:00:00. > :00:00.women to avoid these countries in the Americas and beyond. Those are
:00:00. > :00:00.the latest headlines from BBC World News. Coming up it is News watch,
:00:00. > :00:29.but first it is click. Think 3-D printing and you might
:00:30. > :00:36.think of weird trinkets like these. But did you know that 3-D printing
:00:37. > :00:43.can also be done on one of these. It's a company known for computer
:00:44. > :00:52.design and 3-D graphic software. But here in San Francisco, it is
:00:53. > :00:56.home to the creative workshop. The place where researchers
:00:57. > :00:58.and artists are invited to test the software on 3-D printers
:00:59. > :01:04.of all shapes and sizes. From conventional printers to
:01:05. > :01:12.giant five axis machines. All faithfully reproducing the
:01:13. > :01:20.models as they appear on screen. The resolution
:01:21. > :01:22.of the latest 3-D printers is now high enough to produce some really
:01:23. > :01:24.intricate models. In fact, it is so high, that if
:01:25. > :01:32.you want, you can print a record. It does not sound brilliant,
:01:33. > :01:35.but the bumps and grooves give One of the artists is recreating
:01:36. > :01:50.artefacts that have been destroyed Because she has not been able to
:01:51. > :02:03.3-D scan them, she has had to use reference photographs to build
:02:04. > :02:05.within the 3-D modelling software. This was
:02:06. > :02:07.an artefact that was outside It was life-size
:02:08. > :02:13.and way bigger than this. Why did you feel that
:02:14. > :02:25.you wanted to do this? As an artist I'm interested
:02:26. > :02:29.in ways in which you can work with historians and archaeologists
:02:30. > :02:31.and how 3-D printers can go beyond just beyond the technical
:02:32. > :02:34.tool and think about 3-D printing You can think about it
:02:35. > :02:41.as a personal, political Some serious and some not
:02:42. > :02:45.so serious. What is universally amazing to
:02:46. > :02:49.me is the materials that one Some 3-D printers can print
:02:50. > :03:03.in different materials in the same run and that has opened
:03:04. > :03:06.up even more possibilities. If you had asked me half-an-hour ago
:03:07. > :03:10.if you could 3-D print a system of moving parts all in one go I
:03:11. > :03:16.would have said no. But this is a 3-D printed system
:03:17. > :03:19.of moving parts. It gets washed away
:03:20. > :03:33.as it comes out of the printer. It allows
:03:34. > :03:34.the parts to move independently, Some
:03:35. > :03:39.of these moving objects could not be Try building these impossible things
:03:40. > :03:42.within two years It is things that cannot be made
:03:43. > :04:04.in other ways. If there was not solid steel but had
:04:05. > :04:13.a lattice. It could not be cast that way but you could 3-D printed.
:04:14. > :04:15.That is another great addition of 3-D printing.
:04:16. > :04:18.Maybe it will change over time and will have to be cast
:04:19. > :04:22.Every year that you grow they need a new prosthetic.
:04:23. > :04:28.Those are the times we see it to be the most groundbreaking.
:04:29. > :04:30.These printers here have been made specially.
:04:31. > :04:32.They are able to do things in micron level detail.
:04:33. > :04:35.They don't just create little beautiful things like this.
:04:36. > :04:44.They are capable of printing things much more important.
:04:45. > :04:48.They have been finding out more in the wet lab just down there.
:04:49. > :04:51.Imagine a future where instead of taking bones out of your body
:04:52. > :04:53.for a transplant, you could build your own new bones
:04:54. > :04:59.This is a company that uses software and 3-D fabrication to
:05:00. > :05:05.In a series of relatively simple steps.
:05:06. > :05:11.Firstly, they take a CT scan that needs the bone replacement.
:05:12. > :05:15.They create a scaffold of bone tissue
:05:16. > :05:24.from a cow that has been stripped of all of its cellular material.
:05:25. > :05:27.Than a small sample of stem cells is taken from the tissue.
:05:28. > :05:30.The structure is housed in a bio reactor where it grows
:05:31. > :05:39.We ask how we can get the cells to live inside here.
:05:40. > :05:44.We engineered a system that goes around it and you
:05:45. > :05:50.can see that there is space for a scaffold to live inside of it.
:05:51. > :05:54.Each bio reactor that we engineer is perfectly matched to each
:05:55. > :06:00.of these different shapes that you would have here.
:06:01. > :06:03.We cultivate the bone inside of you with cells and deliver the growth
:06:04. > :06:07.factors and the environmental conditioning that the cells need to
:06:08. > :06:22.With approval, it could be implanted into clinical
:06:23. > :06:25.trials into humans in the next couple of years and commercially
:06:26. > :06:29.The focus now is on small bones for facial reconstruction but could one
:06:30. > :06:38.Could you actually grow bones if somebody lost a limb?
:06:39. > :06:40.If you think into the far field where this is
:06:41. > :06:50.When you think about a limb you think
:06:51. > :07:03.What do they need in those environments, it is it
:07:04. > :07:15.It is moving towards being able to grow pieces of tissue
:07:16. > :07:19.But you can imagine for a limb it gets exponentially more difficult.
:07:20. > :07:32.But you can see the world moving in that way.
:07:33. > :07:35.Have you ever watched a game of American football?
:07:36. > :07:38.The impact that the players experience are frightening.
:07:39. > :07:41.In fact, recently some people have been calling for the sport to be
:07:42. > :07:44.banned because of the head injuries that the players can suffer.
:07:45. > :07:47.We have been checking out some of the research that is designed to
:07:48. > :07:49.detect early signs of these injuries and make
:07:50. > :08:06.When you get down here you will realise how hard
:08:07. > :08:15.It is relentless all the way through the game.
:08:16. > :08:19.They may be playing for ten or 15 years in their career, but the
:08:20. > :08:22.research is really warning about what is happening to these players.
:08:23. > :08:26.Almost a quarter of professional football players are
:08:27. > :08:42.That is double compared to the general population.
:08:43. > :08:44.But shocking discovery is the subject of Concussion,
:08:45. > :08:51.Repetitive head trauma chokes the brain.
:08:52. > :08:59.He discovers the real damage caused to American footballers.
:09:00. > :09:06.After intense pressure, and the multimillion dollar lawsuits,
:09:07. > :09:12.the league is finally starting to take the threat seriously.
:09:13. > :09:15.It's down here were all the players medical staff and players
:09:16. > :09:21.In a small room up there there are two experts with binoculars watching
:09:22. > :09:26.to see if there is a possible head injury.
:09:27. > :09:33.If they spot anything that looks troubling, that player has to be
:09:34. > :09:37.It is here at Stanford University were some groundbreaking technology
:09:38. > :09:46.A project funded by the Department of Defence aims to detect
:09:47. > :09:48.when a player is concussed almost immediately.
:09:49. > :09:53.After a hit to the head the brain gets scrambled
:09:54. > :10:04.We use eye tracking as a method of how much you pay attention.
:10:05. > :10:06.It's part of the protocol to assess athletes for possible concussion
:10:07. > :10:15.We use it on the sideline because it is great
:10:16. > :10:25.This is an Oculus Rift basically with cameras inside
:10:26. > :10:28.of it that can track and follow the quality of eye movements that we're
:10:29. > :10:34.What we do is we have them place it over their face like this and they
:10:35. > :10:39.should be able to see the red dot, which is the beginning of the test.
:10:40. > :10:42.And we are looking for nice fluid tracing of that circle.
:10:43. > :10:47.As you can see, it is not fluid, it is slightly abnormal and this is
:10:48. > :10:50.in line with what you see with someone with mild impairment.
:10:51. > :10:56.Players are faster and bigger but we have to focus on protective gear.
:10:57. > :11:00.We need to get away from the helmet design into more of a helmet torso
:11:01. > :11:09.The American public's love of this game shows no sign of going away and
:11:10. > :11:35.it is hoped research like this will prevent the sport prematurely taking
:11:36. > :11:46.We will be back and we expect to see back in London.