:00:16. > :00:20.Fixing the energy market, really? David Cameron's announcement to
:00:20. > :00:25.force companies to put us on lower tarrifs, is surprised even those in
:00:25. > :00:33.his own Government. Is this a very unConservative curb on capitalism,
:00:33. > :00:37.and is it even legal under EU competition laws? We will be
:00:37. > :00:42.legislating to energy companies have to give the lowest tarrif to
:00:42. > :00:46.their customers. Also, the far right is on the march in Greece,
:00:46. > :00:49.the leader of the extremist party, Golden Dawn, tells Newsnight of
:00:49. > :00:54.their rise and support from unexpected quarters. With what they
:00:54. > :00:59.are saying now, we have more than 50-60% of police staff that are
:00:59. > :01:03.following us, maybe more. She's the daughter of a former
:01:03. > :01:07.President, could she also be the daughter of a future one. I asked
:01:07. > :01:11.Chelsea Clinton if her mother should take a tilt at the top job.
:01:11. > :01:14.I hope she will get some well deserved rest, and stay off an
:01:14. > :01:19.aeroplane for a while, I know she will make whatever right choices
:01:19. > :01:22.are for her. And with the world's growing
:01:22. > :01:26.population, demand for food has never been higher, is the era of
:01:26. > :01:31.cheap food over. We discuss with star chef, Yotam Ottolenghi, and
:01:31. > :01:41.other food industry players, if we need to look to farming methods
:01:41. > :01:43.
:01:43. > :01:46.some people, up to now, have found unpalatable.
:01:46. > :01:49.David Cameron was getting a little hot under the collar at Prime
:01:49. > :01:53.Minister's Questions, perhaps he had been goaded by Ed Miliband's
:01:53. > :01:57.conference declaration, that he wanted every pensioner over 75 to
:01:57. > :02:00.pay the lowest energy tarrif. When the Prime Minister announced his
:02:00. > :02:04.plans to force energy companies to give their customers the cheapest
:02:04. > :02:08.tarrifs possible, he took some of his colleagues at the highest level
:02:08. > :02:13.of Government by surprise. It sounds like state planning. But is
:02:14. > :02:18.this really want he has in mind? Is it even allowed under European
:02:18. > :02:22.competition laws? Here is our political editor, Allegra Stratton.
:02:22. > :02:27.Making energy may be a simple chemical equation, but in the hands
:02:27. > :02:31.of energy companies, its pricing becomes complicated. The problem
:02:31. > :02:37.remains clear enough. Energy prices are too high, it is a big issue for
:02:37. > :02:41.politicians. If C equals commodity prices, and W equals flatlining
:02:41. > :02:45.wages and they are combined, you have a strong political force. The
:02:45. > :02:47.rising cost of living is an imposing cost, and today, in the
:02:47. > :02:53.first Prime Minister's Questions of the autumn, the Prime Minister
:02:53. > :02:58.wanted to get on the front foot, he came up with this striking action.
:02:59. > :03:02.The Prime Minister's energy summit, he promised faithfully to take
:03:02. > :03:06.action to help people reduce their energy bills. Can he tell the House
:03:06. > :03:09.and the country how is it going? have encouraged people to switch,
:03:09. > :03:13.which is one of the best ways to get your energy bills down, I can
:03:13. > :03:18.announce, which I'm sure he will welcome, we will be legislating, so
:03:18. > :03:21.that energy companies have to give the lowest tarrif to their customer.
:03:21. > :03:25.Something Labour didn't do in 13 years, even though the leader of
:03:25. > :03:28.the Labour Party could have done, because he had the job.
:03:28. > :03:34.Only the last week, major energy companies have announced a ramping
:03:34. > :03:44.up of their prices for this winter. A handful hovering around the 9%
:03:44. > :03:52.
:03:52. > :03:56.increase mark. SSE is up 9% this A while a at the beginning of the
:03:56. > :03:58.year in January, the Labour leader proposed something a little similar,
:03:59. > :04:02.that any Government he formed, would force energy companies to
:04:02. > :04:06.give the over 75s their cheapest tarrif.
:04:06. > :04:09.So it seems like there is the scope to do something, but is there the
:04:09. > :04:12.means. Since the Prime Minister made his surprise announcement
:04:12. > :04:16.admit day today, it has been incredibly difficult to find
:04:16. > :04:18.anybody who can explain exactly what he meant. In the huddle
:04:18. > :04:22.immediately after Prime Minister's Questions, even his own aides
:04:22. > :04:26.couldn't explain what the Prime Minister meant. One source
:04:26. > :04:28.described the idea is "daft", another said to me, if it was
:04:28. > :04:32.brought in the way the Prime Minister suggested, it would be the
:04:32. > :04:36.end of competition in the energy market.
:04:36. > :04:39.The problems appear legion. How would companies know when
:04:39. > :04:43.individuals use energy, in order to be able to tell which tarrif is
:04:43. > :04:49.best for them. Knew people have a smart metre, and the Government
:04:49. > :04:54.isn't yet ominousent. Would the companies react by bringing in one
:04:54. > :05:02.single tarrif, the same tarrif, probably the higher tarrif, to not
:05:02. > :05:05.miss out. This might mean collusion, some say, in a bid not to lose out.
:05:05. > :05:08.The department for energy and climate change clarified that the
:05:08. > :05:12.Prime Minister didn't mean all bills would be pegged to the lowest
:05:12. > :05:17.tarrif, but instead, different types of energy users would be
:05:17. > :05:21.given the lowest part of their rate. Some were still aghast at what they
:05:22. > :05:26.called an economic illiteracy. Low tarrifs are only low because few
:05:26. > :05:30.people are canny enough to look around, they are subsidised by the
:05:30. > :05:34.higher amount of people on high tarrifs, low tarrifs for all
:05:34. > :05:38.upturns the economics. One man who advised the former climate
:05:38. > :05:41.secretary, Chris Huhne, is not sure that nobbling the energy companies
:05:41. > :05:48.is the whole way to bring down prices. There are probably things
:05:48. > :05:52.to do to make the gas and electricity markets more comptetive
:05:52. > :05:57.and drive down prices. The biggest thing is reducing the reliance on
:05:57. > :06:01.imported gas, and improving the efficencies of British homes. They
:06:01. > :06:04.are notoriously inear firt, the Government is bringing in the Green
:06:04. > :06:08.Deal, it helps you insulate your house at no extra cost to
:06:08. > :06:11.yourselves and reduce bills. summit was held inside Government
:06:11. > :06:14.to broker an agreement between the coalition partner, currently
:06:14. > :06:19.fighting over long-term energy sources. What the Chancellor seems
:06:19. > :06:23.to be arguing for is more and more gas imports, which are likely to go
:06:23. > :06:27.up in cost, from probably dangerous and unstable areas of the world. It
:06:27. > :06:33.seems to make no sense whatsoever. It is clear when the energy bill is
:06:33. > :06:35.announced in the next few week, it will include action on energy
:06:35. > :06:39.companies, but we aren't really further on in knowing what. For
:06:39. > :06:47.those wanting help with their bills, today the Prime Minister has so far
:06:47. > :06:51.dished out more heat than light. We asked the Government, the Big
:06:52. > :06:55.Six and the energy regulator, Ofgem to comment on today's announcement.
:06:55. > :07:00.None wanted to appear on the programme this evening. Labour's
:07:00. > :07:03.Caroline Flint, is the shadow Energy Secretary, and is here. This
:07:03. > :07:07.builds on what Ed Miliband announced earlier in the year,
:07:07. > :07:10.presumably you would vote for it? I'm very interested in anything
:07:10. > :07:13.that helps people get the best deal. What we know is a huge number of
:07:13. > :07:18.people could be on a cheaper deal, but because it is so complicated,
:07:18. > :07:23.with hundreds of tarrif, people aren't switching, switching is at a
:07:23. > :07:28.lowest level ever. We said we should put those over 75 on the
:07:28. > :07:31.cheapest tarrif. If they put it in the Energy Bill, that they will
:07:31. > :07:35.insist companies have lower tarrif, will you support it? The truth is,
:07:35. > :07:38.as we have heard from the report and other reports this evening,
:07:38. > :07:43.this policy isn't going anywhere, because the Prime Minister actually
:07:43. > :07:45.announced a policy, that within ten hours has disappeared. Because it
:07:45. > :07:50.is impossible, it would be impossible for a Labour Government
:07:50. > :07:53.as well? It wouldn't be. Would you go back to state control?
:07:53. > :07:57.wouldn't be impossible for Labour Government to suggest that those
:07:57. > :08:01.over 75 should be put on the low tarrif. We are interested in more
:08:01. > :08:05.competition. At the moment we have seen that people aren't getting the
:08:05. > :08:09.best deal possible. Also the market is dominated by six companies. Can
:08:09. > :08:12.I finish the point. We need radical reform of the energy market, to
:08:12. > :08:16.open it up to others who want to retail the energy, make the price
:08:16. > :08:18.structure more transparent, and ensure we have fair prices. There
:08:18. > :08:22.is nothing the Government has said about addressing that, either in
:08:22. > :08:25.the draft energy bill, or announcements before we get the
:08:25. > :08:29.Energy Bill in a few months time. It is easy for politicians to say
:08:29. > :08:32.go for the cheapest tarrif, do you know what it is for different
:08:32. > :08:35.companies? It is a good question, there are hundreds of different
:08:35. > :08:41.tarrifs. The problem is, as our research found out, we are at the
:08:41. > :08:46.lowest level of switching ever. We have said we need more transparency,
:08:46. > :08:49.a simplified tarrif structure something the energy companies are
:08:49. > :08:53.working on. If everyone switches there won't be low tarrifs, it is
:08:53. > :08:58.simple economics? In the last two years, with the prices going up, on
:08:58. > :09:01.David Cameron's watch, prices are up by �200, the profit margins have
:09:01. > :09:05.been healthy. When the wholesale prices go down, they don't pass on
:09:05. > :09:09.the cuts to the consumers. whole point of the profit margin,
:09:10. > :09:13.they say they invest for the future, in order to make sure that in the
:09:13. > :09:18.future we don't pay higher bills? The way we will get to the bottom
:09:18. > :09:21.of this, is totally relook at how the market is regulated. We need a
:09:21. > :09:27.more competitive market. Six companies dominate 99% of the
:09:27. > :09:31.customer base in the UK. What do we need? A tougher regulator. We have
:09:31. > :09:34.acknowledged abolishing of Ofgem and a tougher regulator. We need
:09:34. > :09:38.transparency, so we can see that the companies are investing. We
:09:38. > :09:41.need to know when wholesale prices go down, they pass on those cuts to
:09:41. > :09:45.the consumers, just in the same way as they do when they go up. But you
:09:45. > :09:48.are not preaching what you practised. Point is, under a Labour
:09:48. > :09:52.Government, wholesale prices came down, and the energy bills didn't
:09:52. > :09:56.come down. What happened then? have seen, over the last five to
:09:56. > :09:59.six years, prices, wholesale prices have been going down, that hasn't
:10:00. > :10:05.been passed on. In the last two years, under David Cameron's watch,
:10:05. > :10:09.prices have gone up by �200. Wholesale prices came down 27%
:10:09. > :10:12.under a Labour Government, the bills by 9%? This is why under the
:10:12. > :10:15.last general election, Ed Miliband said we need to radically reform
:10:15. > :10:20.the market. We need to ensure on the present arrangements people are
:10:20. > :10:23.getting the best deal. We need to reform the markets to make it fair.
:10:23. > :10:27.Is it an ideology or about the consumer, do you want xetsnigs
:10:27. > :10:32.course we do, do we have competition at the moment. You are
:10:32. > :10:36.nobbling xet tiing, you can't do that? Talk to some of the energy
:10:36. > :10:40.retailers, the smaller ones, those who generate as well. They want a
:10:40. > :10:46.more open market. The energy that is generated should be put in a
:10:46. > :10:49.pool, and ri retailers competing on a price to sell it to you. We have
:10:49. > :10:52.energy companies creating energy, buying it from themselves, and
:10:52. > :10:56.selling it on, there is no transparency. Would you not be
:10:56. > :11:01.better to go for renationalisation, get rid of the industries you hate,
:11:01. > :11:04.and have a renationalised energy sector? No, we need a reformed
:11:04. > :11:08.market, and fairer one, and new tougher regulator that works in the
:11:08. > :11:14.interest of the market to be competitive, but also the consumer
:11:14. > :11:18.as well. When extremists are on the rise in
:11:18. > :11:21.any society, it is the police who enforce law and order. In Greece
:11:21. > :11:24.today there is increasing evidence that exactly the opposite is
:11:24. > :11:29.happening. A pattern is emerging where supporters of the far right
:11:29. > :11:33.Golden Dawn party, which won 18 seats in June's election, violently
:11:33. > :11:37.target migrants, the left or gay, and the police standby. From Athens,
:11:37. > :11:42.our Economics Editor has been hearing fears of police collusion
:11:42. > :11:47.with those trying to bring down the Greek political system. This report
:11:47. > :11:54.contains strong language. In a small Greek theatre the gates
:11:54. > :12:02.are locked. Among the actors, inside, rising panic. The manager
:12:02. > :12:08.is speaking frantically to the Athens chief of police.
:12:08. > :12:15.Outside supporter of the far right party, Golden Dawn throw bricks and
:12:15. > :12:23.punches. Their leader, a member of parliament, hurls racist abuse too
:12:23. > :12:30.obscene to translate. "your time is up, you Albanian
:12:30. > :12:34.faggot", is the polite version. The performance of the play, Corpus
:12:34. > :12:39.Christi, goes ahead, symbolically to 20 people. Even days later, the
:12:39. > :12:45.play's director is stunned by what has happened. What happened that
:12:45. > :12:49.night, it was like the Kristallnacht, many people they
:12:49. > :12:55.have called my mother, and they said to her that we are going to
:12:55. > :13:04.cut down your son in pieces, and bring you a box. Your son will be
:13:04. > :13:07.in that box. So, it is not a performance any more. It is, do we
:13:07. > :13:11.have a democracy in this country, or do we have a dictatorship, and
:13:12. > :13:17.nobody is telling us. If we have a dictatorship, then, then Europe
:13:17. > :13:22.must do something. The attack on the theatre has
:13:22. > :13:28.stunned Greece, in the past two months, Golden Dawn support has
:13:28. > :13:33.surged. Here, its supporters attack migrant stall holders on a market.
:13:33. > :13:40.It is one of a spate of incidents in which the party's uniformed
:13:40. > :13:45.activists have begun DIY law enforcement. This is your shop.
:13:45. > :13:51.This is the man who led the shutdown at the theatre, the de
:13:51. > :13:58.facto commander of the Golden Dawn attack squads. So policemen might
:13:58. > :14:01.come here to buy these gloves? The shop he owns sells the
:14:01. > :14:06.paraphernalia of civil conflict, that is what he intends. Even
:14:06. > :14:11.though nobody likes this, the Greek society is ready to have a fight, a
:14:11. > :14:17.new type of civil war. On the one side will there will be, let's say,
:14:17. > :14:21.nationalists like us, and and Greeks who want our country to be
:14:21. > :14:25.as it used to be, and on the other side there will be illegal
:14:25. > :14:30.immigrants and anarchists and all those who have destroyed Athens
:14:30. > :14:34.several times and Greece. With his party surging to 12% in the opinion
:14:34. > :14:40.poll, Mr Panagiotaros, one of 18 Golden Dawn MPs, makes no apology
:14:40. > :14:45.for his attempts to control the streets. Is Golden Dawn at war with
:14:45. > :14:51.immigrants? Golden Dawn is in war with the political system, and the
:14:51. > :14:54.people who are representing it. We are in war with demos sick and
:14:54. > :14:58.international bankers. We are in -- domestic and international bankers.
:14:58. > :15:03.We are at war with all those illegal invaders. Immigrants?
:15:03. > :15:07.call them invaders. Of course we are at war, meaning they have
:15:07. > :15:14.invaded in our country, the state is doing absolutely nothing. They
:15:14. > :15:19.are just waving a white flag. So, we are against everyone. The Greek
:15:19. > :15:23.police seem powerless to stop golden dawn. They are engaged in a
:15:23. > :15:29.round up of illegal immigrant, and scenes like this are now common.
:15:29. > :15:34.But those attacked by gold claimed police failed to help them. Critics
:15:34. > :15:38.say there is a reason, and Golden Dawn frank about it. I think with
:15:38. > :15:44.what they are saying now, we have more than 50-60% of police staff
:15:44. > :15:50.that are following us. It may be more. Every day it is growing.
:15:50. > :15:53.this rising tension, anti-fascists have moved from a graffiti war to
:15:53. > :15:59.action. This motorcycle demonstration was organised on the
:15:59. > :16:03.30th of September. It led to a clash with Golden Dawn. 15
:16:03. > :16:11.demonstrators were arrested, and 25 more when it came to court, and
:16:11. > :16:15.others turned up to support them. Iannis and Maria were detained for
:16:15. > :16:18.four nights. They don't want to reveal their true identities, when
:16:18. > :16:22.you listen to their testimony, you can see why. TRANSLATION: They put
:16:22. > :16:30.me and the other girls, one at a time in a room for a strip-search,
:16:30. > :16:34.they asked me to bend, to, how can I put it, search me. TRANSLATION:
:16:34. > :16:38.They told me it take my pants off and show my genitals. Then he
:16:38. > :16:44.starts hitting me in the face and body, and kicking me too. All the
:16:44. > :16:50.time they are threatening, things have changed, we will lock you up,
:16:50. > :16:54.you are all dead, you are in big trouble.
:16:54. > :16:58.There were obvious conversations just above our heads, they were
:16:58. > :17:02.openly talking about Golden Dawn and their position, and they were
:17:02. > :17:06.with Golden Dawn and we have to get that into our heads. By the end of
:17:06. > :17:14.the four days was there any doubt in your minds that some of the
:17:14. > :17:19.police were active supporters of Golden Dawn. You are laughing.
:17:19. > :17:22.TRANSLATION: I'm laughing because I feel in these unit, the Delta Force
:17:22. > :17:27.unit, it is obvious, also with the officer in charge. They co-operate
:17:27. > :17:33.openly. The example is that they videoed us, threatening us that our
:17:33. > :17:39.names would be given to Golden Dawn. At the police HQ, I put these
:17:39. > :17:43.allegations to a police spokesperson. TRANSLATION:
:17:43. > :17:49.catagoric, that in this incident none of these things happened in
:17:49. > :17:56.the headquarters buildings of the police. Greek Police respect human
:17:56. > :17:59.rights, this is a non-story. These allegations were never made to the
:18:00. > :18:03.police, no charges were pressed, so the police couldn't look into this
:18:03. > :18:07.from the start. All the same, if anybody wants to identify
:18:08. > :18:11.themselves, we will investigate in depth. At night fall, in central
:18:11. > :18:15.Athens, plain clothes police stage a round up of migrants, arresting
:18:15. > :18:19.those without papers, some 4,000 have been placed in detention camps
:18:19. > :18:23.this way. The Government is getting visibly tough, for a reason, to
:18:24. > :18:27.counter act the rise of the far right, and show the state can do
:18:27. > :18:35.the job. The Greek Prime Minister recently
:18:35. > :18:40.compared his country to Wymar Germany, on the eve of Hitler's
:18:40. > :18:44.takeover of power. And the likes are apt, behind me plain clothes
:18:44. > :18:47.police are arresting migrants in Athens, but they seem to be unable
:18:47. > :18:52.to do anything about the violence and intimidation of Golden Dawn.
:18:52. > :18:55.Many in mainstream politics feel powerless to influence the
:18:55. > :18:59.situation. And the rapidity of change is obvious. Just two years
:18:59. > :19:05.ago this square was famous as a place for migrants to hang out.
:19:05. > :19:11.Today, the children play on a giant piece of graffiti, drawn by Golden
:19:11. > :19:15.Dawn. When you are the daughter of a former President of the US, and
:19:15. > :19:19.your mother is Secretary of State for President Obama, either the
:19:19. > :19:23.world's your oyster, or the pressure to perform is almost
:19:23. > :19:27.overwhelming. Chelsea Clinton is navigating her way into a career,
:19:28. > :19:33.and possibly a political future, quite canly, putting her own stamp
:19:33. > :19:37.on a new initiative in Africa. She has been in Nigeria's capital,
:19:37. > :19:41.Abuja, and I spoke to her from there. Potentially it is a dynasty
:19:41. > :19:44.in the making, born when Bill Clinton was Governor of Arkansas,
:19:44. > :19:48.Chelsea was 12 years old when her father was sworn in as President.
:19:48. > :19:53.She was largely shielded from the public eye during his time in
:19:53. > :19:56.office, but now, Chelsea is very much in the limelight. In 2008, she
:19:56. > :19:59.campaigned on behalf of her mother's bid for the democratic
:19:59. > :20:06.nomination for the presidency, and she now works as a special
:20:06. > :20:13.correspondent for NBC news. When she married investment banker Marc
:20:13. > :20:16.Mezvinsky in 2010, the inevitable media circus led to a conscious
:20:16. > :20:19.decision to embrace her position in the public eye and put it to good
:20:19. > :20:24.use. Her parents' investment for charities in the developing world,
:20:24. > :20:30.has led to support a new initiative in Nigeria, whose Government is
:20:30. > :20:37.trying to drive down child mortality from preventable diseases.
:20:37. > :20:42.Can you give me detail about the initiative you are putting about
:20:42. > :20:45.today? I'm here with the Clinton Health Access Initiative with the
:20:45. > :20:50.Government of Nigeria, led by President Goodluck Jonathan, who
:20:50. > :20:56.launched the Save One Million Lives initiative, whereby Nigeria aims to
:20:56. > :21:02.save one million mother and child lives, by 2015. Currently there are
:21:02. > :21:12.about a million preventable maternal and child deaths every
:21:12. > :21:16.year in Nigeria. The vast majority of them are children who perish
:21:16. > :21:23.from diahorreal diseases and HIV AIDS. We are working with the
:21:23. > :21:26.Ministry of Health on scaling up ORS zinc, that is what the World
:21:26. > :21:31.Health Organisation to treat diahorreal diseases. We believe if
:21:31. > :21:36.we can get to full coverage of the country, we can save 100,000 lives
:21:36. > :21:41.a year. Do you have any concerns, as an American woman going to
:21:41. > :21:45.Nigeria, to launch this initiative, in a sense you are allowing Nigeria
:21:45. > :21:50.to abdicate its responsibility? at all. This is being architected
:21:50. > :21:54.and will have to be driven and implemented primarily by the
:21:54. > :22:00.Nigerian minutestry of health, in conjunction with -- Ministry of
:22:00. > :22:04.Health, in conjunction with global partners and local partners here in
:22:04. > :22:08.Nigeria. The Clinton Health Access Initiative, particularly hons in
:22:08. > :22:12.Africa, have you concerns about other American foreign policy
:22:12. > :22:16.issues, what is happening to women in Afghanistan and Iraq? Thinking
:22:16. > :22:20.about Africa, tough think about Nigeria, one in four people living
:22:20. > :22:26.in Africa live in Nigeria. 10% of the children who perish every year
:22:26. > :22:30.from things like diarrhoea, which no-one should die of in the 21st
:22:30. > :22:34.century, die here in Nigeria. For me, so much of that is really about
:22:34. > :22:37.women's right. You mentioned women. I think that fundamentally women
:22:37. > :22:41.should be empowered to make the right decisions for themselves and
:22:41. > :22:44.their families, and to have the resources that they need to be able
:22:44. > :22:48.to be healthy mothers, and to have healthy children, and that should
:22:48. > :22:51.be true everywhere in the world. wonder what you make of the effort
:22:51. > :22:55.of the Taliban in Afghanistan, trying to stop women going to
:22:55. > :23:00.schools, trying to make sure women stay in their homes, how much of a
:23:00. > :23:05.concern have you about that? think that the effort to stop or
:23:05. > :23:11.girls anywhere in reprehensible. Whether it's efforts in the United
:23:11. > :23:18.States, or efforts anywhere on any continent. Certainly, I think what
:23:18. > :23:22.is happening in parts of south Asia is deeply, deeply troubling. We saw
:23:22. > :23:26.last week n Pakistan what happened when a 14-year-old girl -- in
:23:26. > :23:31.Pakistan what happened when a 14- year-old girl was singled out on a
:23:31. > :23:34.bus and shot, for standing up for girls' education. I know she's in
:23:34. > :23:40.the UK receiving the care she needs to hopefully regain her health, and
:23:40. > :23:44.go back to her important work. So certainly it is critical that those
:23:44. > :23:47.of us who believe that only when we live in a world in which every
:23:47. > :23:51.person can participate to his or her full potential, is the world we
:23:51. > :23:55.want to see. You have very definitely found your voice, and
:23:55. > :23:59.you have said you want to have a purposeful public life. Would that
:23:59. > :24:03.extend to taking office? You know, I don't know. To take office I
:24:03. > :24:09.would have to be elected in the United States. I honestly don't
:24:09. > :24:15.know. Before my mom's campaign in 2008 I would have said no. Not as
:24:15. > :24:19.the result of any long, deliberate, thoughtful process, but rather
:24:20. > :24:23.because people have been asking me that question for as long as I can
:24:23. > :24:28.remember. America loves a dynasty? I don't know about that. But I
:24:28. > :24:32.certainly feel a strong call to public service. It is why I'm here
:24:32. > :24:37.in Abuja today. I think there are many ways to serve. I certainly
:24:37. > :24:44.believe my mother's life is a testament to that. My father calls
:24:44. > :24:49.her an NGO woman of one, as the era of her life until she ran for
:24:50. > :24:53.Senate. Watching my mother, and watching many people, many women
:24:53. > :24:58.like her, who have advocated in civil society and outside
:24:58. > :25:01.Government, I do believe there are many ways to be a public servant. I
:25:01. > :25:05.don't really know what the right answer for me will be in the longer
:25:05. > :25:09.term, for now I'm trying to do the work I can wherever I can in the
:25:09. > :25:11.world make a difference. I know you have said your mother is vehement
:25:11. > :25:15.about leaving office after President Obama's first term, if he
:25:15. > :25:18.wins a second of the I wonder what you would think about her heading
:25:18. > :25:22.towards the White House herself? want her to do whatever she want to
:25:22. > :25:26.do. I'm so proud of my mom and everything she does. Someone came
:25:27. > :25:30.up to me today, I love your parents, and quickly said, I'm so sorry you
:25:30. > :25:33.must hear it all the time. I hear it all the time and I never tire of
:25:34. > :25:37.hearing it. My parents every day give me reasons to be proud of the
:25:37. > :25:41.work they do in the world. For my mom, as her daughter, I hope she
:25:41. > :25:46.will get some well deserved rest and stay off an aeroplane for a
:25:46. > :25:50.while, and I know she will make whatever the right choice is for
:25:50. > :25:55.her in the future, that will ultimately be the right choice for
:25:55. > :26:00.our family and for our world. In the final film of our special
:26:00. > :26:04.series oned food, we examine one of the biggest problems of all. De--
:26:04. > :26:07.on food, we examine one of the biggest problems of all, decreasing
:26:07. > :26:15.production and increasing demand all round. We have been fooled into
:26:15. > :26:19.thinking that food was an inexpensive commodity, that was an
:26:19. > :26:24.old. The search for biofuels and weather problems and wastefulness
:26:24. > :26:34.are problems. I will discuss this with our guests, but first our
:26:34. > :26:35.
:26:35. > :26:42.science editor. The modern supermarket is the
:26:42. > :26:50.epitomy of plenty. Shelves are permanently stocked. The only
:26:50. > :26:54.queues are at the checkout. But this precarious system now faces
:26:55. > :27:00.serious pressure points. Over the past few decades, we have all got
:27:00. > :27:04.used to the idea that we deserve cheap, abundant food, whenever we
:27:04. > :27:14.want it. But for how much longer can that comfortable model survive.
:27:14. > :27:16.
:27:16. > :27:21.Is the era of cheap food finally coming to an end.
:27:21. > :27:26.Lincoln, Nebraska. Where corn is king. The heart of North America,
:27:26. > :27:31.where the state and the football team are known as the corn huskers.
:27:31. > :27:35.But the corn belt is at the centre of a crippling drought. This is the
:27:35. > :27:41.worst drought in 50 years, and we really don't see any end to it. The
:27:41. > :27:46.spacial area that is being consumed by drought right now in the US is,
:27:46. > :27:50.we're over 65% of the lower 48 states are in drought right now.
:27:50. > :27:55.The US drought monitoring service has tracked the spread of drought.
:27:55. > :28:02.Almost half of all America's counties have been declared
:28:02. > :28:07.disaster areas. We have had places across the US that their
:28:07. > :28:11.presiptation record for this year is comparable to the 1930s, or
:28:11. > :28:17.worse. Crop failures can shape history. Prices are on a
:28:17. > :28:24.rollercoaster. They are not yet at the high of 2011, when protests led
:28:24. > :28:28.to the Arab Spring. But they are inching closer to the spike of 2008,
:28:28. > :28:38.when there were riots in Haiti and Egypt. This is the third spike in
:28:38. > :28:48.
:28:48. > :28:52.just five years. Rod farms beans and corn, he has seen record
:28:52. > :28:57.drought. We have only had one rainful. You have been raising the
:28:57. > :29:01.crops on one rainful. Soya bean yields are down by two third, the
:29:01. > :29:07.corn yields are down by about a third. There have been droughts in
:29:07. > :29:12.Russia, Kazakhstan and India as well. And, 40% of America's corn
:29:12. > :29:18.crop is diverted to create biofuels, finding an alternative to gasoline
:29:18. > :29:27.has put even more pressure on supply. All that means rising
:29:27. > :29:32.prices. Looking at soya bean oil, looking at tyfructose syrup from
:29:32. > :29:37.corn crop, look at the products they are used in, as the product
:29:38. > :29:42.stays high we will see the impact on the products we use on a day-to-
:29:42. > :29:46.day basis. It is American football night. The corn huskers face their
:29:46. > :29:53.great rivals from Wisconsin. For the fan, stocking up before the big
:29:53. > :29:56.game, most price rises will take a while to enter the system it. But
:29:56. > :30:01.fluctuations are already hitting the meat markets. Meat will be one
:30:01. > :30:05.of the main one, meat and dairy product, many of those animals are
:30:05. > :30:12.fed grain and hey products that are on short sprie supply and prices
:30:12. > :30:21.are very high. With the price of feed going up, rod Kristallnacht
:30:21. > :30:26.has had to slaughter early, 10% of his -- Rod has had to slaughter
:30:26. > :30:32.earlier, 10%. His parents and their parents farmed this land, his
:30:32. > :30:38.children want to follow in his footsteps. His parents remember the
:30:38. > :30:43.1930s when the land became a dust ball. At one time it got so dark at
:30:43. > :30:49.noon from the dust, the folks hit the lamps so we could see the
:30:49. > :30:52.dinner. You know farmers are used to hardships, we can roll with the
:30:52. > :30:56.punches, we will survive this, like anything else. The first stage is
:30:56. > :31:02.the older cows go first, if there are too big cows that take more
:31:02. > :31:10.feed than the rest of them, they are the ones continuing to go now.
:31:10. > :31:15.Demand is the other pressure point on prices. Rod's cattle grow on a
:31:15. > :31:20.mix of pasture and liquid supplement, cattle raised on grain
:31:20. > :31:24.need seven kilograms to produce one kilogram of meat. Global demand for
:31:24. > :31:30.wheat is rising as people get richer, demand for grain will rise
:31:30. > :31:34.in step. On top of that, each year the planet's population grows by
:31:35. > :31:40.some 70 million. I think we're facing pressures on natural
:31:40. > :31:45.resources, certainly on land, and on water. The large amount of the
:31:45. > :31:52.increase in food production over the last 20-30 years, was as a
:31:52. > :31:57.result of being able to allocate more water for irrigation for
:31:57. > :32:01.irgated agriculture. Roberto Lenton has advised the UN on using water
:32:01. > :32:06.for emirbtly in agriculture. He thinks we -- efficiently in
:32:06. > :32:12.agriculture, he thinks we need to cut the land used for biofuels and
:32:12. > :32:16.use it for food. You have increasing demands fored food, if
:32:16. > :32:22.we want to be serious about global warming and climate change, we have
:32:22. > :32:29.to look at alternative energy sources. Biofuels has all sorts of
:32:29. > :32:35.implications on food supplies. matters here, the corn huskers have
:32:35. > :32:39.sold out every game since 1962. Back then droughts were a once in a
:32:40. > :32:44.generation event. Now scientists warn a long-term rise in
:32:44. > :32:48.temperatures could make droughts like this summer's more frequent,
:32:49. > :32:52.even in areas where rainful has been normal. In a changing climate
:32:52. > :32:56.we need to be more prepared for droughts that are more frequent and
:32:56. > :33:06.intense. The main thing we have seen over the last several decades
:33:06. > :33:06.
:33:06. > :33:12.is the temperature component, we have seen that on the upswing.
:33:13. > :33:20.Nebraska has had a difficult summer, the fans could do with a break.
:33:20. > :33:30.So what's in play? Many are confident we can still step up
:33:30. > :33:32.
:33:32. > :33:36.supply, with better use of water and soils. Could we run with the
:33:36. > :33:42.high-tech approach, genetically modified crop, that perhaps can
:33:42. > :33:48.better resist drought? We wanted to ask the man who directs Nebraska's
:33:48. > :33:51.agricultural policy, we found him pitch side. We are already seeing
:33:51. > :33:56.in Nebraska, that the scenes and technology we have applied to our
:33:56. > :33:58.crops are helping us to produce more. Our crops are able to use the
:33:58. > :34:02.water and nutrients more efficiently. We think, as we look
:34:02. > :34:08.forward, we will be able to identify genes within those crops
:34:08. > :34:15.that will resist drought, and produce even more bushels under
:34:15. > :34:21.extreme drought conditions like we experienced in Nebraska this year.
:34:21. > :34:27.The huskers need a comeback, with ten minutes to go, they are 10-27
:34:27. > :34:31.down. Time is ticking away. Can supply shortages be tackled with
:34:31. > :34:40.crop science? Do we use the corn fields to grow more food, or
:34:40. > :34:43.cleaner fuel? Bust your ass, effort, effort, effort. Or do we wrestle
:34:43. > :34:49.with the trickier problem of demand. If we are to support more and more
:34:49. > :34:54.people, we may each have to consume less. And be less wasteful. 40% of
:34:54. > :34:59.food in the United States alone is never eaten, simply thrown away.
:34:59. > :35:04.The security of our food system is threatened by restrictions on
:35:04. > :35:09.supply and ever-increasing demand. And just one knock to that system
:35:09. > :35:16.can send primes rocketing. But how we increase supply and bring down
:35:16. > :35:23.demand will require some really tough decisions.
:35:23. > :35:32.It was a hard night for Nebraska, but they fought back, winning 30-27,
:35:32. > :35:35.85,000 people went home happy. But it promise to be a tough autumn.
:35:35. > :35:43.Harvests are down, and unless there is significant rainfall, and then
:35:43. > :35:47.snow over the winter, next year will be even tougher. With corn and
:35:47. > :35:53.so I prices edging ever higher, global food security has never been
:35:53. > :35:58.more vulnerable. To discuss whether we are really at
:35:58. > :36:06.the end of the era of cheap food is the chef and author Yotam
:36:06. > :36:11.Ottolenghi, Giles Oldroyd, and self-styled scavenger, Katherine
:36:11. > :36:14.Hibbert. We are apparently going to need 70% more food by 2050, how
:36:14. > :36:19.terrifying is that? It is a terrifying figure. It seems like we
:36:19. > :36:23.are also changing our diet. People are not only eating more, but they
:36:23. > :36:29.eat more meat. And obvious low that is way more wasteful, we have heard
:36:29. > :36:32.in the film, how many kilograms of vegtables need to feed a cow. More
:36:33. > :36:36.and more people throughout the world eat more meat. It is a
:36:36. > :36:39.changing in diet habit all over the world, in China and India and also
:36:39. > :36:44.a little bit in the west. But also the fact that we waste so much,
:36:44. > :36:47.because there is so much thrown away. You just need to look outside
:36:47. > :36:53.supermarkets or restaurants at the end of the day, it is piles of food
:36:53. > :36:58.that just goes to waste, and gooded food. Katherine, you are a
:36:58. > :37:04.scavenger among many things, when did you last scavange? Earlier this
:37:04. > :37:11.week I went to the artisan bakery, and I found several bin bags packed
:37:11. > :37:19.with loaves of bread, you have your choi, wholegrain, white, sandwiches,
:37:19. > :37:25.mozzarella sand wi witches and ham sandwiches. -- -- Sandwiches and
:37:25. > :37:30.ham sind witches. Did you eat it or hand it around to your friends?
:37:30. > :37:40.couldn't get it all home, I took some home, the ham to my dog and
:37:40. > :37:48.
:37:48. > :37:52.shared with my flatmate. What leads to the idea there is so much waste,
:37:52. > :37:57.that idea? It is the idea of it being there, it is built into the
:37:57. > :38:00.business models to create that amount of waste. It is perfectly
:38:00. > :38:04.good food. Completely fresh, made that day. They want to give you the
:38:04. > :38:10.sense, if you walk in, even as the last customer of the day, the
:38:10. > :38:15.shelves are full. Does it idea that waste is built in, and that, in
:38:15. > :38:19.fact, in America, 40% of all food is wasted? Very similar figure in
:38:19. > :38:23.Britain too. A similar figure in Britain. One of the main things,
:38:23. > :38:28.presumably, is that we actually don't know how to deal with our
:38:28. > :38:34.relationship with food, we think it should be cheap all the time, we
:38:34. > :38:40.think we are entitled to it? have lived through decades of
:38:40. > :38:46.cheaped food, we had food mountain, it was only 20 years ago we had
:38:46. > :38:51.mountains of butter and lakes of wine. That has changed, the world
:38:51. > :38:54.is changing very quickly. The demand for food is going up, and
:38:54. > :38:58.the challenges for growing food are increasing. There is no-one answer
:38:58. > :39:03.to the problem. Of course we have to reduce waste, but we also need
:39:03. > :39:07.to increase productivity. It is a hugele cha eing, and it takes a
:39:07. > :39:11.multi-- challenge, -- it is a huge challenge and it takes a
:39:11. > :39:16.multipronged approach. How can we do that? There are many ways. In
:39:16. > :39:20.the developed world we have to improve the crops we grow, either
:39:20. > :39:27.using conventional plant breeding or genetically modified. But in the
:39:27. > :39:30.developing world, like sub-Saharan Africa, the potential it great to
:39:30. > :39:36.increase productivity, they are getting yields of 20%. That could
:39:36. > :39:39.be for lots of reasons, the farming not done the way we do in the west,
:39:39. > :39:45.would you increase that by science or better farming? It has to be
:39:45. > :39:50.both. There is a lot that we can do right now, just using technology
:39:50. > :39:54.like fertiliser, better seeds, and getting those to farmers in sub-
:39:54. > :39:57.Saharan Africa. If you look at the developing world, you see in the
:39:57. > :40:00.developing world they waste a similar amount of food to what we
:40:01. > :40:04.do here, that is because of the lack of chill chains and good
:40:04. > :40:09.storage. If you are storing grain in the field, of course the rats
:40:09. > :40:13.will eat it. If you haven't a fridge to put your milk in, it will
:40:13. > :40:18.go off. It might be better to put infrastructure in to deal with that.
:40:18. > :40:24.As a chef, and you are very influential as a cookery writer now,
:40:24. > :40:29.are you entirely for natural, as it were, the proubgt it we know, just
:40:29. > :40:34.through pesticides -- products as we know, just through pesticides,
:40:34. > :40:37.or do you agree that science has a role to play in this? There is no-
:40:37. > :40:41.one answer. People probably will need to change their habits, for
:40:41. > :40:45.various reasons. First of all, it will be too expensive to eat as we
:40:45. > :40:50.eat now, the prices are going up because everybody wants to eat like
:40:50. > :40:54.we do. Secondly, because it is not healthy to eat to much meat. There
:40:54. > :40:57.are various reasons to change our habit, it is not a one-solution
:40:57. > :41:01.story. You really do need, I completely see the reason why you
:41:01. > :41:06.want to increase productivity, and why you want to add the scientific
:41:06. > :41:10.aspect to it. You know, if it wasn't for science, we wouldn't
:41:10. > :41:14.have tomato, or courgette, or all the wonderful things we have today.
:41:14. > :41:19.Some gofd, you wouldn't be against that, per-- genetically modified,
:41:19. > :41:22.so you wouldn't be against that per se? Not persay. At the moment the
:41:22. > :41:25.industry is in the hand of a few cynical players, it is all about
:41:25. > :41:30.money. It is very difficult to see how we get out of this circle, and
:41:30. > :41:34.it is a trap. It is a trap, and it won't only be
:41:34. > :41:38.solved by waste. Do you have to accept that there might be a case
:41:38. > :41:42.for science, beyond fertilisers? think if you are having a meal, you
:41:42. > :41:49.finish what's on your plate before you take a second helping. You
:41:49. > :41:56.don't, we really have to do the things we can do right now, without
:41:56. > :42:01.taking risks and I'm not kneejerk against GM and of course science
:42:01. > :42:05.has brought all sorts of brilliant things. But where we are throwing
:42:05. > :42:10.away perfectly good food all the time, and more than enough to feed
:42:10. > :42:15.everyone who is hungry, dealing with that should be the priority.
:42:16. > :42:19.The point is, you won't educate that mind set before you need to do
:42:19. > :42:23.something radical with science? is a terrible shame if we have got
:42:23. > :42:27.into this situation, if that is the case it is a scandal that we have
:42:27. > :42:33.wasted the era of cheaped food. Food doesn't get the respect it
:42:33. > :42:37.should, it has been too cheap. The mountain of grain and lakes of milk
:42:37. > :42:46.has cheapened our attitude to food. There isn't a sense of respect to
:42:46. > :42:50.food. What has been talked about, for example, is making some kind of
:42:50. > :42:54.genetic modification that allows corn to be grown with much less
:42:54. > :42:58.water and sue Septemberability to drought? There are a -- sue
:42:58. > :43:04.Septemberability to drought? There are lots of problems, some of those
:43:04. > :43:11.problems, we have the GM crops out there already, drought, salt
:43:11. > :43:16.tolerance, fertilisers used, pests and path though begins, many people
:43:16. > :43:20.are working -- path begins many people are working them at the
:43:20. > :43:22.moment. Don't you think we will lose some of the inherent food
:43:22. > :43:26.qualities at the moment? Most of the target crops for genetically
:43:26. > :43:32.modified, are your big commodity crops, they are maize, wheat,
:43:32. > :43:36.cotton, soya bean, they are not the sort of crops that you worry about
:43:36. > :43:43.having some old artisan variety. So, you when you talk about food
:43:43. > :43:47.quality, you are generally talking about your tomatos, your aubergines,
:43:47. > :43:56.your pomegranates, we will not see genetically modified in those crop,
:43:56. > :44:06.they are such a small market. Coverage starch fructose is so
:44:06. > :44:06.
:44:06. > :44:10.unhealthy. -- corn fructose starch is so unhalty, it has no nutrients
:44:10. > :44:16.in it. Is there a problem for society we expect food on demand,
:44:16. > :44:20.it is one of the things we take for grant, we expect asparagus from
:44:20. > :44:25.Peru, strawberries all year round. We make unrealistic demands on the
:44:25. > :44:29.market, that is about education? Because we are so
:44:29. > :44:33.disproportionately rich we can make these demands, the upshot is we are
:44:33. > :44:37.taking this stuff out of the market, and preventing people who are
:44:37. > :44:43.actually hungry and can't afford to eat properly, from being able to
:44:43. > :44:46.afford it. If you are saying someone to grow asparagus, where
:44:46. > :44:49.they could be growing something that could feed a lot more people
:44:49. > :44:53.without being air freighted ayes cross the world. You are leading to
:44:53. > :44:56.other people being hungry. When they were talking about respect, it
:44:56. > :45:00.means there is an element of reference when it come to food that
:45:00. > :45:04.we have completely lost. We don't think about what we eat, we don't
:45:04. > :45:11.think about what we put in our mouths. You need to be able to
:45:11. > :45:15.enjoy it, to understand what is a good bite of food, whether as
:45:15. > :45:20.tomato, pomegranate or corn. say we eat too much meat, we need
:45:20. > :45:23.to change our mind, we only think we have had a great meal when we
:45:23. > :45:28.have a big portion of meat? That is true, it is not black and white any
:45:28. > :45:31.more. It is not meat-eating versus vegetarianism. People incorporate
:45:31. > :45:37.more vegtables into their diet. Just time for the papers from
:45:37. > :45:47.tomorrow morning. First of all..
:45:47. > :45:47.
:45:47. > :46:28.Apology for the loss of subtitles for 40 seconds
:46:28. > :46:38.That's all for tonight, Emily is here, from all of us, have a very
:46:38. > :47:01.
:47:01. > :47:05.Hello, after some particularly wet and windy weather, across the UK on
:47:05. > :47:09.Wednesday, the prospects for Thursday do see the picture
:47:09. > :47:13.becoming quieter. The wind easing and many areas seeing some dryer
:47:13. > :47:16.weather eventually. Northern England, one of the favourite areas
:47:16. > :47:19.for decent sunshine come the afternoon. The Midland and East
:47:19. > :47:23.Anglia, perhaps picking up sharper showers, along the east coast the
:47:23. > :47:27.possibility of some thicker cloud bringing more persistent rain. For
:47:27. > :47:31.the south west of England, after some morning showers, we should see
:47:31. > :47:37.a good amount of sun shine, come the afternoon, and also for Wales,
:47:37. > :47:41.simply, showers in the morning, tending to clear to leave with
:47:41. > :47:45.brighter spells, feeling pleasant, highs of 13 and 14. For Northern
:47:45. > :47:48.Ireland sharper showers through the afternoon, generally an improving
:47:48. > :47:53.picture. Still heavier showers for south western Scotland. Further
:47:53. > :47:58.north a dry story, still cool, thanks to the Eastleigh breeze. For
:47:58. > :48:08.Thursday, some rain, but gradually -- easterly breeze. For Thursday,
:48:08. > :48:15.