:00:00. > :00:00.Coming up in the next half an hour, is the home care system in crisis?
:00:00. > :00:00.I'm investigating claims that the North is the meanest
:00:07. > :00:09.when it comes to paying for vital help.
:00:10. > :00:12.It's the most difficult job in the world, they do all the things
:00:13. > :00:15.that no one else wants to do and they do it with a smile
:00:16. > :00:18.and a kind word and I think they are marvellous people.
:00:19. > :00:21.The Cumbrian farmers feeling left out in the cold by their landlord,
:00:22. > :00:27.What would Beatrix Potter make of it all?
:00:28. > :00:30.They should be absolutely horrified at how much they have gone
:00:31. > :00:37.I don't think the higher management have any interest in agriculture.
:00:38. > :00:39.We join the North Yorkshire College training Britain's
:00:40. > :00:45.I'm scared of spiders and there's loads of them
:00:46. > :00:50.and there's ants and insects, but you get used to it.
:00:51. > :00:53.This is definitely what I imagined it to be like, being out
:00:54. > :00:58.in the field doing shooting and things like that.
:00:59. > :01:13.I'm Chris Jackson and this is Inside Out.
:01:14. > :01:17.It's at the back of all our minds isn't it, one day we may all need
:01:18. > :01:20.care, ideally in our own home and you would think we would want
:01:21. > :01:23.the very best, but are we really willing to pay for it?
:01:24. > :01:26.Well, the home care industry is now accusing local councils of not
:01:27. > :01:28.funding it properly and, it says, our region
:01:29. > :01:37.I'm on the road with Jane and Nicole.
:01:38. > :01:46.# Still hurting from a love I lost...
:01:47. > :01:49.This is your second visit of the day, is that right?
:01:50. > :02:01.83-year-old Joan sees carers four times every day.
:02:02. > :02:07.It's straight to work getting Joan her lunch and making
:02:08. > :02:15.How important is it for you to have Jane and Nicole come to see you?
:02:16. > :02:21.And would you not be able to cope without their help,
:02:22. > :02:22.even though you've got family coming around?
:02:23. > :02:38.I think you're a bit of a devil underneath all of this, aren't you?
:02:39. > :02:48.Jane and Nicole work for Mears Group in Carlisle,
:02:49. > :02:51.contracted by Cumbria County Council and they do between 20 and 24 calls
:02:52. > :02:53.a day and work long shifts, from seven in the morning
:02:54. > :03:13.I still think people think it is like just making cups of tea.
:03:14. > :03:17.Obviously we are there to do that and keep people company and stuff,
:03:18. > :03:22.but it isn't just that, it can be really hard work.
:03:23. > :03:24.Not just physically but mentally as well.
:03:25. > :03:30.But it is the best job, ever, I love it.
:03:31. > :03:36.Next stop is Gwen who relies on five calls a day.
:03:37. > :03:49.I'm not capable of being left to do without somebody there, watching us.
:03:50. > :03:51.I have nothing to worry about really.
:03:52. > :03:53.That must be a nice feeling, not to have to worry.
:03:54. > :03:57.Nicole has only been doing the job for a week
:03:58. > :04:03.A lot of people worry about carers, it can be tough.
:04:04. > :04:07.It has an impact on someone else's life, you have
:04:08. > :04:15.Going to someone's house and being in their company
:04:16. > :04:23.The Mears Group provides care services for local
:04:24. > :04:28.How much they pay varies from council to council
:04:29. > :04:32.but like other care companies, the company says it is not enough.
:04:33. > :04:36.The jobs that the staff do are incredibly tough jobs.
:04:37. > :04:40.Increasingly, it is complex tasks, in bathing, personal care,
:04:41. > :04:44.which just wouldn't have been done 20 years ago.
:04:45. > :04:47.Sadly there is only so much money to go around but yes
:04:48. > :04:50.According to the UK Home Care Association,
:04:51. > :04:52.the average amount paid to care companies in Cumbria
:04:53. > :04:56.is ?14.47 per hour and this includes the carers wage,
:04:57. > :05:02.training, travel as well as other costs to run the business.
:05:03. > :05:04.They claim that councils in the north-east pay on average
:05:05. > :05:08.?12.60 per hour making it the lowest paying region in England and some
:05:09. > :05:13.of our councils, including Cumbria dispute the figures.
:05:14. > :05:16.But the UK HCA says all local authorities should be paying
:05:17. > :05:25.And authorities that pay below the price risks overall care
:05:26. > :05:29.providers being unable to deliver care in the area and we are
:05:30. > :05:31.beginning to see care providers just refusing to take
:05:32. > :05:38.That is what happened with Sunderland company MyCare
:05:39. > :05:47.You've got a visitor as well today Norman.
:05:48. > :05:50.He has just got back from dialysis treatment at the hospital.
:05:51. > :05:53.He goes for four hours three times a week.
:05:54. > :06:06.We come in and see if he needs a bit of personal care and once
:06:07. > :06:09.we have sorted that out, we transfer him into his comfy
:06:10. > :06:12.chair and then just see whether there is anything else
:06:13. > :06:23.Always willing to help, always very chatty,
:06:24. > :06:32.Everything we do is absolutely brilliant.
:06:33. > :06:35.Norman partly pays for his own care and tops up the money
:06:36. > :06:43.Basically, it is worth it but I have no choice other
:06:44. > :06:51.The company which provides Norman's care says it will no longer bid
:06:52. > :06:56.for council contracts and it is all down to price.
:06:57. > :06:59.The council would pay ?12.50 and we charge ?15 an hour
:07:00. > :07:02.and we simply cannot deliver the type of service that we want
:07:03. > :07:07.We just cannot pay staff the right rate.
:07:08. > :07:09.Margaret set up the company because of past experience.
:07:10. > :07:14.Her brother and mother both have carers.
:07:15. > :07:17.I was really disappointed at the level of care that we had.
:07:18. > :07:19.We were running some other businesses and I wondered
:07:20. > :07:22.if we could break the mould where it was run better,
:07:23. > :07:33.but I am not in it to make money, I am in it to make a difference.
:07:34. > :07:37.As well as having calls throughout the day, Enid who has
:07:38. > :07:40.motor neurone disease, has a carer all night.
:07:41. > :07:42.Every evening to get out of bed to spend precious
:07:43. > :07:46.time with her husband, Bill.
:07:47. > :07:51.Well, it gives me all the support that I need.
:07:52. > :07:59.To give my husband the help that he needs.
:08:00. > :08:02.He had got to the stage where he could not cope all day
:08:03. > :08:12.The job itself, they know how difficult it is.
:08:13. > :08:15.For how much they do, if we did not have carers,
:08:16. > :08:21.people like me, I could only go to a hospital.
:08:22. > :08:24.I know that you knew we were coming, but did you get them
:08:25. > :08:31.to paint your nails, because they are looking fresh!
:08:32. > :08:42.I thought you were trying to impress me there.
:08:43. > :08:53.Councils say they simply cannot afford to pay any more.
:08:54. > :08:56.Two years ago, the government give them special permission to raise
:08:57. > :08:58.council tax by 2% to pay for social care.
:08:59. > :09:00.All the local authorities in the north-east and Cumbria tell
:09:01. > :09:03.us that they have done so and now the government is looking
:09:04. > :09:06.at allowing them to raise it by another 3%, but will
:09:07. > :09:09.Earlier this month, Surrey County Council proposed
:09:10. > :09:25.I think the move by Surrey is an audacious move and the fact
:09:26. > :09:28.that a Conservative run council, which has not been affected
:09:29. > :09:31.by the same depth of cuts as many councils here in the north-east,
:09:32. > :09:34.shows the scale of the challenge and that this is not a matter
:09:35. > :09:36.of Labour versus Conservative councils, all councils are really
:09:37. > :09:40.The UK Home Care Association says we are paying about ?2 less
:09:41. > :09:44.The situation is even worse when you look at the north-east
:09:45. > :09:47.where it is ?2 lower than what should be paid.
:09:48. > :09:49.I have got every sympathy with the home care providers,
:09:50. > :09:51.everybody recognises that there needs to be more money
:09:52. > :09:54.in the system but councils have come under severe financial pressure over
:09:55. > :09:57.the last five or six years and there just isn't the money
:09:58. > :10:04.We reckon that we need an immediate injection of ?1.3 billion worth
:10:05. > :10:07.of cash just to stabilise the system and another 1.3 million over
:10:08. > :10:10.the next few years to deal with the increased number of people
:10:11. > :10:20.that the care system will need to look after.
:10:21. > :10:23.I do think nationally we are in a crisis now
:10:24. > :10:26.and there is nothing more important for me in a society than looking
:10:27. > :10:29.after elderly people and we all need to play a part in that.
:10:30. > :10:33.The politicians just won't be able to cope with the NHS and the home
:10:34. > :10:37.care services in the state they are in for much longer.
:10:38. > :10:39.It is the most difficult job in the world.
:10:40. > :10:42.They do all the things in the world and they do it with a smile
:10:43. > :10:45.and a kind word and I think they are marvellous people.
:10:46. > :10:53.Would you be willing to pay more taxes to ensure home care is not
:10:54. > :10:58.Let me know what you think, via Twitter and e-mail,
:10:59. > :11:08.Farming has sustained the Lake District for centuries,
:11:09. > :11:10.but now one of the country's largest charities and landowners stands
:11:11. > :11:13.accused of being out of touch with the challenges of working
:11:14. > :11:19.The peace and tranquillity of the Lakes has been
:11:20. > :11:21.disturbed by rising tension between The National Trust
:11:22. > :11:33.The Lake District, loved and revered by millions.
:11:34. > :11:44.But the inspiring landscape conceals mounting fury.
:11:45. > :11:48.They are not believing in the people that have been here for generations.
:11:49. > :11:56.I don't think, the higher management have any interest in agriculture.
:11:57. > :11:58.The charity, The National Trust, owns around a fifth of this dramatic
:11:59. > :12:06.It has always been a challenge to make a living for the generations
:12:07. > :12:09.of families who farm at these fells, but now those who work the land
:12:10. > :12:12.say their landlord is out of touch and is making
:12:13. > :12:26.The landscape is our identity and we have committed ourselves
:12:27. > :12:32.as a family for three generations to this landscape.
:12:33. > :12:37.His landlord, The National Trust, has given him a 15 year farm tenancy
:12:38. > :12:45.Do you feel that you need to speak out on this?
:12:46. > :12:51.In order for me to carry out what we have done for generations,
:12:52. > :12:56.they need to give me a platform to do it.
:12:57. > :12:58.A secure platform and they are not doing that.
:12:59. > :13:01.Isaac's concerns for his future are just one of the things
:13:02. > :13:06.This is a particular landscape isn't it and to make any kind
:13:07. > :13:09.of commitment to it, it is a hard living and not very
:13:10. > :13:11.profitable, frankly, so surely they deserve a bit more
:13:12. > :13:18.I always see tenancy as a marriage between two people.
:13:19. > :13:21.An organisation represented by a person and the tenant coming
:13:22. > :13:24.in and they need to make sure that the marriage works and you have
:13:25. > :13:28.break clauses during a period to make sure that it is working
:13:29. > :13:31.for them and working for the landlord.
:13:32. > :13:35.It is not unreasonable and at times, we separate.
:13:36. > :13:39.The ones where it is working really well where they are delivering
:13:40. > :13:42.on the tenancy they have signed, it is working financially
:13:43. > :13:51.and viable, of course we want them to stay.
:13:52. > :13:54.The negative headlines for The National Trust began here at
:13:55. > :14:00.Last summer the farm and land came up for auction and the Trust put
:14:01. > :14:05.in a bid of nearly ?1 million, just for the land.
:14:06. > :14:09.And that was 200 grand over the asking price.
:14:10. > :14:11.And the price was actually going down at the time.
:14:12. > :14:15.The auctioneer was bringing the price down and The National
:14:16. > :14:18.Trust person made an absurd bid of 950000 and I
:14:19. > :14:26.Peter lives next door to Thorney Thwaite Farm and thought
:14:27. > :14:30.he was in with a chance of buying both the farmhouse and the land.
:14:31. > :14:35.He is also a National Trust tenant and was left fuming.
:14:36. > :14:37.Six generations of Edmondsons have been here and we were going
:14:38. > :14:44.to continue to conserve the land at Thorney Thwaite as a farm.
:14:45. > :14:58.Do you still stand by the decision to buy the land but not farm?
:14:59. > :15:00.We stand by the decision we made to buy the land.
:15:01. > :15:03.We bought that land because we felt it was of international significance
:15:04. > :15:07.along with the other land in the area.
:15:08. > :15:11.A rich mosaic of farmland, woodland and the fell.
:15:12. > :15:14.Thorney Thwaite, bit of a PR disaster and you must regret it.
:15:15. > :15:17.We regret we did not manage to communicate as best
:15:18. > :15:20.we could and we were taken by surprise by the negative feelings
:15:21. > :15:22.towards the purchase, because we imagined that people
:15:23. > :15:25.would think it was a good thing that we were buying the land
:15:26. > :15:29.on behalf of the nation and securing it.
:15:30. > :15:31.At least these guys are happy, Peter.
:15:32. > :15:35.You go that way and I'll go this way.
:15:36. > :15:38.Since the sale, Peter has locked horns with the trust,
:15:39. > :15:40.relations are at an all-time low as he discovered the
:15:41. > :15:45.director-general of the trust came to the valley before Christmas.
:15:46. > :15:46.Dame Helen Gosch visited Thorney Thwaite Farm,
:15:47. > :15:52.Let's smooth things over, she had not got the guts
:15:53. > :16:00.We chose not to go and see Mr Edmonson, because we felt
:16:01. > :16:04.that the relationship was not in such a great place.
:16:05. > :16:07.That was the time to make it all up, wasn't it?
:16:08. > :16:09.The boss is in town, time to make up?
:16:10. > :16:16.I guess we could have done that but we chose not to.
:16:17. > :16:19.Feels like talking to the tenants that the trust has sort
:16:20. > :16:22.of lost its way over the last few years.
:16:23. > :16:24.There is a new Chief Executive, new strategies and it
:16:25. > :16:33.all feels very remote, quite scary for people.
:16:34. > :16:35.Viv represents many of The National Trust tenants
:16:36. > :16:41.and says her members believe that farming is no longer a priority.
:16:42. > :16:43.They have come up with new strategies and the conservations
:16:44. > :16:47.of biodiversity seemed to be what they are concentrating on.
:16:48. > :16:50.They will talk about farming but it is usually lower down
:16:51. > :16:52.the list and as we know, as we look around here,
:16:53. > :16:54.it is the farming systems that deliver this landscape
:16:55. > :16:59.and are maintaining what we have got.
:17:00. > :17:01.It is about working hand in hand, environment and farming,
:17:02. > :17:10.A significant change here, we are after an adaptation place
:17:11. > :17:13.by place and the joy of the Lake District is every
:17:14. > :17:21.You walk into one, it has a different feel to another.
:17:22. > :17:23.The plans that you talked about earlier, we really do
:17:24. > :17:26.want to develop more than ten year plans, long-term plans shared
:17:27. > :17:28.with our tenants and the community which set out what is special
:17:29. > :17:32.about the valley and how we want to be able to manage it
:17:33. > :17:36.into the future and at the moment we do not have that shared vision
:17:37. > :17:43.and plans and maybe we can overcome some of these problems.
:17:44. > :17:46.This farm was one of the properties given to The National Trust
:17:47. > :17:48.by its most famous benefactor, Beatrix Potter, author
:17:49. > :17:57.I think she would be absolutely horrified at how much they have gone
:17:58. > :18:02.Eric has devoted over 30 years to farming and he says the trust now
:18:03. > :18:11.I don't think the higher management have any interest in agriculture.
:18:12. > :18:14.What is the one thing you would like the trust to do?
:18:15. > :18:18.I would like them to come out onto these farms and show an active
:18:19. > :18:20.interest in what our problems are and what we need
:18:21. > :18:28.It is great coming on a nice sunny day but you know
:18:29. > :18:31.what it is like today, the wind is trying to blow us over.
:18:32. > :18:37.Are you more interested in tourism in the lakes than farming?
:18:38. > :18:39.No, we're not more interested in tourism, tourism has
:18:40. > :18:42.a fundamental role to play here and a lot of the economy
:18:43. > :18:50.in the Lake District in particular comes from tourism.
:18:51. > :18:52.A lot of our farms have diversified over the years,
:18:53. > :18:56.based on the back of the tourism industry and the trust as a whole,
:18:57. > :19:04.Glad to speak to you of course, we would also have liked to speak
:19:05. > :19:07.to the director-general who chose not to speak to us.
:19:08. > :19:10.Can you give us a guarantee that we can get an interview
:19:11. > :19:16.That is a question for Helen, not me.
:19:17. > :19:19.The day after we met Mike, his boss, director-general
:19:20. > :19:21.of The National Trust, Dame Helen Gosch came to Cumbria
:19:22. > :19:23.and told a conference of farmers and conservationists that
:19:24. > :19:26.suggestions that the trust was losing its commitment to upland
:19:27. > :19:35.farming could not be further from the truth.
:19:36. > :19:42.The past few months have been a bruising experience for both The
:19:43. > :19:46.National Trust and some of that hill farmers. And if this landscape is to
:19:47. > :19:49.be more than just a beautiful backdrop, then some sort of lasting
:19:50. > :19:55.peace needs to be brokered which will allow it to continue to be a
:19:56. > :20:06.vibrant environment for both farmers and visitors. How young is too young
:20:07. > :20:11.to join the military? There is only one college in the country that
:20:12. > :20:15.recruits 16 and 17-year-olds and Harrogate Army Foundation College
:20:16. > :20:18.has opened its doors exclusively to in Out. Olivia Richwald has been
:20:19. > :20:27.joining the newest raw recruits. Tough times are getting beasted
:20:28. > :20:29.when we do something wrong, There are times when I
:20:30. > :20:37.have wanted to leave. I feel proud to have come this far,
:20:38. > :20:40.passing the selection? I'm definitely sticking it out,
:20:41. > :20:43.it's the job for me. Too young to drink, too young
:20:44. > :20:46.to vote, old enough to join the Army These are Yorkshire's
:20:47. > :20:53.teenage Army recruits. The paperwork commits them to study
:20:54. > :20:59.here for a year in exchange From their 18th birthday they'll be
:21:00. > :21:05.committed to serving Want to travel, get better
:21:06. > :21:17.qualifications, make new friends and have a better life for myself.
:21:18. > :21:31.Junior soldiers have been I wanted to do something a bit more
:21:32. > :21:34.exciting. Since you were ten or 11, you have talked about it. We thought
:21:35. > :21:43.he will grow out of it, but he never did. Junior soldiers have been
:21:44. > :21:45.trained here in Harrogate for the past 18 years.
:21:46. > :21:47.The MOD invests tens of thousands of pounds in each recruit
:21:48. > :21:54.and they have to be very dedicated before they're accepted here.
:21:55. > :21:55.Harrogate's Army Foundation College is controversial.
:21:56. > :21:58.It's the only place in the country where children -
:21:59. > :22:01.16 and 17 year olds - can join the military.
:22:02. > :22:04.Critics say 16 is too young to make that kind of commitment,
:22:05. > :22:10.but around 30 percent of time spent here is in the classroom.
:22:11. > :22:18.The educational achievements are remarkable.
:22:19. > :22:24.A lot of them come with a reading age of between 9 and 11 year olds.
:22:25. > :22:27.The ones that have just left did fantastically,
:22:28. > :22:31.they have progressed if not one level, two levels for some of them,
:22:32. > :22:38.which is a great achievement in the short amount of time we have
:22:39. > :22:50.have I said that it is raining? I have inferred that it might rain or
:22:51. > :22:53.it is raining. And has come to Harrogate
:22:54. > :23:04.to improve his maths and English. Without being moved, what has
:23:05. > :23:10.happened there? Seal the deal. Romario is desperate
:23:11. > :23:12.to follow his brothers into the Royal Signals but didn't
:23:13. > :23:14.have the academic qualifications needed and is instead joining
:23:15. > :23:17.the Royal Artillery. But if he can get the grades
:23:18. > :23:20.he might get a transfer I want a cap badge change
:23:21. > :23:28.to do something with IT because I like to work
:23:29. > :23:32.with computers and stuff like that. We won't find out as yet,
:23:33. > :23:35.until I don't know when, hopefully I get my transfer,
:23:36. > :23:38.if not then later down the line in Or the next few months Romario must
:23:39. > :23:48.show his trainers he can achieve Fewer than 10 percent
:23:49. > :23:55.of recruits are female. But they re expected to work just
:23:56. > :24:01.as hard as the boys. In addition to the gruelling
:24:02. > :24:03.physical regime, 17 year old Demi Allan has started boxing ?
:24:04. > :24:07.if she can train hard enough she might make the Army boxing team
:24:08. > :24:32.? which will be a fantastic start I like the fitness, the fighting. We
:24:33. > :24:33.will be covering the immediate action drill. Nine seconds to don
:24:34. > :24:38.your respirator. The recruits are now half way
:24:39. > :24:40.through their training and this is something
:24:41. > :24:42.they dread on the timetable, they re going into
:24:43. > :24:57.the CS gas chamber. What I want you to do now is carry
:24:58. > :25:04.out the decontamination drill. Although you can t see it, this shed
:25:05. > :25:07.is filled with GS ? or tear gas. Contact with it causes
:25:08. > :25:09.coughing, dizziness, Junior soldiers need to be able
:25:10. > :25:14.to handle a chemical incident. And today they re being
:25:15. > :25:17.tested to see if they can decontaminate their masks,
:25:18. > :25:30.faces and water supply. When you first take it off, you
:25:31. > :25:38.think it is not too bad but when you're in their longer, it feels
:25:39. > :25:43.horrible, like you cannot breathe. It is not a nice thing to do. You
:25:44. > :25:50.feel like you are joking. I am happy it is over. -- you are joking.
:25:51. > :25:52.From here the challenges will only get tougher.
:25:53. > :25:55.We ve joined the junior soldiers on one of their main field
:25:56. > :25:58.They re sleeping rough here in the woods, there are no
:25:59. > :26:01.showers and they eating from ration packs.
:26:02. > :26:04.This one is just three days long but when they join the Army it
:26:05. > :26:18.There is a huge sense of achievement once they have finished these
:26:19. > :26:24.exercises and we see them grow already and it becomes easier as
:26:25. > :26:33.time goes on. It is good for them to see the progress throughout the
:26:34. > :26:37.year. You're sleeping in the woods, what is it like? Horrible. I am
:26:38. > :26:45.scared of spiders and there is lots of them. You get used to it. This is
:26:46. > :26:50.definitely what I imagined it would be like, being in the field, doing
:26:51. > :26:56.stuff like shooting and things like that. Completely different to being
:26:57. > :27:04.in camp. Five minutes to come and conceal yourself, in that direction.
:27:05. > :27:09.From now, go! Last time I spoke to you, you wanted to swap regiments
:27:10. > :27:14.like your brothers, how did your application go? I passed one more
:27:15. > :27:21.thing in English and then I am just doing my mathematics. I wanted to do
:27:22. > :27:28.it, ever since I joined the Army. I think I would be over the moon if I
:27:29. > :27:30.got my transfer. We'll they go into the ring, when the bell goes, what
:27:31. > :27:33.is the first thing we do? The summer term ends
:27:34. > :27:34.with college boxing night. And Demi Allan s
:27:35. > :27:36.dedication has paid off. She s been picked to fight in
:27:37. > :27:52.the only female bout of the evening. I blanked out when I go into the
:27:53. > :28:01.ring. Walking out scares me. All the junior soldiers watching... You have
:28:02. > :28:09.got the sergeants, officers, a lot of people watching.
:28:10. > :28:19.After three two minute rounds it s a win for Demi.
:28:20. > :28:30.How do you feel after that fight? I am knackered but I am really glad I
:28:31. > :28:41.won it. It is worth it. What are you looking forward to the most after
:28:42. > :28:48.this? A shower! That is it for tonight. We can all stand at ease
:28:49. > :28:53.now. Next week, the women who take that Bacary Sagna cosmetic treatment
:28:54. > :28:56.left them less than picture perfect. I will see you next week. Tell them,
:28:57. > :29:01.from Keswick, good night. Hello, I'm Riz Lateef
:29:02. > :29:08.with your 90-second update. Protests in Downing Street tonight
:29:09. > :29:11.against Donald Trump's travel ban More than 1.4 million have now
:29:12. > :29:14.signed a petition calling for his state visit to Britain
:29:15. > :29:17.to be cancelled. There have also been
:29:18. > :29:18.protests in the States. President Trump insisted little more
:29:19. > :29:21.than a 100 travellers were affected over the weekend and blamed
:29:22. > :29:23.protestors for the A mosque in Canada has been
:29:24. > :29:28.subjected to a terrorist attack. Six worshippers were killed,
:29:29. > :29:31.five critically injured, Guilty - banker Lynden Scourfield
:29:32. > :29:38.was bribed by David Mills to provide