0:00:06 > 0:00:08You're watching Beyond One Hundred Days.
0:00:08 > 0:00:11A return to Cold War expulsions.
0:00:11 > 0:00:1723 Russian spies are sent packing by the British Prime Minister.
0:00:17 > 0:00:19It the biggest number of diplomats expelled
0:00:19 > 0:00:22by Britain in 30 years, as Europe and the United States come
0:00:22 > 0:00:29out in support of London's response.
0:00:29 > 0:00:32Poisoning of Sergei Skripal and his daughter has been formally tied to
0:00:32 > 0:00:38the Kremlin which denied the deadline for information.They have
0:00:38 > 0:00:44traded the use of military grade nerve agent in Europe with contempt.
0:00:44 > 0:00:52Russia says the UK is engaging in a serious provocation.
0:00:52 > 0:00:54Also on the programme.
0:00:54 > 0:00:56A month on from the school shooting
0:00:56 > 0:00:58in Florida, students stage a 17 minute walk out across America
0:00:58 > 0:01:02in solidarity with the 17 who died.
0:01:02 > 0:01:08Sometime ago I discovered black holes are not lack after all.
0:01:08 > 0:01:11And tributes to the visionary
0:01:11 > 0:01:13physicist Stephen Hawking, who's died at the age of 76.
0:01:13 > 0:01:15Get in touch with us using the hashtag
0:01:15 > 0:01:23'Beyond-One-Hundred-Days'.
0:01:23 > 0:01:25Hello and welcome - I'm Katty Kay in Washington
0:01:25 > 0:01:27and Christian Fraser is in London.
0:01:27 > 0:01:30Forty per cent of the Russian diplomats in the UK have just been
0:01:30 > 0:01:31given their marching orders.
0:01:31 > 0:01:34They have a week to leave.
0:01:34 > 0:01:37It's the biggest expulsion of known intelligence agents since 1985,
0:01:37 > 0:01:40the year Mikhal Gorbachev came to power.
0:01:40 > 0:01:43And not since the Cold War have relations between London and Moscow
0:01:43 > 0:01:46sunk to such a level.
0:01:46 > 0:01:49The Russian Ambassador to London said Britain
0:01:49 > 0:01:50was trying to concoct 'an unfounded
0:01:50 > 0:01:52anti-Russian campaign'.
0:01:52 > 0:01:55'We won't keep you waiting,' he added 'for our counter measures'.
0:01:55 > 0:01:57All high-level diplomacy between the two countries
0:01:57 > 0:02:00is forthwith suspended.
0:02:00 > 0:02:02It promises to be a long confrontation, in which the Prime
0:02:02 > 0:02:09Minister will need every bit of help from her allies.
0:02:09 > 0:02:15It was right to offer Russia had the chance to provide an explanation.
0:02:15 > 0:02:19But their response is demonstrated complete disdain for the gravity of
0:02:19 > 0:02:26these events. They have provided no credible explanation that could
0:02:26 > 0:02:30suggest they lost control of their nerve agent. No explanation as to
0:02:30 > 0:02:36how this agent came to be used in the UK, no explanation as to why
0:02:36 > 0:02:40Russia has an undeclared chemical weapons programme in contravention
0:02:40 > 0:02:45of international law. Instead they have traded the use of military
0:02:45 > 0:02:52grade nerve agent in Europe with sarcasm, contempt and defiance. So
0:02:52 > 0:02:56Mr Speaker is no alternative conclusion other than that the
0:02:56 > 0:03:01Russian state was culpable for the attempted murder of Sergei Skripal
0:03:01 > 0:03:04and his daughter. And for threatening the lives of other which
0:03:04 > 0:03:09is systems in Salisbury including Detective Sergeant Nick Bailey.
0:03:09 > 0:03:11So here's what the Prime Minister has set in motion -
0:03:11 > 0:03:12among other measures.
0:03:12 > 0:03:15The expulsion of 23 diplomats - who have one week
0:03:15 > 0:03:16to leave.
0:03:16 > 0:03:17Increased checks on private flights, customs
0:03:17 > 0:03:18and freight.
0:03:18 > 0:03:20The freezing of Russian assets
0:03:20 > 0:03:23where there is evidence they may be used to threaten the life
0:03:23 > 0:03:25or property of UK nationals or residents.
0:03:25 > 0:03:26And predictably
0:03:26 > 0:03:28ministers and members of the Royal Family are to boycott
0:03:28 > 0:03:30the Fifa World Cup in Russia later this year.
0:03:30 > 0:03:33Russia has been crossing red lines, at home and abroad,
0:03:33 > 0:03:34with growing impunity recently.
0:03:34 > 0:03:36There's Georgia, Crimea, Ukraine, the interference
0:03:36 > 0:03:39in the American election, in European elections,
0:03:39 > 0:03:43and the poisoning of not one but two Russian exiles here in Britain.
0:03:43 > 0:03:45Is that why the West is taking the attack
0:03:45 > 0:03:47in Salisbury so seriously?
0:03:47 > 0:03:49I have been speaking to the Chair of the Commons Intelligence and
0:03:49 > 0:03:52Security Committee Dominic Grieve who says it's time NATO allies woke
0:03:52 > 0:03:58up to the reality of the threat.
0:03:58 > 0:04:00When it comes to the behaviour of murdering people on other
0:04:00 > 0:04:02people's sovereign territory, it's very serious indeed.
0:04:02 > 0:04:12But because we live within a rules-based system,
0:04:12 > 0:04:14we do have a common lawful and proportionate response
0:04:15 > 0:04:16to what Russia is doing.
0:04:16 > 0:04:20And if we unite in doing it and sustain it we have the best
0:04:20 > 0:04:21prospect of actually getting them to change their behaviour.
0:04:21 > 0:04:24But I'm not sure at the moment that we are succeeding
0:04:24 > 0:04:26in that as much as I would like.
0:04:26 > 0:04:28Can you suggest things that might be proportionate?
0:04:28 > 0:04:38Well clearly more sanctions would undoubtedly be proportionate.
0:04:41 > 0:04:42Visa restrictions on Russian officials can be proportionate.
0:04:42 > 0:04:45In so far as the action we are taking in expelling Russian
0:04:45 > 0:04:48agents in their embassy here in London, other countries can
0:04:48 > 0:04:50also do likewise in respect of Russian agents who are present
0:04:50 > 0:04:52in the embassies in those countries.
0:04:52 > 0:04:56So I think we need to be acting collectively.
0:04:56 > 0:04:59But you will know that when the British Government
0:04:59 > 0:05:02was pushing for more sanctions, tighter sanctions, after the enquiry
0:05:02 > 0:05:05into the Litvenenko poisoning, the Europeans were dragged really
0:05:05 > 0:05:09kicking and screaming towards sanctions.
0:05:09 > 0:05:19They have not been particularly supportive.
0:05:19 > 0:05:22Countries like Italy for instance get a lot of their gas from Russia.
0:05:22 > 0:05:25Even the Germans who do a lot of trade with Russia.
0:05:25 > 0:05:26Not particularly keen.
0:05:26 > 0:05:28Yes and I can understand that but I think that in view
0:05:28 > 0:05:31of the seriousness of the threat and its brazen nature,
0:05:31 > 0:05:35I think we really do all have to think very long and hard
0:05:35 > 0:05:37about the collective action we can take as otherwise it simply
0:05:37 > 0:05:40is going to embolden Mr Putin and he will do more of it.
0:05:40 > 0:05:43And he will do it selectively in whatever country he chooses.
0:05:43 > 0:05:50And then trust that with the passage of time people will want to turn
0:05:50 > 0:05:52over a new leaf, reset the relationship and he
0:05:52 > 0:05:53can get away with it.
0:05:53 > 0:05:56And seeing that his activities are extremely dangerous I think
0:05:56 > 0:05:59we just need to try to focus on how we can meet this threat together.
0:05:59 > 0:06:05Ordinarily you would expect our closest ally,
0:06:05 > 0:06:08and an American president, to stand
0:06:08 > 0:06:11behind the UK but he is not imposing the sanctions that have
0:06:11 > 0:06:12been set why Congress.
0:06:12 > 0:06:15And there is not much trust that President Trump will fall in behind
0:06:15 > 0:06:16the UK in any meaningful way.
0:06:16 > 0:06:19I think it is a reflection of the curious way in
0:06:19 > 0:06:20which President Trump conducts his policy.
0:06:20 > 0:06:30I think there's no doubt there are many around him
0:06:31 > 0:06:33who are very concerned about what Russia is doing
0:06:33 > 0:06:37but for for a variety of reasons he doesn't seem to be
0:06:37 > 0:06:39taking a measured response and there is a sense that whilst
0:06:39 > 0:06:40he is supportive he does not
0:06:40 > 0:06:42seem to have a strategy.
0:06:42 > 0:06:45So of course that is the subject of anxiety but of course that
0:06:45 > 0:06:46could change with time.
0:06:46 > 0:06:48Well let's pick up that final thought
0:06:48 > 0:06:49with Matthew Rojansky, director of the Wilson
0:06:50 > 0:06:55Center's Kennan Institute.
0:06:55 > 0:07:01We are reminded that America matters in a global response to threat and
0:07:01 > 0:07:06the world is looking to Washington. Do you agree that perhaps they will
0:07:06 > 0:07:09not get what they want from Washington when it comes to
0:07:09 > 0:07:15retaliation against Russia.It is unlikely Washington will be the tip
0:07:15 > 0:07:19of the sphere in retaliation on this particular attempted murder because
0:07:19 > 0:07:24it was in the UK and the UK must be in the lead. I think there will be
0:07:24 > 0:07:27further were coming from Washington in response to other actions by
0:07:27 > 0:07:32Russia including what we are learning about ongoing election and
0:07:32 > 0:07:36other political interference. Russian behaviour in the Ukraine
0:07:36 > 0:07:41etc. The Treasury Secretary indicated pretty clearly that the
0:07:41 > 0:07:44administration intends to respond in some meaningful way to the
0:07:44 > 0:07:48Congressional legislation despite the public report that rightfully
0:07:48 > 0:07:53was cited as being pretty thin.You spend a lot of time in Russia and
0:07:53 > 0:07:58you know one thing that could have an impact is hitting Russian money
0:07:58 > 0:08:00in London. One person that could be targeted as the Deputy Prime
0:08:00 > 0:08:06Minister who has apartment buildings in the middle of London web around
0:08:06 > 0:08:09$50 million. If you're Kate wants to send a message to Putin and those
0:08:09 > 0:08:15who support him would it be smart of them to go after the money.I've
0:08:15 > 0:08:21always felt that sanctions are like any other weapon and you can fire
0:08:21 > 0:08:25that but there is a cost each time. In the case of the UK we see this
0:08:25 > 0:08:29clearly, the UK has benefited for a long time from the presence of
0:08:29 > 0:08:32significant amounts of Russian money in the British banking system, in
0:08:32 > 0:08:37the London real estate market. Secondary services including
0:08:37 > 0:08:42tailors, lawyers. Some of that is pro-regime, some of it anti-regime
0:08:42 > 0:08:47and then hangers on who might literally be assassins. If the UK is
0:08:47 > 0:08:51willing to take on that problem as a whole and potentially willing to
0:08:51 > 0:08:57scare off some of that money then it can fire the weapon. But having your
0:08:57 > 0:09:01cake and eating it is probably not possible.If the Russian state is
0:09:01 > 0:09:04involved then surely no coincidence that President Putin has provoked a
0:09:04 > 0:09:11crisis with the West just days ahead of an election.I think the election
0:09:11 > 0:09:15cannot not be significant for Putin. So if he has ordered this and I do
0:09:15 > 0:09:19not say this to indicate that the Russian state is not behind it but
0:09:19 > 0:09:25remember there are many actors in the Russian state that may simply
0:09:25 > 0:09:29operate as a matter of course to take out someone they consider to be
0:09:29 > 0:09:32a traitor, if Putin ordered this and the question of timing is important
0:09:32 > 0:09:39for him, one week before an election he is looking for the narrative that
0:09:39 > 0:09:44the West is out to get Russia. Looking to mobilise his base and to
0:09:44 > 0:09:48build Western leaders essentially into making exactly the kind of
0:09:48 > 0:09:50provocative and hostile threatening statements towards Russia that they
0:09:50 > 0:09:55have been doing, even if many consider them not to be enough, this
0:09:55 > 0:09:59is perfect material for Putin. And after the election if he needs to
0:09:59 > 0:10:04roll things back and see better relations he has two or three fields
0:10:04 > 0:10:09of operation. Ukraine, Syria, North Korea. And the West would have no
0:10:09 > 0:10:16choice but to respond in a tough and helpful way.Thank you very much for
0:10:16 > 0:10:20coming in. So interesting speaking about the domestic politics in
0:10:20 > 0:10:25Russia and what is behind that. Let's look at domestic politics in
0:10:25 > 0:10:32the UK. It would benefit the UK in or mislead if the body politic in
0:10:32 > 0:10:36the UK were united on the issue but it seems to be clear they're not.
0:10:36 > 0:10:41Well a lot of focus today on Jeremy Corbyn who was loath to criticise
0:10:41 > 0:10:46Putin much like the trap is that he said he wants evidence of the
0:10:46 > 0:10:49culpability of the Russian state before he apportions blame. And
0:10:49 > 0:10:52today he added the UK does not have a good history when it comes to
0:10:52 > 0:10:57weapons of mass destruction, the intelligence not being accurate. But
0:10:57 > 0:11:02this time WMD has been found in a cathedral city here in England and
0:11:02 > 0:11:06we are very lucky that more British people had not been killed. So not a
0:11:06 > 0:11:13happy afternoon amongst Labour MPs. Our political editor in fact said
0:11:13 > 0:11:19that this motion was put down today and use the names scribbled at the
0:11:19 > 0:11:27bottom. And I think there is a possibility that some Labour shadow
0:11:27 > 0:11:29frontbenchers could resign tonight over the statement today from their
0:11:29 > 0:11:35leader. So a lot of anger and the uneasy truce within Labour seems to
0:11:35 > 0:11:39have gone. And exactly what Russia wants. That division within the
0:11:39 > 0:11:46party.Exactly. And that question about whether the UK is prepared to
0:11:46 > 0:11:52withstand the possible impact of sanctions against Moscow.
0:11:52 > 0:11:54Here in the US, students across the country
0:11:54 > 0:11:57left their classrooms today - in protest at gun violence and to
0:11:57 > 0:11:58demand restrictions on gun sales.
0:11:58 > 0:12:01The National School Walkout came on the one month anniversary
0:12:01 > 0:12:05of the school shooting in Parkland, Florida which left 17 people dead.
0:12:05 > 0:12:07And today's events were scheduled to last 17 minutes -
0:12:07 > 0:12:10one minute for every life taken in the attack.
0:12:10 > 0:12:12The action came ahead of an even bigger rally
0:12:12 > 0:12:14in Washington later this month, that will bring students together
0:12:14 > 0:12:16from all around the country.
0:12:16 > 0:12:24Our North America Editor Jon Sopel reports.
0:12:24 > 0:12:29The last time we saw children pouring out of school it was with
0:12:29 > 0:12:32their hands up in terror after the Florida shooting. Today they came
0:12:32 > 0:12:38out across America at this time with their fists clenched demanding
0:12:38 > 0:12:44change on gun control. In Washington at ten o'clock on a bracing cold
0:12:44 > 0:12:48morning with their backs turned on the White House 's students fell
0:12:48 > 0:12:52silent for 70 minutes, one minute for each of the people who died at
0:12:52 > 0:13:01the Marjorie Stoneman Douglas school in Florida last month. There's no
0:13:01 > 0:13:03doubting extraordinary success these young people have had in changing
0:13:03 > 0:13:10the whole terms of debate on the subject of gun control. Their
0:13:10 > 0:13:13problem is that the man who lives on the other side of that offence seems
0:13:13 > 0:13:22to have got cold feet. When Donald Trump met youngsters on the Florida
0:13:22 > 0:13:25School at the White House he seemed to offer his support for tougher gun
0:13:25 > 0:13:29control measures like raising to 21 the age at which you can buy a
0:13:29 > 0:13:34rifle. And he later tried it lawmakers for being frightened of
0:13:34 > 0:13:37the National Rifle Association.Some of you people are petrified of the
0:13:37 > 0:13:43NRA.But he is now backed off those proposals and so the end people are
0:13:43 > 0:13:48intensifying their campaign.We want them to pass common-sense gun
0:13:48 > 0:13:53reforms and ban assault rifles. We do not want to be scared in school.
0:13:53 > 0:14:02We are tired of being scared. We want change.This is a curtain
0:14:02 > 0:14:05raiser to a mass demonstration in Washington in ten days' time. They
0:14:05 > 0:14:10are a long way from getting what they want but the power of youth
0:14:10 > 0:14:13protest has got them further than anyone could have imagined and then
0:14:13 > 0:14:23not in any mood to surrender. Dashed they are not in any mood.
0:14:23 > 0:14:26Plenty of anger around the country.
0:14:26 > 0:14:29After six months of coalition talks, Angela Merkel has been
0:14:29 > 0:14:31sworn in for a fourth term as German chancellor.
0:14:31 > 0:14:41She'll lead a coalition of conservatives and Social Democrats.
0:14:42 > 0:14:44In Italy, 223,000 people have been evacuated
0:14:44 > 0:14:46from a town on the east coast after an unexploded
0:14:46 > 0:14:48World War Two bomb was found during the construction
0:14:48 > 0:14:49of a drain in Fano.
0:14:49 > 0:14:51Officials say the 225 kilogram bomb was British-made,
0:14:51 > 0:14:53and there was panic when it was accidentally activated.
0:14:53 > 0:15:01The device was removed and dropped into the sea.
0:15:01 > 0:15:03He bridged the gap between academia
0:15:03 > 0:15:05and popular culture - an extraordinary scientist
0:15:05 > 0:15:09who inspired millions.
0:15:09 > 0:15:11There have been tributes from all over the world today
0:15:11 > 0:15:14for Professor Stephen Hawking who has died at the age of 76.
0:15:14 > 0:15:17He was diagnosed with a rare form of motor neurone disease
0:15:17 > 0:15:21when he was just 22 and told he had only a few years to live.
0:15:21 > 0:15:24But he defied expectations and went on to become one of the most famous
0:15:24 > 0:15:25physicists in the world.
0:15:25 > 0:15:29Our Science Editor David Shukman looks back at his life.
0:15:29 > 0:15:32There is nothing like the Eureka moment of discovering
0:15:32 > 0:15:34something no one knew before.
0:15:34 > 0:15:38Stephen Hawking had a gift for inspiration, a powerful spirit
0:15:38 > 0:15:44overcoming an ailing body to allow a mind to roam the cosmos.
0:15:44 > 0:15:47Earning him a place as the most famous scientist in the world.
0:15:47 > 0:15:50It has been a glorious time to be alive and researching and doing
0:15:50 > 0:15:55theoretical physics.
0:15:55 > 0:15:58Who else could draw crowds like this?
0:15:58 > 0:16:04The man who gazed at the stars became one himself.
0:16:04 > 0:16:08His story poignant and uplifting, his career involved concept
0:16:08 > 0:16:13so alien and complicated for most it was a struggle to keep up
0:16:13 > 0:16:16but he explored the strangest of features of the universe,
0:16:16 > 0:16:20black holes, drawing together the science of the largest things
0:16:20 > 0:16:21in space with the science of the small, part
0:16:21 > 0:16:27of a quest to come up with a theory for the universe.
0:16:27 > 0:16:31He made these incredibly original insights that set up the modern
0:16:31 > 0:16:35theory of black holes.
0:16:35 > 0:16:37And made great contributions to cosmology, and so
0:16:37 > 0:16:42he was a huge figure.
0:16:42 > 0:16:46I was devastated, really upset.
0:16:46 > 0:16:50I met him a couple of times but he had an impact on my life.
0:16:50 > 0:17:00It is the passing of a great scientist who will be truly missed.
0:17:01 > 0:17:04As a student his intelligence stood out but at that moment he was given
0:17:04 > 0:17:08a warning that motor neurone disease would cut his life short.
0:17:08 > 0:17:11When I was diagnosed at 21, I was told it would kill me
0:17:11 > 0:17:12in two, three years.
0:17:12 > 0:17:13Somehow he kept going.
0:17:13 > 0:17:19In a high-tech wheelchair and a synthesised voice.
0:17:19 > 0:17:21Communicating first by touch, then by twitching a single
0:17:21 > 0:17:25muscle in his cheek, a daunting burden for anyone.
0:17:26 > 0:17:30His children saw him as an example.
0:17:30 > 0:17:33People who live in extreme circumstances seem to find something
0:17:33 > 0:17:35inspirational in his example of perseverance and his ability
0:17:35 > 0:17:38to rise above the suffering and still want to communicate
0:17:38 > 0:17:43at a higher level.
0:17:43 > 0:17:45Life was not straightforward, his first marriage ending
0:17:45 > 0:17:55in divorce, as did a second to one of his nurses.
0:17:55 > 0:17:58Claims emerged that he had been physically abused, the case dropped
0:17:58 > 0:17:59because of lack of evidence.
0:17:59 > 0:18:02His book sold at least 10 million copies and everyone wanted
0:18:02 > 0:18:07to meet him from the Pope in the Vatican, to the Queen.
0:18:07 > 0:18:11To President Obama, who awarded him a medal of honour.
0:18:11 > 0:18:14His fame reached beyond the world of science.
0:18:14 > 0:18:22Your theory of a doughnut shaped universe is intriguing.
0:18:22 > 0:18:23Even appearing in The Simpsons.
0:18:23 > 0:18:29I did not say that.
0:18:29 > 0:18:32In an episode of Star Trek he had the chance to tease Isaac Newton.
0:18:32 > 0:18:33Not the apple story again!
0:18:33 > 0:18:37Astounding to think the Lord created this in seven days.
0:18:37 > 0:18:39Incorrect.
0:18:39 > 0:18:45It took 13.8 million years.
0:18:45 > 0:18:50More recently he was happy to play along for Comic Relief.
0:18:50 > 0:18:54He saw himself as an ambassador for science and in this interview
0:18:54 > 0:18:58told me of his hopes for the Large Hadron Collider.
0:18:58 > 0:19:01He had a sense of adventure.
0:19:01 > 0:19:05I am very excited.
0:19:05 > 0:19:08I have been wheelchair-bound almost four decades and the chance to float
0:19:08 > 0:19:12free in zero G will be wonderful.
0:19:12 > 0:19:15Even braving a zero gravity flight.
0:19:15 > 0:19:25No surprise his death prompted tributes.
0:19:26 > 0:19:30Founder of the world wide web Tim Berners-Lee tweeted...
0:19:30 > 0:19:38And Nasa said...
0:19:38 > 0:19:41If you reverse time and the universe is getting smaller.
0:19:41 > 0:19:44Eddie Redmayne played him in the film The Theory
0:19:44 > 0:19:49of Everything and today said, we have lost a truly beautiful mind.
0:19:49 > 0:19:54A scientist who delved into the realm of black holes
0:19:54 > 0:19:56offered an incredibly engaging story that achieved something remarkable,
0:19:56 > 0:20:03it touched a global audience.
0:20:03 > 0:20:05And joining me now is theoretical physicist -
0:20:05 > 0:20:10Dr James Gates, Jr.
0:20:10 > 0:20:14You met Stephen Hawking is several times.On many occasions. I would
0:20:14 > 0:20:19have loved to be there for these conversations. Talking about things
0:20:19 > 0:20:27I would not understand? Or just two men who shared a passion.It was
0:20:27 > 0:20:29more a conversation of people sharing the same passion for
0:20:29 > 0:20:34science. Stephen was an amazing person with a I referred to him once
0:20:34 > 0:20:38is the bravest physicist of all. I first met him in 1980 and there was
0:20:38 > 0:20:45a conference and I was attending and we interacted with Stephen and he
0:20:45 > 0:20:50gave a speech and I was amazed that he rose to the challenge and just
0:20:50 > 0:20:55perform relenting.What about is what was that the fact, if Stephen
0:20:55 > 0:20:59Hawking had not been banned to a wheelchair he would still have been
0:20:59 > 0:21:09one of the greatest physicists ever? Absolutely. He said the foundations.
0:21:09 > 0:21:15The disease did not stop his mind from working at the highest levels
0:21:15 > 0:21:19that human minds can work and that was something to be admired.His
0:21:19 > 0:21:25body to one extent limited what he could do. He could not set out like
0:21:25 > 0:21:31other scientists mathematical derivations and equations and long
0:21:31 > 0:21:35form explanations so we had to be more concise and abstract in the way
0:21:35 > 0:21:40he explain things. Is that what ought to the masses, you think?I
0:21:40 > 0:21:48think it is a story for the ages. It is the prototypical story of a hero,
0:21:48 > 0:21:53enormous odds against success, succeeding and then retaining his
0:21:53 > 0:21:58humanity and reaching out to people. Something I think is a universal
0:21:58 > 0:22:03story.Lots of people have got in touch saying could you explain what
0:22:03 > 0:22:08he actually did for the common man, what he did that was so good for
0:22:08 > 0:22:13mankind. I know you are made of the same matter Stephen Hawking so I
0:22:13 > 0:22:18brought along my son and I will set you a little challenge. Can you as
0:22:18 > 0:22:24concisely as he did in say 45 seconds explain the 1971 black hole
0:22:24 > 0:22:34mechanics.Can you do that? I will make the attempt. So in the 1971
0:22:34 > 0:22:37paper Stephen pointed out something no one thought about before, there
0:22:37 > 0:22:44are these things, black holes, come the Einstein theory of general with
0:22:44 > 0:22:54Nativity and Stephen looked at those and other physicists did as well. -
0:22:54 > 0:22:57dashed general relativity. And they figured out that these things are
0:22:57 > 0:23:02not exactly black. Stephen figured out if you believe in a quantum
0:23:02 > 0:23:09mechanical universe that it has got to spit something out a bit like the
0:23:09 > 0:23:13sizzle of bacon or the sizzle of space time if you like.I was
0:23:13 > 0:23:19getting stressed with the clock ticking, you handled it brilliantly.
0:23:19 > 0:23:26Doctor Gates is a great mind but I'm not. But it sounded really good to
0:23:26 > 0:23:35me. We did not even managed to get the clock ticking, that is how
0:23:35 > 0:23:42limited we are! If you were to say there was one thing that the world
0:23:42 > 0:23:45understands now that it did not understand because of Stephen
0:23:45 > 0:23:51Hawking, if he had not lived amongst us, what would it be.I like to call
0:23:51 > 0:23:56them the black hole whisperer. He brought this piece of madness into
0:23:56 > 0:24:03the realm of reality and when it is finds it means that perhaps someday
0:24:03 > 0:24:09humanity will use these strange objects perhaps to our benefit.
0:24:09 > 0:24:14Thank you very much. He gave a something that we might be able to
0:24:14 > 0:24:18use in the future, not necessarily today because we do not yet have the
0:24:18 > 0:24:22technology but if we can develop that one day we may be able to use
0:24:22 > 0:24:27these things for the benefit of mankind.Extraordinary how many
0:24:27 > 0:24:31tributes have come forward today especially in a society that does
0:24:31 > 0:24:33not easily celebrate its finders. It is not something you talk about
0:24:33 > 0:24:39often. But he certainly crossed the divide. A man with such unbounded
0:24:39 > 0:24:41imagination.
0:24:41 > 0:24:49This is Beyond 100 Days from the BBC.
0:24:49 > 0:24:55My timing is all over the place today! We still have one minute
0:24:55 > 0:25:00until the break so let's just keep talking about Stephen Hawking!It is
0:25:00 > 0:25:09rare that I get extra time from you so I will use it all up. What is
0:25:09 > 0:25:13remarkable about him coming here this interesting persona, clearly he
0:25:13 > 0:25:16was very humble about the work he did and everyone described in in
0:25:16 > 0:25:21terms of that humility. But also he was someone had clearly liked
0:25:21 > 0:25:24celebrity readings and none that respect he became an ambassador for
0:25:24 > 0:25:29science. We have a different view of physics, even if we do not
0:25:29 > 0:25:33understand it, he gave us something by popularising complicated notions
0:25:33 > 0:25:41of physics. 45 seconds!A pretty good explanation, well done.
0:25:41 > 0:25:44Coming up for viewers on the BBC News Channel
0:25:44 > 0:25:46and BBC World News - the Democrats are claiming victory
0:25:46 > 0:25:48in a special congressional election seen as a referendum
0:25:48 > 0:25:52on President Trump's performance - should he be worried?
0:25:52 > 0:25:55And one of the founders of Facebook thinks super-rich people
0:25:55 > 0:25:57like him should pay working people a guaranteed income.
0:25:57 > 0:26:04We'll be asking him why he wants to give his money away.
0:26:08 > 0:26:15Once again it has been a day of mixed weather fortunes across the
0:26:15 > 0:26:20UK. Across the western side you have had some pretty wet and that times
0:26:20 > 0:26:26windy weather as well. Thanks to the area of low pressure the rain has
0:26:26 > 0:26:29come as this weather front has gradually come to dominate many of
0:26:29 > 0:26:33those western areas. But eased it has been a much more acceptable sort
0:26:33 > 0:26:39of day, quite breezy but at the same time some sunshine and some spring
0:26:39 > 0:26:43one. Through the evening the weather front still all over the South West,
0:26:43 > 0:26:49accompanied by gale force wind. The rain just keeps on coming into
0:26:49 > 0:26:53Northern Ireland and becomes a little bit more of a feature perhaps
0:26:53 > 0:26:58across the western side of Scotland. Further east underneath those clear
0:26:58 > 0:27:02skies and for some in the Far East, the greater part of the night
0:27:02 > 0:27:08temperatures will fall away. Down to three or 4 degrees or so. Up towards
0:27:08 > 0:27:10the West rain just keeps on coming in Northern Ireland, becoming ever
0:27:10 > 0:27:15more present through Wales and into the Midlands and South East. Making
0:27:15 > 0:27:20for a pretty miserable start to the day. The weather front makes
0:27:20 > 0:27:25progress further north, and following on behind we have brighter
0:27:25 > 0:27:33skies but there will be occasionally some sharp showers. Underneath that
0:27:33 > 0:27:41front temperatures struggling. Around six, 7 degrees or so. Through
0:27:41 > 0:27:47into Friday the onshore flow keeping things cool and we could see some
0:27:47 > 0:27:54wintry showers overnight on the hills of northern Britain. And
0:27:54 > 0:27:56following on behind still relatively mild at this stage but still the
0:27:56 > 0:28:02prospect of some sharp showers and even a rumble of thunder. If you're
0:28:02 > 0:28:05getting used to this relatively mild spell of weather I urge you to
0:28:05 > 0:28:11cherish it because as we get towards the weekend as the passion starts to
0:28:11 > 0:28:17look familiar, feeding in much colder weather across all parts of
0:28:17 > 0:28:21the British Isles eventually. You can imagine if you fully exposed to
0:28:21 > 0:28:29that easterly wind it is going to be one of those and there will be more
0:28:29 > 0:28:30snow.
0:30:14 > 0:30:19Archive stores. The British premise or expels 23 Russian diplomats after
0:30:19 > 0:30:23blaming them for the poisoning of a former agent and his daughter.
0:30:23 > 0:30:27Russia denounced pushed denounces the expulsions, calling the move
0:30:27 > 0:30:34hostile and short-sighted.Coming up, an emergency meeting of the UN
0:30:34 > 0:30:38Security Council is being called, will be live there in just a moment.
0:30:38 > 0:30:42And what President Trump's choice of the next Secretary of State tells us
0:30:42 > 0:30:46about American foreign policy going forward. Democrats declare victory
0:30:46 > 0:30:53in Pennsylvania, and should Republicans be nervous?
0:30:53 > 0:31:00Let us know your thoughts by using the hashtag #Beyond100Days.
0:31:00 > 0:31:03More on our top story now, the state of relations
0:31:03 > 0:31:04between London on Moscow.
0:31:04 > 0:31:07Arguably Theresa May's best hope for hitting Russia in a way that
0:31:07 > 0:31:09actually hurts is to make this an international issue.
0:31:09 > 0:31:12IF she can get the US, the EU, even NATO on board
0:31:12 > 0:31:16the power of the response will be much stronger.
0:31:16 > 0:31:19One forum for making this global is of course the United Nations,
0:31:19 > 0:31:21which upholds that the use of nerve agents is unlawful.
0:31:21 > 0:31:24Today the UN Secretary General called the attack on Sergei Skripal
0:31:24 > 0:31:28an unacceptable violation of international law.
0:31:28 > 0:31:31So, what's the UN actually going to do about it given that
0:31:31 > 0:31:35Russia sits on the security council?
0:31:35 > 0:31:42Nick Bryant is at the UN for us.
0:31:42 > 0:31:45What kind of discussions of the having there, and what action will
0:31:45 > 0:31:49that lead to?The discussions had just gotten under way, they were
0:31:49 > 0:31:56delayed for an -- 30 minutes, the Russians were involved in some
0:31:56 > 0:31:59wrangling time wasting, and the ambassador here has just started his
0:31:59 > 0:32:04speech in front of this global forum. The British are trying to
0:32:04 > 0:32:10internationalize this, looking for solidarity from other members of the
0:32:10 > 0:32:13Security Council, not least are the European here -- European Union
0:32:13 > 0:32:17members and the United States. We understand the key Haley will be
0:32:17 > 0:32:21delivering a very hard-hitting speech. -- Nikki Haley. I'm just
0:32:21 > 0:32:26struck by how extraordinary this is. Here the United Nations, what I
0:32:26 > 0:32:31normally talk to you both, we are talking about Syria and places like
0:32:31 > 0:32:37North Korea. But today we are talking about Salisbury, an English
0:32:37 > 0:32:40cathedral town, and Salisbury being linked with a chemical weapons
0:32:40 > 0:32:44attack. Again, something we normally talk about only in connection with
0:32:44 > 0:32:47places like Syria. This is an extraordinary event at the United
0:32:47 > 0:32:52Nations.We will talk to Jonathan Allen, the UK Deputy permanent
0:32:52 > 0:32:57Representative to the security council, and he is talking, as you
0:32:57 > 0:32:59can see.We can conclude that Russia is in serious breach of the Amoco
0:32:59 > 0:33:06weapons convention. This fact alone means you should discount any
0:33:06 > 0:33:08arguments you hear about the possibility of other companies --
0:33:08 > 0:33:14countries having access to this technology. At Russia at -- declared
0:33:14 > 0:33:17and destroyed their own programme, there may have been some truth to
0:33:17 > 0:33:23this. Mr President, on the 4th of March, a weapon so horrific that it
0:33:23 > 0:33:29is banned from use in war, was used in a peaceful city and my country.
0:33:29 > 0:33:34This was a reckless act, carried out by people who disregard the sanctity
0:33:34 > 0:33:39of human life, who are indifferent to where this whether innocents are
0:33:39 > 0:33:42caught up in their attacks. They either did not care that the weapon
0:33:42 > 0:33:45used would be tracked back to them, or mistakenly believed that they
0:33:45 > 0:33:50could cover their traces. Russian officials and media channels have
0:33:50 > 0:33:56repeatedly threatened those they consider traitors, even after the
0:33:56 > 0:33:59fall -- March four attack. Russia has a history of state-sponsored
0:33:59 > 0:34:06attack -- assassinations, including that of Alexander lived up...
0:34:06 > 0:34:09Poisoned by radioactive materials in my country a decade ago. Russia has
0:34:09 > 0:34:14a history of interfering in other countries, whether the botched coup
0:34:14 > 0:34:17in Montenegro, repeated cyber attacks on other states, or seeking
0:34:17 > 0:34:24to influence others's Democratic processes. Russia has a history of
0:34:24 > 0:34:27flouting international law, most egregiously in Crimea, eastern UK,
0:34:27 > 0:34:36and Georgia. Russia shows disregard for civilian life, we all remember
0:34:36 > 0:34:39flight MH 17, shutdown but the shot down by Russian proxies supplied
0:34:39 > 0:34:43with weapons. Russia has shown in its repeated protection of Asad's
0:34:43 > 0:34:48chemical weapons use that it has different standards when it comes to
0:34:48 > 0:34:54the use of these terrible substances. We have not jumped to
0:34:54 > 0:34:59conclusions, we have carried out a thorough, careful investigation
0:34:59 > 0:35:03which continues. We are asking the OPC W to independently verify the
0:35:03 > 0:35:10nerve agent used. We have offered Russia the chance to explain, but
0:35:10 > 0:35:13Russia has refused. We have therefore concluded that the Russian
0:35:13 > 0:35:17state was involved, and we have taken certain measures in response.
0:35:17 > 0:35:21In taking these measures, we have been clear that we have no
0:35:21 > 0:35:25disagreement with the people of Russia, who have been responsible
0:35:25 > 0:35:29for so many great achievements throughout history. It is the
0:35:29 > 0:35:36reckless acts of their government that we oppose.Jonathan Allen
0:35:36 > 0:35:38making his opening remarks at the UN Security Council. Let's bring in
0:35:38 > 0:35:44that pride again. There is the chemical weapons convention, I
0:35:44 > 0:35:47suppose with the Security Council would like is for the organisation
0:35:47 > 0:35:53to go into Russia, so the load test laboratory, which we are told is in
0:35:53 > 0:35:56central Russia, and see what happened?The British were talking
0:35:56 > 0:36:04about giving the OPC W some of the substance use, so they can
0:36:04 > 0:36:07independently verify what the British have found. Of course the
0:36:07 > 0:36:13UN's hands are tied on this, because to take action would require a vote,
0:36:13 > 0:36:17and the British will not vote through the Security Council while
0:36:17 > 0:36:22the Russians have their veto. So with the British are looking for,
0:36:22 > 0:36:25not sanctions today, they're not necessarily looking for action. What
0:36:25 > 0:36:29they're looking for is a show of solidarity, and international
0:36:29 > 0:36:31shaming of the Russian Federation on the world's biggest diplomatic
0:36:31 > 0:36:41stage.Thank you. That is one issue that will land on the desk of the
0:36:41 > 0:36:45new Secretary of State.
0:36:45 > 0:36:48What will the appointment of Mike Pompeo as secretary of state
0:36:48 > 0:36:50mean for US Foreign Policy in the Trump administration?
0:36:50 > 0:36:52As CIA Director he aligned himself with the President
0:36:52 > 0:36:53and earned his trust.
0:36:53 > 0:36:56He is tougher on Moscow than Mr Trump but on other issues
0:36:56 > 0:36:58has shown he is in lockstep with the President and,
0:36:58 > 0:37:00critically, he has his ear.
0:37:00 > 0:37:02He's confrontational on Iran, unlike Tillerson, and on North Korea
0:37:02 > 0:37:06he is also more hawkish than his predecessor.
0:37:06 > 0:37:09It's a topic that Robin Wright has written about in the New Yorker
0:37:09 > 0:37:15and she joins us now.
0:37:15 > 0:37:18I want to get your reactions to what we just heard in the United Nations
0:37:18 > 0:37:23from the deputy Burnet representative of the United Kingdom
0:37:23 > 0:37:27there. Very tough language coming out of the United Kingdom, will they
0:37:27 > 0:37:33get back up from a Pompeo and the new Secretary of State?Will be very
0:37:33 > 0:37:37hard for the trumpet administration not to go along with its British
0:37:37 > 0:37:41ally. The question is, what will the United States do in the product --
0:37:41 > 0:37:45broader issue of its own problems with Russia? Neither the president
0:37:45 > 0:37:48nor his new Secretary of State had indicated they will take a tougher
0:37:48 > 0:37:55line or follow on sanctions voted on by our own Congress. So this is an
0:37:55 > 0:38:00extraordinary development, to have this play out in the West, the use
0:38:00 > 0:38:03of chemical weapons. It will put extra nerve pressure on the
0:38:03 > 0:38:06administration to at least be seen to say something, if not do
0:38:06 > 0:38:11something.Say something, not do something, that maybe you where the
0:38:11 > 0:38:17appear on the issue of Mike Pompeo, at various points, Rex Tillerson has
0:38:17 > 0:38:20acted as a buffer for some of the President's more radical
0:38:20 > 0:38:24foreign-policy on the states. But Mike Bob -- Mike Pompeo Lisicki will
0:38:24 > 0:38:32not play the same role?No, these are two men and a policy pot. They
0:38:32 > 0:38:39think a lot alike on similar issues. When he was in Congress, he called
0:38:39 > 0:38:42for a regime change in Iran, not just the scrapping of the nuclear
0:38:42 > 0:38:47deal. Last summer at the security forum, he talked quite openly in
0:38:47 > 0:38:52front of a group, and I was there, about the need for a regime change
0:38:52 > 0:38:58in North Korea. So it will be very interesting to see not only him
0:38:58 > 0:39:03backing of the president, but what he suggests after the Iran nuclear
0:39:03 > 0:39:09dear -- nuclear deal is scrapped and made.You have to look at the whole
0:39:09 > 0:39:12national security team, and the president is deftly shaking it up.
0:39:12 > 0:39:18The word on the Hill is that HR McMaster might not be long for that
0:39:18 > 0:39:22job, and we don't know yet who will replace them. But it is obviously
0:39:22 > 0:39:25someone who will be in lockstep with the president. So what do you think
0:39:25 > 0:39:32that means? Is it going to isolate Secretary Matus, the defence
0:39:32 > 0:39:36secretary, who has at times been a break on some of the more hardline
0:39:36 > 0:39:43approaches by the president?He was one of the adults in the room, the
0:39:43 > 0:39:49rumours that John Bolton, the former hardline UN ambassador, is likely to
0:39:49 > 0:39:51replace HR McMaster. The striking thing about this shake-up is that
0:39:51 > 0:39:55the president now seems very self confident about making those
0:39:55 > 0:39:59decisions himself. He brought in a lot of establishment figures to give
0:39:59 > 0:40:04him advice, and they warned him against things like declaring julep
0:40:04 > 0:40:10-- Jerusalem the capital of the Israeli state and moving the US
0:40:10 > 0:40:13Embassy there, and when there was not a reaction in the Arab world, he
0:40:13 > 0:40:17felt he was right. So he is feeling very much that he wants people who
0:40:17 > 0:40:21think like him, not wanting to challenge him or offer alternative
0:40:21 > 0:40:27ideas.Thank you very much for joining us. A lot going on in
0:40:27 > 0:40:32Washington and in the White House, as well as the country.Special
0:40:32 > 0:40:35election on Tuesday.
0:40:35 > 0:40:37Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District was the bellweather
0:40:37 > 0:40:38in a bellweather state.
0:40:38 > 0:40:39And Democrats are giddy with excitement today
0:40:39 > 0:40:41because they say they have just taken it.
0:40:41 > 0:40:43The special election on Tuesday became a symbol
0:40:43 > 0:40:44of opposition to Donald Trump.
0:40:44 > 0:40:47And the reason they are so happy, is because this district was one
0:40:47 > 0:40:49of the most conservative in the country.
0:40:49 > 0:40:52The Democrat Conor Lamb looks like he has snatched an area
0:40:52 > 0:40:58of the country which Trump won in 2016 by a whopping 20 points.
0:40:58 > 0:41:01Mr Lamb's opponent has yet to concede but Republicans
0:41:01 > 0:41:06are calling this a wake up call for their party as they head
0:41:06 > 0:41:08into mid term elections in November.
0:41:08 > 0:41:10Here to help us break it down is Ron Christie,
0:41:11 > 0:41:15former advisor to George W Bush.
0:41:15 > 0:41:21How do Republicans go in the space of a year and a bit, from winning a
0:41:21 > 0:41:30district in the country by 20 points to losing it?I will break from
0:41:30 > 0:41:33conventional wisdom here and say this is not that big of a deal.
0:41:33 > 0:41:38Connor Lamb ran as trouble light, as a Democrat. He is pro-life, which
0:41:38 > 0:41:42many Democrats are, he said he opposed Nato policy being the
0:41:42 > 0:41:47leader, he came out and supported President Trump on tariffs. In a
0:41:47 > 0:41:49race that many Republicans thought they might actually lose by five
0:41:49 > 0:41:54points, if we lose it by one point, that is not such a bad deal, but it
0:41:54 > 0:41:59is a wake-up call and indicates that many people are looking at this as
0:41:59 > 0:42:03the first referendum on President Trump.It also suggests that if
0:42:03 > 0:42:07Democrats can find candidates who are matched to the districts, and in
0:42:07 > 0:42:11this case, they needed someone who was conservative, although he is
0:42:11 > 0:42:15prounion, prolabor, he has some very early classic Democratic positions
0:42:15 > 0:42:19as well, but if they can find the right candidates for the district,
0:42:19 > 0:42:23they can overturn a 20 point majority, that is still a pretty
0:42:23 > 0:42:26important indication for what Democrats can do around the country?
0:42:26 > 0:42:32No question about that. People I spoke to earlier this morning, they
0:42:32 > 0:42:37are worried, the Democrats only need 23 or 24 seats to flip the House of
0:42:37 > 0:42:43Representatives, and we already have 40 -- 30 members who have indicated
0:42:43 > 0:42:47they will not run for reelection, Republicans. Don't let any
0:42:47 > 0:42:50Republicans flew by saying this will be locked up and in the majority
0:42:50 > 0:42:53after the November election, there is lots for them to worry about and
0:42:53 > 0:42:59lots of time for the Democrats to raise the money to be competitive.I
0:42:59 > 0:43:05will put my pen down and challenge Ron Christie's unorthodoxy on the
0:43:05 > 0:43:09selection. I get that we lost to by one point, but they spent $10
0:43:09 > 0:43:14million in this district to a seat which he will not do it -- be there,
0:43:14 > 0:43:17because they will redraw the electoral map and Pennsylvania. And
0:43:17 > 0:43:20now surely, when you are circulating among friends on the Hill saying
0:43:20 > 0:43:24that they will have to spend a lot of that war chest defending suburban
0:43:24 > 0:43:30districts, we would have to defend? Several astute observations, let me
0:43:30 > 0:43:36unpack them for viewers and listeners. One thing as absolute
0:43:36 > 0:43:41certain, to spend $10 million on a seat at the Pennsylvania legislator
0:43:41 > 0:43:45is going to drop out again is a body blow to Republicans. Now you have
0:43:45 > 0:43:49the prospect of not only having to find another candidate to run in
0:43:49 > 0:43:53several months, but that is millions of dollars that Murphy, the
0:43:53 > 0:43:55candidate who was the representative that left in scandal, he won the
0:43:55 > 0:44:00district by 20 plus points. Now we need to spend more money, get more
0:44:00 > 0:44:03candidates, and we should be on the offence and not defence. And this
0:44:03 > 0:44:08will be seen across United States instantly districts, Republicans
0:44:08 > 0:44:10were feeling confident that now they're looking over their shoulder,
0:44:10 > 0:44:15the object in the rear-view mirror seems a bit closer, and that is a
0:44:15 > 0:44:19Democrat winning that seat.Not to get to technological about this, but
0:44:19 > 0:44:27if Connor Lamb scares the goodness out of the party because he is
0:44:27 > 0:44:29conservative, they can also breathe a sigh of relief to some extent
0:44:29 > 0:44:32because he did not have to go through a Democratic primary
0:44:32 > 0:44:34process. So he was not pulled to the left by ten other Democrats wanting
0:44:34 > 0:44:41to win and prove their left wing liberal bona fides, he could just be
0:44:41 > 0:44:44appointed. So they could tailor make the candidate for the district, they
0:44:44 > 0:44:47will not have a Democrat with a luxury -- luxury with the Democrats
0:44:47 > 0:44:53and other races?They will not, and that is something that gives
0:44:53 > 0:44:59Republicans confident that this was a blip, and aberration. We see the
0:44:59 > 0:45:01press trying to receive an pub -- Republicans, but they will have to
0:45:01 > 0:45:06run in a very crowded primary, spending lots of resources. And one
0:45:06 > 0:45:10thing important to realise is incumbent members of Congress do not
0:45:10 > 0:45:13like supporting candidates in a jumbled primary, so these folks will
0:45:13 > 0:45:16have to battle it out on the own and raise money on their own until they
0:45:16 > 0:45:19become the eventual Democratic nominee. To a Republican in many
0:45:19 > 0:45:27cases that is running unopposed in the primary.Thank you. Quickly
0:45:27 > 0:45:32before we get onto the next Tory, there is press this news coming out
0:45:32 > 0:45:35of the UN, Nicolet -- Nikki Haley has said that Russia's crime is
0:45:35 > 0:45:40worthy of United Nations Security Council action, and C but she
0:45:40 > 0:45:53actually means by that action. That is coming out of the UN.
0:45:57 > 0:46:00One of those people is Chris Hughes.
0:46:00 > 0:46:03What if the solution to income inequality was very simple,
0:46:03 > 0:46:04give poorer people cash?
0:46:04 > 0:46:05It's an idea that's gaining traction.
0:46:05 > 0:46:08The gap between rich and poor is growing throughout the West
0:46:08 > 0:46:10as the wealthy make more and more money from investments.
0:46:10 > 0:46:12One of those people is Chris Hughes.
0:46:12 > 0:46:15His life was changed when he went to Harvard and became room mates
0:46:15 > 0:46:17with a young man called Mark Zuckerberg.
0:46:17 > 0:46:19Together, they founded Facebook and made their fortunes.
0:46:19 > 0:46:21Now Mr Hughes is working on a project to redistribute that
0:46:21 > 0:46:24wealth, he writes about it in his new book Fair Shot,
0:46:24 > 0:46:26and spoke to me a short time ago from New York.
0:46:26 > 0:46:29I started by asking him how he made his fortune.
0:46:29 > 0:46:31I was one of the co-founders of Facebook, alongside Mark Zucker
0:46:31 > 0:46:34Bernard. We started in 2004, and the company took off, I was the
0:46:34 > 0:46:35nontechnical co-founder responsible for things like marketing and
0:46:35 > 0:46:38product, communications. For three years worth of work, I ended not
0:46:38 > 0:46:43making nearly half $1 billion, which is indicative of a fundamental
0:46:43 > 0:46:47unfairness in the economy, in a economy that we have created that is
0:46:47 > 0:46:50about winner take all economics, where a small group of people are
0:46:50 > 0:46:55getting very fortunate, while everyone else really struggles to
0:46:55 > 0:46:59make ends meet. I think it is historically without precedent, we
0:46:59 > 0:47:03have a responsibility to fix that. You have become interested in this
0:47:03 > 0:47:07issue of income inequality, and you have come up with a plan to give
0:47:07 > 0:47:14people earning under $50,000 a year $500 a month. Had with the plan
0:47:14 > 0:47:18worked, and is it politically feasible, given we just had a huge
0:47:18 > 0:47:20tax cut reform in this country, which has given the wealthiest
0:47:20 > 0:47:26people a tax cut, not an increase, which is what you are proposing is
0:47:26 > 0:47:30blue I think it is feasible because of that. But let me step back, here
0:47:30 > 0:47:35is what we know.The most powerful way that lift people out of poverty
0:47:35 > 0:47:39and stabilise the lives of the middle-class is through cash. With
0:47:39 > 0:47:42no strings attached, we have enormous programmes and our country
0:47:42 > 0:47:46called the earned income tax credit, which provides tens of billions of
0:47:46 > 0:47:49dollars to tens of millions of families to use that money smartly,
0:47:49 > 0:47:55to invest in themselves, kids, their health outcomes, education outcomes
0:47:55 > 0:48:00improve, etc. We know that when you give people money, they user
0:48:00 > 0:48:06smartly. In my view, it also is a promise for a much more efficient
0:48:06 > 0:48:10way to provide economic mobility to people who need it. So I think if
0:48:10 > 0:48:13you are making less than $50,000 in the United States and you are
0:48:13 > 0:48:18working in some way for your family or community, then a guaranteed
0:48:18 > 0:48:24income of $500 a month every single month is one of the most powerful,
0:48:24 > 0:48:27if not the most powerful way to combat income inequality and
0:48:27 > 0:48:33stabilise...The counter argument would be supporters of the welfare
0:48:33 > 0:48:36state saying let's boost the welfare state. You don't give them access,
0:48:36 > 0:48:39you give them better access to health care and education, so they
0:48:39 > 0:48:45don't have to spend so much?That is the older traditional idea, and the
0:48:45 > 0:48:49research base over the past few decades has suggested something
0:48:49 > 0:48:54different. People can be trusted with cash, and once more, if it is
0:48:54 > 0:48:58much more efficient than creating new government bureaucracy and an
0:48:58 > 0:49:01new administration to adopt a paternalistic system that forces so
0:49:01 > 0:49:06many people to go here and there to qualify for a particular government
0:49:06 > 0:49:08-- government benefit. But instead if we provide people with cash that
0:49:08 > 0:49:13they can choose how to spend, what we know is that they go out and they
0:49:13 > 0:49:19work just as much as they work before, and their kids do better.
0:49:19 > 0:49:24Dizzy to the political question, I think we're in a transitional moment
0:49:24 > 0:49:27when we have the opportunity to make a very different case than the one
0:49:27 > 0:49:30that was made by Trump and congressional Republicans to pass
0:49:30 > 0:49:35last year's tax bill. That bill gave cuts as we know on corporations in
0:49:35 > 0:49:40the 1%, but there is an -- another way. As the movement grows to repeal
0:49:40 > 0:49:44and replace, I think a modernisation of the entered the earned income tax
0:49:44 > 0:49:49credit cannot just help the poor, but also help tens of them -- tens
0:49:49 > 0:49:53of millions of American families. I don't know if you'll be next year,
0:49:53 > 0:49:55but I think it will come.You answered by blood question. Thank
0:49:55 > 0:50:02you very much.Thank you for having me.That is the question, whether
0:50:02 > 0:50:07Republicans would be prepared to see a hike in taxes on the wealthy in
0:50:07 > 0:50:11order to give hard cash to people who are poorer, given that there has
0:50:11 > 0:50:15been quite a lot of suspicion among some Conservatives about what
0:50:15 > 0:50:19happens to money when he just handed over to him at this idea of trust in
0:50:19 > 0:50:23people to spend their money well that Chris Hughes talks about so
0:50:23 > 0:50:27clearly, that is something that is missing from people who are in
0:50:27 > 0:50:30control that might have to give their money away.The problem is
0:50:30 > 0:50:35when it goes against the orthodoxy of any financial ministries, but
0:50:35 > 0:50:42when you tax the Ritz -- Rich, when in France they put a higher tax on
0:50:42 > 0:50:45rich people, the wealth left the country. That is the fear, if you
0:50:45 > 0:50:48tax the whip -- Rich people, they simply disappear, not everyone wants
0:50:48 > 0:50:53to be a benefactor, and that is the problem.Half $1 billion in three
0:50:53 > 0:50:59years, we should have done that.We are in the wrong job, aren't we?
0:50:59 > 0:51:04Talking adopt that would be suited to us, Stephen Hawking had a
0:51:04 > 0:51:12singular galaxy sized intellect.
0:51:12 > 0:51:17They prove that all matter within a black hole collapses to a gendered
0:51:17 > 0:51:24-- geometric point in space and zero volume.Nine easy concept airhead
0:51:24 > 0:51:29around, but Sir Roger Penrose is here to suggest -- explain what
0:51:29 > 0:51:34happens. In 1965 he came up with this mathematical theorem on black
0:51:34 > 0:51:40holes, and you collaborated with Stephen Hawking at a time when his
0:51:40 > 0:51:44disability was starting to take over?It was not taking over that
0:51:44 > 0:51:48time, it was known that he had it, but we can still communicate. He was
0:51:48 > 0:51:57like a normal person at that time... Well, normal in that respect.Why
0:51:57 > 0:52:01would you collaborate? You obviously make giant strides on this theory
0:52:01 > 0:52:04about black holes, what was it about Stephen Hawking that made you want
0:52:04 > 0:52:13to share?The thing was that the idea of black holes came about from
0:52:13 > 0:52:16spherically symmetrical model studied in the area, and you know
0:52:16 > 0:52:19they have a single point where densities and everything are
0:52:19 > 0:52:23infinite right at the centre. But everything focuses to that point, is
0:52:23 > 0:52:29also surprising. People argue that -- my theory showed that even if it
0:52:29 > 0:52:34was irregular, it would still become singular, so that was the result. I
0:52:34 > 0:52:42did a talk on this, it was in London, and according to the film,
0:52:42 > 0:52:46Stephen got Sparks coming out of his head, but he was not actually there.
0:52:46 > 0:52:52But it's not so far off because I gave a repeat in Cambridge where he
0:52:52 > 0:52:59was. I talked privately with George Ellis about the techniques that I
0:52:59 > 0:53:06was using, and he did something similar but more general than George
0:53:06 > 0:53:12Ellis. Very quickly, he even showed how you could apply the result that
0:53:12 > 0:53:18I have the cosmological situations. He adopted it very quickly, and we
0:53:18 > 0:53:24collaborated on a much more complete result.I have a question for you,
0:53:24 > 0:53:30it is obviously not easy for two geniuses to work together, but is
0:53:30 > 0:53:34not a problem that Christian and I have. But I can imagine you have two
0:53:34 > 0:53:37people of the calibre of you and Stephen Hawking can have a
0:53:37 > 0:53:39competitive relationship. As a person, what was he like to work
0:53:39 > 0:53:45with?You won't believe this, but the collaboration in detail was done
0:53:45 > 0:53:51almost entirely over the telephone. We got along very well, I don't
0:53:51 > 0:53:55think it was competitive in that respect at all. The thing we did
0:53:55 > 0:54:00later was mainly independent. We proved an extension of what was
0:54:00 > 0:54:05known before, and in week communicated and found we did the
0:54:05 > 0:54:09same thing. We wrote a paper together which we got published in
0:54:09 > 0:54:17the Royal Society.Do you miss him? That was a long time ago, and we
0:54:17 > 0:54:23were friends for a long time. And we parted our ways, we that we
0:54:23 > 0:54:29separated, we just got different views about things.I wish we could
0:54:29 > 0:54:33talk longer, but we are always out of time. We will leave you with some
0:54:33 > 0:54:44of Stephen Hawking's more memorable moments. Goodbye.Theoretical
0:54:44 > 0:54:51physics is one of the few fields in which being disabled is no handicap.
0:54:51 > 0:54:56It is all in the mind.
0:55:07 > 0:55:10I hope my example will give encouragement and hope to others in
0:55:10 > 0:55:20similar situations.
0:55:25 > 0:55:32I hope my example will show disability can be no barrier. One
0:55:32 > 0:55:43can achieve anything if one is determined enough.
0:55:46 > 0:55:55Never give up.