:00:49. > :01:04.Britain backed out, President Obama felt obliged to consult his
:01:04. > :01:12.Congress, Russia staged a diplomatic comeback, and President Assad was
:01:12. > :01:23.saved for now. Was September 2013 the month that changed the world?
:01:23. > :01:34.Deep in Syria's shadow Lebanon knows all about shift in power. This has
:01:34. > :01:39.been continuously inhabited since the Stone Age, the Egyptians
:01:39. > :01:45.imported papyrus and the Greeks took the city 's name as their word for a
:01:45. > :01:52.book. Our alphabet comes from the script invented right here. A local
:01:52. > :02:00.scholar explains in its 8000 years of existence it has seen a long
:02:00. > :02:10.parade of political masters. Egyptians, Acadians, Syrians,
:02:10. > :02:14.Babylonians. Persians, Greeks. He might have added some names from
:02:14. > :02:20.modern times, the British, French, the Americans, but now even American
:02:20. > :02:26.power seems to many people to be fading, who does that leave, the
:02:26. > :02:31.Russians? Their diplomatic flurry is surely just a clever bit of
:02:31. > :02:37.opportunism. China? One of the interesting things about this crisis
:02:37. > :02:39.is how quiet the Chinese have been, their new leaders want to improve
:02:40. > :02:44.relations with the West, not strain and further. People used to think of
:02:44. > :02:51.was ill and India as future superpowers, not any longer --
:02:51. > :02:57.Brazil. Down in the port where the ancient Egyptians shipped out there
:02:57. > :03:06.papyrus I talked to an architect and restaurant proprietor. Enough, we
:03:06. > :03:10.are very tired of this war. He feels after 20 years when America has been
:03:10. > :03:15.the world 's sole superpower Syrian crisis means it is having to shift
:03:15. > :03:25.the little. Do you think America is finished? As a power? No, it is the
:03:25. > :03:33.most powerful country in the world. What I am saying, they are not
:03:34. > :03:42.alone, there is some power, this is the dream of Russia. I think it is a
:03:42. > :03:52.good dream. We should not let one country play alone in this field, we
:03:52. > :03:58.always have to make two players. But how has Syria shown up America's
:03:58. > :04:06.weakness in the past month? Partly because of the 24-hour news effect.
:04:06. > :04:10.When they see pictures like these, American and British politicians
:04:10. > :04:14.have got used to asking themselves what should be done in these
:04:14. > :04:19.situations. Both President Obama and David Cameron forgot how weary
:04:19. > :04:25.voters have become with trying to sort out other people 's problems.
:04:25. > :04:33.In the refugee camps here in places close to the Syrian border you would
:04:33. > :04:39.have two have a heart of stone not to be moved by the utter
:04:39. > :04:42.helplessness of people like these. This is a camp which doesn't even
:04:42. > :04:54.have a name. People here have lost everything,
:04:54. > :05:07.including maybe terrain features. -- their own futures. This woman has
:05:07. > :05:14.already been here five months. What future does your family have here?
:05:14. > :05:21.There is no future for any of the children, there is no future left.
:05:21. > :05:27.There is nothing left. One man I talked to hear used to work with an
:05:27. > :05:40.aid agency inside Syria, now he is a refugee as well. I feel the world
:05:40. > :05:44.has abandoned us, he said. So if the West isn't in the intervention game
:05:44. > :05:48.any longer and Syrian problem needs Russian diplomacy to sort
:05:48. > :05:53.any longer and Syrian problem needs what has the past month taught us
:05:53. > :05:54.about the world? This is the delightful campus of the American
:05:54. > :06:00.about the world? This is the University of Beirut, a big part of
:06:00. > :06:09.American soft power in the region. I have come to see a famous Middle
:06:10. > :06:18.East academic and rider. -- rider. There is no doubt the United States
:06:18. > :06:26.has lost that soup dream power that it lost fairly recently. Russia is
:06:27. > :06:30.playing a big role, but I don't think the Americans have lost
:06:30. > :06:37.power, they have lost conviction and self-assurance. They don't know what
:06:37. > :06:42.to do. They have this compulsive, moral, exaggerated sense of
:06:42. > :06:46.responsibility for the well-being of the world but they have got a normal
:06:46. > :06:53.push in the Middle East, Europe, what they are doing is learning how
:06:53. > :07:01.to deal with the world rather than the world being a bunch of targets.
:07:01. > :07:06.So, we had things happened in September. Instead of a missile
:07:06. > :07:09.strike, Syria is now desperately confessing the extent of its
:07:09. > :07:13.chemical arsenal. September turned out to be the month when America's
:07:13. > :07:21.license as the world 's only superpower expired. Now the Syrian
:07:21. > :07:28.Civil War might just possibly be sorted out why negotiation. If so,
:07:28. > :07:35.the refugees could go home. That would be a result. I will remember
:07:35. > :07:49.September 2013 for quite some time. Whenever I work in places like
:07:49. > :07:54.Beirut, I always keep my passport handy, just in case we get stopped
:07:54. > :08:00.by some official jobsworth. It is British. But I suppose I think of
:08:00. > :08:04.myself recently as being English. And to my shame, I don't think I
:08:04. > :08:10.could even name many of the counties of Scotland or Wales. So is British
:08:10. > :08:13.and is anything more than just a few words on a passport? Our home editor
:08:13. > :08:32.looks into it all. Our island nation, and identity
:08:32. > :08:40.sculpted by waves and tides, by welcoming harbours and resolute
:08:40. > :08:49.defences. What it means to be British is for ever shifting like
:08:49. > :08:53.the estuary sounds of Canvey Island. But as centralised power has eroded
:08:53. > :08:59.is Britishness about to be washed away like the sediment from a
:08:59. > :09:03.crumbling ancient empire? This is the most English place in the whole
:09:03. > :09:09.of England. In the last sentence people were asked to decide their
:09:09. > :09:12.national identity. And here on Canvey Island and the surrounding
:09:12. > :09:23.area eight out of ten people chose English. The highest proportion
:09:23. > :09:27.anywhere. It is home to an older, or dominantly white working-class
:09:27. > :09:35.population. Why England and not Britain? Because I am English, and I
:09:35. > :09:41.don't think Britain is Britain any more. It is three or four different
:09:41. > :09:46.countries now. I have always been English, I was born English and
:09:46. > :09:51.always will be. English, British, both. Both? Which matters more.
:09:51. > :10:09.Living in Essex. This could be described as the
:10:09. > :10:15.epicentre of the British state, Central lobby in the Palace of
:10:15. > :10:20.Westminster and representing here at the heart of our democracy are the
:10:20. > :10:23.four corners of the kingdom. The last sentence invited people to
:10:23. > :10:31.choose one of these identities, English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern
:10:32. > :10:36.Irish. Do you see yourself as British or something else, and
:10:36. > :10:40.mixture, perhaps? We only have figures for England and Wales but
:10:40. > :10:43.they tell a fascinating story. In England six out of ten people
:10:43. > :10:48.describe themselves as English only, in Wales a similar proportion
:10:48. > :10:52.said they are Welsh only. In both, just two out of ten say they are
:10:53. > :10:59.British only. Does that mean Britishness is dying? I think the
:10:59. > :11:04.figure actually tell a different story. Older people are much less
:11:04. > :11:09.likely to say they are British than the young. Three quarters of
:11:09. > :11:15.pensioners in England identified simply as English. If anybody said
:11:15. > :11:19.what nationality are you I would say English? People who live in Wales
:11:19. > :11:24.and Scotland call themselves Welsh and Scottish so I feel I am English.
:11:24. > :11:27.If the British identity was really a museum piece, how come the young
:11:27. > :11:34.Jews are more than their grandparents? -- the young Jews it
:11:34. > :11:39.more. This is the most British place in Britain. I am in the London
:11:39. > :11:43.Borough of Harrow where more than 40% of people describe them as
:11:43. > :11:52.British, twice the national average. The reason? Diversity. Among those
:11:52. > :11:58.whose ethnicity is white British only 14% would actually say their
:11:58. > :11:59.identity is British, while almost half the black population would
:11:59. > :12:04.identity is British, while almost describe themselves that way. The
:12:04. > :12:14.most British of all? Britain's Asians. 56% picked British as their
:12:14. > :12:17.sole identity. Culturally it is an accommodating label, attractive for
:12:17. > :12:24.those born in Britain but with heritage beyond. Would you ever say
:12:24. > :12:29.you are English? I have never said English, no, I still pass myself as
:12:29. > :12:38.British Indian. -- class myself. English, you classify that as
:12:38. > :12:45.white, ethnic, majority worried -- whereas British tends to be more
:12:45. > :12:48.multicultural. You are the real new Brits. We are ex-Commissioner Mark
:12:48. > :12:58.we are definitely the Brits. The British identity has always
:12:58. > :13:01.offered a cultural pick and mix, a Scottish piper at an Indian wedding
:13:01. > :13:13.in north-west London, that is British through and through. And
:13:13. > :13:18.that brings me to me, on the edge of Glasgow is the house where I was
:13:18. > :13:24.born. You might not have guessed but yes, I was born in Scotland, raised
:13:24. > :13:27.in England, and there is almost certainly some ancient Welsh and
:13:27. > :13:33.Irish blood in my veins as well. I am more of a blend and a single
:13:33. > :13:39.malts, I suppose. I think that is true of more and more people in an
:13:39. > :13:40.increasingly globalised world. The labels often tell only part of the
:13:40. > :13:54.story. Keep pushing. In Alaska's Sir labels often tell only part of the
:13:55. > :13:56.Chris-drove young cyclists look back to team GB at the ethics and
:13:56. > :14:01.Scotland performing in its own right to team GB at the ethics and
:14:01. > :14:03.at the Commonwealth games. -- at the Olympics. After that the referendum,
:14:03. > :14:08.which is effectively asking just how Olympics. After that the referendum,
:14:08. > :14:15.British the mums and dads of these youngsters feel. I feel very
:14:15. > :14:20.Scottish, I have always felt passionately Scottish, I don't feel
:14:20. > :14:24.British at all. I wouldn't say so. I used to put Scottish all the time,
:14:24. > :14:30.but now I have changed my opinion slightly and put the Jewish. I don't
:14:30. > :14:38.know why -- I put that issue. I just felt more British. The strength of
:14:39. > :14:43.know why -- I put that issue. I just Britishness is that it is
:14:43. > :14:48.broad-minded and tolerant of difference. As a result, far from
:14:48. > :14:50.being an historical artefact, the British identity is right at home in
:14:50. > :15:06.the 21st century. Beirut is a wonderful city. I have
:15:06. > :15:11.lived here briefly, I know. But it is a bit shambolic, there are power
:15:11. > :15:15.cuts for instance almost every day. Take a country right across the
:15:15. > :15:20.world, Japan, nothing remotely shambolic about it, not even in the
:15:20. > :15:25.way the Japanese have run their energy supplies. But after the
:15:25. > :15:34.disaster at the Fukushima nuclear plant in 2011, Japan has now closed
:15:34. > :15:37.down its last reactor. We asked Rupert Wingfield-Hayes to go to
:15:37. > :15:50.Fukushima to find out. I was here in North East Japan the
:15:50. > :15:56.day the first reactor at Fukushima exploded. One year later, I moved to
:15:56. > :15:57.Japan with my family, and now I am on my fourth trip into the
:15:57. > :16:07.contamination zone. Behind me, this is the edge of the
:16:07. > :16:11.radioactive contamination zone, and no one is allowed further down this
:16:11. > :16:15.road unless they have one of the special passes. I have come back
:16:15. > :16:19.here to try and answer to questions. Firstly, is it possible to fully
:16:20. > :16:24.recover from a disaster like Fukushima. Secondly, is it possible
:16:24. > :16:28.to make sure it never happens again? Nothing about Fukushima is
:16:29. > :16:33.straightforward. As many have pointed out, no-one died here. But
:16:33. > :16:41.the human cost is still high. The pointed out, no-one died here. But
:16:41. > :16:48.little town sits five miles from the plant. They call this Japan's
:16:48. > :16:51.Chernobyl. Two days after the first reactor exploded, its 20,000
:16:51. > :16:58.residents were told to get in their cars and leave.
:16:58. > :17:07.This man was one of them. He takes me to see the house that is family
:17:07. > :17:13.lived in for 150 years. He tells me his family is now scattered right
:17:13. > :17:21.across Japan. Inside, he shows me the vats where he and his father
:17:21. > :17:26.used to ferment soy sauce. The family escaped the earthquake and
:17:26. > :17:37.tsunami unscathed. But on March the 11th 2011, their life year ended.
:17:37. > :17:41.You can see the earthquake did a lot of damage, but then came the plant
:17:42. > :17:46.explosion, and we were told to flee. Two and a half years later, we are
:17:46. > :17:54.still refugees, our families divided, I have no work, we have no
:17:54. > :17:58.idea whether our business. Again. So we have come a few kilometres of
:17:58. > :18:02.the valley from his house to his friend's house, which is a peer, and
:18:02. > :18:08.we have, via because the levels are much higher. The background reading
:18:08. > :18:11.at Suzuki's house was about .05 micro sieverts per hour. Here you
:18:11. > :18:16.can see it is 13.2. The really scary micro sieverts per hour. Here you
:18:16. > :18:25.thing is this. If you put it on the ground, immediately the level goes
:18:25. > :18:29.up to around 150, 154. So very high, and we don't want to stay here
:18:29. > :18:36.any more time than we have to. We are going to go.
:18:36. > :18:46.It is quite easy to get panicked by such readings. Radiation has no
:18:46. > :18:50.smell and no taste. Standing here, looking at the plant, it is easy to
:18:50. > :18:57.understand why many now do not want to come back here. Especially those
:18:57. > :19:01.who, like me, have children. Although the radiation level here is
:19:01. > :19:05.quite high, it is not high enough to be an immediate threat to my health.
:19:05. > :19:10.It is more like smoking cigarettes. If I smoke one packet of cigarettes,
:19:10. > :19:13.it is not going to increase my chances of getting cancer over my
:19:13. > :19:19.whole lifetime, but if I smoked a pack of cigarettes everyday for the
:19:19. > :19:23.next 30 years, certainly will. -- it certainly will. And so to bring the
:19:23. > :19:33.radiation levels down, the land must be cleaned. It is a massive task
:19:33. > :19:39.over a huge area. At this house, 20 miles from the bland, they are now
:19:39. > :19:40.moving topsoil, trees, plants, anything that is radioactive, and
:19:40. > :19:57.then covering it over with sound. -- with sand. The radiation level at
:19:58. > :20:02.this particular spot was 3497 counts per minute, which is high and
:20:02. > :20:04.dangerous. By digging up the soil and covering it with sound, they
:20:04. > :20:08.dangerous. By digging up the soil have managed to bring it down to
:20:08. > :20:15.around 400, which is obviously much lower and much safer.
:20:15. > :20:19.In fact, only a tiny fraction of the contamination will ever be cleared.
:20:19. > :20:25.Already it is creating another big headache, where to put it all. Deep
:20:25. > :20:30.in the mountains, I was taken to see this temporary dump. It is
:20:30. > :20:33.astonishing to me to think that all this will still be radioactive
:20:33. > :20:39.astonishing to me to think that all after my great great great
:20:39. > :20:46.grandchildren have come and gone. But will those future generations
:20:46. > :20:52.ever see something like this again? The Japanese government's own
:20:52. > :20:59.experts at missed this was not a natural disaster. There were
:20:59. > :21:02.research papers suggesting that the tsunami could happen, but
:21:02. > :21:05.unfortunately the paper was dismissed. My memory is that after
:21:05. > :21:10.Chernobyl we were promised very clearly that a similar accident
:21:11. > :21:14.could never happen. We need to be prepared for the worst case, we have
:21:14. > :21:19.to tell the public, this is the worst case. If we did, the public
:21:19. > :21:22.would say, do not build a reactor here. So that is the dilemma. If
:21:22. > :21:25.would say, do not build a reactor want to continue with nuclear power
:21:26. > :21:31.plants, you have to tell the public that the reactors will be safe. Now
:21:31. > :21:37.that has been shown to be a myth. Now the myth is gone.
:21:37. > :21:41.When the tsunami swept in here too and a half years ago, it revealed
:21:41. > :21:47.the shocking complacency of Japan's nuclear industry. It had assumed a
:21:47. > :21:49.tsunami on this scale would not happen within the lifetime of the
:21:49. > :21:56.Fukushima plant, and so it happen within the lifetime of the
:21:56. > :21:59.did not bother to prepare. If such complacency can happen here in
:21:59. > :22:09.Japan, then it can almost certainly happen elsewhere, too.
:22:09. > :22:21.shortage of cash year. Beirut, wealth, and there is plenty of it,
:22:21. > :22:25.tends to get channelled into property and political power, but
:22:25. > :22:29.there are a few countries where big money goes into something a bit more
:22:29. > :22:34.edifying, the arts, for example. Brazil is a case in point, but why
:22:34. > :22:38.and how? We asked Will Gompertz, our arts editor, to carry out his own
:22:38. > :23:00.private investigation. I flew into Rio with a light
:23:00. > :23:05.suitcase and a head heavy with questions. I wanted to find out what
:23:05. > :23:10.lies the need the Carioca cliche, what goes on in the dark shadows
:23:10. > :23:17.cast by that bright sun, and to the downtown dealers and Uptown swells
:23:17. > :23:21.that make this place tick. I checked in and headed out. Into a city of
:23:21. > :23:25.contradictions, where it is high summer in midwinter, and pristine
:23:25. > :23:30.modernism rubs shoulders with grubby poverty. A city that put the caramel
:23:30. > :23:33.into carnival and the Coke into poverty. A city that put the caramel
:23:33. > :23:40.Copacabana, but has all the money and attention it has had recently
:23:40. > :23:45.put out in its place? I went to find out.
:23:45. > :23:54.I started with the artist Beatrice Milly ours is, who was Rio through
:23:54. > :23:59.and through, and so are her paintings. The colour, the Brock
:24:00. > :24:06.ornamentation, the scent of the jungle. They are expansive, they are
:24:06. > :24:10.expensive. $2 million plus, no other living Brazilian artist fetches that
:24:10. > :24:16.kind of money. I figured she would know if the art scene had changed. I
:24:16. > :24:24.think, since my generation build up things that now I go artist, he
:24:24. > :24:32.knows, yes, it is a profession, you can be a well and developed a body
:24:32. > :24:39.of work, so there is some hope that we did not have on my generation. So
:24:39. > :24:43.Rio has more confidence, it has quit sulking about not being the capital
:24:43. > :24:49.anymore, but I wanted to know why. To find out who wore what is behind
:24:49. > :24:57.this mood swing. If I was going to find the answer anywhere, it was
:24:57. > :24:59.going to be here at ArtRio. The annual fair has only been going
:24:59. > :25:03.going to be here at ArtRio. The three years, but it is already a
:25:03. > :25:07.honeypot for the city's movers and shakers. I talked the talk and
:25:07. > :25:13.walked the walk, and then I found what I was looking for, a blue-chip
:25:13. > :25:19.gallery owner with an elegant finger on Rio's racing pulse. Going back,
:25:19. > :25:24.master, to the change over the last decade or so, what propelled it? --
:25:24. > :25:30.Marcie. The economics, you have one new millionaire in Brazil per day.
:25:30. > :25:34.If you look at the Forbes list, you have all these billionaires that are
:25:34. > :25:37.now located here, and all that money brings money, and once you have
:25:37. > :25:44.money, you can get your helicopters, and at some point you
:25:44. > :25:48.have to get culture as well. Money, it is always money, but that is only
:25:48. > :25:53.half the story. In my game, if you want to be. We, you have to find out
:25:53. > :26:06.where the money comes from. I kept it simple, I went to a bank. -- if
:26:06. > :26:11.you want the full story. It was a smart move, the answer was right in
:26:12. > :26:14.front of my eyes. The work is by Cia Go Chan, a cool artist, but it is
:26:14. > :26:19.front of my eyes. The work is by Cia where he is from that matters to me
:26:19. > :26:23.- China. I had a hunch that it was cash from the east that had fuelled
:26:23. > :26:26.the Brazilian art boom, but I had to have some evidence. I took a plane
:26:26. > :26:31.the Brazilian art boom, but I had to out of town to a place in the jungle
:26:31. > :26:39.called Inhotim, where Bernardo Paz, a mining magnate with the spirit of
:26:39. > :26:50.Willy Wonka, has created an art park. The price came from $10 to
:26:50. > :26:54.$180, I had the money to construct this place. All my money I put here
:26:54. > :27:03.because this is a dream. This is more than Disney World. This will be
:27:03. > :27:08.a huge park for the future. This is going to be for 1000 years. Right
:27:08. > :27:12.now, things are good for the Brazilian contemporary art market.
:27:12. > :27:19.It grew by 22% last year, but enough about money. What about the
:27:19. > :27:25.suppliers, the artists? I went back to Rio, to the rundown downtown. A
:27:25. > :27:30.tip-off led me to this place, he had gallery run by artists. I think it
:27:30. > :27:36.is a totally different moment, I can say that Rio is the place that has
:27:36. > :27:44.the most important artists... I tracked one down, Marcio. I asked
:27:44. > :27:49.for a sit down. What is more and more strong in Rio is where we are,
:27:49. > :27:52.the city, the possibility to do art intervention in the landscape of the
:27:52. > :27:59.city, like we can see, the project on the facade, this natural way of
:27:59. > :28:04.mixing, the natural way of doing art in Rio.
:28:04. > :28:09.He is right. Artists run galleries are popping up like and hills in the
:28:09. > :28:12.Amazon. I followed a lead to this old candy factory, to people making
:28:12. > :28:20.feasts for the eyes, not the stomach. The talk is of a Rio
:28:20. > :28:26.Renaissance, the fancy new museums opening all over town, the quadruple
:28:26. > :28:30.in of the culture budget, the arts project in favelas, but I sensed
:28:30. > :28:38.anxiety, too, about corruption, the extremes between rich and poor, what
:28:38. > :28:41.happens after the Olympics. It is possible that Rio will join New York
:28:41. > :28:43.and London as an art world epicentre, who knows? What I can say
:28:43. > :28:49.and London as an art world as I leave this exotic, erotic,
:28:49. > :28:50.magical city is that it artists have something to say, and I think they
:28:50. > :29:06.are worth listening to. Well, that is it from this edition
:29:06. > :29:12.of the programme. From the Lebanese-Syrian border, a crafty
:29:12. > :29:17.Lebanese official, a friend of mine, said the me that there was now a job
:29:17. > :29:21.vacancy for policeman of the world. Suddenly, America, not to mention
:29:21. > :29:23.Britain, it seems distinctly diminished as a result of what
:29:23. > :29:28.Britain, it seems distinctly been happening here, and as the
:29:28. > :29:34.British themselves well-known, once that perception has got around, it
:29:34. > :29:37.is very hard to change. So until we meet again, goodbye.