:00:22. > :00:32.In the evening and welcome to the Inside Out. Tonight we are in
:00:32. > :00:36.Scarborough. Tonight we investigate the plastic pill that is threatening
:00:36. > :00:42.wildlife here in scribe and ride along the East coastal. This fixed
:00:43. > :00:53.down into the chain and these ads leak out into the beach. Also
:00:53. > :00:59.tonight, the secret location where we go inside the 50th anniversary of
:00:59. > :01:10.this building. I always wanted to know what goes on in there.
:01:10. > :01:20.Armenia. —— football mania. The man capturing full ball from the fans
:01:20. > :01:24.point of view. —— football. The coast here in Scarborough is a
:01:24. > :01:27.playground but the litter and plastic waste that is left behind is
:01:27. > :01:32.causing a real problem for local wildlife. A marine expert has been
:01:32. > :01:35.travelling up and down the coast to find out more.
:01:35. > :01:39.The beautiful coastline of England, miles of sand and open sea. You just
:01:39. > :01:43.can't beat it. But this stretch of coast, like many others in Britain,
:01:43. > :01:46.has a problem and it's caused by us. I've been diving the world's oceans
:01:46. > :02:06.for more than 40 years and plastic waste is an increasing problem. Even
:02:06. > :02:10.the pristine looking lake near my home has become a dumping ground for
:02:10. > :02:15.rubbish of all shapes and sizes and plastic debris worries me the most.
:02:15. > :02:21.It's out there in the ecosystem, getting into the food chain and
:02:21. > :02:32.harming wildlife. And as top of the food chain predator myself, goodness
:02:32. > :02:35.knows what it might be doing to me. This is
:02:35. > :02:38.coast's most popular resorts, but the folk on the beach aren't here to
:02:38. > :02:47.dig sand castles but to find plastic waste. We have been doing these
:02:47. > :02:52.clean—ups for around 20 years and the main reason we do it is to
:02:52. > :02:57.collect data on the type of litter we are finding.
:02:57. > :03:00.So armed with a bag, gloves and a healthy desire to get stuck in,
:03:00. > :03:03.let's see what I can find. For me it's an alarming problem
:03:03. > :03:12.especially as nearly all of this rubbish is stuff we carelessly throw
:03:12. > :03:17.away. Even a little bit of plastic like that, it is only a small piece
:03:17. > :03:20.on this fairly clean beach but as soon as that gets into the sea and
:03:20. > :03:26.breaks down, the real problems begin. It becomes micro—plastic when
:03:26. > :03:33.it breaks down and that gets into the birds and into the fish and into
:03:34. > :03:36.us and it's a disaster. 70% of marine litter is plastic and the
:03:36. > :03:42.vast majority of debris comes from the land. It was the bottom of a
:03:42. > :03:51.traffic cone and you see these blue Edinburgh, loading off the road. ——
:03:51. > :03:59.blown everywhere. —— blown off the road. This is incredibly hazardous
:03:59. > :04:08.to the environment and when this is broken down it becomes an magnet
:04:08. > :04:21.itself more pollution. —— thermal pollution. It's a piece of hazardous
:04:21. > :04:26.waste. You say that. This is plastic rope and breaks down and into the
:04:26. > :04:33.food chain. These bits leach out and finally into the food chain. I am
:04:33. > :04:38.now the owner of a seven metre long piece of toxic waste. I hope this
:04:38. > :04:42.might enter our recycling bag. All in all, not a bad haul for an
:04:43. > :04:51.hour's work! Nine kilos of waste and that's just my contribution. But
:04:51. > :04:54.it's not just the big items of plastic that we need to be worried
:04:54. > :04:57.about. In its raw form plastic is moved around the globe as billions
:04:57. > :05:02.of tiny pellets that will be remoulded at a later date. And when
:05:02. > :05:06.these items find their way into our oceans, you can see how easy it is
:05:06. > :05:14.for a fish or bird to mistake them for a tasty snack. We are trying to
:05:14. > :05:23.see if toxins are getting into the fishes. We could then be eating
:05:23. > :05:29.these toxins. It's a big worry and we are investigating it at the
:05:29. > :05:32.moment. It is a sobering thought. You might wonder what we'd do
:05:32. > :05:34.without plastics, but we're not the only species to have developed a
:05:34. > :05:36.special relationship with this synthetic material. At Britain's
:05:36. > :05:39.biggest mainland gannet colony at Bempton near Bridlington,
:05:39. > :05:41.generations of birds have learnt to live with our waste, lining their
:05:41. > :05:56.nests with discarded plastic netting and ropes.
:05:56. > :05:59.don't mix well and to find out more I'm going to get closer to a sea
:05:59. > :06:02.bird than I've ever done before. These are fulmars, true ocean going
:06:02. > :06:05.sea birds of the waters around Britain. They're beautiful animals
:06:05. > :06:08.and close relatives of albatrosses. And here at the Dove Marine Science
:06:08. > :06:17.Lab near Newcastle, research is underway to see how much plastic
:06:17. > :06:23.waste they're consuming. They eat all sorts of rubbish from the ocean
:06:23. > :06:32.surface so almost every bird has some plastic in the summer. On
:06:32. > :06:40.average it will be about 0.3 grams. It might not look that serious in a
:06:41. > :06:50.small jar, but on a scale, if I scale it up to human, it would
:06:50. > :06:55.equate to this average content. If I have the equivalent of what an
:06:55. > :07:01.average one of these birds has I would have this. Yes.The problem
:07:01. > :07:09.with all of this is that it takes up room. Normally good food would
:07:09. > :07:11.occupy the space. Yes. Researchers have been collecting
:07:11. > :07:24.dead fulmars and carrying out autopsies and the results have been
:07:24. > :07:28.surprising. On the face of it these are healthy
:07:28. > :07:35.looking birds that have just met an unfortunate end. Initial checks show
:07:35. > :07:41.them to be adults, but they died, we're going to have to
:07:41. > :07:44.take a look inside their stomachs. It's not a pretty sight seeing
:07:44. > :07:53.what's these birds have eaten but it's the best way of gauging how
:07:53. > :08:01.much plastic is being consumed. These beautiful ends of feathers...
:08:01. > :08:04.It is a +. Now we have them open, we can see what has happened. The bird
:08:04. > :08:11.has died slowly. The research shows starvation is a
:08:11. > :08:23.common cause of death. What is all about? It is plastic.Look at that.
:08:23. > :08:32.That looks like it could be a plastic loop. And the amazing thing
:08:32. > :08:40.is if that was me it would be 100 times the size of this. We are
:08:40. > :08:46.talking about something that big. It would have an enormous effect on my
:08:46. > :08:51.health. Food should be going in but is this thing is leaching out, it's
:08:51. > :08:56.releasing toxic chemicals and it would affect my health. It'd be easy
:08:56. > :09:07.to think that there's not much that can be done to halt the rising tide
:09:07. > :09:12.of plastic waste. Let's face it, there is an enormous amount of
:09:12. > :09:19.plastic waste going into overseas but we can do something about
:09:19. > :09:22.Like this project here in Newcastle. By collecting stuff in
:09:22. > :09:26.the river, we stopped going out into the sea and it is much easier to
:09:26. > :09:31.stop it at this stage. This project collects about 100 tonnes of debris
:09:31. > :09:33.every year. At CEFAS, the government's marine
:09:33. > :09:38.research centre in Lowestoft, our plastic waste problem is being taken
:09:38. > :09:42.seriously. European directives in 2016 will mean we'll all have to do
:09:42. > :09:46.more to stop plastics getting into the sea. It can take hundreds of
:09:46. > :09:55.years for plastics to disappear, so do these items ever disappear?
:09:55. > :10:00.Warrant the naked eye it might look as if they did not but fragments and
:10:00. > :10:07.so many thousands of people are not visible to the naked eye, they are
:10:07. > :10:13.still there. —— to the naked eye. Is a biodegradable? Some of it is
:10:14. > :10:19.biodegradable and it looks as if some of it has gone but it has not.
:10:20. > :10:22.The big question is whether we're sitting on a plastic waste
:10:22. > :10:25.time—bomb. But there's one way to minimise the risk to wildlife and
:10:26. > :10:35.ourselves and that's to do all we can to stop plastic getting in the
:10:35. > :10:39.sea in the first place. Of course if you have any views on
:10:39. > :10:46.that story or anything else we are covering, get in touch with us on
:10:46. > :10:54.the usual ways. Coming up... Football mad. The man who loves to
:10:54. > :11:04.food for —— to photograph the passion on the faces of the fans.
:11:05. > :11:08.Just up the road from here there is a place which has had a model of
:11:08. > :11:13.mystery attached to it. We used to convert the golf balls but it is
:11:14. > :11:18.much more like the pyramids now! As it approaches its 50th anniversary
:11:18. > :11:27.our correspondent has been given behind—the—scenes access at this
:11:28. > :11:31.remarkable building. The North York moors are a remote
:11:31. > :11:34.wilderness and 50 years ago they became the site of one of the most
:11:34. > :11:37.important cogs in the defence mechanism of the Western World.
:11:37. > :11:44.This is RAF Fylingdales and this is one of the most sophisticated and
:11:44. > :11:47.powerful radars in the world. It's the successor to the iconic
:11:47. > :11:54.golf balls which sat on Fylingdales Moor until the early '90s. For 50
:11:54. > :11:57.years, Fylingdales primary mission has been to provide early warning to
:11:57. > :12:00.the western superpowers of a potential nuclear missile attack.
:12:00. > :12:05.But the story of RAF Fylingdales actually begins more than 50 years
:12:05. > :12:08.ago. In October 1957, the Russians
:12:08. > :12:11.launched the first satellite into space, Sputnik One. This event was
:12:11. > :12:16.to be the starting pistol for the space race between Russia and the
:12:16. > :12:19.USA. Sputnik is an earth satellite on a
:12:19. > :12:22.Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile and at the same time the
:12:22. > :12:39.Soviets engage in a series of megaton tests of huge H bombs. What
:12:39. > :12:46.happens in 1957 catches the West by surprise and it looks like the
:12:46. > :12:49.Soviets have leapt ahead. In advance the US and UK started planning the
:12:49. > :13:03.deterrent series of three early warning systems. And so in 1961,
:13:03. > :13:07.here on this remote moorland, Fylingdales iconic golf balls began
:13:07. > :13:13.to take shape. They cost £45m to build, two thirds of which was paid
:13:13. > :13:15.for by the USA. The base was controversial from the start.
:13:15. > :13:19.Antinuclear protestors made regular appearances at the site. But the
:13:19. > :13:33.protests had little effect and RAF Fylingdales became fully operational
:13:33. > :13:37.on the 17th of September 1963. Completed in Yorkshire is this new
:13:37. > :13:38.early warning system designed to give Europe security from nuclear
:13:38. > :13:42.attack. Enid Winspear was a young secretary
:13:42. > :13:43.there when John F Kennedy was assassinated.
:13:43. > :13:49.You could feel this atmosphere. It was electric. The President of
:13:49. > :13:53.America has been shot. W're on red alert. In those days one man
:13:53. > :14:05.somewhere could press a button and that would be it. For the duration
:14:05. > :14:15.of the Cold War, the reader pointed to the soviet union ready for
:14:15. > :14:19.attack. But the Cold War ended
:14:19. > :14:21.became less defined. In the 1990's, the golf balls came down and a new
:14:22. > :14:28.radar was built which could watch in all directions.
:14:28. > :14:31.For years Fylingdales forbidding appearance has made people think of
:14:31. > :14:35.it as a secret base, but these days they're trying to be as open as they
:14:35. > :14:42.can be about what they do. So, I'm looking forward to finding
:14:42. > :14:46.out exactly what goes on in there. Security is high. It is level one.
:14:46. > :14:49.The same as the nuclear submarine base at Faslane in Scotland. I'm met
:14:49. > :14:52.by Squadron leader Steve England, the man in charge of operations
:14:52. > :14:55.here. The radar's 40 metres high with a total of 9000 antennae,
:14:55. > :15:03.producing a radar beam of enormous intensity. It's quite a view. It's
:15:03. > :15:06.fantastic. If we could see the radar beam now, it's almost instantaneous,
:15:06. > :15:11.shoots out to a distance of 3,000 nautical miles, 360 degrees around
:15:11. > :15:14.the radar. The reach is important because the further out we can see,
:15:14. > :15:19.the better the early warning we would get of a missile event. For
:15:19. > :15:25.our space missions, we can see a great number of the objects that are
:15:25. > :15:29.in low Earth orbit. But it's what they're doing inside the radar
:15:29. > :15:32.that's fascinating. This might look like a normal office to you, but any
:15:32. > :15:36.moment this could happen... SHOUTING.
:15:36. > :15:40.This is a vital training session, drilling the crew on how to react to
:15:40. > :15:50.the radar detecting a missile attack. What just happened? We were
:15:50. > :15:54.following what appears to be the launch of a missile through the air.
:15:54. > :16:01.The computer will predict where it's likely to impact. How does the radar
:16:01. > :16:04.passes through this base of missile coverage, we can follow its track as
:16:04. > :16:12.it's travelling through the air. They have just 60 seconds to verify
:16:12. > :16:15.that it is a real attack. Once it is confirmed, the information is
:16:15. > :16:22.escalated to the top of the US and UK command chains and from then on,
:16:22. > :16:25.it is out of Fylingdales' hands. In the last decade, the radar has been
:16:25. > :16:28.upgraded to improve the accuracy of its missile tracking so that the USA
:16:28. > :16:35.can develop its programme of interceptor missiles. This has led
:16:35. > :16:41.to opposition by antinuclear groups. Lindis Percy is a seasoned peace
:16:41. > :16:47.campaigner. US missile defence is an offensive system, couched in
:16:47. > :16:53.defence. It's creating a lot of international tension. The UK being
:16:53. > :16:56.involved with it means that we are not in control. It's this special
:16:56. > :17:00.relationship whereby we do what the Americans want. Station commander
:17:00. > :17:09.Rayna Owen is keen to emphasise that Fylingdales is a British run base.
:17:09. > :17:13.The US originally provided us with the radar and they provide me with
:17:13. > :17:16.upgrades, the UK does the rest and contrary to popular opinion, I only
:17:16. > :17:20.have one US liaison officer who is here to do what it says on the tin,
:17:20. > :17:23.he liaises back to the US chain of command. Some believe that
:17:23. > :17:28.supporting American missile defence could put the UK at risk. Missile
:17:28. > :17:32.warning and our role in missile defence is part of what keeps the
:17:32. > :17:42.world free from attack, so I do not have any issues with that.
:17:42. > :17:46.Fortunately, there are very few real missile launches. Most of the time,
:17:46. > :17:49.they are keeping track of the thousands of man—made objects which
:17:49. > :17:54.are orbiting the Earth. Steve England shows me to the Fylingdales'
:17:54. > :17:57.nerve centre. This is an above ground bunker and the entrace to the
:17:57. > :18:02.space operations room. We have got a record of everything back to
:18:02. > :18:05.Sputnik. Sputnik was actually object number two in our catalogue and
:18:05. > :18:12.we're up to about object number 35,000 now. Why is it so important
:18:12. > :18:15.that you know where everything is? Well, the biggest concern that, with
:18:15. > :18:18.our reliance on space for just about everything we do in the modern
:18:18. > :18:21.world, is that we don't want objects to collide into satellites that are
:18:21. > :18:25.doing essential tasks such as mobile phone or communications or radio.
:18:25. > :18:32.And one particularly dramatic space event added to Fylingdales'
:18:32. > :18:35.workload. China is facing international criticism after using
:18:35. > :18:39.a ballistic missile to destroy a satellite.
:18:39. > :18:46.As well as underlining China's growing arms capabilities, it had a
:18:46. > :18:49.catastrophic effect in space. The issue for the space using community
:18:49. > :18:52.was that that satellite destruction caused over 2,000 pieces of debris,
:18:52. > :18:59.most of which is still orbiting around today and that will be around
:18:59. > :19:01.for quite a few years. Which is why manned spacecraft like the
:19:01. > :19:08.International speciation relies on Fylingdales for its safety. —— space
:19:08. > :19:12.station. For half a century, the role of Fylingdales has evolved to
:19:12. > :19:15.serve the needs of a changing world. Since the end of the Cold War, the
:19:15. > :19:20.threat of a missile attack could come from anywhere and the number of
:19:20. > :19:23.objects in space is increasing daily. But the existence of this
:19:23. > :19:27.military base continues to split opinion. Fylingdales will become
:19:27. > :19:37.more and more important over the next 50 years. This is not the end
:19:37. > :19:44.of the story, it is not a Cold War story, it is a global uncertainty
:19:44. > :19:46.story. We should be looking much more for alternatives to violence,
:19:46. > :19:55.building relationships with other states because it is such a worrying
:19:55. > :20:03.world. Fylingdales offers so much to national defence and security. The
:20:03. > :20:07.future of Fylingdales is secured. Space is getting busier and there
:20:07. > :20:13.will be a requirement for this site for many years to come.
:20:13. > :20:17.Now to some people, football is more than a game, it is a religion. It
:20:17. > :20:20.has definitely taken over the life of photographer Stuart Roy Clarke
:20:20. > :20:25.who has devoted 25 years to documenting the changing face of the
:20:25. > :20:28.game. But not on the pitch, in the stands. Watching the highs and lows
:20:28. > :20:51.of the fans. It is the most romantic thing I can
:20:51. > :20:54.think of. I think going to football matches is up there with anything
:20:54. > :20:57.else. Tonight, Wigan Athletic are fighting for Premiership survival
:20:57. > :21:06.and Stuart Roy Clarke has, along for the roller—coaster ride.
:21:06. > :21:06.stadium, even round the neighbourhood, several times. I like
:21:06. > :21:20.to be the first there. I'd like to get all the tops of
:21:21. > :21:35.their heads in the sunset. Hopefully when they're scoring a goal.
:21:35. > :21:43.The club has been in the relegation fight before. Everyone is jumpy.
:21:43. > :21:46.Ideal material for Stuart. There's a guy here who's going through all
:21:46. > :21:49.sorts of emotions and tortures. His wife's sat next to him. A whole
:21:49. > :22:22.series of expressions.. All of the other photographers at
:22:22. > :22:27.the game are shooting the other way. I'd like to see Stuart here. Come
:22:27. > :22:33.and sit here with this big lens. You get a sore bum after sitting down
:22:33. > :22:45.this long. Must be some interesting characters up there. You have got to
:22:45. > :22:49.be able to see the pictures and Stuart sees the pictures, he sees
:22:49. > :22:54.the characters, the personalities. Usually he does the whole package in
:22:54. > :22:59.one frame. My dad gave me a succession of
:23:00. > :23:04.cameras, Polaroid ones. It came out the front, magically, so you could
:23:04. > :23:10.show it to people. In that sense, photography is magic. Stuart started
:23:10. > :23:16.from an early age, as a lad on the subs bench. Because I was on the
:23:16. > :23:19.bench, I had a chance to look at the back of the manager, what is he up
:23:19. > :23:24.to, there's some parents over there. They don't come very often. I love
:23:24. > :23:32.the actual playing of the game. But all of that is of equal interest.
:23:32. > :23:34.Stuart is back in of one of his favourite hunting grounds — Roker in
:23:34. > :23:43.Sunderland where the old football ground was and where it all kicked
:23:43. > :23:52.off for him. Over there, that broken glass, I was standing there and I
:23:52. > :23:55.could see this flood of light. I had not really thought of photographing
:23:56. > :24:06.it as a subject. And then I started thinking, do you know what...? But
:24:06. > :24:09.that gave me the idea in a way. Stuart had found his subject. The
:24:09. > :24:13.homes of football. And it was perfrect timing. The game was
:24:13. > :24:15.changing fast. After the Hillsborough disaster stadiums were
:24:15. > :24:22.modernised and the creation of the Premier League pumped millions into
:24:22. > :24:29.football. I'm not just somebody who's a nostalgist. I love the new
:24:29. > :24:36.stadiums. Not as much as I loved the old ones, but I like lots of things.
:24:36. > :24:40.I like progress, I like change. As long as we do not lose what has gone
:24:40. > :24:44.before. It is my job to catch it before it goes. This last 20 years
:24:44. > :24:50.has been fascinating, and I've been a privileged position. I've got a
:24:50. > :24:57.duty to hand over what I've seen. What he has recorded is a social
:24:57. > :25:00.history through the eyes of fans. I always thought the ground was the
:25:00. > :25:08.most constant, actually it is not, it is the fans. The baton is handed
:25:08. > :25:09.from one set of fans to the next, be they friends, strangers, or the next
:25:09. > :25:41.generation. Wonderful. Stewart is at Bradford
:25:42. > :25:52.City and the fans are dreaming of promotion. We're off to the Kop, the
:25:52. > :26:05.mighty Kop. The drama in the last 20 minutes of the game.
:26:05. > :26:09.The fans went home disappointed, but it was a different picture in the
:26:09. > :26:17.second leg when Bradford's dream season ended in promotion. Much of
:26:17. > :26:22.Stuart's work is housed here at the national football museum in
:26:22. > :26:27.Manchester. The planning began for his next exhibition earlier this
:26:27. > :26:33.year. I've got a lot of stuff up my sleeve. I'm going to put 30 or 40
:26:33. > :26:35.pictures out here in the atrium. They will be the first thing people
:26:35. > :26:53.see and it's really exciting. This one could well feature at the
:26:53. > :26:57.Museum, celebrating the amateur game. Decorator by day, Adam is
:26:57. > :27:06.turning out for the other Sunderland team tonight in the Northern League.
:27:06. > :27:11.I enjoy these games as much as the big ones. The big ones do have the
:27:11. > :27:17.glamour. I love taking pictures at this level and then putting them
:27:17. > :27:21.next to Manchester United. They are of equal importance. It has always
:27:21. > :27:39.been one of the joys. Back in Wigan, the relegation fight
:27:39. > :27:48.is into the last round. The girl jumping up and down.
:27:48. > :27:55.Despite giving it everything, they lose. I am affected at the end of
:27:55. > :27:59.it. I go home thinking about it. It means so much to people. It is not a
:27:59. > :28:04.bereavement, there are worse things in life, but for now, they will be
:28:05. > :28:11.pretty glum. But, for me, a lot of great photographs of people going
:28:11. > :28:14.through all the emotions. Despite all the money in the game and its
:28:14. > :28:24.not necessarily filtering down, I just find it an unbelievable
:28:24. > :28:36.spectacle. I don't think I can tear myself away from it. I'll see you
:28:36. > :28:45.next season. Look forward to it. That is all from us tonight. Join us
:28:45. > :28:48.next week. We will be spending time at a busy accident and emergency
:28:48. > :28:52.department and asking if GPs hold the key to helping chronically ill
:28:52. > :28:57.patients lead healthier lives and stay out of hospital.