:00:00. > :00:00.an omission that they have avoided paying tax in the past. You can join
:00:00. > :00:09.me for more news at the top of the hour. It is time to click now.
:00:10. > :00:16.This week we bring you the impossible things. The pain, and the
:00:17. > :00:48.anaesthetic. Think 3-D printing and you might
:00:49. > :00:59.think of weird trinkets like these. But did you know that 3-D printing
:01:00. > :01:02.can also be done on one of these. Welcome to Autodesk. Is a company
:01:03. > :01:07.known for computer design and 3-D graphic software. But here in San
:01:08. > :01:13.Francisco, it is home to the creative workshop. The place where
:01:14. > :01:18.researchers and artists are invited to test the software on 3-D printers
:01:19. > :01:27.of all shapes and sizes. From conventional printers to giant five
:01:28. > :01:32.axis machine. All faithfully reproducing the models as they
:01:33. > :01:35.appear on screen. A resolution of the latest 3-D printers is now high
:01:36. > :01:41.enough to produce some really intricate models. In fact, it is so
:01:42. > :01:49.high, that if you want, print a record. It does not sound brilliant,
:01:50. > :02:04.but the bombs and cruise give a recognisable sound -- the bumps and
:02:05. > :02:06.grooves. One of the artists is recreating artefacts that have been
:02:07. > :02:11.destroyed by the so-called Islamic State. Because she has not been able
:02:12. > :02:19.to 3-D scanned them, she has had to use reference photographs to build
:02:20. > :02:27.within 3-D modelling software. She was an artefact that was outside the
:02:28. > :02:33.museum that was destroyed. It was life-size and way bigger than this.
:02:34. > :02:37.Why did you feel that you wanted to do this? As an artist I'm interested
:02:38. > :02:43.in ways in which you can work with historians and archaeologists and
:02:44. > :02:46.how 3-D printers can go beyond just beyond the technical tool and think
:02:47. > :02:55.about 3-D printing as a tool for archiving. You can think about as a
:02:56. > :03:00.personal, political and poetic and emotional ways. Some serious and
:03:01. > :03:05.some not so serious. What is universally amazing to me is the
:03:06. > :03:12.materials that one can 3-D printed in these days. Your good wall
:03:13. > :03:16.sculpture anyone? Some 3-D printers can print in different materials in
:03:17. > :03:22.the same run and that has opened up even more possibilities. If you
:03:23. > :03:25.would asked me half-an-hour if you could 3-D print a system of moving
:03:26. > :03:32.parts all in one go I would have said no. Europe to 3-D print the
:03:33. > :03:39.individual parts. But this is a 3-D printed system of moving parts. It
:03:40. > :03:43.came out of a machine like this. It gets washed away as it comes out of
:03:44. > :03:50.the printer. It allows the parts to move independently which is
:03:51. > :03:55.seriously cool. Some of these moving objects could not be manufactured in
:03:56. > :04:00.any other way. Try building these impossible keys within two years and
:04:01. > :04:06.you will see the problem. It is things that cannot be made in other
:04:07. > :04:14.ways. Picture and -- an engine block. That could not be cast that
:04:15. > :04:22.way. But you could 3-D printed. We 3-D print a lot of prototypes. That
:04:23. > :04:27.is another great addition of 3-D printing. Maybe it will change over
:04:28. > :04:31.time and will have to be cast in every way that you do it. Every year
:04:32. > :04:35.that you grow they need a new prosthetic. Those are the Times we
:04:36. > :04:42.see it to be the most groundbreaking. Is printers here
:04:43. > :04:46.have been made especially. They are able to do things in micron level
:04:47. > :04:49.detail. They don't just create little beautiful things like this.
:04:50. > :04:55.They are capable of printing things much more important. They have been
:04:56. > :05:01.fighting out more in the wet lab just down there. Imagine a future
:05:02. > :05:04.where instead of taking bones out of your body for a transplant, you
:05:05. > :05:12.could build your own new bones with the help of a 3-D printer. This is a
:05:13. > :05:15.company that uses software and 3-D fabrication to bring this idea
:05:16. > :05:23.closer to reality. In a series of relatively simple steps. Hersi they
:05:24. > :05:29.take a CT scan that needs the bone replacement -- firstly. A crater
:05:30. > :05:34.scaffold of bone tissue from a cow that has been stripped of all of its
:05:35. > :05:38.cellular material. Than a small sample of stem cells is taken from
:05:39. > :05:45.the fact tissue. The structure is housed in a buyer reactor where it
:05:46. > :05:50.grows for three weeks -- bio. You could have your own living bone. We
:05:51. > :05:58.ask how we can get the cells to live inside here? We engineered a system
:05:59. > :06:06.that goes around it and you can see that there is space for a scaffold
:06:07. > :06:09.to live inside of it. Each buyer reactor that we engineer is
:06:10. > :06:12.perfectly matched to each of these different shapes that you would have
:06:13. > :06:17.here. We cultivate the bone inside of you with sales and deliver the
:06:18. > :06:29.growth factors and the environmental conditioning that the cells need to
:06:30. > :06:35.then turn that into bone -- cells. With approval, it could be implanted
:06:36. > :06:39.into clinical trials into humans in the next couple of years and
:06:40. > :06:44.commercially available next few years. The focus now is on small
:06:45. > :06:48.bones for facial reconstruction but could one day move to more, located
:06:49. > :06:53.bones. Could you actually grow bones is somebody lost a limb? If you
:06:54. > :07:00.think into the far field where this is going just growing bones. During
:07:01. > :07:11.my Ph.D. We a groin muscle and heart tissue. When you think about a limb
:07:12. > :07:17.you think about the different parts involved -- we were growing muscle.
:07:18. > :07:22.What do they need in those environments, it is it difficult to
:07:23. > :07:25.medic that in a lab. It is moving towards being able to grow pieces of
:07:26. > :07:29.tissue in the same place. But you can imagine for a limb it gets
:07:30. > :07:38.exponentially more difficult. But you can see the world moving in that
:07:39. > :07:42.way. 3-D printing sounds absolutely incredible when applied to
:07:43. > :07:49.specialist areas like that. But I can't help wondering whether in the
:07:50. > :07:53.home, at least, it will ever be more than a curiosity. A novelty being
:07:54. > :08:00.out to knock up a few items and then never used again. It changes as
:08:01. > :08:05.technology changes. With spoken about that as we speak about the new
:08:06. > :08:08.materials being involved. At professional and there is research
:08:09. > :08:11.that is paying off already. That trickles down into the consumer
:08:12. > :08:16.stuff and I think there will be that materials for people to use it. As
:08:17. > :08:22.we have been saying it is a tool and a platform to make things. All that
:08:23. > :08:27.happened for a 20 dollar machine that sits on my dining room table? I
:08:28. > :08:34.do not know. Is really about how this will affect things are larger
:08:35. > :08:39.level to the things I touch every day in my life. And they don't just
:08:40. > :08:48.make stuff that humans design. The software can create things that we
:08:49. > :08:52.might never have thought of. What is this? If you look at this bicycle,
:08:53. > :08:57.these are things that you have seen before, except for this. A resident
:08:58. > :09:08.was looking to design a different type of bike stem. It takes the
:09:09. > :09:14.information that the design gives it an nose has it take to wake of a
:09:15. > :09:16.bike rider's hands but then it figures that everything in between
:09:17. > :09:23.sleep and optimise the strength, wait and that you will use it. It
:09:24. > :09:28.figures out a form that is unlike with anybody else would ever come up
:09:29. > :09:32.with because it is a computer. In theory you could do a better job the
:09:33. > :09:42.humans design is because it is doing the maths -- big mathematics. We
:09:43. > :09:49.have people working on all kinds of interesting problems. With that jet
:09:50. > :09:54.flying over it will use less fuel. This is the kind of place that runs
:09:55. > :09:57.on creativity where residents are encouraged to push the software to
:09:58. > :10:03.the limits with seemingly crazy ideas. And that seems to be the
:10:04. > :10:08.reason that one employee has built this machine. The sole purpose of
:10:09. > :10:42.which is to brew the perfect Manhattan cocktail. Cheers. While
:10:43. > :10:47.Spain in -- what the input joy is a well-deserved drink. Twitter has
:10:48. > :10:50.gone down with people being unable to express themselves in 40
:10:51. > :10:57.characters of less. If only there was another method to communicate
:10:58. > :11:00.with one another. It is definitely not going to be friends reunited
:11:01. > :11:09.which this week died a very quiet death. It also gave us a new level
:11:10. > :11:15.of doom from the original designer. And space X successfully delivered
:11:16. > :11:23.an ocean monitoring satellite to all but. The landing, however, did not
:11:24. > :11:31.go so well. It was also the week that a drone managed to land on the
:11:32. > :11:36.roof of a moving car on its's own. -- it's. It follows a moving target
:11:37. > :11:41.and decide precisely when two touchdown. In this case, on a moving
:11:42. > :11:46.car fitted with a net travelling at almost 50 mph. That is not the only
:11:47. > :11:50.thing the drugs had been up to this week. Students at the University of
:11:51. > :11:54.Oslo has set a new Guinness book world record for the heaviest
:11:55. > :12:00.payload lifted by a remote controlled multi- copter. It
:12:01. > :12:07.successfully carried weight of over 61 kg. The students hope that soon
:12:08. > :12:18.they will be able to strap a person onto it. Have you ever watched a
:12:19. > :12:24.game of American football? It is brutal. The impact that the players
:12:25. > :12:26.experience are frightening. In fact, recently some people have been
:12:27. > :12:32.calling for the sport to be banned because of the head injuries that
:12:33. > :12:35.the players can suffer. We have been checking out some of the research
:12:36. > :12:52.that is designed to detect early signs of these injuries and make the
:12:53. > :12:55.sport, generally, safer. Weights or you get down here and you will
:12:56. > :13:02.realise how hard these players hit each other. It is relentless all the
:13:03. > :13:06.way through the game. They may be playing the ten or 15 years in their
:13:07. > :13:15.career, but the research is really warning about what is happening to
:13:16. > :13:19.these players. The facts are quite horrifying. Almost a quarter of
:13:20. > :13:24.professional football players are expected to develop Alzheimer's.
:13:25. > :13:29.That is double compared to the general population. But shocking
:13:30. > :13:34.discovery is the subject of concussion, a new film starring Will
:13:35. > :13:42.Smith. Repetitive head trauma chokes the brain. He discovers the real
:13:43. > :13:52.damage caused to American football is -- footballers. After intense
:13:53. > :13:58.pressure, and the multimillion dollar lawsuits, the league is
:13:59. > :14:04.finally starting to take the threat seriously. Is down here were all the
:14:05. > :14:08.players medical staff and players are keeping an eye on the action. In
:14:09. > :14:12.a small room up there there are two experts with my Nokia is watching to
:14:13. > :14:17.see if there is a possible head injury. If they spot in the looks
:14:18. > :14:24.troubling, that player has to be removed whether they like it or
:14:25. > :14:27.not. It is here at Stanford University were some groundbreaking
:14:28. > :14:33.technology is being tested. A project funded by the Department of
:14:34. > :14:39.defence aims to detect when a player is concussed almost immediately.
:14:40. > :14:42.After a heated ahead of brain get scrambled and we can't pay
:14:43. > :14:45.attention. That is the keeper around the. Had you measure the tension? We
:14:46. > :14:51.use eye tracking as a method of how the. Had you measure the tension? We
:14:52. > :14:58.use eye tracking as a method of much you pay attention. Is part of the
:14:59. > :15:02.protocol to assess athletes for possible concussion and reuse the
:15:03. > :15:03.eye tracking. We use it on the sideline because it is great it is
:15:04. > :15:14.you can value people right away. This is an Oculus Rift basically
:15:15. > :15:19.with cameras inside of it that can track and follow the quality of eye
:15:20. > :15:22.movements that we're seeing right from the sidelines. What we do is we
:15:23. > :15:27.have them place it over their face like this and they should be able to
:15:28. > :15:30.see the red dot which is the beginning of the test and we are
:15:31. > :15:35.looking for nice fluid tracing of that circle. As you can see, it is
:15:36. > :15:38.not fluid, it is slightly abnormal and this is in line with what you
:15:39. > :15:42.see with someone with mild impairment. Players are faster and
:15:43. > :15:46.bigger but we have to focus on protective gear. We need to get away
:15:47. > :15:55.from the helmet designed into more of a helmet torso and neck design of
:15:56. > :16:02.technology. The issue shows no signs of going away and it is hoped a
:16:03. > :16:09.research like this. The sport -- will prevent the sport gambling with
:16:10. > :16:12.the lives of its players. The 49ers are the biggest players here and a
:16:13. > :16:15.few have ever wondered what technology goes into a massive
:16:16. > :16:26.stadium like this, we've been taking a tour -- the biggest team here. It
:16:27. > :16:30.is game day at Levi's Stadium, home to is the 49ers and host of the
:16:31. > :16:38.Super Bowl this year. Fans come for the excitement of live football but
:16:39. > :16:41.they often experience crowds. But here technology helps fans handle
:16:42. > :16:49.the hassles at one of the most wired arenas in the US. We certainly need
:16:50. > :16:52.the capability to have 70,000 people on their phones at the same time in
:16:53. > :16:59.a small space. At the supercharged Stadium 400 miles of cable are
:17:00. > :17:08.distributed to boost cell coverage, Wi-Fi hots pots, charging stations
:17:09. > :17:15.and an Internet pipe, a first for stadiums. The stadium also has its
:17:16. > :17:20.own free app. I know the fastest way to get my parking zone, and once I
:17:21. > :17:23.am here, I know which date to go into to get to my seat the fastest.
:17:24. > :17:30.The ticket sensors help manage crowd flow. We look at all the things that
:17:31. > :17:34.happened come all kinds of data points, where you scan your ticket,
:17:35. > :17:40.which date, which helped us move our staff and make sure that the gates
:17:41. > :17:46.are adequately staffed up by traffic is also monitored. We use drone
:17:47. > :17:51.video technology or parking scans to see how people are getting to the
:17:52. > :18:02.game. We're making real-time changes based on video footage we are seeing
:18:03. > :18:05.postgame. If you ask me, the feature that makes the app worthwhile is
:18:06. > :18:11.delivery to your seat. Place an order and ten minutes later, someone
:18:12. > :18:16.brings it to you. Similar apps do exist but ordering food has never
:18:17. > :18:23.been so easy. Or haps to easy. That's for me. Thank you. Yes
:18:24. > :18:33.please. For visitors, a convenience, for 49ers, a data GoldMine --
:18:34. > :18:37.perhaps. We have really been able to understand point of our information
:18:38. > :18:43.like hot dogs, we know how many we sell and when and we can make
:18:44. > :18:49.changes depending on the event. Another fan favourite is
:18:50. > :18:53.wayfinding. 1700 Bluetooth begins enable the app to offer turn by turn
:18:54. > :19:00.directions back to your parking space, the closest snack stand or
:19:01. > :19:06.even the toilet. Pro tip, check along the lines are beforehand happy
:19:07. > :19:09.these people oversee everything from food and beverage menus to instant
:19:10. > :19:14.replays. This fellow right here is keeping a close eye on the game.
:19:15. > :19:23.When play begins, he hits a start on his android tablet and when it is
:19:24. > :19:27.over he hits end and that appears on the app 's puppy while some users
:19:28. > :19:30.complained that it is slow and a battery killer, the app does save
:19:31. > :19:42.you from waiting and having to leave your seat. And isn't that why you
:19:43. > :19:47.came to the game? It is nearly time to leave San Francisco but before we
:19:48. > :19:51.go, I wanted to find out more about something I have heard being touted
:19:52. > :20:03.as the secret of success here. This is our conference room. Wow. Michael
:20:04. > :20:07.works for Math Crunch, a startup but I'm not here to find out what he
:20:08. > :20:11.does, I am here to find out about something he says makes him work
:20:12. > :20:16.harder, think clearer and possibly beat the other startups to that
:20:17. > :20:23.billion-dollar deal. For me, it is all about doing whatever I need to
:20:24. > :20:26.do to do what I do everyday. To say, I am young, I'm 26 and we have this
:20:27. > :20:30.awesome product and we want to bring it to the whole world. I need
:20:31. > :20:40.whatever advantage I can get. TUC this kind of thing as the advantage
:20:41. > :20:43.-- do you see? Yes. Someone sent it to me as a present year ago, a
:20:44. > :20:49.friend and I tried it once or twice. Next thing I knew, I was
:20:50. > :20:51.ordering more. It is cheaper than coffee, it is a dollar a pill and
:20:52. > :20:59.that is what I was looking for. Something that is more affordable
:21:00. > :21:10.and leaves me less shaky, just confident and comfortable. Welcome
:21:11. > :21:13.to the world of new -- stuff you can take to improve your cognitive
:21:14. > :21:18.functions. The idea has been around since the 70s but it is no surprise
:21:19. > :21:22.that here, in high-performing Silicon Valley, is seeing a
:21:23. > :21:28.resurgence. I'm off to meet the guys at the startup which surprised
:21:29. > :21:35.supplies totally legal and totally regulated substances -- supplies.
:21:36. > :21:42.What do you think? I think it is going to be sweet, but it isn't, it
:21:43. > :21:48.taste like coffee. It's not candy, it's a performance product. So what
:21:49. > :21:55.is going to happen to me when I have some of these? Think of an espresso
:21:56. > :21:59.drink, you get that kick of energy, but you also get that sense of
:22:00. > :22:06.focus. How long should the state to work? In 30- 45 minutes, you'll
:22:07. > :22:12.start feeling a little bit zippy and a lot more focused. So you have
:22:13. > :22:18.other products here. Dare I ask what this does? This is our daily
:22:19. > :22:23.supplement. It is some can you take chronically everyday. Compounds have
:22:24. > :22:27.been shown to increase memory capacity, it increases your
:22:28. > :22:32.resilience to stress and antifatigue properties. The thing that worries
:22:33. > :22:36.me is, although these are all regulated and perfectly legal, we're
:22:37. > :22:42.looking at the culture here where people need these, they feel they
:22:43. > :22:44.need them in order to perform. You suddenly have people who are
:22:45. > :22:50.psychologically addicted to these kind of products because they're
:22:51. > :22:56.convinced they work? Sure. And in this day and age there is going to
:22:57. > :23:00.be demand for them, other paths to get ahead, let's offer it in a way
:23:01. > :23:05.that is responsible and safe. How do you offer these responsibly and
:23:06. > :23:11.safely? We have the best active forms of different compounds. When
:23:12. > :23:17.we first started the business, a lot of the vendors out there weren't
:23:18. > :23:19.following the strictest FDA regulations around the types of
:23:20. > :23:23.compounds they were putting into products, or the safety
:23:24. > :23:30.manufacturing processes. We want to do this right from the first stop
:23:31. > :23:38.light I may have felt a little bit of a buzz but I'm going to take them
:23:39. > :23:41.away to do a longer-term test. I certainly noticed an improvement in
:23:42. > :23:45.my table tennis skills straight afterwards, although that might have
:23:46. > :23:52.just been a special effect. That is it from San Francisco. A fine trip.
:23:53. > :23:59.I have to learn how those pills are working out in the next few weeks.
:24:00. > :24:04.Plenty of fun and backstage pictures on Twitter and we will see you back
:24:05. > :24:27.in London. The weather is making headlines
:24:28. > :24:30.in the north-east of the US. But as far as our neck of
:24:31. > :24:34.the woods is concerned it is quiet.