugs, streptomycin, PAS - and isoniazid, were miraculous.
0:44:44 > 0:44:48- They saved more and more lives - every day.
0:44:50 > 0:44:54- In 1969, the mobile X-ray units - were discontinued...
0:44:54 > 0:44:57- ..because their cost - could no longer be justified.
0:44:57 > 0:45:00- Doctors said TB - had been conquered...
0:45:01 > 0:45:03- ..and was about - to disappear completely.
0:45:04 > 0:45:08- Others believed all - infectious diseases would disappear.
0:45:08 > 0:45:11- But TB had a twist in its tail.
0:45:12 > 0:45:14- Scientists noticed - that some bacteria...
0:45:15 > 0:45:16- ..developed immunity to antibiotics.
0:45:17 > 0:45:18- They didn't die.
0:45:20 > 0:45:24- This happened because some people - stopped taking their tablets...
0:45:24 > 0:45:27- ..when they started feeling better.
0:45:27 > 0:45:30- They failed to complete - their course of medication.
0:45:30 > 0:45:36- By the '80s, for the first time - in years, TB was on the increase.
0:45:37 > 0:45:42- The West produced tons of tablets - to combat TB.
0:45:42 > 0:45:47- But a huge reservoir of the bacteria - existed in Third World countries.
0:45:48 > 0:45:50- They couldn't afford - the new tablets.
0:45:51 > 0:45:54- Cases of TB are increasing - in poor areas.
0:45:54 > 0:45:57- In addition, the TB bacteria...
0:45:57 > 0:46:00- ..coexists successfully - with the HIV virus.
0:46:02 > 0:46:04- HIV attacks - people's immune system...
0:46:05 > 0:46:10- ..making it easy for diseases like - TB to infect and kill sufferers.
0:46:10 > 0:46:15- TB kills a high proportion - of those who are HIV positive.
0:46:15 > 0:46:19- As HIV spreads, - TB follows closely in its wake.
0:46:23 > 0:46:29- In the past, Western people didn't - have to worry about the Third World.
0:46:29 > 0:46:33- Those countries and their problems - were thousands of miles away.
0:46:34 > 0:46:37- But today, the situation - is very different.
0:46:41 > 0:46:45- Eight children at this Newport - school have contracted tuberculosis.
0:46:45 > 0:46:47- Hundreds more are tested.
0:46:48 > 0:46:51- The disease became very prominent - again recently...
0:46:51 > 0:46:54- ..on our own doorstep - here in Wales.
0:46:56 > 0:46:59- The world is small nowadays.
0:46:59 > 0:47:03- More people travel the world - for all sorts of reasons...
0:47:03 > 0:47:08- ..and this makes it easier for - diseases, including TB, to spread.
0:47:08 > 0:47:13- The recent rise has occurred - because, especially in the '90s...
0:47:14 > 0:47:17- ..many people - entered the country....
0:47:17 > 0:47:20- ..particularly from parts of Africa.
0:47:20 > 0:47:25- A lot of cases are among refugees - who have come into this country...
0:47:26 > 0:47:31- ..from parts of the world - where TB is still very common.
0:47:31 > 0:47:33- There's a certain amount - of screening.
0:47:34 > 0:47:37- It differs between different parts - of the country.
0:47:37 > 0:47:43- But an effort is made to find these - people when they arrive here.
0:47:43 > 0:47:46- People are screened - using a skin test...
0:47:46 > 0:47:50- ..and adults - also have a chest X-ray.
0:47:52 > 0:47:57- TB is more prevalent today - in some areas of London...
0:47:57 > 0:48:00- ..than in some - Third World countries.
0:48:00 > 0:48:05- Worse still, a percentage of these - cases don't respond to antibiotics.
0:48:05 > 0:48:09- At best, three different tablets - must be taken together...
0:48:10 > 0:48:11- ..to beat the disease.
0:48:12 > 0:48:17- Nurses visit homes to make sure that - sufferers take all their tablets...
0:48:17 > 0:48:21- ..to lessen the possibility - of problems occurring.
0:48:22 > 0:48:25- And the world is getting smaller.
0:48:25 > 0:48:30- A TB bacterium could be in Madras - today and in Machynlleth tomorrow.
0:48:31 > 0:48:34- Every day, 86,000 people - become infected with TB.
0:48:34 > 0:48:36- Every day, 5,000 people die.
0:48:38 > 0:48:42- TB has been with us - for thousands of years...
0:48:42 > 0:48:46- ..but we've only managed - to control it for 50 years.
0:48:46 > 0:48:51- This year, more people will die - of TB than ever before.
0:48:52 > 0:48:56- This cunning bacteria - evolves a lot quicker than we do.
0:48:57 > 0:49:00- At the start of a new millennium...
0:49:00 > 0:49:04- ..we have to fight - against the white plague yet again.
0:49:27 > 0:49:30- S4C subtitles by TROSOL Cyf.
0:49:31 > 0:49:32