:00:10. > :00:15.From meltdown to cold shutdown. Japan says the crippled Fukushima
:00:15. > :00:19.nuclear plant is now stable. The clean up could take decades and
:00:19. > :00:29.will cost a fortune. Will Japan ever regain its faith in nuclear
:00:29. > :00:36.
:00:36. > :00:39.Welcome to GMT. I'm Stephen Sackur. Also in the programme: Bradley
:00:39. > :00:45.Manning, the US soldier accused of spilling a treasure trove of
:00:45. > :00:47.secrets to WikiLeaks, gets his first day in court. Christopher
:00:47. > :00:57.Hitchens, the contrarian whose writing delighted and enfuriated
:00:57. > :00:59.
:00:59. > :01:03.many millions across the world, has It is 12:30pm here in London,
:01:03. > :01:05.4:30pm in the afternoon in Moscow and 9:30pm in the evening in Tokyo,
:01:05. > :01:10.where Japan's Prime Minister has told his nation the Fukushima
:01:10. > :01:13.nuclear plant is now stable. Nine months after the earthquake and
:01:13. > :01:19.tsunami which devastated the plant, Yoshihiko Noda says it is now in
:01:19. > :01:22.cold shutdown. That is a key milestone in efforts to bring the
:01:22. > :01:32.plant under control, but the nuclear disaster is likely to haunt
:01:32. > :01:33.
:01:33. > :01:39.Japan for decades. Roland Buerk joins me live now from Tokyo.
:01:39. > :01:47.caught them be the key issue of 50 ft up the men and women who say
:01:47. > :01:52.Japan. -- the Fukushima 50. It seemed there was no hope. In recent
:01:52. > :01:59.months, thousands more have joined the fight. They have achieved their
:02:00. > :02:03.goal. The reactors are in a more stable phase. Ever since explosions
:02:03. > :02:13.shook the Booker Shearman plant nine months ago, his struggle has
:02:13. > :02:13.
:02:13. > :02:22.been under way to bring it under control. -- figure she man. --
:02:22. > :02:29.Fukishima. It is in a state of colt shut down. Leaks of radiation have
:02:29. > :02:38.been substantially reduced. TRANSLATION: Since I took office, I
:02:38. > :02:44.have been saying for Japan to be reborn, the nuclear power plant had
:02:44. > :02:50.to be saved. It needed to be stabilised. Since 11th March, we
:02:50. > :02:54.have been working to get the reactors under control.
:02:54. > :03:00.disaster has shaken the confidence of the Japanese in nuclear power.
:03:00. > :03:05.It used to provide a third of its electricity. Almost all of the
:03:05. > :03:11.country's reactors up off-line, because of local safety fears. This
:03:11. > :03:17.is just one milestone on what will be a very long road to recovery.
:03:17. > :03:21.The exclusion zone around the power station remains in force. Tens of
:03:21. > :03:28.thousands of people used to live here - cleaning up the radiation
:03:28. > :03:34.will mean removing the top soil from the valleys and mountains. A
:03:34. > :03:39.flat on the 26th floor in Tokyo is where this man had been staying,
:03:39. > :03:44.since they fled their home near the plant. The view it is good but they
:03:44. > :03:54.cannot replace the garden they planned to spend their retirement
:03:54. > :03:56.
:03:56. > :04:03.tending. We do not know where we belong. I cannot discard a way our
:04:03. > :04:08.own house and garden. They are waiting for us, I believe.
:04:08. > :04:14.Decommission Inc the power station is the next step. The preferred
:04:14. > :04:19.option for Japan is to dismantle it piece by piece. There have been
:04:19. > :04:25.warnings that the process could take up to 40 years. The Japanese
:04:25. > :04:29.government is promising to reassess the exclusion zone. So much
:04:29. > :04:36.radiation has been released that some towns could remained
:04:36. > :04:41.uninhabitable for decades. The couple feel they have been lied to
:04:41. > :04:46.so often that it is hard to believe their reactors up in cold shut down
:04:46. > :04:49.now. They want to return home, whatever the risks. Let's take a
:04:49. > :04:57.look at some of the other stories making headlines around the world
:04:57. > :05:02.today. Tens of thousands of children have suffered sexual abuse
:05:02. > :05:09.in Dutch Catholic institutions since 1945. That is according to a
:05:09. > :05:13.report by an independent commission of inquiry. There are 800 alleged
:05:13. > :05:18.perpetrators. 100 are still alive. The Church should act immediately
:05:18. > :05:25.on these findings. What is important today is what the next
:05:25. > :05:34.steps will be after the bishops. They have postponed their actions
:05:34. > :05:41.for one and a half years. From now there is no excuse. What we expect
:05:41. > :05:44.is a recognition of all those crimes. We're talking about crimes
:05:44. > :05:51.against children. We will reconciliation and compensation for
:05:51. > :05:53.the suffering that was done to all the victims. The US Army Private,
:05:53. > :05:55.accused of supplying hundreds of thousands of secret documents to
:05:55. > :05:58.whistle-blowing website WikiLeaks, is appearing for the first time
:05:58. > :06:00.before a military court. Bradley Manning was serving as an
:06:00. > :06:10.intelligence analyst in Iraq when he allegedly accessed military
:06:10. > :06:11.
:06:11. > :06:18.files. Our correspondent joins me live from Washington. It seems a
:06:18. > :06:23.long time ago that Bradley Manning was taken into detention. How close
:06:23. > :06:29.are we to a full military court martial? This is what the hearing
:06:29. > :06:35.today will determine. Not in just one day but over the next few days.
:06:35. > :06:39.This is what is called an Article 32 hearing. It could take a few
:06:39. > :06:45.days until the judges decide whether he should be court-
:06:45. > :06:49.martialled. It appears as though he -- it is the likely outcome but we
:06:49. > :06:54.will have to see what happens when the hearing starts. It is taking
:06:54. > :07:03.place in Fort Meade in Merrie Ireland, which is a very secretive
:07:03. > :07:09.military base. -- Maryland. It is interesting that private manning
:07:09. > :07:14.should be appearing there. He has been held for a long time - 19 man
:07:14. > :07:20.since he was arrested in Iraq. He has pleaded not guilty to charges
:07:20. > :07:24.of aiding the enemy at transmitting national defence information.
:07:25. > :07:29.includes a very serious charge of aiding the enemy. What punishment
:07:29. > :07:37.does he face if, ultimately, the miniature court finds him guilty?
:07:37. > :07:42.He could face life in prison, which is quite a serious verdict. At this
:07:42. > :07:46.stage, there are still several other options that the judges could
:07:46. > :07:52.take. They could dismiss the charges. They could charge him for
:07:52. > :07:57.some of the lesser charges he is facing. There are about 20 of them.
:07:57. > :08:02.It is not just about what happens to private Bradley Manning. The US
:08:02. > :08:09.government is also trying to send a message to anyone else who may
:08:09. > :08:14.consider leaking any information. This is about the sentence that he
:08:14. > :08:18.could face but it is an attempt by the US government to send this
:08:18. > :08:23.message. There are a lot of those who said that what he did in the
:08:23. > :08:29.end did not cause that much damage. American diplomacy has more or less
:08:29. > :08:33.recovered. There was not that much information that was unknown in the
:08:33. > :08:39.other documents he leaked from Army records. What the Government is
:08:39. > :08:45.trying to do is send a message that this should not happen again.
:08:45. > :08:48.you very much for joining us. Russia has surprised the UN
:08:48. > :08:51.Security Council members by circulating a new resolution on the
:08:51. > :08:53.Syrian crisis. It urges all sides to abandon violence and use
:08:53. > :08:58.dialogue. It refers to the Syrian Government's disproportionate use
:08:58. > :09:05.of force. Western nations have expressed doubts about the draft
:09:05. > :09:08.but say they are willing to The crew of a Russian fishing
:09:08. > :09:12.vessel have been evacuated from their boat in Antarctica, after it
:09:12. > :09:15.struck ice in the Ross Sea. The Sparta issued a May Day call early
:09:15. > :09:18.on Friday morning, triggering an international alert. Rescuers from
:09:19. > :09:24.new Zealand are expected to take several days to reach the stricken
:09:24. > :09:27.boat. The self-styled international revolutionary known as Carlos the
:09:27. > :09:30.Jackal has been convicted and sentenced to life in prison, by a
:09:30. > :09:33.French court. The Venezuelan national was found guilty of
:09:33. > :09:43.mounting four bomb attacks in France in the 1980s which killed 11
:09:43. > :09:52.
:09:52. > :09:58.people. He is already serving a 2011 welfare ever be remembered as
:09:58. > :10:02.the Year of popular revolution in the Middle East. It started when
:10:02. > :10:06.Muhammad was easy set himself on fire. He had been banned from
:10:06. > :10:13.selling fruit to earn a living. That triggered a remarkable series
:10:13. > :10:18.of events that had begun -- become known as the Arab Spring. We have
:10:18. > :10:24.been looking back at a tumultuous year in the Arab world. It has been
:10:24. > :10:29.a year like no other in the Middle East. Some rulers have gone, others
:10:29. > :10:34.survived, others are still in turmoil. It started in Tunisia. A
:10:34. > :10:41.year ago, police stopped a young vendor from selling his fruit on
:10:41. > :10:46.the street. In protest, he set himself on fire - frustrated and
:10:46. > :10:50.furious at a corrupt and all- powerful regime. He died a week
:10:50. > :10:56.later and it touched a nerve. People came out and dared to
:10:56. > :11:02.denounce the Government. Abruptly, the President lost control and fled.
:11:02. > :11:09.His regime was suddenly over. The touch paper of revolution had been
:11:09. > :11:13.lit. When it spread to Cairo, people asked, could Egypt be next?
:11:13. > :11:20.They shared the frustrations of Tunisia. Power concentrated in the
:11:20. > :11:27.hands of an unelected -- unelected elite and rampant corruption.
:11:27. > :11:33.are tired. President Mubarak had a huge, all-pervasive security
:11:33. > :11:38.network. Word of the protests spread on Facebook and Twitter.
:11:39. > :11:43.Mubarak fled with his family. In Libya, revolt began in the east,
:11:43. > :11:48.the region long rebellious against the role of Colonel Gaddafi. He
:11:48. > :11:53.called the rebels rats and cockroaches and about to crush them.
:11:53. > :11:57.He and his family lived in a world divorced from reality. It looks
:11:58. > :12:03.like the stalemate and the Western pack and help from Arab states
:12:03. > :12:09.drove the troops of Gaddafi back. He was dragged out of a drainage
:12:09. > :12:13.pipe and shot by his own people. In Yemen, popular protest against the
:12:13. > :12:19.33-year-old ruler has been complicated by tribal rivalries.
:12:19. > :12:24.The President has agreed to step down. For now, his relatives are in
:12:24. > :12:34.powerful positions. Bahrain has seen the most serious violence in
:12:34. > :12:35.
:12:35. > :12:39.the Gulf. There is so much tension in these Shi'ite villages. When
:12:39. > :12:46.there are security forces, often it ends in tear gas, have more wins
:12:46. > :12:52.and more animosity. Syria has suffered terribly. Countless people
:12:52. > :12:59.have been tortured. The president appears to be in denial. Note
:12:59. > :13:05.government in the world kills its people. It is led by a crazy person.
:13:05. > :13:10.I became president because of public support. The movement many
:13:10. > :13:14.called the Arab Awakening has yet to run its course. What started
:13:14. > :13:23.with the Tunisian throat seller is now unstoppable. The Arab world has
:13:23. > :13:28.had enough of dictatorship. Still to come: Surviving on odd jobs. We
:13:28. > :13:36.investigate the workforce in Indonesia where over half the
:13:36. > :13:41.population is employed in the informal economy. Let's stick with
:13:41. > :13:48.business - formal and informal. Let's start with more bad news for
:13:48. > :13:55.some of the world's biggest banks. You are not going to use the line,
:13:55. > :14:03.Fitch has an itch! It has downgraded six of our major global
:14:03. > :14:07.banks. But Keyes in the UK, Deutsch Bank in Germany, -- Barclays. They
:14:07. > :14:11.are saying there has not been a sudden deterioration of the books
:14:11. > :14:16.but more about the sensitive exposure to the market - basically
:14:16. > :14:21.to the eurozone and its huge debt. We know that banks are starting to
:14:21. > :14:25.dry up the lending they usually do between each other. They have been
:14:25. > :14:34.relying on central banks around the world. If banks stop having access
:14:34. > :14:38.to many, could we see another Banks have to bring up their
:14:38. > :14:43.capital levels, and there is no way of lending more and doing that. The
:14:43. > :14:46.key thing is, where is that lending going to continue? If it continues
:14:46. > :14:49.in the small to medium-sized businesses, then maybe we will see
:14:49. > :14:54.the economy move forward. If it stops in that particular segment it
:14:54. > :14:58.is going to get a lot worse before it gets better. Last week, the
:14:58. > :15:02.European Central Bank lent out for 2 billion euros to European banks
:15:02. > :15:06.in one week, that is not sustainable! I happen to know you
:15:06. > :15:15.are not the biggest computer gaming fan, but even you must be excited
:15:15. > :15:19.about what has happened to this company. They make online games,
:15:19. > :15:24.games you can only play on Facebook, and they are going public today on
:15:24. > :15:30.Wall Street, expecting age huge debut. They sold 100 million shares
:15:30. > :15:33.at 10 bucks each. He is the interesting thing, they have 2
:15:33. > :15:38.million users a month, but they only make revenue from a 3% of
:15:38. > :15:44.those. The question I put to an expert is how do they make their
:15:44. > :15:49.money? It is the new metric, you get not for three, access to most
:15:49. > :15:54.of it, with a bit of adverts, or you can upgrade people and convince
:15:54. > :15:57.them to buy extra items for the Games, to be able to play quicker.
:15:57. > :16:03.That appeals to quite a lot of people that don't necessarily want
:16:03. > :16:08.to sit there the entire time, they want to go in, play, get excited,
:16:08. > :16:13.and they are happy to pay for that. It also gives investors a chance to
:16:13. > :16:23.pay -- jump on the back of the growth of Facebook. Let's have a
:16:23. > :16:27.
:16:27. > :16:33.Thank you. We do want to hear what you think, so do get in touch with
:16:33. > :16:43.us here at G and T. Go to the website, or you can watch
:16:43. > :16:49.
:16:49. > :16:52.This is GMT, from BBC World news. The headlines: Japan says the
:16:52. > :16:58.crippled Fukushima nuclear plant is under control, but it could take
:16:58. > :17:00.decades to clean up. Bradley Manning, the US soldier
:17:01. > :17:08.accused of spilling secrets to WikiLeaks, gets his first day in
:17:08. > :17:11.court. Indonesia is home to the world's
:17:11. > :17:15.biggest -- a 4th biggest population of young people, but many of them
:17:15. > :17:19.end up surviving on or jobs to make a living. It is estimated that more
:17:19. > :17:25.than half the working operation in the country is employed in the
:17:25. > :17:30.informal sector, which is how focus in the latest of our series on the
:17:30. > :17:37.young and jobless. Our Indonesia correspondent reports from the city
:17:37. > :17:41.of Makassar in South Sulawesi. This port is bustling with
:17:41. > :17:45.fishermen selling their goods at dawn. This city has historically
:17:45. > :17:50.been one of the centres of Trade and Commerce in Indonesia, but for
:17:50. > :17:54.the use here, it is getting harder and harder to find work. -- for the
:17:54. > :17:58.youth. This part has one of the highest used unemployment rate in
:17:58. > :18:03.the country. Many of the young people who end up doing odd jobs or
:18:03. > :18:06.fishing to make ends meet. Experts say the fact that so many of
:18:06. > :18:10.Indonesia's youth population end up in the informal sector is one of
:18:10. > :18:16.the main reasons this country's economy could fail to reach its
:18:16. > :18:22.full potential. This 22-year-old is one of the lucky ones. She is now
:18:22. > :18:25.the proud owner of this mobile- phone repair shop. She got help - a
:18:25. > :18:28.freedom of the technical training course paid for by the
:18:28. > :18:32.International Labour Organisation. But there is no security net
:18:32. > :18:39.working in the informal sector. She wants to turn her business into
:18:39. > :18:43.illegitimate one. TRANSLATION: If I can, I want to register my business
:18:43. > :18:48.so it becomes a legal entity. That way, I can get a bank loan easily,
:18:48. > :18:53.but I don't know how to do that. Most in donations never even have
:18:53. > :18:57.the chance to think that big. -- most Indonesians. This 21-year-old
:18:57. > :19:00.had big dreams, like so many of his peers, when he first got to Jakarta
:19:00. > :19:05.five years ago. But he didn't have the right qualifications, so
:19:05. > :19:11.couldn't get a job. Now he sells magazines at traffic junctions to
:19:11. > :19:16.make ends meet. TRANSLATION: I wanted to do work that fits my
:19:16. > :19:20.skills, not like this. I want to get a real job, but I only have an
:19:20. > :19:25.elementary school education, so it is impossible to stop this is an
:19:25. > :19:30.exceptionally young country. the full potential of Indonesia's
:19:30. > :19:33.youth isn't being recognised. The challenge for Indonesia is to tap
:19:33. > :19:41.this bought -- a huge source of talent to ensure that young people
:19:41. > :19:45.here get a -- shot at making it in life.
:19:45. > :19:48.For more insight into the global informal economy, we can speak to
:19:48. > :19:56.Robert Neuwirth, altar of Stealth of Nations - the Global Rise of the
:19:56. > :20:01.Informal Economy, first of all, could you give us the epic scale of
:20:01. > :20:05.the informal economy across the world? Well, it is huge. The
:20:05. > :20:11.statistics are that more than one half of the working people in the
:20:11. > :20:17.world work of the box and in the informal economy. -- Off the Box.
:20:17. > :20:22.This is legal product been dealt with in an unregistered way. In
:20:22. > :20:26.total, that amounts to 10 trillion dollars of economic activity, so if
:20:26. > :20:32.the informal economy was organised as a nation state, it would be his
:20:32. > :20:36.second largest in the world. But of course it is not. Should we regard
:20:36. > :20:41.the size of the informal economy as a fundamental negative for the
:20:41. > :20:45.world? The people in it are not paying tax, their work is not being
:20:45. > :20:49.regulated, conditions can be appalling, is this a negative?
:20:49. > :20:53.would flip it around and say that it is a negative on the way that
:20:53. > :20:57.the formal economy works, that half the workers of the world are shut
:20:57. > :21:01.out from it. We need to look at this sector of the economic
:21:01. > :21:06.activity of the world as tarnishing its growth potential, and looking
:21:06. > :21:11.at how we can make it a positive for the world. You have spent a
:21:11. > :21:15.couple of years living in different parts of the world, a study in the
:21:15. > :21:23.informal economy up close. Is it your conclusion that people within
:21:23. > :21:27.the shadow economy would like to move into the official economy?
:21:27. > :21:32.Only if it makes sense. It is a question of profit margins. If it
:21:33. > :21:37.makes sense to become a registered Corporation, Shaw, but if not, and
:21:37. > :21:41.they can expand their business without getting registered, then
:21:41. > :21:45.people are content to what we call the shadows. But it is not a
:21:45. > :21:49.shadowy realm, they are doing business openly on the streets, so
:21:49. > :21:53.we're not talking about some clandestine opening -- underground.
:21:53. > :21:57.We are talking about honest entrepreneurship. The question is,
:21:57. > :22:04.how can we encourage them to grow their businesses in ways that help
:22:04. > :22:08.the nation's? There is no doubt that criminal enterprises also does
:22:08. > :22:12.eat away inside this informal sector. You talk about a 10
:22:12. > :22:17.trillion dollar industry, what proportion of that is involved with
:22:17. > :22:25.criminal or underground activity? In reality, none of it. The
:22:25. > :22:31.statistics I am using scream out actual criminality, drug dealing,
:22:31. > :22:36.arms dealing, so those criminal networks are not included -- screen
:22:36. > :22:41.out. They would be another former quadrillion, perhaps. But there are
:22:41. > :22:46.legal people are the mass of this, so to talk about criminality is a
:22:46. > :22:50.canard. A what proportion of the people in this industry, roughly,
:22:50. > :22:54.are working in conditions that we, in the official economy, would
:22:54. > :22:58.regard as completely unacceptable? That is a very difficult
:22:58. > :23:02.calculation to make. I don't really know, but I can tell you that in
:23:02. > :23:05.the developing world, many of the formal but it is also don't have
:23:05. > :23:11.the social security predictions, unemployment protection, but we
:23:11. > :23:15.take for granted here. So it is hard to argue that people are being
:23:15. > :23:20.exploited in the informal economy, when the formal economy exploits
:23:20. > :23:23.people as well. Thank you are joining us.
:23:23. > :23:27.The controversial British-born author and journalist Christopher
:23:27. > :23:31.Hitchens has died at the age of 62 after a long and public battle with
:23:31. > :23:35.cancer. He began his career in Britain as a left-wing journalist,
:23:35. > :23:40.but later moved to New York and angered many of his former allies
:23:40. > :23:43.by supporting the US invasion of Iraq.
:23:43. > :23:48.Christopher Hitchens was a provocative bigger, describing
:23:48. > :23:57.himself as an essayist and contrarian. An author of 17 box, he
:23:57. > :24:02.was an atheist and alcoholic. -- 17 blogs. Diagnosed with cancer last
:24:02. > :24:08.year, he spoke to Newsnight about his declining health. I am afraid
:24:08. > :24:13.of a sordid death, afraid that I would die in an ugly or squalid way.
:24:13. > :24:21.Cancer can be very pitiless in that. I feel a sense of waste about it,
:24:21. > :24:25.because I am not ready. I feel a sense of betrayal to my family.
:24:25. > :24:29.began his career in Britain, moving to New York in the 1980s. His death
:24:29. > :24:39.was announced by Vanity Fair, where he worked as a contributing editor.
:24:39. > :24:47.
:24:47. > :24:51.One of those who did know him was the deputy prime minister, Nick
:24:51. > :24:54.Clegg, who worked for him as an intern. He said Christopher
:24:54. > :24:57.Hitchens was infuriating and brilliant, and that he will be
:24:57. > :25:04.massively missed by everyone who values strong opinions and great
:25:04. > :25:08.writing. We can speak now to the director of
:25:08. > :25:13.a documentary about Christopher Hitchens. He is joining us from
:25:13. > :25:21.Calcutta. You were a friend, collaborator, just tell me, what is
:25:21. > :25:25.your overriding memory of Christopher Hitchens? Generosity.
:25:25. > :25:31.Generosity and largeness, unfortunately, in many ways! A lust
:25:31. > :25:37.for life. His was a life well and truly lived. Well lived, in the
:25:37. > :25:41.sense that his experience was extremely wide and deep. Truly
:25:41. > :25:51.lived in the sense that he didn't suffer fools gladly, he didn't po
:25:51. > :25:51.
:25:51. > :25:55.party lines, he thought for himself. Fiercely independent thinking was
:25:55. > :25:59.all important to him. I called him a contrarian earlier in the
:25:59. > :26:07.programme, did he actively relish generating a huge amount of
:26:07. > :26:15.argument and heat? Yes, I think he did. And there was a very poor
:26:16. > :26:19.formative aspect to him. -- perform. I considered setting up a debate
:26:19. > :26:23.between him and George Galloway in the Albert Hall, which would have
:26:23. > :26:30.been done. He did court that to an extent, but he was always sincere
:26:30. > :26:37.in his positions. I think very rare are the occasions when he inflated