:00:00. > :00:08.Tonight, the tiny babies who are beating the odds.
:00:09. > :00:20.Well, take a deep breath, we may have found
:00:21. > :00:27.Anything which helps promote electric vehicles as not milk-float
:00:28. > :00:33.stereotypes has got to be a good thing.
:00:34. > :00:36.How this from Derbyshire hill farmer became
:00:37. > :00:41.We're in Nottingham to bring you the stories
:00:42. > :00:58.This is Inside Out for the East Midlands.
:00:59. > :01:04.Tiny infants, born months before their
:01:05. > :01:07.due date and so underdeveloped that they are unable to breathe,
:01:08. > :01:12.New treatments which are being tested here in the East
:01:13. > :01:15.Midlands mean more are now surviving against the odds.
:01:16. > :01:19.But pushing back the boundaries comes with huge
:01:20. > :01:23.costs, not just for the NHS, but often for the long-term health of
:01:24. > :01:34.Harry was born four months before his due date at
:01:35. > :01:52.Bred when she started having contractions, I was on the floor
:01:53. > :01:54.crying. Because they tell you truthfully how it is.
:01:55. > :02:07.He weighed just under a pound, less than half a bag of sugar.
:02:08. > :02:14.He was really tiny. His skin was really delicate. It was almost
:02:15. > :02:15.see-through. Every week, every day,
:02:16. > :02:24.a baby spends in his mother's womb, So when it is thrust into the world
:02:25. > :02:47.before it is ready, the baby faces Every day or week the baby stays
:02:48. > :02:50.inside its mother's stomach, they develop more. Everything the
:02:51. > :02:58.chewers. They're much more likely to survive in are born. They also get
:02:59. > :02:59.more anti-infection factors from the mother so they are able to fight
:03:00. > :03:02.mother so they are able to fight things off.
:03:03. > :03:06.babies are improving their chances of survival.
:03:07. > :03:12.It means they can tackle some of the heart and bowel
:03:13. > :03:18.And trials in Leicester and Nottingham are changing
:03:19. > :03:32.We give babies a protein found naturally in breast milk and we know
:03:33. > :03:38.that it helps to fight infection and it improves immunity and we know it
:03:39. > :03:40.can help with the maturation in the gut. So makes it easier for them to
:03:41. > :03:42.tolerate being fed. it and that has now
:03:43. > :03:48.risen to around 80%. Survival rates are
:03:49. > :03:53.improving every year. Leon is one of the lucky babies
:03:54. > :03:55.to benefit from He arrived almost three months
:03:56. > :03:59.earlier and has already survived several
:04:00. > :04:03.life-threatening traumas. He is being treated and he is the
:04:04. > :04:18.baby who is clinically stable. Doctors are now so worried
:04:19. > :04:21.about his bowels, they've decided to A generation ago, he would
:04:22. > :04:24.have had to survive on sugared water and may
:04:25. > :04:35.not have recovered. We were concerned there may be some
:04:36. > :04:40.kind of infection, so in this situation, is getting a special
:04:41. > :04:47.nutritional fluid where we can give him a carbohydrates, protein,
:04:48. > :04:53.liquids, all signs of -- kinds of vitamins and micro elements. They
:04:54. > :04:58.said there were going to stop feeding him for a week, but they
:04:59. > :05:05.don't do anything to hurt him, they want to help him. Everyday is like a
:05:06. > :05:13.roller-coaster, one day we just have a cuddle and on other days, he asked
:05:14. > :05:16.to stay in the incubator. -- he has to stay in the incubator.
:05:17. > :05:29.I wasn't sure if she was going to live.
:05:30. > :05:32.Like all babies of that age, she could not breathe, swallow or
:05:33. > :05:37.cry and had to be fed through a vein.
:05:38. > :05:45.It was hard yesterday and there have been days when I've walked in here
:05:46. > :05:47.and she was being helped to breed. -- brief.
:05:48. > :05:53.New treatments like these to check for and prevent
:05:54. > :05:59.blindness are helping to limit disabilities.
:06:00. > :06:02.Some babies they are so weak even though nurse was a minister
:06:03. > :06:04.breathing. no attempt was made
:06:05. > :06:06.to resuscitate extremely
:06:07. > :06:07.premature babies. Neonatal units were basic
:06:08. > :06:17.and so was the treatment. This one has to be given nourishment
:06:18. > :06:21.with a feeder like a fountain pen filler. Surely it is born, the
:06:22. > :06:25.weaker is its hold on life and the greater its helplessness.
:06:26. > :06:31.reached the viable limit for human life.
:06:32. > :06:38.Survival rates may be improving, but there are still
:06:39. > :06:47.I fear we are probably at the limit of where we will go with the
:06:48. > :06:56.smallest babies. I don't think that is necessarily right. It's more
:06:57. > :07:04.about how we can improve the quality of the survival. We just need to get
:07:05. > :07:26.a gas. New research shows that many
:07:27. > :07:28.premature babies also have mental and behavioural
:07:29. > :07:42.problems as they get older. The most common difficulty a
:07:43. > :07:46.premature baby will face as it gets old are in the areas of cognition.
:07:47. > :07:53.Difficulties with memory, thinking, problem solving and particular
:07:54. > :07:55.difficulties with attention. Also, social and emotional problems and
:07:56. > :07:57.those kind of problems have a major impact on how children perform at
:07:58. > :07:57.school. born at 23 weeks survive
:07:58. > :08:00.and few babies born so early will go
:08:01. > :08:04.on to lead a healthy life. Because so many face
:08:05. > :08:05.lifelong complications, some doctors question the financial
:08:06. > :08:18.cost of treating them. Intel is care is expensive, so
:08:19. > :08:23.intensive care in this hospital costs about a day per cot. So if
:08:24. > :08:27.you're testing a new cancer treatment, you ask what the cost of
:08:28. > :08:32.it is and how many years extra life will give someone, quality added
:08:33. > :08:38.life. We are one of the bully specialties where you can get an
:08:39. > :08:43.entire lifetime. Further baby does well, and they go home and they have
:08:44. > :08:45.a normal life, that you have gained a huge amount and that has to be
:08:46. > :08:46.offset against the cost upward. He's just reached his
:08:47. > :08:50.due date and he has gone home weighing
:08:51. > :09:11.seven-and-a-half pounds. It was quite scary to watch. But
:09:12. > :09:15.they were doing the best for him and without the help, he would not be
:09:16. > :09:17.here. They can do amazing things these days. 20 years ago maybe, you
:09:18. > :09:20.would not have been here. And in the same week,
:09:21. > :09:25.Leon has recovered from his bowel complications
:09:26. > :09:40.and has left hospital. We are really, really happy to get
:09:41. > :09:48.him home with us. We don't have to go to hospitals, so it is easier for
:09:49. > :09:52.us. Life is easier. How is he? He is very good. He doesn't sleep at
:09:53. > :09:58.night, but that's normal apparently. He's a good boy. In the unit, you
:09:59. > :10:03.will see picture boards with pictures of children going to school
:10:04. > :10:08.and children going on get their degree at University that were
:10:09. > :10:12.ex-patient's ear. Whilst there is a lot to lose and they can be a very
:10:13. > :10:22.emotional place from our point of view, there's also the most to gain.
:10:23. > :10:25.And a huge thank you to the medical staff and parents who allowed us to
:10:26. > :10:35.It's estimated that air pollution is responsible
:10:36. > :10:39.for shortening our lives in the UK by six months, and even
:10:40. > :10:42.worse, Nottingham is one of the cities with the dirtiest air.
:10:43. > :10:45.Determined to clean up its act, the UK's first priority lane for
:10:46. > :10:51.ultralow emission vehicles will soon open here.
:10:52. > :10:54.Simon Hare has been investigating if it will work and
:10:55. > :11:03.what we can learn from our neighbours in Norway.
:11:04. > :11:08.Imagine going out to your car each morning and and the tank is full and
:11:09. > :11:11.all at a fraction of the cost of the traditional petrol
:11:12. > :11:19.Well, that is the reality for Simon MacArthur.
:11:20. > :11:22.He's taking me for a driving his Tesla model S.
:11:23. > :11:30.It is my first ever time an electric car.
:11:31. > :11:33.It is quite an expensive car, but the savings I am making from the
:11:34. > :11:37.fuel, the fact that there is no road tax - there were some tax
:11:38. > :11:39.benefits from purchasing it through my company -
:11:40. > :11:43.the stars aligned and it seemed like a great choice.
:11:44. > :11:46.Not only do get something that's really nice
:11:47. > :11:49.to drive, really nifty, but you also get something that is putting
:11:50. > :11:52.Yes, by NOT putting something into the environment.
:11:53. > :12:03.In the past, drivers in the UK were encouraged to buy diesel cars.
:12:04. > :12:05.But now we're being told they're having big impact
:12:06. > :12:12.What reaction did you get from family and friends
:12:13. > :12:17.Did everyone think you were about to start hugging trees?
:12:18. > :12:22.But the first sort of office joke was,
:12:23. > :12:24.you're driving around in a milk float.
:12:25. > :12:27.It got pretty thin that particular joke, but it soon
:12:28. > :12:29.disappeared when they tried to race me away from a set
:12:30. > :12:45.It does make a big difference, your peer group and what
:12:46. > :12:50.But attitudes are changing. Nottingham City Council
:12:51. > :12:56.It is building the UK's first so-called
:12:57. > :13:06.As well as buses, the extra lane in either direction
:13:07. > :13:08.on the A612 will be for ultralow emission vehicles like Simon's
:13:09. > :13:16.Why is Nottingham at the forefront of this?
:13:17. > :13:18.Well, we'll know that air is becoming of
:13:19. > :13:20.increasing concern and it is the health
:13:21. > :13:24.risk around emissions, so we
:13:25. > :13:29.think initiatives like this will encourage people to buy greener
:13:30. > :13:36.vehicles and that way we will improve the air we breathe.
:13:37. > :13:38.So the idea being, people coming in from
:13:39. > :13:40.the eastern side of Nottingham, stuck in the middle
:13:41. > :13:46.and the look at these electric cars flying into town,
:13:47. > :13:49.they will think, I will have one of those instead.
:13:50. > :13:56.It will mean they get to their destination at little bit
:13:57. > :14:02.Just incentivising people to get these cleaner vehicles which to
:14:03. > :14:17.But some campaigners are worried if electric
:14:18. > :14:18.cars take off here, the
:14:19. > :14:22.knock-on effect could be congested bus lanes.
:14:23. > :14:24.This scheme could be a victim of its own success.
:14:25. > :14:26.So if it succeeds and attracts very large
:14:27. > :14:29.numbers of electric cars, then of course
:14:30. > :14:31.the lane will clog up and the
:14:32. > :14:38.And the idea is really to persuade others to
:14:39. > :14:45.In here in Norway, they've been encouraging
:14:46. > :14:52.I've come to the capital Oslo which is also known as the world where
:14:53. > :14:58.Christina, here we have a typical scene in Oslo.
:14:59. > :15:02.Cars at the side of the road being charged up.
:15:03. > :15:04.The charges here are more or less full
:15:05. > :15:15.There are more than a thousand of these charging points in
:15:16. > :15:20.the city where drivers can plug in free.
:15:21. > :15:22.The latest example of how city officials are making it cheaper
:15:23. > :15:31.Local pollution is a big problem in a lot of cities.
:15:32. > :15:33.Here in Oslo, they even banned diesel
:15:34. > :15:35.vehicles from the city centre for a day when
:15:36. > :15:44.pollution levels go dangerously high.
:15:45. > :15:47.Norway is now helping the shift to happen faster, which is
:15:48. > :15:55.Tax and road toll breaks, plus access to bus lanes at
:15:56. > :15:58.peak times, such as Nottingham's proposed eco-expressway, have also
:15:59. > :16:05.helped sales of new plug-in cars to rise.
:16:06. > :16:07.So fast, in fact, they're on the verge of overtaking petrol
:16:08. > :16:14.I've come to meet the man who is the driving
:16:15. > :16:19.And he supports what is being done in the East
:16:20. > :16:23.Congratulations to Nottingham, because that is a good
:16:24. > :16:28.Actually, we did the same, and I can assure you it is a
:16:29. > :16:31.fantastic feeling driving in from the suburbs in the morning and
:16:32. > :16:48.seeing the queue just standing close to you.
:16:49. > :16:50.But remember that warning from the Nottingham
:16:51. > :16:52.Well, there are now so many electric vehicles
:16:53. > :16:55.here in Oslo, by the bus lanes have become congested as well.
:16:56. > :16:58.At the moment, you have to be two people in
:16:59. > :16:59.an electric vehicle during the rush hour.
:17:00. > :17:03.That started late last year and we can seat is getting better so
:17:04. > :17:06.at the moment, more and more people are driving together and a good
:17:07. > :17:12.It is between seven and nine o'clock.
:17:13. > :17:17.What do I do, I take my wife to work.
:17:18. > :17:20.It's nice to use this lane, but I don't think we will have
:17:21. > :17:24.its a very long time, because there aren't so many
:17:25. > :17:28.electric cars in Oslo we are occupying the lane for the
:17:29. > :17:44.buses and that was not the intention.
:17:45. > :17:46.What lessons can Nottingham learn from Oslo?
:17:47. > :17:48.There have been problems with bus lanes getting clogged
:17:49. > :17:52.Yes, but they're probably quite far off that situation in Nottingham,
:17:53. > :17:55.but first of all, I think it's good that they do this.
:17:56. > :17:57.It's those incentives that make the shift
:17:58. > :18:05.I think people who are sceptical about electric cars haven't tried
:18:06. > :18:09.So with that, the Norwegian Electric Vehicle Owners' Association
:18:10. > :18:12.is letting me take one of its cars for a ride.
:18:13. > :18:18.Despite the concerns of my cameraman.
:18:19. > :18:29.When pulling into that lane, I initially failed to
:18:30. > :18:37.It just happened to belong to the National
:18:38. > :18:41.But apart from my bad driving, I soon forgot there was
:18:42. > :18:48.anything different about WHAT I was driving.
:18:49. > :18:51.Of course, one electric car will not save our world, because there
:18:52. > :18:53.are other problems with smog and other things.
:18:54. > :19:10.I just enjoy driving this car, it is quiet, fast and electric!
:19:11. > :19:13.Finally tonight, from a humble hill farm in North Derbyshire to the head
:19:14. > :19:16.of MI6, Maurice Oldfield's career reads like a work of dramatic
:19:17. > :19:19.Through an uncanny ability to read the next moves of his
:19:20. > :19:22.rivals, he became one of the most respected
:19:23. > :19:25.figures in the history of
:19:26. > :19:28.But as I've been discovering, it was his
:19:29. > :19:31.own final career move that meant, for Maurice, that there was
:19:32. > :19:47.It's 1979, the height of the Cold War and a new BBC drama has
:19:48. > :19:58.I've got a story to tell you and it's all about spies.
:19:59. > :20:00.And our story is all about spies, too.
:20:01. > :20:07.So how did Maurice Oldfield, born and brought up
:20:08. > :20:10.in this tiny Derbyshire village, end up becoming head of MI6 and the
:20:11. > :20:25.inspiration for Alec Guinness as George Smiley?
:20:26. > :20:31.George Smiley, a lovely, darling man.
:20:32. > :20:41.Pat Philby has lived in this village most of his life.
:20:42. > :20:46.Even as a young boy, Pat says Maurice
:20:47. > :20:51.had the makings of a tactical genius.
:20:52. > :20:59.Even at the junior school in the village, he was always the leader.
:21:00. > :21:02.He thought of all the ideas, all the scams and things. He made the
:21:03. > :21:09.bullets and gobby overlaps to fire them. And even in those days, you
:21:10. > :21:12.realised just how intelligent he was.
:21:13. > :21:21.The school he went to was a two-mile walk each way.
:21:22. > :21:23.But, as it turned out, Maurice Oldfield was
:21:24. > :21:31.His reward for this academic brilliance was a place at
:21:32. > :21:37.It was while studying there that he started
:21:38. > :21:38.doing security work in the Middle East,
:21:39. > :21:54.from Manchester University would still have been something of an
:21:55. > :21:58.outsider inside the service. Most of them came from Oxbridge.
:21:59. > :22:00.But Maurice Oldfield and spy work proved an excellent
:22:01. > :22:14.Bred academic qualities suited the work he was doing and I think he did
:22:15. > :22:16.quite close, it intends intelligence information, collecting and shifting
:22:17. > :22:18.information and deciding what was relevant and what was not.
:22:19. > :22:20.It was such a good fit that he rose to
:22:21. > :22:33.When anybody achieves chief inside MI6, they've done exceptionally
:22:34. > :22:38.well, because often, it is riven by factions. There are other officers
:22:39. > :22:42.who wants to get to the top but he achieved it. He got up the greasy
:22:43. > :22:44.pole as it were. And he made it. That is a very difficult thing to
:22:45. > :22:50.do. But this bookish, quiet
:22:51. > :22:54.character became an Alec Guinness won worldwide
:22:55. > :22:57.critical acclaim as But first the actor
:22:58. > :23:07.needed inspiration. He died of a heart attack after a
:23:08. > :23:10.long illness through most of which it continue to work.
:23:11. > :23:13.great-nephew and has written a book about him.
:23:14. > :23:16.He says Maurice first met Sir Alec Guinness at a dinner
:23:17. > :23:18.with the author who originally invented Smiley and
:23:19. > :23:21.wrote Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, John Le Carre.
:23:22. > :23:28.They got there before him and they were chatting away and when the
:23:29. > :23:32.author arrived, the first remark that Maurice Oldfield made was, I
:23:33. > :23:41.think he's been over doing all this spy nonsense, don't you? And Alec
:23:42. > :23:44.Guinness says, oh, I quite agree. He observed Maurice Oldfield very
:23:45. > :23:48.carefully, what he was drinking, how we acted and talked. And he stood
:23:49. > :23:50.and watched to see how we walked in he left the restaurant.
:23:51. > :24:02.It was a big challenge at a difficult time.
:24:03. > :24:14.The Guy Burgess affair has great issues of delicacy. The Russians
:24:15. > :24:19.knew properly every MI6 officer there was another 1950s and the
:24:20. > :24:20.early 1960s. And that caused great problems with intelligence
:24:21. > :24:36.cooperation with the Americans. Seen from the outside, this is one
:24:37. > :24:37.of the big achievements in intelligence.
:24:38. > :24:48.He was a busy man, obviously being the head of MI6, and when he got in
:24:49. > :24:55.the local pub, he was always chatty, the local pub, he was always chatty,
:24:56. > :25:03.it didn't matter what standing you were in the world, he would speak to
:25:04. > :25:07.you. A very nice bloke. Would be obvious to me was? Not to outsider,
:25:08. > :25:13.but people in the village knew who he was. There would be no bowing and
:25:14. > :25:15.scraping or anything like that. was about to retire,
:25:16. > :25:17.not to the sunshine, but to the Derbyshire
:25:18. > :25:20.hills, Margaret Thatcher asked him It was coordinating
:25:21. > :25:24.security and intelligence He described it as the most
:25:25. > :25:36.miserable time of his career. He wasn't just
:25:37. > :25:38.miserable, those years were to haunt Maurice
:25:39. > :25:39.Oldfield's legacy. Then newspaper stories
:25:40. > :25:43.began to emerge saying he had been involved in abuse
:25:44. > :26:00.at a Belfast You will read claims of state
:26:01. > :26:01.sponsored child prostitution, paedophile rings, blackmail and
:26:02. > :26:03.cover-ups. But Colin Wallace is
:26:04. > :26:19.convinced Maurice Oldfield He was based at Stormont Castle in
:26:20. > :26:25.Belfast, heavily guarded. He did not drive, he had no licence. He was
:26:26. > :26:32.escorted round with two carloads of bodyguards. So his freedom of
:26:33. > :26:39.movement was very limited. Of course, he was protected all the
:26:40. > :26:41.way. If he had been going to anywhere like Kincora, those
:26:42. > :26:43.bodyguards would have known exactly where he was.
:26:44. > :26:48.Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry, which examined child
:26:49. > :26:53.abuse in Northern Ireland, published its findings.
:26:54. > :26:56.It concludes the allegations about Sir Maurice
:26:57. > :26:59.Oldfield's connections to Kincora have no substance.
:27:00. > :27:01.For his family however, the damage has
:27:02. > :27:15.I still feel very angry with the press, I really do. And whoever
:27:16. > :27:16.started all the rumours, which I think has been proved, were not
:27:17. > :27:18.true. The village school boy who made it
:27:19. > :27:24.to the top not through connections or background, but by sheer
:27:25. > :27:36.hard work and talent. I think he was an astonishing
:27:37. > :27:45.character. To have come from way he did and achieve all he did. I think
:27:46. > :27:47.everybody was very proud. Let's face it, it is not everybody rises to be
:27:48. > :27:48.the head of MI6. it is the fun-loving
:27:49. > :28:01.great He was the sort of chap who would
:28:02. > :28:05.stand in the street and have a chat with you will kick the football
:28:06. > :28:14.against the wall with you. He was -- it was obviously exciting when
:28:15. > :28:18.people started to say he was the man whom M was based on in the James
:28:19. > :28:21.Bond forms. He did not hide what he did at that stage, there was no
:28:22. > :28:24.point. But equally, you didn't give anything away.
:28:25. > :28:26.A remarkable story of a remarkable man.
:28:27. > :28:32.The FA Cup schedule means we are taking a break next week,
:28:33. > :28:39.that here is what's coming up in a fortnight.
:28:40. > :28:42.With a rise in rough sleepers and street drinkers, is Derby facing
:28:43. > :29:10.I'm Riz Lateef with your 90 second update.
:29:11. > :29:12.Questions over Vauxhall's future in Britain after it was sold
:29:13. > :29:15.Vauxhall employs 4,500 people but its new owners
:29:16. > :29:20.This is a new campaign to get the public to report
:29:21. > :29:24.Police say they've stopped 13 possible attacks in four years.