:00:00. > :00:16.This programme contains contains some strong language.
:00:17. > :00:21.Welcome to Belfast. Can Northern Ireland ever get over its troubled
:00:22. > :00:26.past smack can young people succeed in business? Why doesn't government
:00:27. > :00:27.in America seem to work? And our disabled people still invisible as
:00:28. > :00:50.ever? This is store Montt, where the
:00:51. > :00:55.Northern Ireland assembly sits. -- this is Stormont. Once it was a
:00:56. > :00:58.Protestant Parliament for a Protestant people. Now it is the
:00:59. > :01:03.home of a distant Catholic power sharing. I cut my teeth as a young
:01:04. > :01:07.reporter here in Belfast, starting in 1970 when the troubles were at
:01:08. > :01:12.that height. It has taken decades to reach a level of peace and
:01:13. > :01:15.cooperation between the two sides. Coming back, I have been wondering
:01:16. > :01:28.whether Northern Ireland can ever really get over its violent past.
:01:29. > :01:36.It is hard to believe how this place has changed. It is relaxed, it is
:01:37. > :01:41.peaceful, it is thriving. Belfast gets more foreign investment than
:01:42. > :01:46.anywhere else in the UK except London. Unless you were here at the
:01:47. > :01:55.time, you would never dream it was once a battlefield. For 30 long
:01:56. > :02:05.years, Northern Ireland was torn apart by The Troubles. I was a young
:02:06. > :02:11.radio reporter here in the early 1970s, scared and shocked. Mostly
:02:12. > :02:18.the soldiers are hunched up in positions in doorways.
:02:19. > :02:28.Thousands tied, tens of thousands were injured. -- thousands died. But
:02:29. > :02:33.some of these scars are still here, mostly in the poorer areas. This is
:02:34. > :02:39.not Cold War Berlin, it is Belfast in 2013. I must say I am absolutely
:02:40. > :02:44.amazed by this. I suppose like a lot of people I assumed it had all gone
:02:45. > :02:47.away in Northern Ireland, or the sectarian differences had been
:02:48. > :02:52.forgotten. Then you come along and see this. This is higher than the
:02:53. > :02:58.Berlin Wall used to be. Somebody has told me there are nearly 100 walls
:02:59. > :03:03.like this, peace walls, as they are called, in Belfast alone. In areas
:03:04. > :03:12.like this, you are still defined by your religion. 90% of housing
:03:13. > :03:19.estates, 95% of schools are still either Protestant or Catholic. Here
:03:20. > :03:24.in Ardoyne, police have stopped traditional Protestant marchers from
:03:25. > :03:30.going into the Catholic area. It is still a flash point but without much
:03:31. > :03:35.violence. Winston Ervine, a Unionist campaigner shows me a round. This is
:03:36. > :03:39.essentially the front line, the demarcation line if you like between
:03:40. > :03:43.the Unionist community and the nationalist community in a part of
:03:44. > :03:49.north Belfast. Unionists believe they have had to concede far too
:03:50. > :03:54.much to the Republicans since the Good Friday Agreement. But Irvine
:03:55. > :03:59.sounds very different from the angry Loyalist leaders are used to know.
:04:00. > :04:04.There are deep-seated problems, unfinished business if you like,
:04:05. > :04:10.from the peace and political process which needs urgent attention. Am I
:04:11. > :04:16.right in saying you feel like you are being pushed out in your own
:04:17. > :04:24.country? I think the peace process is running out of process. I think
:04:25. > :04:29.parades, flags, symbols are how we deal with our troubled and bloody
:04:30. > :04:35.past, is something which needs urgent attention. What we need to be
:04:36. > :04:41.thinking about is how we ensure that our future does not become an
:04:42. > :04:46.extension of our past. A few minutes away you are in opposing territory.
:04:47. > :04:51.The nationalist Falls Road could sometimes seem very menacing to a
:04:52. > :04:56.British reporter. I have come to a Republican arts Centre to talk to a
:04:57. > :05:01.former IRA prisoner I used to know well. Danny Morrison invented the
:05:02. > :05:07.phrase about the ballot box in one hand and on Armalite in the other,
:05:08. > :05:12.but he also sound a lot milder these days. You have kind of one, haven't
:05:13. > :05:18.you? That is what Protestant people think. That is the wrong perception.
:05:19. > :05:23.I think people are deliberately winding up a section of the Unionist
:05:24. > :05:26.community to think that, to destabilise the situation. All that
:05:27. > :05:34.happened as we were trying to achieve a level playing field where
:05:35. > :05:38.I as a Republican can work towards my aspirations in a native Ireland
:05:39. > :05:45.and wanting to end the union with Britain -- a united Ireland. It will
:05:46. > :05:50.take a long time to repair. People like myself who were involved in the
:05:51. > :05:55.conflict have a duty and responsibility, I think, to reach
:05:56. > :06:01.out to the other side and try and emphasise and understand what made
:06:02. > :06:07.the other side kick. If we can see where we went wrong, we can perhaps
:06:08. > :06:14.ensure that it is never repeated. It will not be easy. This is what is
:06:15. > :06:21.left of the Maze prison, which once housed Paralympian trees --
:06:22. > :06:27.paramilitaries. It is derelict now but the past haunts the president.
:06:28. > :06:33.Hopes of reconciliation and building a peace centre here have suffered
:06:34. > :06:37.from mutual suspicion and anger. Peter Thurlow from Queens University
:06:38. > :06:44.Belfast has come to tell me of one way that Northern Ireland is
:06:45. > :06:48.starting to escape its past. What we are observing in mixed middle-class
:06:49. > :06:52.areas is a process of young people adopting an identity which is based
:06:53. > :06:57.around Northern Irish nurse. Unlike their parents who may choose to be
:06:58. > :07:05.written sure Irish, there is a growth in the concept of Northern
:07:06. > :07:07.Irish nurse. This is a solution, a hybrid complex history and the way
:07:08. > :07:13.to solve that is to adopt its of both. Culturally and politically you
:07:14. > :07:17.could be different things, culturally Irish and politically
:07:18. > :07:21.British and vice versa. This is one way where we do find a resolution
:07:22. > :07:31.and people who are trying to live in a different way. This new Northern
:07:32. > :07:38.Irishness is starting to show itself. For a while I lived in the
:07:39. > :07:49.Euro warmed hotels in the world. It used to be full of journalists, now
:07:50. > :07:54.it is full of businesspeople. You cannot escape the history. The
:07:55. > :08:04.extraordinary thing to me is how it is losing its power.
:08:05. > :08:11.At long last, the British economy does seem to be picking up, but
:08:12. > :08:18.youth and employment is still hugely worrying. Big employers like the
:08:19. > :08:20.government and large private sector companies are not hiring school
:08:21. > :08:26.leavers and graduates like they used to. Our business editor Robert
:08:27. > :08:36.Heston wonders if the only hope for the young is to set up in business
:08:37. > :08:40.for themselves. There is a quiet revolution going on
:08:41. > :08:48.in our schools, although not caused by the schools. It is all about how
:08:49. > :08:53.our young people are thinking they will earn a living. The unemployment
:08:54. > :08:57.rate among young people is significantly higher than for the
:08:58. > :09:01.rest of the population. One in five of them, that is about a million 16
:09:02. > :09:06.to 24-year-olds are classed as unemployed. I have come to a school
:09:07. > :09:13.quite a lot like the one I went to in the 1970s. It is a comprehensive
:09:14. > :09:16.in east London to ask its students how they see their futures and
:09:17. > :09:22.whether any of them are thinking of setting up their own businesses?
:09:23. > :09:30.Great to meet all of you. What do you think about the idea of setting
:09:31. > :09:35.up your own business? My mum started up her own small business. She has
:09:36. > :09:40.influenced me to try and start my own business and be a manager. Ever
:09:41. > :09:44.since a young age I have always found business really fascinating
:09:45. > :09:48.and wanted to own a business. Me personally, I would not go down that
:09:49. > :09:57.route because making a business in this economy is really hard. This is
:09:58. > :10:02.one of our studios where we are going to make some lovely Julie
:10:03. > :10:06.Rae. Jessica Rose is among the one in ten under 29 who have either set
:10:07. > :10:12.up a business or are in the process of doing so. Now just 25 years old,
:10:13. > :10:17.she owns and runs what she thinks is Europe's largest jewellery making
:10:18. > :10:21.school. I think there were two main obstacles for me, one of them was
:10:22. > :10:24.confidence, feeling like I could it and I did not need all these
:10:25. > :10:29.previous skills and experience to go out there and start my own. And the
:10:30. > :10:34.second one was knowledge. When I first started I had no business
:10:35. > :10:37.training whatsoever, note jewellery training whatsoever, but I woke up
:10:38. > :10:41.one day and thought, I would really love to be a jewellery designer.
:10:42. > :10:49.That is a tricky position to be in because a lot of wool would say, and
:10:50. > :10:54.did say, you are mad. The madness paid off. She used her savings were
:10:55. > :10:58.working as a nanny to learn jewellery making and now she has
:10:59. > :11:10.half ?1 million turnover and is in profit. Luke has set up -- has
:11:11. > :11:15.backed a number of businesses. Has there been a shift in attitudes
:11:16. > :11:19.towards people who have set up businesses? In the early 1980s it
:11:20. > :11:24.was seen as being eccentric to run your own company and get a start-up.
:11:25. > :11:30.Now there has been a huge cultural shift and it is seen as a cool thing
:11:31. > :11:38.to do. That is why so many educated and bright young people see it as a
:11:39. > :11:41.first choice. The proportion of young people
:11:42. > :11:46.taking the first steps to becoming entrepreneurs has doubled since the
:11:47. > :11:51.crash and recession of 2008. Every kid who sets up a business is one
:11:52. > :11:55.less unemployed person and potentially, one more employer of
:11:56. > :11:59.others. But strikingly, when they think about doing it themselves, the
:12:00. > :12:05.spur does not come from the classroom. I look up to my mum and
:12:06. > :12:09.Didier dropper. I would like to work hard like my mum did and I would
:12:10. > :12:14.like to give back to people who deserve it because they have not got
:12:15. > :12:19.the opportunity. My parents came from the Caribbean and they came at
:12:20. > :12:23.a young age. They were so poor that they had to look after their
:12:24. > :12:32.siblings while my grandparents were working. So seeing them struggle and
:12:33. > :12:36.knowing, even now, they are still kind of struggling, that is pushing
:12:37. > :12:44.me to have higher goals and really motivate me a lot as well. All the
:12:45. > :12:48.students I met here at Central Foundation, are planning to go to
:12:49. > :12:54.university, but is a university education essential for setting up a
:12:55. > :13:02.business? As it happens, one of the individuals they cited was a bit of
:13:03. > :13:05.a hero. Jamal Edwards has set up his successful film operation on YouTube
:13:06. > :13:08.and he did this straight after leaving school. So I am off to meet
:13:09. > :13:18.Jamal Edwards to find out how he did it.
:13:19. > :13:26.What are you doing filming me? ! 23-year-old Jamal Edwards' online
:13:27. > :13:29.showcase for his movies, which has had 100 million views, is so
:13:30. > :13:36.successful that even Google looked to him for an endorsement. You put
:13:37. > :13:39.these films that you made on YouTube and then YouTube starts to share
:13:40. > :13:45.some of the advertising revenue with you and that is when you are seeing
:13:46. > :13:49.this is not just a hobby... It is more of a business. But I did not
:13:50. > :13:54.start it thinking I wanted to make money from it, it was more of a
:13:55. > :13:58.passion. Loads of people think I am going to do this to make money. It
:13:59. > :14:04.should be something that is a passion and you are doing well at it
:14:05. > :14:07.and then hopefully the money will come later. Money and success have
:14:08. > :14:14.come. And some interesting people like being seen with him. Everything
:14:15. > :14:18.I have done, I have learnt it. I learn it from my peers. Is their
:14:19. > :14:22.stuff that schools could be doing to help young people recognise that
:14:23. > :14:27.there is an opportunity to create businesses? I think schools could,
:14:28. > :14:34.it is like learning better kept at home. The earlier you learn it.
:14:35. > :14:40.There were kids weighing up the profits and margins. I thought, you
:14:41. > :14:46.are young. That stuff needs to be put into education much earlier.
:14:47. > :14:51.From the playground to Chile economic reality, where we might all
:14:52. > :14:52.benefit if they few more wealth creators were nurtured by our
:14:53. > :15:07.schools. Something went badly wrong in
:15:08. > :15:11.Washington in October. President Obama could not get the national
:15:12. > :15:15.budget passed a Republican opposition which was determined to
:15:16. > :15:22.do all it could to stop his medical aid plans. Government services were
:15:23. > :15:27.shut down. Wages went and paid. American prestige around the world
:15:28. > :15:31.suffered accordingly. On four separate occasions in the past two
:15:32. > :15:36.years, President Obama has teetered on this particular brink. This month
:15:37. > :15:41.he went over the edge. It has prompted our North America editor
:15:42. > :15:48.Mark Mardell to ask, what is the problem with American government?
:15:49. > :15:55.What on earth is wrong with this town? All the classical architecture
:15:56. > :15:59.in the world cannot disguise the fact that in this vital capital,
:16:00. > :16:06.democracy has become a hysterical drama. The puzzle is, why the man
:16:07. > :16:12.who lives here, too many the most powerful man in the world, is so
:16:13. > :16:16.often thwarted. The simple answer, Congress. Sometimes it seems
:16:17. > :16:20.President Obama cannot get anything done at all. His legislation on
:16:21. > :16:23.guns, immigration and environment languishes in Congress and then
:16:24. > :16:28.there is the recent Disney is. Some people would blame his personal
:16:29. > :16:33.style. He is not very touchy-feely. But I think it is something much
:16:34. > :16:43.deeper than that, something about the whole American system at the
:16:44. > :16:47.moment. This is a country where sometimes it seems everyone talks
:16:48. > :16:51.and nobody listens. The leader of a divided Government and a divided
:16:52. > :16:56.America knows he is often at the mercy of a new breed of activists
:16:57. > :17:01.from the conservative Tea Party who hate him and Hull his work -- and
:17:02. > :17:05.all his works. Both sides are loath to blink in a battle for America. I
:17:06. > :17:10.recognise there are some House members, Republican House members
:17:11. > :17:16.where I got clobbered in the last election and they don't get
:17:17. > :17:24.politically rewarded a lot for being seen as negotiating with me. That
:17:25. > :17:29.makes it harder. Makes it harder for divided Government to come together.
:17:30. > :17:34.A lot harder, because in 2010 not only did Republicans win control of
:17:35. > :17:40.this place, the House of Representatives, the victors were a
:17:41. > :17:42.new breed of radicals. In a Washington hotel social
:17:43. > :17:48.conservatives gather for their annual values voter summit, while
:17:49. > :17:53.the name the Tea Party is only a few years old, the resentful righteous
:17:54. > :17:56.right have been a force for years, people who distrust the media and
:17:57. > :18:12.the elite who believe their country is in mortgage pe -- in mortal
:18:13. > :18:16.peril. We look back at the time of the founding of the country and see
:18:17. > :18:23.what the founding fathers intended with the constitution. He intended
:18:24. > :18:28.to create a Government of gridlock where each of the Var yougs
:18:29. > :18:32.institutions -- various, would goord their rights and I think what you
:18:33. > :18:36.are seeing is one of the Houses, the House, with a good number of people
:18:37. > :18:43.who are more conservative, asserting their rights as American citizens
:18:44. > :18:47.and they're listening to people back home. You don't have to be long in
:18:48. > :18:51.this town before someone will tell you we used to be so different in
:18:52. > :18:54.the old days. Then sure politicians would scream and shout, but they
:18:55. > :18:59.could come somewhere like this hotel after work, have a drink, do a deal,
:19:00. > :19:05.the sort of deals that make this town tick. What they don't tell sup
:19:06. > :19:26.why they could be so chummy over the drinks. The Democrat quite likely
:19:27. > :19:35.was from the south. You have district... Something else has made
:19:36. > :19:39.man who enjoys playing with maps, man who enjoys playing with maps,
:19:40. > :19:46.maps which show why some Republicans don't give a figure for the middle
:19:47. > :20:00.ground. Outside his office the Potomac river and on the other side
:20:01. > :20:08.Virginia. A example of what they call redistricting. What we would
:20:09. > :20:13.call gerrymandering. You have a situation where Republicans control
:20:14. > :20:17.the process after the sendups. The effect is that Democrats were able
:20:18. > :20:23.to carry Virginia for the President in 2012 and able to carry Virginia's
:20:24. > :20:27.Senate seat in 2012 but Republicans won eight out of the 11
:20:28. > :20:32.congressional districts. We are at loggerheads as a country thanks to
:20:33. > :20:37.voters who elected different people. But the Arctic ture of American --
:20:38. > :20:38.architecture of American Government makes this more of a problem,
:20:39. > :20:43.designed to keep the slave states on makes this more of a problem,
:20:44. > :20:49.board, used for decades to impose white power on the south, it's
:20:50. > :20:55.wrought specifically to stop stuff happening. Republicans are part of
:20:56. > :20:59.the Government with real power. In most governments you don't get the
:21:00. > :21:03.fancy offices and trappings of power until you have done the deals and
:21:04. > :21:13.here you do. It's a commodity in short supply. When the country falls
:21:14. > :21:17.into a mood of de... Robert Dallek is optimistic. We have been here
:21:18. > :21:20.before but there is a new factor. It relates to the fact we have the
:21:21. > :21:26.first African-American President in history. Nobody is going to say I am
:21:27. > :21:29.a racist or against having a black as President but there is a
:21:30. > :21:36.significant amount of that, the notion that white, small town
:21:37. > :21:48.America, white America, is being pushed aside by African-Americans,
:21:49. > :21:52.Hispanics, the influx that may change Texas, for example, which has
:21:53. > :21:55.been a Republican state for the last 20 years. America is not just
:21:56. > :21:59.changing, it's still becoming with two very different visions of what
:22:00. > :22:04.it should be. When one party is determined to block the other, in a
:22:05. > :22:10.place almost designed to seize up, expect rolling crisis. It's better
:22:11. > :22:19.perhaps than civil war but not a great example to the
:22:20. > :22:26.It's more than 40 years since the parliament in London passed the
:22:27. > :22:33.first law giving equal opportunities to disabled people. Protecting them
:22:34. > :22:37.from discrimination. The 2012 Paralympic Games celebrated the
:22:38. > :22:41.extraordinary achievements of disabled athletes. It showed just
:22:42. > :22:48.how much British society has changed. Even so, a year later are
:22:49. > :22:51.people with disabilities still effectively invisible? It's a
:22:52. > :23:01.question for our contributing editor this month, Alison Holt.
:23:02. > :23:11.It's double gold for David Weir! Ellie Simmonds is not going to stop!
:23:12. > :23:16.Remarkable feats, great athletes striving to be the best in both the
:23:17. > :23:22.Olympics and the Paralympics. In the summer of 2012 here in the Olympic
:23:23. > :23:32.Park in London it was an exciting time, a uniting time. The Olympics
:23:33. > :23:37.and Paralympics celebrated what people could do. They weren't judged
:23:38. > :23:43.on what they couldn't do. That left many of us feeling pretty good about
:23:44. > :23:47.the society in which we live. Walking through the Olympic Park now
:23:48. > :23:51.the athletes are long gone and buildings are transforming as part
:23:52. > :23:56.of the legacy. But what about things you can't see? What's happened to
:23:57. > :23:59.that greater understanding of disability? For instance, there's a
:24:00. > :24:04.debate on social media at the moment which makes really uncomfortable
:24:05. > :24:10.reading. It's the everyday comments which are made to people with
:24:11. > :24:13.disabilities. Things like, is your daughter normal then? Disabled
:24:14. > :24:18.people don't have to pay any bills, do they?
:24:19. > :24:20.Even, people like you should be in a home, it's not fair that the rest of
:24:21. > :24:45.us have to deal with your problems. Francesca is a cometic and actor,
:24:46. > :24:50.she also is what she describes as wobbly. I think that we should have
:24:51. > :24:56.more positive names for conditions, like instead of something really
:24:57. > :25:01.horrible like a schizophrenic, why don't we just say overimaginative?
:25:02. > :25:06.Sitting in the audience you are given a funny and heartfelt glimpse
:25:07. > :25:15.into her world and you are challenged. My show is called What
:25:16. > :25:19.the lock is normal? She believes the Paralympics may have given us all a
:25:20. > :25:26.warm glow but since then welfare reform has made life much tougher
:25:27. > :25:34.for disabled people. I think attitudes have been polarised and
:25:35. > :25:39.disabled people now are either brilliant athletes or work-shy
:25:40. > :25:45.scroungers. Every disabled person I have ever come across really, really
:25:46. > :25:50.wants to work. I have never met anyone who doesn't. Those people who
:25:51. > :25:56.cannot work because they're too ill or disabled spend their lives
:25:57. > :25:59.wishing they could. The Government maintains its welfare reforms will
:26:00. > :26:10.target help at those who most need it. Another concern for Francesca is
:26:11. > :26:14.the media. Aside from the Paralympics, it's still largely
:26:15. > :26:18.invisible in the media and we live in a world where media has so much
:26:19. > :26:22.power in shaping attitudes. How do you change attitudes? Some believe
:26:23. > :26:28.we have to rethink everything about the way in which disability is
:26:29. > :26:32.portrayed. That's right down to the internationally recognised access
:26:33. > :26:36.symbol. This is one idea, an active figure driving themselves forward.
:26:37. > :26:42.Maybe we should have signs like these paintings by Rachel which are
:26:43. > :26:45.active... You know, these are really active. At this gallery, a stone's
:26:46. > :26:51.throw from the Olympic Park, disabled and non-disabled artists
:26:52. > :26:56.have been reassessing disability. Tony Heaton put the exhibition
:26:57. > :27:02.together. Disability isn't always about physical impairment, it's
:27:03. > :27:06.about facial disfigment, impairments Tony's own sculpture was impossible
:27:07. > :27:10.to miss during the Paralympics. But four decades after the first
:27:11. > :27:16.disability legislation how far does he think we have got? Oh! Well, when
:27:17. > :27:22.I get on a train and there's luggage in the space that says this is
:27:23. > :27:27.designated by law for a wheelchair user or on a bus and there's a load
:27:28. > :27:31.of people stood there and people who clearly don't have a blue badge
:27:32. > :27:35.parking in spaces you have to make a judgment that people don't really
:27:36. > :27:52.care. Only 17% of disabled people are born
:27:53. > :27:57.with their disability. Four years ago Lance Corporal Tyler Christopher
:27:58. > :28:00.lost both his legs in an explosion in Afghanistan. He gets a lot of
:28:01. > :28:05.support from the Army. But there's a lot of adapting to do. I have to
:28:06. > :28:09.plan things. If I was travelling somewhere and there's a risk of say
:28:10. > :28:22.a lot of steps I wouldn't be sure about going to the place.
:28:23. > :28:29.As you are going along if you think you are going to fall to the left
:28:30. > :28:34.put your hand down. He is here to mentor other disabled soldiers in
:28:35. > :28:37.the sport he has come to love, sledge hockey. For him there is a
:28:38. > :28:48.simple lesson we should have learned from London 2012. Everyone can do
:28:49. > :28:56.amazing things. It's not to judge this bloke who is missing legs, and
:28:57. > :29:00.it's how you see them - you think he is struggle ng, in a day he could
:29:01. > :29:05.probably beat you down the road. Not talking about me, personally, unless
:29:06. > :29:09.it was downhill and I was in the wheelchair. He is being modest, he
:29:10. > :29:14.is in the British sledge hockey team in training for hopefully Sochi. In
:29:15. > :29:17.40 years of disability legislation there's been important change. But
:29:18. > :29:23.there's still a long way to go. If anything, the Paralympics raised our
:29:24. > :29:32.expectations and showed how everyone benefits if we all feel valued.
:29:33. > :29:39.Since I first worked here in Northern Ireland nearly 50 years ago
:29:40. > :29:44.now things have changed out of all recognition. And yet one thing has
:29:45. > :29:52.stayed the same, history is still a real burden. Remember 1690, remember
:29:53. > :29:56.1916, remember 1969? As Bill Clinton, a real friend of Northern
:29:57. > :30:01.Ireland once said, they could do with a bit less history here and a
:30:02. > :30:03.bit more future. That's it from Belfast. Until we meet again,
:30:04. > :30:09.goodbye.