:00:00. > :00:11.Now on BBC News, it's time for Click.
:00:12. > :00:25.This week: Regenerating keys. Unusual vegetation. And goodness
:00:26. > :00:43.gracious, Great Balls of Fire! -- teeth.
:00:44. > :00:55.Energy. As our demand for it grows, the world is faced with a challenge.
:00:56. > :00:58.When we burn coal, the energy that has been stored inside for millions
:00:59. > :01:05.of years is released, to power our cities and machines. But so, of
:01:06. > :01:09.course, is all the bad stuff that is polluting and changing our
:01:10. > :01:14.environment. Countries have met and agreed to reduce carbon emissions
:01:15. > :01:19.and invest in cleaner energy solutions. We are harnessing more
:01:20. > :01:24.solar and wind energy than ever. And last month, the UK had its first day
:01:25. > :01:28.of electricity supply without burning any coal. But green power is
:01:29. > :01:34.still a long way from taking over from fossil fuels. But what if there
:01:35. > :01:40.was a clean energy source that could rest release -- release ten times
:01:41. > :01:43.the energy of fossil fuels, an almost limitless supply they could
:01:44. > :01:51.keep the planet running for millions of years? Well, it turns out that.
:01:52. > :01:58.And answer lies in the stars. In the heart of the sun, under intense
:01:59. > :02:02.pressure and heat, hydrogen atoms change from gas into superhot
:02:03. > :02:09.plasma, and in this burning soup, beef used together, forming helium,
:02:10. > :02:15.and releasing amends amounts of energy. This is nuclear fusion. And
:02:16. > :02:24.this is what scientists have been trying to recreate down here on
:02:25. > :02:27.earth. -- being fused. We have to do something similar to a star, which
:02:28. > :02:30.has gravity. To do that, we use magnetic fields. We are talking
:02:31. > :02:35.about magnetic fields that great more pressure than the water
:02:36. > :02:42.pressure at the deepest part of the ocean. So you have this huge
:02:43. > :02:46.pressure trying to compress the plasma, and you need to hold it in
:02:47. > :02:51.place for a long time as well. To get more energy out. If you can keep
:02:52. > :02:56.that superhot plasma in place for long enough, the energy released can
:02:57. > :03:01.keep everything hot, without the need for external power. The fusion
:03:02. > :03:08.then becomes self sustaining. And that is when the magic happens. And
:03:09. > :03:12.that is also the hard bit. We are making progress, though. We have
:03:13. > :03:21.already achieved fusion. And some of the best fusion happens inside
:03:22. > :03:27.machines called tockermac. This one is just outside Oxford, which turns
:03:28. > :03:36.out to be a bit of an epicentre for fusion technology. The world's is
:03:37. > :03:42.just 15 minutes drive up that way. -- tokamak. The problem is you need
:03:43. > :03:47.to put more energy in then you get out. Which is not ideal. But the
:03:48. > :03:53.company here is taking a different route. This is the lab of Tokamak
:03:54. > :04:02.Energy, which is generating relatively small tokamaks. The
:04:03. > :04:06.designs are being refined. This approach means that the team may be
:04:07. > :04:17.the first to work out how to produce a net gain of energy. Go on then,
:04:18. > :04:23.fire it up. That is a fusion reaction! Insight here, we are
:04:24. > :04:30.generating a gas with electricity flowing through it, and we are going
:04:31. > :04:35.to fuse atoms together, joined together, and generate fusion
:04:36. > :04:39.energy. -- inside here. And this is not even fusion, this is just a
:04:40. > :04:43.warmup for the next age, which is hoped to happen next year. What we
:04:44. > :04:48.will do is heated up to over 10,000,000 degrees, up towards 100
:04:49. > :04:52.million degrees. What will that look like? We won't be to keep our face
:04:53. > :04:58.this close, because it will get damaged! Will have to be further
:04:59. > :05:02.away, outside a concrete barrier. But it will start to go transparent
:05:03. > :05:07.as the plasma gets really hot, ten times the coverage of the sun, 100
:05:08. > :05:10.times the director of the sun. Once they have achieved the temperatures,
:05:11. > :05:15.they need to keep the plasma in place long enough for it to become
:05:16. > :05:18.self-sustaining. -- the temperature. This is what the team hopes will
:05:19. > :05:25.create magnetic fields from hour to do that. Is of thick copper cables,
:05:26. > :05:30.a strip of superconductor meed of each room barium copper oxide. All
:05:31. > :05:37.this sounds hopeful, but the joke is that nuclear fusion has always been
:05:38. > :05:41.30 years away. -- itrium barium. If successful, it means the end of our
:05:42. > :05:46.reliance on fossil fuels, there is a lot of science to do between and
:05:47. > :05:51.then. It could be a fantastic source of energy. Likely to be the most
:05:52. > :05:58.important source of energy in the 22nd century. The point is we need
:05:59. > :06:06.it now and so we want to make faster progress towards fusion energy.
:06:07. > :06:11.Well, these guys try and recreate the conditions at the centre of a
:06:12. > :06:15.star. Let's talk for a few minutes about capturing energy from our son.
:06:16. > :06:20.Solar energy. It turns out that India is in the grip of a solo gold
:06:21. > :06:24.rush. Money is pouring into the country to build solar power plants
:06:25. > :06:30.to try and cater for the skyrocketing demands from about a
:06:31. > :06:42.billion potential consumers. -- sun. We sent a correspondence to Tamil
:06:43. > :06:49.Nadu. -- correspondent. Follow the morning sun for two hours out of
:06:50. > :07:06.Tamil Nadu, and it takes you to a world first. The planet's largest
:07:07. > :07:10.solar power plant. It is huge. Ten square kilometres of glimmering
:07:11. > :07:17.glass and electronics, stretching as far as a drone can see. The power
:07:18. > :07:23.company here through $700 million into building the community plant.
:07:24. > :07:33.And they did not hang about, up and running in just nine months. But it
:07:34. > :07:39.is big when it comes to solar power. Or are the Indians just showing off?
:07:40. > :07:44.The answer might be in the clouds. If you look over there, you can see
:07:45. > :07:48.there is a gathering storm. This is one of the problems with solar
:07:49. > :07:55.power. If the rain comes, there is too much cloud and the output is
:07:56. > :08:03.drastically reduced. But the sheer size of Kamuthi means this is less
:08:04. > :08:13.of an issue. This is covered in 2500 acres of panels. With cloud, only
:08:14. > :08:21.five or 10% reductions occur. Normally, we can predict in a year
:08:22. > :08:31.generation for the maximum of ten months. Only two months there will
:08:32. > :08:37.be variations. Each of these panels generates 310 watts of energy. 30
:08:38. > :08:43.watts is enough for a domestic light bulb. 220 for a laptop computer.
:08:44. > :08:53.They plasma TV screen, that is 330 or 350 watts. There are 2-and-a-half
:08:54. > :09:05.million these panels. -- these panels at Kamuthi. -- of these
:09:06. > :09:08.panels. Kamuthi's estimated to make a enough power for three quarters of
:09:09. > :09:16.a million people. They are squeezing every last drop of energy out of
:09:17. > :09:20.whatever sun is available. By facial panels even generate power from
:09:21. > :09:37.light that bounces back from the ground. -- bi-facial. Or snow. Not
:09:38. > :09:58.that there is much snow in India. Where water is scarce, washing dust
:09:59. > :10:05.covered panels can be impossible. An Israeli company has developed a
:10:06. > :10:29.robot that drycleaned the panels so they get a regular dusting. As the
:10:30. > :10:35.light fades, so does the power generated. Until they have the
:10:36. > :10:43.batteries to store something like the 648 megawatts Kamuthi producers,
:10:44. > :10:47.solar in India won't replace dirty coal, be noxious gases from which
:10:48. > :10:54.pollute the country and the rest of the world. It is certainly getting
:10:55. > :11:05.cheaper. This week, wholesale prices of solo dropped below coal for the
:11:06. > :11:08.first time. -- solar. Bids are in to construct a bigger plant then there
:11:09. > :11:14.is further north in Andhra Pradesh. But until then, Kamuthi, the largest
:11:15. > :11:26.solar plant on the world, will make the most of its place in the sun.
:11:27. > :11:31.Hello and welcome to the week in Tak. It was the week that Microsoft
:11:32. > :11:36.released an urgent software update after discovering a floor in their
:11:37. > :11:40.operating system. The bug could give hackers accessed by simply sending
:11:41. > :11:47.an e-mail which did not even need to be opened. A 16-year-old's tweet
:11:48. > :11:51.about chicken nuggets became the most retweeted ever. And customers
:11:52. > :11:55.in the UK were told there would be no more roaming charges in European
:11:56. > :12:00.countries as of next month. Take a look at the solar panels. Kaesler's
:12:01. > :12:07.solar roof tiles are now available. Look pricey? Well due to the power
:12:08. > :12:12.harvesting abilities, they are being pitched as cheaper than conventional
:12:13. > :12:17.tiles. From solar to sonic. A US plane return to earth after two
:12:18. > :12:24.years in space. But its mission remains top secret. Having landed at
:12:25. > :12:31.the Kennedy space centre, or the Pentagon declared was that it was
:12:32. > :12:35.performing risk reduction, experimentation, and concept of
:12:36. > :12:40.operations development. Intriguing. And finally, Hollywood quality
:12:41. > :12:46.animation comes to the masses. OK, well not quite. The smart suit pro
:12:47. > :12:52.tracking system costs a fraction of the pro- Kit. But at 2-and-a-half
:12:53. > :13:01.million dollars, it could prove gaming changing for many. --
:13:02. > :13:07.Smartsuit Pro. It is one of the biggest fundraising events of the
:13:08. > :13:13.year. Lost funds are still being counted, organisers are hopeful the
:13:14. > :13:18.records from last year's London Marathon will be broken. Online
:13:19. > :13:24.fundraising platforms play a big role in attracting donations,
:13:25. > :13:27.pushing causes to users, was also allowing them to donate money were
:13:28. > :13:32.just a click. Just giving, one of the biggest players, raised just
:13:33. > :13:36.under ?350 million last year. This is a figure that charities might not
:13:37. > :13:44.have been to raise without the help of these sites. But these are big
:13:45. > :13:50.business. JustGiving takes 5% commission. While others, like
:13:51. > :13:57.GlobalGiving, take up to 15%. They say the fees cover operational
:13:58. > :14:00.costs and innovations to ultimately But for charities, this commission
:14:01. > :14:04.is money that is not The majority of our funding comes
:14:05. > :14:08.from individual fundraisers, for example one of our runners
:14:09. > :14:11.is currently on ?1500, so the commission
:14:12. > :14:13.on that is going to be about ?100. And, on the ground, that translates
:14:14. > :14:17.into care for ten kids that could have received top to toe
:14:18. > :14:20.checkup, HIV testing, ATV testing. And be insured their
:14:21. > :14:23.health and well-being. Starfish is a small charity
:14:24. > :14:30.which helps vulnerable children in South Africa,
:14:31. > :14:33.who are affected by HIV and poverty, and a lot of its money goes
:14:34. > :14:36.into running a mobile health clinic. In the UK, the charity Big Kid helps
:14:37. > :14:40.vulnerable young people in south Both organisations have been
:14:41. > :14:44.experimenting with Kind Link, a site which promises to give
:14:45. > :14:47.charities although collected donations and will not
:14:48. > :14:57.make its money from commissions. I went to meet its founder,
:14:58. > :15:00.Iskren Kulev, who traded in corporate life and set up
:15:01. > :15:03.a Home Office, just KindLink didn't start as a company,
:15:04. > :15:07.KindLink started as an idea to be a social enterprise/charity
:15:08. > :15:12.that helps charities. For him, it's all
:15:13. > :15:14.about transparency - he wanted to create a platform
:15:15. > :15:17.where charities would post updates. The biggest problems
:15:18. > :15:20.of the charities is how they communicate with their donors
:15:21. > :15:23.and do the donors trust About 70% of donors say
:15:24. > :15:35.they would make more if there -- they knew what was happening
:15:36. > :15:37.with their donation. They have also added a feature
:15:38. > :15:40.to show people how much money the charity has received and how
:15:41. > :15:43.much it has spent. How has your background in financial
:15:44. > :15:46.tech helped you to put this together and also to work the system a bit,
:15:47. > :15:50.because it is all about making money, it is about making money now
:15:51. > :15:54.not for businesses but for this. It is always a matter
:15:55. > :15:57.of negotiation, I would say. I will go firstly through volume
:15:58. > :16:00.is important, how you present When I know where they can make
:16:01. > :16:05.a compromise, I can try to come up with a deal which would work
:16:06. > :16:08.for both of us. See, this is a guy you want
:16:09. > :16:12.on your side, because he knows how And so far it's proving
:16:13. > :16:16.successful, with more than 170 How would you improve
:16:17. > :16:23.on what you are doing on the pitch? For Big Kid, it's been able to spend
:16:24. > :16:26.more money on its programs, like this one, which trains young
:16:27. > :16:29.people to be football coaches. It has helped me, definitely,
:16:30. > :16:32.especially with school Like, in school, I wasn't the good
:16:33. > :16:37.kid, you understand? So how does Kind Link
:16:38. > :16:40.cover its costs? Well, instead of taking
:16:41. > :16:42.commission from donors, it plans to take the
:16:43. > :16:46.money from businesses. They've developed this platform
:16:47. > :16:49.for companies to build a profile for themselves, showcasing
:16:50. > :16:52.the good causes they support And the companies will be
:16:53. > :16:56.charged a monthly fee. I think it is quite fitting that
:16:57. > :16:59.Kind Link have set themselves up just across the river
:17:00. > :17:02.from Canary Wharf, where the financial industry
:17:03. > :17:03.makes its billions. And I think it takes a certain
:17:04. > :17:07.kind of person to give all of that up and come over
:17:08. > :17:11.here and work for charities. What's being created here in this
:17:12. > :17:30.lab at the University of Nottingham could mean that you will
:17:31. > :17:32.be making fewer trips They're working on fillings
:17:33. > :17:38.that heal your teeth! Whilst they can't actually
:17:39. > :17:41.make a tooth regrow, they aim to encourage the dental
:17:42. > :17:47.pulp stem cells within the tooth to transition
:17:48. > :17:49.into a new healthy cell type. Goggles on and time
:17:50. > :17:53.to talk to one of the lead Can you tell me a bit
:17:54. > :18:03.about what you are doing here? Yeah, so, we've developed a dental
:18:04. > :18:06.material technology that has been used to restore components
:18:07. > :18:08.of a patient's tooth. This is the material we have here,
:18:09. > :18:11.in its solution form, and once UV light is irradiated
:18:12. > :18:14.on this solution, it stiffens The substance created is used
:18:15. > :18:20.in the same way as a conventional filling, but the aim is that it
:18:21. > :18:23.will interact with the dental pulp beneath to heal it
:18:24. > :18:26.as well as prevent further rotting. Perfecting the product involves
:18:27. > :18:34.precision and patience. The materials go through
:18:35. > :18:37.many stages of testing. Once solidified under
:18:38. > :18:39.a UV light, it is off Is the idea that it
:18:40. > :18:43.will heal all the way up to the point of the filling,
:18:44. > :18:46.so you have a totally The healing process will only occur
:18:47. > :18:50.if the material is in contact with the cells we screen for,
:18:51. > :18:54.so we have to place this material in contact with the pulp tissue
:18:55. > :18:57.and the pulp tissue contains the cell population, the stem cells,
:18:58. > :19:00.that we are trying to engineer What does this mean for your average
:19:01. > :19:04.person who goes to have a filling? Potentially, if a person
:19:05. > :19:07.has severe dental decay and they need a filling,
:19:08. > :19:10.or if it's severe enough they need a root canal, potentially,
:19:11. > :19:13.this technology can be used as an intermediate approach,
:19:14. > :19:17.where we can intervene and reduce the incidence of people
:19:18. > :19:20.needing root canals. The substance is designed to be used
:19:21. > :19:25.in a similar way to current fillings and is hoped to be available
:19:26. > :19:28.within ten years after various And they're not the only
:19:29. > :19:32.ones experimenting with Kings College have been working
:19:33. > :19:39.with an Alzheimer's drug, aiming to regenerate stem cells,
:19:40. > :19:45.something which could be ready even But whilst the wait for what we saw
:19:46. > :19:51.in Nottingham may seem long, I am told the materials are cheap,
:19:52. > :19:53.which indicates that if this does becomes a reality,
:19:54. > :19:57.it will do so for more than just Now, over the last few years,
:19:58. > :20:03.we've reported from Silicon Valley, as marijuana has gradually been
:20:04. > :20:05.decriminalised in several The tech companies in the area have
:20:06. > :20:18.been quick to try and capitalise on changes in the law,
:20:19. > :20:21.but there have also been some For example, it turns out
:20:22. > :20:25.there is no reliable way to test whether a driver has
:20:26. > :20:27.been smoking pot. Well, as we report, nanotechnology
:20:28. > :20:30.that has previously been used to help detect cancer may now be
:20:31. > :20:33.used by police officers to help American police officers are facing
:20:34. > :20:44.a problem with pot as more states How to crack down on
:20:45. > :20:50.driving while drugged. We asked the Mountain View Police
:20:51. > :20:53.Department to explain the standard It all depends on whether or not
:20:54. > :21:01.we can smell something. Federal law still states that smell
:21:02. > :21:04.alone can allow an officer Pot behaves differently
:21:05. > :21:13.in the body than alcohol. The difference between you and I
:21:14. > :21:18.breaking out alcohol is minimal, whereas, in marijuana cases,
:21:19. > :21:27.it rapidly leaves the body. At the end of an hour,
:21:28. > :21:30.up to 90% of the marijuana in your system will have
:21:31. > :21:32.been broken down. The police department hopes
:21:33. > :21:42.Stanford University can help, scientists there are
:21:43. > :21:44.working on a 'potaliser' - a device which will detect levels
:21:45. > :21:47.of THC, the psychoactive You can think of each of those
:21:48. > :21:53.sensors as a magnet. And when a chemical reaction occurs,
:21:54. > :21:55.that indicates THC is present, then a magnetic nano particle
:21:56. > :21:58.causes that magnet to flip It's a lot like a computer hard
:21:59. > :22:03.drive, where you have zeros and ones For us, rather than having
:22:04. > :22:10.a computer flip it from zero to one, we have a biochemical reaction flip
:22:11. > :22:13.it from zero to one. The potaliser tests saliva
:22:14. > :22:15.collected with a swab. It can send results
:22:16. > :22:17.to a mobile device. This is the first attempt
:22:18. > :22:20.at turning the technology In a year's time, the scientists
:22:21. > :22:26.want it to be easy enough to use I stop you, you blow
:22:27. > :22:41.into the machine within 15 to 20 minutes of the stop and it
:22:42. > :22:44.tells me your nanogram level right 45 minutes later,
:22:45. > :22:47.get your blood drawn, At least I have the original,
:22:48. > :22:52.at the time when my car stopped, And that will help in
:22:53. > :22:56.the prosecution later on. Ultimately, researchers want
:22:57. > :22:58.the potalizer to work faster, cost less and it
:22:59. > :23:00.should work on people. Because Stanford receives
:23:01. > :23:06.US government funding, it must comply with federal drug
:23:07. > :23:09.laws, so potalizer is yet The researchers hope it can edge
:23:10. > :23:13.out competing devices, like the THC-detecting breathalyser
:23:14. > :23:19.from Hound Labs. Marijuana use may rise
:23:20. > :23:23.as loser laws take effect, but the right tool could help
:23:24. > :23:30.police the streets safe. Just before we go, a little tease
:23:31. > :23:35.about next week's clip, -- Click, which is going
:23:36. > :23:59.to be rather epic! In the meantime, follow us
:24:00. > :24:08.on Twitter, and like us on Facebook, You can see loads of extra content
:24:09. > :24:12.on the Facebook page Thanks for watching
:24:13. > :24:37.and we will see you soon. Showers or longer spells of rain
:24:38. > :24:43.were the mark of the day on Friday