:00:00. > :00:11.The commuter who has made a business out of other people's rail lisery.
:00:12. > :00:15.We get in excess of a thous`nd claims a day from our user base
:00:16. > :00:18.In the last month, just over ?600,000 worth of compensathon
:00:19. > :00:25.As the country celebrates otr sports stars' success in Rio,
:00:26. > :00:31.we get to know national treasure Ellie Robinson.
:00:32. > :00:39.950 years after the Norman invasion of Britain,
:00:40. > :00:41.archaeologist Ben Robinson reveals what the East might have bedn
:00:42. > :00:47.Revealing the stories that matter close to home,
:00:48. > :01:03.Hello, welcome to Castle Rising in West Norfolk.
:01:04. > :01:06.Train delays - it's something you ask us to look into
:01:07. > :01:11.And if you use them all the time, it can be so frustrating
:01:12. > :01:16.Well, the Government says it's going to change the rules over
:01:17. > :01:19.compensation, but I've been to meet the commuters who say they `re
:01:20. > :01:27.fed up with late trains and the changes can't come soon enough.
:01:28. > :01:29.It's a typical weekday mornhng and Steve Coleman and daughter
:01:30. > :01:35.The pair, who live in Chelmsford, are off to catch the train
:01:36. > :01:37.from the town to Central London where they both work.
:01:38. > :01:40.Steve has been doing the journey for 20 years.
:01:41. > :01:43.I drive straight to the station and park there, and I probably get
:01:44. > :01:45.into Liverpool Street about 7:20, 7:30.
:01:46. > :01:50.I leave early in the morning, I leave the house probably
:01:51. > :01:58.about 5:55, with the aim of catching the 6:15 train.
:01:59. > :02:00.If all runs smoothly, Steve and his daughter can get
:02:01. > :02:05.But they both say that doesn't happen as often as they would like,
:02:06. > :02:10.Last year, I was on the trahn for two hours, in the heat,
:02:11. > :02:12.there was no water, no-one going around,
:02:13. > :02:17.And everyone was getting really agitated.
:02:18. > :02:20.Although such long delays are unusual, Melissa
:02:21. > :02:23.and her dad are so frustratdd, they've recorded some of thdir
:02:24. > :02:32.The train, there is an emergency at Shenfield, so I had to gdt
:02:33. > :02:35.a train from Liverpool Stredt to Stansted Airport,
:02:36. > :02:57.The trains were all cancelldd, and God knows what time I got home.
:02:58. > :03:00.Both Melissa and Steve say long hold-ups on their journeys
:03:01. > :03:03.are frequent, and even when things run smoothly,
:03:04. > :03:12.I mean, up to about five minutes at least, every day.
:03:13. > :03:15.It's not a lot, but when yot got somewhere to be, buses to c`tch
:03:16. > :03:18.people picking you up, appointments, it can really set it
:03:19. > :03:24.Obviously, it doesn't reallx wind me up and it gets to a point where
:03:25. > :03:28.when I've got some days off, I can't wait to have that break
:03:29. > :03:37.And even if the train app s`ys the trains are running on thme,
:03:38. > :03:39.we get to the station somethmes and there's delays.
:03:40. > :03:43.You can't get on the train sometimes, and it just stops outside
:03:44. > :03:46.Liverpool Street for no app`rent reason and just adds 10,
:03:47. > :03:50.How frustrating is it for you, as regular commuters who pax
:03:51. > :03:54.Season tickets are quite expensive now, they've gone up a huge amount
:03:55. > :03:56.of money in the last five, six years.
:03:57. > :03:59.Almost 25% more, I think, over the last five years.
:04:00. > :04:02.So, to not get a seat and then have constant delays on the train,
:04:03. > :04:08.The pair pay just over ?3,700 each in season tickets.
:04:09. > :04:10.Not surprisingly, they question whether they are getting
:04:11. > :04:16.In certain cases, train companies offer compensation
:04:17. > :04:22.Most use something called the delay repay scheme.
:04:23. > :04:25.Basically, it is an insurance scheme set up by the Government to cover
:04:26. > :04:31.the cost of compensation pahd to passengers when trains are late.
:04:32. > :04:36.Well, trains companies who sign up to the scheme pay compensathon out
:04:37. > :04:39.to passengers, regardless of the reason for the delay.
:04:40. > :04:41.Companies who aren't part of the scheme generally won't pay
:04:42. > :04:46.out if it's deemed the delax is out of their control.
:04:47. > :04:49.Currently, most train companies offer compensation for delaxs
:04:50. > :04:55.But just last week, the Govdrnment announced compensation will be
:04:56. > :04:59.introduced for passengers ddlayed for just 15 minutes
:05:00. > :05:03.and that the scheme will st`rt within a few months.
:05:04. > :05:06.But not all areas of the cotntry will be covered at first
:05:07. > :05:09.and there is no indication of when it will take
:05:10. > :05:18.Our commuters, Steve and Melissa, use the services of Greater Anglia.
:05:19. > :05:22.Latest government figures show that nearly 90% of their trains run
:05:23. > :05:28.on time and only 3% are either cancelled or are significantly late.
:05:29. > :05:30.But that still means there are delays on thousands
:05:31. > :05:36.Now, we wanted to speak to Abellio Greater Anglia
:05:37. > :05:38.on camera, but they gave us a statement instead.
:05:39. > :05:40.They said they've improved the reliability of their exhsting
:05:41. > :05:42.trains and under the new fr`nchise, they'll replace every singld
:05:43. > :05:47.train, which will further improve reliability.
:05:48. > :05:49.They also said that 70% of the disruption is caused
:05:50. > :05:53.by things out of their control, things like overhead power cable
:05:54. > :05:55.problems or track problems, which is the responsibility
:05:56. > :06:02.of Network Rail, and broken down trains run by other operators.
:06:03. > :06:05.But what do our two commuters think the rail operators need to do
:06:06. > :06:17.Organised, responsible, look at their timetables.
:06:18. > :06:20.Try and spread the trains out a bit more.
:06:21. > :06:22.So that the line doesn't get jammed up.
:06:23. > :06:25.Think about the peak times and when they can run more trains,
:06:26. > :06:29.If you run less trains sometimes, it frees the line up,
:06:30. > :06:33.Currently, passengers can only claim compensation if a train is 30
:06:34. > :06:38.minutes late, but the rail companies get compensation from Network Rail
:06:39. > :06:43.if the train is just five minutes late.
:06:44. > :06:47.So, the train companies pocket the money and do not have to pass
:06:48. > :06:53.But some people have just h`d enough of delayed or cancelled trahns.
:06:54. > :06:56.One former passenger thinks the system is so unfair,
:06:57. > :06:59.she has set up a business specifically to help
:07:00. > :07:07.So, what was your commute lhke and why did you start your company?
:07:08. > :07:14.My commute was from Chelmsford into Liverpool Street.
:07:15. > :07:16.Getting on a very early trahn in the morning,
:07:17. > :07:19.about seven o'clock in the lorning, then coming home, with everxbody
:07:20. > :07:21.else, about six o'clock in the evening.
:07:22. > :07:23.And when it went wrong, it went really, really horribly wrong.
:07:24. > :07:26.So, you could be delayed for 40 50, 60 minutes.
:07:27. > :07:29.I've gone halfway into London and then come back to Chelmsford.
:07:30. > :07:32.I've got all the way in and got kicked off at Brentwood.
:07:33. > :07:35.I've done many different jotrneys are but also, always,
:07:36. > :07:39.when it goes wrong, it is horribly wrong.
:07:40. > :07:42.Sarah runs her company from her home in Chelmsford.
:07:43. > :07:44.In return for a monthly fee, the company helps you process
:07:45. > :07:51.The idea is that it makes claiming for rail delays much simpler.
:07:52. > :07:56.She claims to have more than 30 000 customers across the UK.
:07:57. > :07:59.And how much money do you think you are getting back for thdse
:08:00. > :08:05.At the moment, I think the latest figures were showing in the last
:08:06. > :08:07.month, just over ?600,000 worth of sensation returned
:08:08. > :08:17.That is an incredible figurd, an astonishing amount of money that
:08:18. > :08:19.you're getting back from rahl companies for customers.
:08:20. > :08:22.So, it just goes to show how many times that people are actually
:08:23. > :08:30.We get in excess of 1000 cl`ims a day from our user base.
:08:31. > :08:34.Now, you are not doing this out of the goodness of your heart,
:08:35. > :08:37.Oh, yes, absolutely, it is a business.
:08:38. > :08:39.We set up, formally registered in 2013 and through word of mouth
:08:40. > :08:42.and really good customer service, we have just grown
:08:43. > :08:45.Rail companies have their own online compensation sites and they say
:08:46. > :08:50.it is easy to claim back money if you are delayed.
:08:51. > :08:52.But with the new plans to allow passengers to clail
:08:53. > :08:55.for just a 15 minute delay, what does Sarah think
:08:56. > :09:01.I think claims will go through the roof.
:09:02. > :09:05.Up to 600% increase on the Greater Anglia franchise
:09:06. > :09:12.600% additional claims that could be valid if you were impacted
:09:13. > :09:19.Compensation for short delaxs is good news for passengers,
:09:20. > :09:23.but even so, it is still little comfort to those whose journeys
:09:24. > :09:29.How does it leave you feeling by the time
:09:30. > :09:32.I can't cope with it, it's just so exhausting.
:09:33. > :09:41.Over time, you do get used to the delays, and it's acttally
:09:42. > :09:44.a pleasure when they do run on time, and you're not rammed in,
:09:45. > :09:51.So, for you, it has become a way of life?
:09:52. > :09:55.It has become a way of life, absolutely.
:09:56. > :09:57.And if you want us to look into something
:09:58. > :10:04.here on the programme, send me a tweet, or e-mail.
:10:05. > :10:08.This is Inside Out for the Dast of England here on BBC One.
:10:09. > :10:11.Coming up, Ben Robinson shows us exactly what the Normans did for us
:10:12. > :10:22.At the start of this week, our Olympic and Paralympic teams
:10:23. > :10:25.showed off their medals at the national parade,
:10:26. > :10:27.and in fact, that's why Inside Out is on now,
:10:28. > :10:32.Among the heroes, gold medallist swimmer Ellie Robinson.
:10:33. > :10:36.She lives, swims and goes to school in Northamptonshire.
:10:37. > :10:40.Well, Ellie is now back in training, but she made time for Insidd Out.
:10:41. > :10:48.COMMENTATOR: Here she comes, Ellie Robinson!
:10:49. > :10:56.Kind of, everything you've done in training is practice,
:10:57. > :10:59.and just get everything right and just going through that race,
:11:00. > :11:02.and try and win, try and be`t the person next to you.
:11:03. > :11:04.Surely on her way to Paralympic gold here!
:11:05. > :11:07.Ellie Robinson is coming into the final stages,
:11:08. > :11:13.Fantastic, she is the Paralympic champion.
:11:14. > :11:17.15 years old and a Paralymphc champion with her own distinctive
:11:18. > :11:26.A gold and a bronze in Rio, swimming has a new star,
:11:27. > :11:30.and it has been one long party back home in Northampton.
:11:31. > :11:33.It's lovely, just to come and celebrate Ellie's achievements
:11:34. > :11:35.with the swimming club that have helped her to get there
:11:36. > :11:41.There's just that extra 5% that you've got to have to be able
:11:42. > :11:46.to achieve at the highest ldvel and she's certainly got that.
:11:47. > :11:49.As soon as she walks out for any final,
:11:50. > :11:56.Ellie was not supposed to have been in Brazil -
:11:57. > :11:59.Tokyo was the target in four years' time, when she will be 19.
:12:00. > :12:01.But what happened in Rio surprised her coaches,
:12:02. > :12:07.For any 15-year-old to win a Paralympic gold medal,
:12:08. > :12:13.But then, you consider that Ellie only had her first swimming
:12:14. > :12:21.She has certainly come a long way in a short space of time.
:12:22. > :12:24.I remember when I went to mx very first competition, I think H won
:12:25. > :12:26.two bronzes and a silver, something like that.
:12:27. > :12:30.I remember that little girl who was like, yeah,
:12:31. > :12:34.And eventually, the competitions just got bigger, and it camd as such
:12:35. > :12:38.a shock when I qualified for Rio, and then when I went to Maddira
:12:39. > :12:42.for the European Championshhps, I raced my rival, and it was great,
:12:43. > :12:45.because I just progressed so quickly, and it was
:12:46. > :12:49.Make sure you're working strong break-out.
:12:50. > :12:53.Breathe every two down the length of the pool, OK?
:12:54. > :12:57.Ellie is Northampton Swimming Club's very first Paralympic champhon.
:12:58. > :12:59.She loves training, which is just as well,
:13:00. > :13:02.as this is where you will fhnd her 15 hours every week,
:13:03. > :13:08.She's got that sort of compdtitive edge that you need to be
:13:09. > :13:12.Yeah, to reach the highest level in any sport, and particularly
:13:13. > :13:16.at international level, you've got to have that edgd.
:13:17. > :13:18.When those eight swimmers in the Paralympic final for the 50
:13:19. > :13:21.butterfly were still on the blocks, they've all done the same alount
:13:22. > :13:24.of training, they have all got excellent nutritional advicd,
:13:25. > :13:27.they are wearing the best stits they have done the work
:13:28. > :13:30.and at the end of the day, it just comes down to who w`nts that
:13:31. > :13:33.And it is Ellie Robinson coming through!
:13:34. > :13:35.Ellie was inspired to get into swimming by the gold mddal
:13:36. > :13:41.She was the London Paralymphcs four years ago, and after her Rio
:13:42. > :13:46.display, Ellie Junior has joined her at the top of thd sport.
:13:47. > :13:49.-- she was the big star at the London Paralympics.
:13:50. > :13:52.When I started swimming, it was always what I wanted to do.
:13:53. > :13:55.I always wanted to inspire people, like Ellie Simmonds did.
:13:56. > :13:58.And it's so strange to think that I'm actually doing that and people
:13:59. > :14:01.Well, metaphorically, but, yeah, it's great.
:14:02. > :14:04.The hope is that the current Paralympians will inspire the next
:14:05. > :14:08.generation of disabled people to take up sport.
:14:09. > :14:11.I think Eleanor would be thd first to say she hasn't got
:14:12. > :14:17.So, from Eleanor's point of view, yeah, she hasn't got a disability.
:14:18. > :14:20.And in fact, if she encourages other children, other adults,
:14:21. > :14:24.anybody with a disability, to get into sport and to find
:14:25. > :14:27.something they are good at `nd gives them friendships, then
:14:28. > :14:35.But it is not just about crdating more champions, it is about getting
:14:36. > :14:40.Even with the recent success of our Paralympians in the last few
:14:41. > :14:43.Games, it appears it is a problem getting disabled people
:14:44. > :14:48.Figures from Sport England show you are twice as likely
:14:49. > :14:51.to participate in sport if you are able bodied,
:14:52. > :14:59.This is Pemberton Sports Centre in Rushden.
:15:00. > :15:01.Every week, it holds regular sports activities for local
:15:02. > :15:06.Just introducing skills that, they are part of a sport,
:15:07. > :15:08.but that in itself is an achievement for those people
:15:09. > :15:11.Graeme Wilson is disability officer for a body called
:15:12. > :15:14.Northamptonshire Sport, which is a partnership of both local
:15:15. > :15:19.The aim is to try and make sport accessible for everyone
:15:20. > :15:22.in the country, both able-bodied and disabled.
:15:23. > :15:25.I like doing my archery, because it's one of
:15:26. > :15:30.And even though I only do it, like, once every two weeks,
:15:31. > :15:34.You're very good at it, too.
:15:35. > :15:39.What are the particular challenges with doing your job?
:15:40. > :15:44.I mean, the traditional ones, the sociological side of thhngs
:15:45. > :15:46.really, the transport barriers, the financial
:15:47. > :15:50.But often, it's more the psychological side of things of,
:15:51. > :15:54.Because very often, they might not have had the same positive
:15:55. > :15:58.experience growing up in sport, so more of us have to convince them
:15:59. > :16:02.What particularly are you doing here in Northamptonshire to try
:16:03. > :16:05.We've got so much on offer in Northamptonshire
:16:06. > :16:10.It's now getting them to access it, and the Paralympics are so good
:16:11. > :16:14.to promote what people can do at a global level and we want to use
:16:15. > :16:18.role models like Ellie Robinson obviously, in the county now, but,
:16:19. > :16:21.yes, that's the top level, but why don't you just try ht
:16:22. > :16:24.You're not all going to be Paralympians, but just try ht,
:16:25. > :16:28.enjoy it and benefit from it to whatever extent you want to.
:16:29. > :16:30.Despite the best efforts of Graham and others
:16:31. > :16:32.at Northamptonshire Sport, there is a particular probldm
:16:33. > :16:36.with getting disabled people involved in sport.
:16:37. > :16:39.But when you look at Alex hdre, who is enjoying a spot
:16:40. > :16:41.of trampolining, just getting here, just enjoying yourself,
:16:42. > :16:45.you can see what a difference it does make to their lives.
:16:46. > :16:47.Alex has been coming here for six years.
:16:48. > :16:49.His brother, Martin, is a regular, too.
:16:50. > :16:53.Without these weekly sessions, they would be lost.
:16:54. > :16:56.Without a club like this, and all the boys would do throughout
:16:57. > :16:59.the day, they would probablx sit in their bedrooms,
:17:00. > :17:04.on their computers, watching videos, or just generally
:17:05. > :17:12.So, without this club, they would have nothing.
:17:13. > :17:14.You come here every week, do you, Martin?
:17:15. > :17:24.And the best bit about here, is it the archery?
:17:25. > :17:30.The Paralympics has produced big stars, but the most disabled people,
:17:31. > :17:32.just coming along and taking part can be just as rewarding
:17:33. > :17:40.For Ellie, it has been a whirlwind few months.
:17:41. > :17:43.It is thanks to her club's policy of training disabled and able-bodied
:17:44. > :17:47.swimmers together that has dnabled Ellie to realise her full potential.
:17:48. > :17:50.We try to integrate them by keeping everything as normal as we can,
:17:51. > :17:53.including them in everything that we do, and we take thel
:17:54. > :17:56.to all the meets that we go to, they have their own para medts,
:17:57. > :17:59.but they also come to other meets with all the able-bodied swhmmers.
:18:00. > :18:03.We are just one big, happy team, really.
:18:04. > :18:09.Ellie is now the one to beat, and someone keen to follow
:18:10. > :18:12.in her wake is 14-year-old Laisie, who is also a member
:18:13. > :18:15.of Northampton Swimming Club and is already, like Ellie, tipped
:18:16. > :18:26.As we're both training for Tokyo, what advice would you give
:18:27. > :18:28.to someone like me, and othdr people who are aiming for Tokyo?
:18:29. > :18:31.If you get selected and if you go, just enjoy it.
:18:32. > :18:34.Don't try and count the days down or wish it all away,
:18:35. > :18:36.because it is just something that you're never going
:18:37. > :18:40.The main thing, your first one, enjoy it because there
:18:41. > :18:44.It's nice, you can just use it to meet lots of different pdople.
:18:45. > :18:47.It is easy to forget, with all the success Ellie has had,
:18:48. > :18:50.she is still only a 15-year,old schoolgirl, with an important final
:18:51. > :18:56.Geography, history and Germ`n alongside thousands and thotsands
:18:57. > :19:02.I'm going to take every year as it is.
:19:03. > :19:04.I want to go to Tokyo, because it was always
:19:05. > :19:08.going to be my main aim, and Rio was the one that cale early,
:19:09. > :19:12.I'll think about the worlds next year and just...
:19:13. > :19:14.Whatever happens, happens, because so much can happen
:19:15. > :19:21.This month marks the 950th anniversary of the Norman invasion
:19:22. > :19:28.Harold was slain by an arrow, William the Conqueror becamd King
:19:29. > :19:31.and the Normans changed the face of Britain.
:19:32. > :19:34.So, here in the East, without the Normans,
:19:35. > :19:40.Well, best to ask a man who knows, archaeologist Ben Robinson.
:19:41. > :19:45.From building boom, to our obsession with the class system,
:19:46. > :19:50.from international trade to exotic foreign food and shopping,
:19:51. > :19:56.our whole way of life has its roots in Norman Britain
:19:57. > :19:59.When William the Conqueror invaded our shores, a key prize
:20:00. > :20:05.Increasingly prosperous, well-managed and with trading links
:20:06. > :20:09.to the near continent, it was well worth taking ovdr.
:20:10. > :20:12.To really stamp their authority the Normans started building,
:20:13. > :20:20.Initially, this came from France, but pretty quickly they started
:20:21. > :20:26.I'm at Barnack quarry in Cambridgeshire,
:20:27. > :20:33.These hills and hollows werd once mined for stone, first
:20:34. > :20:36.by the Romans, but then in earnest by the Normans.
:20:37. > :20:39.This is Barnack Rag, it's a limestone.
:20:40. > :20:42.And it is brilliant for building with, it is so durable and xet
:20:43. > :20:47.This was highly prized in Norman times.
:20:48. > :20:51.The stone was transported via the Fenland waterways and rivers
:20:52. > :20:56.to Saxon towns such as Peterborough and Bury St Edmunds,
:20:57. > :20:58.to build not just parish churches, but uniquely
:20:59. > :21:09.And there is nowhere better to see the fruits of that building boom
:21:10. > :21:12.To assert their divine right to power, the Normans built
:21:13. > :21:14.great temples to God, cathedrals, the scale
:21:15. > :21:16.and like of which had never been seen before.
:21:17. > :21:23.In Norwich, they've got one of the finest examples.
:21:24. > :21:25.Elsewhere in the East, the Ship of the Fens,
:21:26. > :21:29.the Cathedral at Ely, and Peterborough Cathedral,
:21:30. > :21:32.owe their size and appearance to the Normans.
:21:33. > :21:34.But even more than cathedrals, they built castles,
:21:35. > :21:42.Castles did not exist in thhs country before the Norman conquest.
:21:43. > :21:45.They served as military basds and home to the Lord,
:21:46. > :21:51.Norwich Castle is one of the earliest to be built.
:21:52. > :21:54.It was a classic Norman deshgn, a motte and bailey.
:21:55. > :21:57.We are looking at the motte, which is just a great
:21:58. > :22:01.The sides of the mound were so steep, it would be
:22:02. > :22:04.impossible to run up and launch an attack.
:22:05. > :22:06.Originally, there would havd been a wooden tower up there.
:22:07. > :22:16.Some castles served as Royal palaces.
:22:17. > :22:19.At Norwich, the ornate keep built by William's son, King Henrx I,
:22:20. > :22:25.was refaced in the 1830s, btt it faithfully kept its Norman design.
:22:26. > :22:29.Dr John Davies is the chief curator of Norwich Castle.
:22:30. > :22:32.So, what are the features that scream out royal castle, rather
:22:33. > :22:40.Well, when Henry I became Khng, he really wanted to outdo
:22:41. > :22:43.And you can actually see at that point, 1100, it suddenly
:22:44. > :22:45.blossoms into something very, very special here.
:22:46. > :22:48.And the point about this was, it was deliberately planted
:22:49. > :22:56.It was the second city of the country at that time.
:22:57. > :22:58.It was hugely important to the whole expansion
:22:59. > :23:04.Along with Norwich, the Norlans built castles in Huntingdon,
:23:05. > :23:11.This was state power on a grand scale.
:23:12. > :23:13.But aside from building castles in existing towns, they set
:23:14. > :23:20.about building new towns centred around new castles.
:23:21. > :23:23.I've come to Castle Rising in Norfolk.
:23:24. > :23:26.This is one of the finest Norman castles in the country,
:23:27. > :23:30.surrounded by these great earthworks, huge ditch,
:23:31. > :23:34.huge bank defining the baildy, and the bailey is where the chief
:23:35. > :23:40.The Lord himself lived in there, the hall keep.
:23:41. > :23:45.And today, I'm going to meet the current Lord, Howard of Rising.
:23:46. > :23:48.One feature of this rather grand entrance, in case
:23:49. > :23:51.there were unwelcome visitors, there was one of the defencds,
:23:52. > :23:54.which is a hole through which boiling oil was poured
:23:55. > :24:02.So, you are trying to impress some people with this
:24:03. > :24:04.lovely thing, others, you want to keep out.
:24:05. > :24:07.Lord Howard can trace his f`mily back to the Norman Lord,
:24:08. > :24:10.William D'Albini, who built the castle for his new wife,
:24:11. > :24:17.Now, your family, the Howards, and the Albinis, were connected
:24:18. > :24:21.One of my ancestors married one of his descendants, but then
:24:22. > :24:25.what happened in the meantile, the castle had gone out of D'Albini,
:24:26. > :24:29.through various people, into the Royal family,
:24:30. > :24:32.and it was given to the Dukd of Norfolk, who was a Howard, at
:24:33. > :24:40.The Lord may now be a benign figure, but in Norman times,
:24:41. > :24:47.At a stroke, we lost this more democratic Saxon model,
:24:48. > :24:50.where the Lord literally lived with his people.
:24:51. > :24:53.His hall was like a community centre at times.
:24:54. > :24:57.But in Norman England, people really learned
:24:58. > :25:03.Together with the new style of governance came a new approach
:25:04. > :25:10.I'm in the Rockingham Forest area of Northamptonshire,
:25:11. > :25:13.and this is one of the great Norman Royal forests.
:25:14. > :25:16.Now, forest to the Normans leant something different to how
:25:17. > :25:20.The area was not covered in woodland.
:25:21. > :25:25.There was pasture, cultivatdd land, moorland, heath.
:25:26. > :25:32.This was all about control of the countryside.
:25:33. > :25:35.Now, the woods were especially important, and I'm off to one now,
:25:36. > :25:39.Keith Walkling is a voluntedr for the Woodland Trust.
:25:40. > :25:45.I'm just looking at this hazel stall here, we are about to start
:25:46. > :25:50.And coppicing, that's cutting it down right to stump level?
:25:51. > :25:52.Yeah, cut it down right to ground level, in order
:25:53. > :25:56.You are doing exactly what the Normans would have
:25:57. > :25:59.done 1000 years ago, for slightly different reasons.
:26:00. > :26:03.Absolutely, I mean, we are doing it for environmental reasons,
:26:04. > :26:10.In Norman times, woodland like this was virtually
:26:11. > :26:16.The timber had a great valud, it was a commodity, as such,
:26:17. > :26:20.the King very carefully controlled who had access to it.
:26:21. > :26:23.If you couldn't pay for it, you couldn't have it.
:26:24. > :26:26.That drove a further wedge between the people
:26:27. > :26:30.in the countryside, the nobhlity and the King.
:26:31. > :26:34.Back in places like Norwich, something else was happening.
:26:35. > :26:37.The towns were developing a class of their own, the merchant class,
:26:38. > :26:44.traders who unlike their cotntry cousins, had rights.
:26:45. > :26:46.Despite the destruction of ` large part of Saxon Norwich
:26:47. > :26:49.to build the castle, there was then a deliberate policy
:26:50. > :26:51.to expand the place, and the Normans did this
:26:52. > :26:55.with the creation of a new puarter, the French Borough.
:26:56. > :27:00.The market was right at the heart of this place and it still hs today.
:27:01. > :27:04.It was part of a deliberate ploy to ensure that the town thrhved
:27:05. > :27:10.as the major regional centrd in one of the richest parts of the country.
:27:11. > :27:13.And with the markets came produce from the countryside.
:27:14. > :27:17.Game meat, but also exotic food and exotic herbs and spices
:27:18. > :27:31.The contrast with rural England could not have been more marked
:27:32. > :27:36.The split between town and country that we see to this day was cemented
:27:37. > :27:41.Life without the Normans wotld have been very different.
:27:42. > :27:44.From mighty castles and cathedrals to town life and the rigid caste
:27:45. > :27:48.system, all of these were Norman imports and for better or for worse,
:27:49. > :28:00.Well, that is it from the Norman castle here at Castle Rising.
:28:01. > :28:03.We are going to be back in our regular spot next wedk,
:28:04. > :28:10.We are going to be investig`ting the epidemic of type two di`betes.
:28:11. > :28:14.We discover why it is so serious for the NHS, experts warn that
:28:15. > :28:20.preventable diabetes is putting huge strain on Health Service finances.
:28:21. > :28:23.But in the meantime, you can get in touch with me on Twitter,
:28:24. > :29:04.We will see you next week, take care, bye-bye.
:29:05. > :29:07.Hello, I'm Elaine Dunkley with your 90-second update.
:29:08. > :29:10.Silence to remember the Aberfan disaster.
:29:11. > :29:13.50 years ago today, a mountain of coal waste engulfed a village,
:29:14. > :29:19.144 people were killed - most of them were children.
:29:20. > :29:23.A chemical incident at London's City Airport.
:29:24. > :29:25.He was a policeman and a scout leader.
:29:26. > :29:28.Today, Allan Richards was found guilty of 40 offences,
:29:29. > :29:30.including rape and sexual assault against boys as young as eight.
:29:31. > :29:37.He had carried out the attacks over 30 years.
:29:38. > :29:39.A chemical incident at London's City Airport.
:29:40. > :29:44.Passengers were evacuated and all flights grounded.
:29:45. > :29:46.26 people have been treated for breathing problems and two
:29:47. > :29:49.The scene in the English Channel earlier.
:29:50. > :29:54.This is a Russian aircraft carrier heading to Syria.
:29:55. > :29:57.The ship was monitored by the Royal Navy