:00:12. > :00:16.Tonight, failings at every level of the NHS in England. Hundreds of
:00:16. > :00:21.patients died needlessly at Stafford Hospital, now accusations
:00:21. > :00:25.of corporate self-interest being put above patient care. There were
:00:25. > :00:28.incidents of callous treatment by ward staff. Patients who could not
:00:29. > :00:32.eat or drink without help could not receive it. Medicines were
:00:32. > :00:36.prescribeed but not given. Government is here to explain why
:00:36. > :00:40.no-one has lost their job. There are 290 recommendations for change.
:00:40. > :00:43.We ask our panel if they think the worst has passed. Also tonight, how
:00:43. > :00:48.the self-employed are driving up the job market.
:00:48. > :00:55.If I decide I want to work hard, I can work hard and earn a bit more.
:00:55. > :00:58.If I don't want to work, I earn less.
:00:58. > :01:03.Is the microchip going to solve the issue of stray dogs?
:01:03. > :01:08.Also tonight, what is going on in out irspace, we shed light on dark
:01:08. > :01:16.-- outer space, we shed light on dark matter, with some ball
:01:16. > :01:21.bearings. It seems everyone today has said
:01:21. > :01:25.sorry, and no-one has lost their job. The blunt words of the chief
:01:25. > :01:29.campaigner, as the public inquiry into the hundreds of unnecessary
:01:29. > :01:33.deaths at Stafford Hospital found failings every level of the NHS in
:01:33. > :01:37.England. The testimonies from the patients and families are harrowing.
:01:37. > :01:43.One man begging his life not to go as he was left to dive blood
:01:43. > :01:46.poisoning alone. A young boy after a bike accident, failed to have his
:01:46. > :01:53.ruptured spleen recognised. Patients so dehydrated they were
:01:53. > :01:56.drinking from bedside flower vases.S the Trust halves accused of
:01:56. > :01:59.self- interest, the Prime Minister apologised and promised
:01:59. > :02:05.improvements in care. There are 290 recommendations in
:02:05. > :02:09.the inquiry, what happens now? For the families who lost loved
:02:09. > :02:14.ones, and whose persistent warnings were ignored, this morning brought
:02:14. > :02:18.recognition. With the findings of the full public inquiry into their
:02:18. > :02:23.experiences. Why the NHS took so long to react. What needs to change
:02:23. > :02:28.to make sure nothing like this ever happens again. So the inquiry has
:02:28. > :02:32.just reported its findings. A story, it says, of terrible and
:02:32. > :02:36.unnecessary suffering for hundreds of people. Failed by a system that
:02:36. > :02:41.ignored the warning signs and put corporate self-interest and cost
:02:41. > :02:45.control ahead of patients and their safety. Robert Francis wants a
:02:45. > :02:48.comprehensive change of culture across the NHS to put the patient
:02:48. > :02:52.at the heart of everything. Something the families wanted, a
:02:52. > :02:56.statutory duty of candour. What that means is that everyone must
:02:56. > :02:59.tell the truth to patients, regardless of the consequences for
:02:59. > :03:03.themselves. The inquiry chairman, Robert
:03:03. > :03:06.Francis, said the last thing required is more radical
:03:06. > :03:11.reorganisation. But produced nearly 300 detailed recommendations, that
:03:11. > :03:15.he says, will put patients ahead of everything else. Every single
:03:15. > :03:19.person, and organisation within the NHS, and not only those whose
:03:19. > :03:23.actions are described in this report, needs to reflect, from
:03:24. > :03:29.today, on what needs to be done differently in future. He said five
:03:29. > :03:32.key things are now needed, fundamental standards on patient
:03:32. > :03:37.care, with enforcement. The report talk about a new criminal offence
:03:37. > :03:41.if these are breached. Openness and honesty throughout the system, with
:03:41. > :03:45.legal standing. Support for compassionate nursing, including
:03:45. > :03:50.training. Better leadership, focused on patients. Accurate,
:03:50. > :03:54.relevant data to make sure standards of care are being met.
:03:54. > :03:58.The Prime Minister apologised to the families involved, on behalf of
:03:58. > :04:02.the Government and the country. He said too many doctors kept their
:04:02. > :04:06.heads down, and regulators have difficult questions to answer.
:04:06. > :04:09.The inquiry finds that the appalling suffering at the Mid-
:04:09. > :04:12.Staffordshire Hospital was primarily caused by a serious
:04:12. > :04:17.failure on behalf of the Trust Board, which failed to listen to
:04:17. > :04:20.patients and staff, and failed to tackle what Robert Francis calls an
:04:20. > :04:25."insidious negative culture, involving a tolerance of poor
:04:25. > :04:27.standards and a disengagment from managerial and leadership
:04:27. > :04:31.responsibilities". David Cameron's just reacted to the report in
:04:31. > :04:35.parliament, he said's going to respond to the 290 recommendations
:04:35. > :04:39.next month. But for today, he's going to introduce penalties for
:04:39. > :04:43.people who run hospitals, if they fail in their standard of care, not
:04:43. > :04:47.just financially. He's going to implement surveys of friends and
:04:47. > :04:52.families and publish those. He's going to bring in a new Ofsted-
:04:52. > :04:57.style inspection regime, with a new Chief Inspector of hospitals.
:04:57. > :05:04.The families welcome much of this, but some want accountability. Gerry
:05:04. > :05:08.Robinson lost his 20-year-old -- Frank Robinson lost his 20-year-old
:05:08. > :05:11.son John after a ruptured spleen, after being sent home from the
:05:12. > :05:20.hospital with bruised ribs. He wants the chief executive of the
:05:20. > :05:26.NHS in England to resign. Had Sir David Nicholson done his job at the
:05:26. > :05:32.Stafford Hospital, who were Monday torg staff at the time of --
:05:32. > :05:41.monitoring staff at the time of our son's death. How can he have a lot
:05:41. > :05:46.to offer the NHS, he has a lot to answer for. Sir David was head of
:05:46. > :05:53.two strategic health authorities from 2005-2006, now he has take up
:05:53. > :05:58.a role to head up the NHS in England and Wales. He has already
:05:58. > :06:01.apologised to the families over what happened. I understand the
:06:01. > :06:05.upset that they feel over the treatment of their families in the
:06:05. > :06:09.hospital. I apologise, and I apologise again for what happened.
:06:09. > :06:14.Apologies are not enough, we need action and to make things happen.
:06:14. > :06:20.asked Robert Francis to explain why he had decided individuals should
:06:20. > :06:23.not be blamed. What we have here is a serious failure of a whole system,
:06:23. > :06:27.because of an institutional culture, which put corporate self-interest
:06:27. > :06:29.and financial control, ahead of patients and their safety. Everyone
:06:29. > :06:33.in the NHS, whether they are mentioned in this report, or
:06:33. > :06:36.whether they are not, should read it and reflect on the lessons to be
:06:36. > :06:42.learned from it. Unless that happens, we may well see all this
:06:42. > :06:45.happening again. We must have that happening. Finding a scapegoat, and
:06:45. > :06:50.saying that's the solution, will fool people, but it won't change
:06:50. > :06:54.what needs to be done. Some in the medical profession have
:06:54. > :06:59.suggested that the Labour Government's focus on targets had
:06:59. > :07:06.shifted attention away from patient care. But Alan Johnson, Health
:07:06. > :07:09.Secretary from mid-2007 to mid-2009, said targets had brought vital
:07:10. > :07:15.changes. Francis makes it very clear, in a very eloquent passage,
:07:15. > :07:18.that there is a place for targets, properly formulated targets,
:07:18. > :07:23.properly monitored. When we came into Government in 1997, you have
:07:23. > :07:27.to remember one in every 25 patients on a cardiac waiting list
:07:27. > :07:30.were dying before being operated on. People waited years for a simple
:07:30. > :07:35.cataract operation. It was a terrible situation. The best the
:07:35. > :07:39.previous Government could do is you won't wait any longer than 18
:07:39. > :07:43.months. We set out, and this was killing people, long waiting lists
:07:43. > :07:47.was bad clinical care. The introduction of targets to get them
:07:47. > :07:54.down in this vast organisation with 1.3 million people working in it,
:07:54. > :07:57.was thriel a contribute to patient care. It was high er -- higher than
:07:57. > :08:01.expected mortality figures that was the early warning sign at the
:08:01. > :08:06.Stafford Hospital, it took years to work out the problems there. The
:08:06. > :08:10.NHS says it is looking at mortality statistics at five more trusts.
:08:10. > :08:14.These are the five trusts. In response to our inquiries today
:08:14. > :08:19.Colchester said its organisations are working together to understand
:08:19. > :08:23.the root causes that contribute to unexpected deaths, and are not
:08:23. > :08:27.complacent. East Laing Sir told us they take it very seriously and
:08:27. > :08:30.welcome the -- east Lancashire told us they take it very seriously and
:08:30. > :08:32.welcome the investigation. The families are awaiting the
:08:32. > :08:36.Government's full response from Government.
:08:36. > :08:39.The Health Minister, Norman Lamb, joined me here before we came on
:08:39. > :08:43.air, I asked him how he answered always from campaigners for people
:08:43. > :08:46.to lose their jobs over the scandal? First of all, I should pay
:08:46. > :08:50.tribute to Julie Bailey and her colleagues. Without them this would
:08:50. > :08:53.probably have never come to light. They are absolutely right, in a
:08:54. > :08:58.sense, to say that people must be held to account when things go
:08:58. > :09:02.wrong. But, the difficulty we have is, that the Francis report makes
:09:02. > :09:06.very clear it was a system -- Francis Report, makes it very clear
:09:06. > :09:09.it was a system failure. Everything was focused on, on targets and
:09:09. > :09:14.finances, and people losing sight of the quality of care that is
:09:14. > :09:19.actually what hospitals should be all about. Surely with hundreds of
:09:19. > :09:22.people losing their lives within the NHS, is it so wrong to ask for
:09:22. > :09:27.real accountability? Not at all. I absolutely agree with them. That
:09:27. > :09:32.there must be accountability. I come back to this point. It was a
:09:32. > :09:38.system failure. But there were individuals behind the system?
:09:38. > :09:40.and the Francis Report did bear in mind and identified the board of
:09:40. > :09:44.the hospital at that time of having the prime responsibility for that.
:09:44. > :09:48.It is very easy to identify a scapegoat and say, get rid of that
:09:48. > :09:51.person, and everything is OK. not about identifying a scapegoat,
:09:51. > :09:56.it is about identifying the people who were responsible, and saying
:09:56. > :09:59.they should not be in charge any more? I come back to the point that
:09:59. > :10:04.Francis says that the prime responsibility was on the board.
:10:04. > :10:07.You said in 2009, "as things stand, those clinicians that participated
:10:07. > :10:11.in the care that is so heavily criticise, are presumably
:10:11. > :10:15.continuing to work in the NHS. Should we not be concerned about
:10:15. > :10:19.that?", are you no longer concerned about that? I'm absolutely
:10:19. > :10:23.concerned about that. So they shouldn't be working in the NHS any
:10:23. > :10:27.more? The Secretary of State has today written to both the GMC, and
:10:27. > :10:33.the nursing and midwifery council, to ask them what they are doing to
:10:34. > :10:37.improve their processes. Absolutely, clinicians who have failed, whose
:10:37. > :10:40.performance has fallen below the standards that are acceptable, have
:10:40. > :10:44.to be held to account. If there have been failings in the past, we
:10:44. > :10:48.have to address those, and Francis makes this point very clearly in
:10:48. > :10:53.his report, that in the future, people, both clinicians and also
:10:53. > :10:59.managers, have to be held to account. Isn't it extraordinary
:10:59. > :11:02.that you have put a recommendation in writing of being candid about
:11:02. > :11:09.your mistakes. Isn't that an extraordinary thing to have to do
:11:09. > :11:13.within the NHS? It is. Look, the whole culture has to change. There
:11:13. > :11:18.is this sense that awful things have happened in Staffordshire
:11:18. > :11:21.hospital, but also there have been failings elsewhere. There is a
:11:21. > :11:25.sense of complacency which the Prime Minister talked about in his
:11:25. > :11:31.statement today, and that absolutely has to change. We know
:11:31. > :11:36.that there are another five NHS Trusts under investigation. If you
:11:36. > :11:40.had relatives going into a hospital in Basildon, or in Colchester, or
:11:40. > :11:43.in Blackpool, how would you feel about that, knowing that their
:11:43. > :11:47.mortality rates were being investigated as we speak? Isn't it
:11:47. > :11:51.right that where we identify that there may be concerns on that, that
:11:51. > :11:55.we investigate it. What should they be doing? If you have a relative,
:11:55. > :12:00.going into one of these hospitals, what would you be thinking?
:12:00. > :12:06.Absolutely, but let's also remember, my own family has had, in very
:12:06. > :12:10.recent times, fantastic care from the NHS. We have the most
:12:10. > :12:14.remarkable work force, in most cases, doing brilliant work. Where
:12:14. > :12:17.the standards fall below what is acceptable, there must be
:12:17. > :12:21.consequences to that. That is why we are focusing. This is the third
:12:21. > :12:26.inquiry in Stafford, and what you cannot say with any certainty is it
:12:26. > :12:32.is not still going on elsewhere? Absolutely. That is why we are
:12:32. > :12:36.being very clear that there must be no complacency here. We have taken
:12:36. > :12:40.steps straight away. We are bringing in an expert who has
:12:40. > :12:47.already advised the Obama administration in the United States
:12:47. > :12:54.of a "zero tolerance" for failure in the NHS. We have brought in Ann
:12:54. > :12:59.Clwd to guide us on the complaints issue. She has been through an
:12:59. > :13:04.awful experience with her husband. With what patients and loved ones
:13:04. > :13:09.have experienced is how we start to change the culture in the NHS let's
:13:09. > :13:13.maintain a sense of balance, there is great --. Let's maintain a sense
:13:13. > :13:17.of balance, there is great things going on in the NHS, but we must
:13:17. > :13:20.not tolerate where things go wrong and we must be prepared to take
:13:20. > :13:25.decisive action and critically make sure there is accountability at the
:13:25. > :13:33.board level, and for clinicians who fail to meet acceptable standards.
:13:33. > :13:36.That was the minister a little earlier to --, to discuss further
:13:36. > :13:41.is Gerry Robinson whoa is a trouble shooter, and made programmes
:13:41. > :13:46.exploring how the NHS should be reformed. Heather Wood, who led the
:13:46. > :13:54.2002 investigation into Mid- Staffordshire. Julie Bailey, who
:13:54. > :13:59.you heard of earlier, whose mother, Bella, died in 2007, her complaints
:13:59. > :14:03.led to the public inquiry. And the executive director of the
:14:03. > :14:06.Royal College of Nursing, thank you very much for coming in. And Julie
:14:06. > :14:10.Bailey, if we start with you, interesting to hear Norman Lamb
:14:10. > :14:17.unable to reassure us that it's not still happening elsewhere? We know
:14:17. > :14:22.it is still happening. My e-mail tonight, I have got over a hundred
:14:22. > :14:26.e-mails from those very hospitals. Those hospitals haven't been
:14:26. > :14:30.outliars this week, but for years. Did you know before they were put
:14:30. > :14:34.on the list? Yes, that's what happens, I get complaints from
:14:34. > :14:38.these hospitals, I can pinpoint them and take them down to wards
:14:38. > :14:43.within these hospitals that this problem is in them. Nobody is
:14:43. > :14:48.watching it. We have the CQC, we have the GMC, and we have the NMC,
:14:48. > :14:52.all not fit for purpose. None of them are fit for purpose. People
:14:52. > :14:57.are being harmed day in and day out. We know the NHS does some wonderful
:14:57. > :15:01.things, but when it can't look after our very vulnerable and
:15:01. > :15:07.elderly, what sort of society are we? These people are being harmed
:15:07. > :15:13.day in and day out. Janet Davies, we know there is extraordinary work
:15:13. > :15:18.going on, and a lot of people must be feeling very demoralised knowing
:15:18. > :15:21.they have done incredibly good work within the NHS. When you hear Julie
:15:21. > :15:24.saying she can pinpoint exact wards where this is going on. How can The
:15:24. > :15:27.Royal College of Nursing not know about this? First of all, it is
:15:27. > :15:31.never OK to have poor care like that. And I do know there is
:15:31. > :15:36.hundreds of thousands of nurses tonight who are absolutely devaste
:15:36. > :15:41.bid this report. Good nurses, who are really -- devastated by this
:15:42. > :15:46.report. Good nurses, who are really dedicated to their work. But we all
:15:46. > :15:50.feel it. What we are hearing from our members is a lot of factors
:15:50. > :15:54.have been picked up in this report, and really good things picked up
:15:54. > :15:56.are still happening. The culture is still the same in many
:15:56. > :16:01.organisations. At the moment we are really focusing on the finance, and
:16:01. > :16:05.what we are seeing, is despite reports such as this, which shows
:16:05. > :16:11.the total lack of nursing staff in these wards and areas, was really
:16:11. > :16:15.part of the problem. You talk about this failure to spot it. Your boss,
:16:15. > :16:18.Peter Carter, went to visit Stafford Hospital in May 2008, in
:16:18. > :16:21.the middle of all this, and said he was very impressed with the
:16:21. > :16:26.standard of nursing care, and he has seldom within as impressed with
:16:26. > :16:28.the quality of care as he witnessed at Stafford Hospital. What was he
:16:28. > :16:33.doing? That highlights that difference. Because what Peter did,
:16:33. > :16:36.he went to visit some of our members. Some of our nurses working
:16:36. > :16:40.in Staffordshire, he went to a small part of the hospital. He
:16:40. > :16:43.didn't do the inspection, such as the CQC might do. Why not? That
:16:43. > :16:47.isn't our role. He went to meet members and nurses, what he did on
:16:47. > :16:51.that visit is he talked to patient, and he talked to relatives in that
:16:51. > :16:55.area, who said how good the care was. A three-hour visit, two or
:16:55. > :17:01.three wards, and said, he spoke to patient, who could not have been
:17:01. > :17:04.more fulsome in their praise for the standard of care. So, he either
:17:04. > :17:08.went and talk today completely the wrong people, or else he believed
:17:08. > :17:12.that a three-hour visit to two wards was the right way of finding
:17:12. > :17:17.out what was going on? What he was able to reflect it what was
:17:17. > :17:21.happening in those areas. He wasn't ever doing a whole inspection, he
:17:21. > :17:24.was visiting members and nurses. We are not an inspectorate as such,
:17:24. > :17:27.The Royal College of Nursing, that is why at that time he saw some
:17:27. > :17:30.good practice. Going back to the staffing issues, what we are
:17:30. > :17:33.finding is at the moment we are finding that particularly in some
:17:33. > :17:36.of those trusts we have heard about, they are still cutting nursing
:17:36. > :17:42.standards. What do you make of this? I just want to say that I
:17:42. > :17:50.know at the time we were in the throws of the investigation, --
:17:50. > :17:53.throes of the investigation, and I find it troubling that the RCN made
:17:53. > :17:59.that comment when we were very aware of the nursing problems in
:17:59. > :18:02.the Trust. I think the difficulty, of course, is, if it is a scheduled
:18:02. > :18:10.visit, you will be shown the best. It is a bit like when royalty go
:18:10. > :18:16.round. That is why I think visits don't do it. They must know that?
:18:16. > :18:19.think it was unfortunate he was so fuldsome in his comments. On the
:18:19. > :18:28.basis of what I have heard today I have heard lots of good stories,
:18:28. > :18:31.but to come out so categorically was troubling. Especially as we
:18:31. > :18:35.were outside with banners asking for the unnecessary deaths to stop.
:18:35. > :18:39.When you hear the 290 recommendations, what feels like a
:18:39. > :18:43.clean slate, does this sound like you can go forward? No, I think
:18:43. > :18:46.when is the last time that anybody managed to install 290
:18:46. > :18:50.recommendations. I think what was said was very important. I think
:18:50. > :18:58.the last two things of the five points were really important. We
:18:58. > :19:02.need better leadership, we need better information. To me, it is
:19:02. > :19:06.depressing in a way, we do have an amazing work force, people who are
:19:06. > :19:10.really enthusiastic about it. Yet this thing happens again and again
:19:10. > :19:14.and again. There's only one place for this to go, we are not leading
:19:14. > :19:18.it in the way it needs to be led. The leadership is not up to the
:19:18. > :19:21.mark. People are not enthusiastic enough. We need to treat that as
:19:21. > :19:26.the central issue. But you are talking like a businessman now,
:19:26. > :19:30.this is bigger than that. It is too huge, isn't it, to be able to say
:19:30. > :19:35.fire the boss and get on with it? It is really not. You know,
:19:35. > :19:38.management is not just about the bottom line. There are private
:19:38. > :19:41.companies some private companies are well run, some badly run.
:19:41. > :19:46.Management is about enthusing people to do what you want to
:19:46. > :19:50.happen. That, in this organisation, I can get people excited about
:19:50. > :19:53.making baked beans. This is something which is vital, it is at
:19:53. > :20:00.the heart of everything that matters to us, and we don't have a
:20:00. > :20:03.work force that is enthusiastic, that is excited, we are managing it
:20:03. > :20:08.appallingly badly. How do you do this, a lot of the people are very
:20:08. > :20:13.overworked, very underpaid, we know that. What I would like to say is,
:20:13. > :20:17.this is a report that is extremely comprehensive, so it seems churlish
:20:17. > :20:23.of me to say it. But I do think there is unfinished business.
:20:23. > :20:27.Because I think there is an issue of accountability you know, in his
:20:27. > :20:30.own report, Robert Francis says, an organisation's culture stems from
:20:30. > :20:35.the quality of the leadership. Or the nature of its leadership.
:20:35. > :20:38.are you talking about now? talking about the people at the
:20:38. > :20:44.very top of the Department of Health. The system does not exist
:20:44. > :20:48.in isolation. I'm sorry, you made that point earlier. The system is
:20:48. > :20:52.led, reinforced, and maintained by key people. Are you talking about
:20:52. > :20:57.David Nicholson, or the former Government, the Labour Government?
:20:57. > :21:01.I'm talking particularly about David Nicholson, and the cadre of
:21:01. > :21:05.similar people at the Department of Health. Robert Francis said no
:21:05. > :21:09.evidence of bullying. I would take issue with that. Apart from the
:21:09. > :21:13.fact that the Department of Health are hardly going to come forward
:21:13. > :21:18.with trolleyloads of evidence. But if you look at the survey that the
:21:18. > :21:25.HSJ published in November, only a couple of months ago, of 81 chief
:21:25. > :21:28.executives, their headline was a "a culture of fear". Two fifths of
:21:28. > :21:32.those chief executives said they didn't dare speak out. Where does
:21:32. > :21:36.that culture come from. Do you think chief executives are scared
:21:36. > :21:43.by their staff? Is it about targets? If you think, targets in
:21:43. > :21:47.the round were a good thing. They achieved an awful lot within the
:21:47. > :21:50.health service. Some were wrong, some measurements were wrong and
:21:50. > :21:55.made people behave in a minor way wrongly in the round they achieved
:21:55. > :21:58.an amazing thing. If anyone thigs politicians will solve this problem
:21:58. > :22:01.for us, that the Department of Health will -- thinks that
:22:01. > :22:05.politicians will solve this problem and the Department of Health will
:22:05. > :22:09.solve the problem they have got it wrong. This is about the NHS and
:22:09. > :22:12.having a leadership within the NHS that operates in a normal
:22:13. > :22:16.management way. You wouldn't allow a burger chain to operate like this.
:22:16. > :22:20.Do you have confidence in your leadership, we have analysed some
:22:20. > :22:25.of the findings of Peter Carter's visit, can you say to members,
:22:25. > :22:29.don't worry, this guy, still in charge of the RNC is still there?
:22:29. > :22:33.We have really reflected since the first report, and the sort of work
:22:33. > :22:36.the RCN has been doing is how to support members better who are
:22:36. > :22:41.blowing the whistle. We have put in a special line, we are beefing in
:22:41. > :22:45.what we do with stew wards, to support them. You are a watchdog
:22:45. > :22:50.and a defender? We are not really a watchdog. What we are is a
:22:50. > :22:54.membership organisation, who represent the nurses' voice, both
:22:54. > :22:58.in a professional way, and as a trade union. What we have done is
:22:58. > :23:01.picked up on some of those factors w what is preventing nurses from
:23:01. > :23:04.doing a good job what are they telling us. There is a number of
:23:04. > :23:08.things. The first one is having the right resources and the right staff.
:23:08. > :23:12.The other is something you have been picking up, is having the
:23:12. > :23:18.authority, as a clinician, to have that loadership. The quality of the
:23:18. > :23:20.ward sister, not just one of the number, not one of three staff on
:23:20. > :23:24.the ward, supervisory, supervising their staff w the authority to
:23:24. > :23:28.change things when it is not right. Does this give you confidence now.
:23:28. > :23:33.It sounds like you will have to carry on campaigning for quite a
:23:33. > :23:37.lot longer? Not at all. It doesn't give me confidence. I'm contacted
:23:37. > :23:40.every day by nurses too frightened to speak out. They have to put up
:23:40. > :23:44.with it, unfortunately. They are working in terrible conditions
:23:44. > :23:50.under certain circumstances. They will not whistle blow? That is
:23:50. > :23:54.right, they have to get won it. Whistleblowers are tortured in the
:23:54. > :23:57.NHS. Our studies say the same thing. One of the things we need to do is
:23:57. > :24:01.how do we support and speak for those nurses when they don't feel
:24:01. > :24:06.able to do it themselves. What about this idea of candour. This is
:24:06. > :24:10.very interesting. To talk about statutory candour? I worry about
:24:10. > :24:14.statutory. But there are bodies, The Royal College of Nursing, The
:24:14. > :24:18.Royal College of Whatever, they are people who are involved in the
:24:18. > :24:21.training and standards et. Centrally, you have to have an --
:24:21. > :24:24.et cetera. Centrally you have to have an ethos where people can
:24:24. > :24:28.stand up and say this isn't right. That doesn't exist now within the
:24:28. > :24:33.NHS. Until it does, this is always possible that this kind of thing
:24:33. > :24:38.will happen again, always. Unless you have that ethos, this will not
:24:38. > :24:42.correct theself. We are talking about hundreds of deaths here. What
:24:42. > :24:46.does this mean in terms of the potential criminal prosecutions?
:24:46. > :24:51.What I would say, is if these hundreds of deaths had happened in
:24:51. > :24:54.a train accident, and we had found that things were rotten, as it were,
:24:54. > :24:59.pardon the pun, from one end of the line to the other, do you think the
:24:59. > :25:05.chief executive would still be in place. Why is this different? I do
:25:05. > :25:10.not accept that the system existed in isolation. The tone of the
:25:10. > :25:14.organisation was set from the top, if you have chief executives of
:25:14. > :25:18.Trusts, they are not exactly shrinking violets. Saying they
:25:18. > :25:23.exist in a culture of fear, there is only one place that culture of
:25:23. > :25:27.fear comes from. Yet, the NHS is held in such high esteem, the
:25:27. > :25:31.moment you actually try to revamp it, or shut down one hospital to
:25:31. > :25:34.help another, we are all up in arms. We all have that sense? I know we
:25:34. > :25:37.do. That is why you need strong leadership, some decisions are
:25:38. > :25:41.difficult to take, some hospitals shouldn't be there. This is a
:25:41. > :25:46.difficult things to organise, it requires brilliant management and
:25:46. > :25:50.fantastic enthusiasm, but it can be done. Its not imable. It also
:25:50. > :25:56.requires that honesty we are Impossible. It also requires
:25:56. > :26:00.honesty we are talking about, and involving patients and staff and we
:26:00. > :26:04.all work together and we have the same end in sight. And involve
:26:04. > :26:08.people in the decisions makes more sense. Julie? I would like to add
:26:08. > :26:11.we will be campaigning for accountability for the hundreds of
:26:11. > :26:18.deaths at *Mid-Staffordshire Hospital, we are going nowhere, we
:26:18. > :26:21.want accountability. We are looking for the resignation of Sir Peter,
:26:21. > :26:25.sorry, David Nicholson and Peter Carter, and anybody else involved
:26:25. > :26:30.in the cover up, that is what it was at the hospital, a cover up,
:26:30. > :26:36.and never to work in public office again.
:26:36. > :26:39.Still to come: Bringing dog owners to heel, with
:26:39. > :26:49.plans to microchip every canine in England. And, what's the matter?
:26:49. > :26:53.
:26:53. > :26:56.Dark matter, what is it, and where Throughout the long and often dark
:26:56. > :26:59.recession, one thing has puzzled economists, how on earth, when
:26:59. > :27:03.growth is non-existent and we are on the verge of a triple-dip, the
:27:03. > :27:08.jobs market continues to improve. Today a new set of figures may
:27:08. > :27:14.begin to make some sense of T they know in the past four years, nearly
:27:14. > :27:19.ten% more people, rather, are -- 10% more people are self-employed.
:27:19. > :27:25.They include taxy drivers, construction workers, and T-shirt
:27:25. > :27:29.printers, the vast majority are over 50.
:27:29. > :27:33.A school for the wannabe mobile entrepeneur. If you want to be a
:27:33. > :27:39.cab driver in London, this is where your journey starts. It is rather
:27:39. > :27:43.more than a quick lap around the block. To pass the "knowledge", and
:27:43. > :27:47.memorise all of the capital's countless streets takes at least
:27:47. > :27:52.two-and-a-half years. 70% of those who sign up never quite make it. So
:27:52. > :27:56.it's not easy, but it is definitely popular. This school is putting on
:27:56. > :27:59.four-times as many introductory sessions now than it did a year ago.
:27:59. > :28:03.In the last four years, the number of people working for themselves
:28:03. > :28:08.has gone up by more than a third of a million, with 60% of that rise
:28:08. > :28:13.happening in the last two years. By contrast, the number of people
:28:13. > :28:19.working for someone else fell by almost half a million, between 2008
:28:19. > :28:21.and 2012. Taxi driving is my first time being
:28:22. > :28:26.self-employed. The most popular business for those
:28:26. > :28:31.switching to being self-employed is driving a taxi. Peter Alan trained
:28:31. > :28:35.to be a cabbie four years ago. absolutely love being my own boss.
:28:35. > :28:39.I would find it very difficult now to go and work for an employer
:28:39. > :28:45.again. You know, it is my choice, if I decide I want to work hard, I
:28:45. > :28:49.can work hard, I can earn a bit more. If I don't want to work. I
:28:49. > :28:54.earn less. If I'm going on holiday I will earn a bit more before I go
:28:54. > :28:59.away, because obviously if I don't work and I'm away on holiday, I
:28:59. > :29:03.don't get paid. Those with a spot of entrepeneural zeal have run out
:29:03. > :29:07.of better ideas and are not just leaping behind the wheel of a cab,
:29:07. > :29:12.farming and building trade is popular. Much of the rise in self-
:29:12. > :29:14.employment is due to people in their 50s or older setting up
:29:14. > :29:19.businesses. On average, those working for themselves work longer
:29:19. > :29:22.hours than the rest of us. Did today's figures help explain the
:29:22. > :29:25.puzzle that has economists scratching their heads at the
:29:25. > :29:29.moment. Economic growth has been stagnant for some time, yet
:29:29. > :29:35.employment has been remarkably resilient. Are the self-employed
:29:35. > :29:41.picking up the slack? It would be great if the increase in self-
:29:41. > :29:46.employment meant that we were having more entrepeneurship in this
:29:46. > :29:51.country. But that is very doubtful. What we have seen is the number of
:29:51. > :29:56.people who are self-employed going up at the same time as the number
:29:56. > :30:00.of people who are traditional employees has been coming down.
:30:00. > :30:04.That suggests that what we are seeing is people who are turning to
:30:04. > :30:10.running their own business as a last resort, because no-one else
:30:10. > :30:15.will employ them. I think we should applaud their tenacity, grit and
:30:15. > :30:19.determination. That is good news. If you delve beneath the surface,
:30:19. > :30:24.these aren't your young high-tech whizzkids, they are predominant low
:30:24. > :30:29.older people, working long hours, and doing it -- predominantly older
:30:29. > :30:37.people, working long hours, and doing it in professions like cab
:30:37. > :30:42.drivers, cap pentry and construction. For 26-year-old Jared
:30:42. > :30:47.King, setting up in business and making illuminated T-shirts was an
:30:47. > :30:53.he is kai. Firstly from homelessness and crime, with so
:30:53. > :30:58.many of his friends in prison. It also offered him a better deal than
:30:58. > :31:08.any other job. When I was looking at the time there was nothing I got
:31:08. > :31:08.
:31:08. > :31:13.drawn to. The positions I got only were a certain number of hours. I
:31:13. > :31:16.thought if I want to have the lifestyle I want and set up an
:31:17. > :31:22.example for others in the area, I needed to go the route of setting
:31:23. > :31:27.up my own business. Back in the cabbie class, the hard slog of
:31:27. > :31:31.entrepeneurship is about to get moving. Scooters are a taxi
:31:31. > :31:40.driver's best friends, a quick way of committing all the streets to
:31:40. > :31:43.memory. The question is whether this class of entre pent nurses is
:31:43. > :31:47.a short-term solution to where the economy is, or a route to long-term
:31:47. > :31:53.change. Joining me now is Fraser Nelson,
:31:53. > :31:58.and Erika Watson, an entrepeneur who trains others to be
:31:59. > :32:04.entrepeneural. Fraser, does this explain the
:32:04. > :32:08.enigma of rising employment in a recession? It is part of it. The
:32:08. > :32:12.single business reason is wages are going down which means we are
:32:12. > :32:15.getting paid less, which more people are in jobs although not
:32:15. > :32:19.particularly well-paying one. There is a shift towards part-time work.
:32:19. > :32:25.But also self-employment is a major factor. It is not just the over 50s,
:32:25. > :32:30.a third of the rise was from the over-65s. People we are used to
:32:30. > :32:34.patient troising, the grey market, saying they are a burden on the
:32:34. > :32:39.working people, they are -- patronising the grey market saying
:32:39. > :32:44.they are a burden on working people. There is a reenergiseing on the
:32:44. > :32:48.working lives and attitudes of people of pension age, and make
:32:48. > :32:51.themselves consultants and doing great work. If we are talking about
:32:51. > :32:57.a resourcefulness, we are always hearing about the productivity of
:32:57. > :33:00.the Far East, a yet it is happening here in a very different way?
:33:00. > :33:05.partly a cause for celebration, of course it is, you see on the video
:33:05. > :33:08.there, there are people who are really thriving, very positive and
:33:08. > :33:13.making of their life and in control of what they do. There are two
:33:13. > :33:17.sides to this. I think if you have the infrastructure in place to
:33:17. > :33:22.really support those people, to make the best of this opportunity,
:33:22. > :33:25.it is a massive cause for celebration. The fact is, this is a
:33:25. > :33:29.massive labour market shift. There is a needs for skills support for
:33:29. > :33:32.those groups. There is a need for a solid safety net. If you are
:33:32. > :33:36.shifting the way that we deal with risk in the economy and in society,
:33:36. > :33:42.you need to change the way that you deal with safety nets too, to
:33:42. > :33:47.enable transition. But they are going up. That's the blunt fact,
:33:47. > :33:51.there are more people who prefer to work on their own? Some people
:33:51. > :33:55.prefer, some people don't have an option, that is the reality.
:33:55. > :33:59.can argue that people who work on their own aren't as productive as
:33:59. > :34:03.employee, this explains why the economic output isn't going up as
:34:03. > :34:06.much as the jobs figures, that is one of the economists' many
:34:06. > :34:09.theories for this. These changes were happening before the recession.
:34:10. > :34:14.For the last ten years self- employment has been going up. The
:34:14. > :34:18.nature of work has changed. People now can choose, to an extent that
:34:18. > :34:23.they have never done before. This is an interesting thing, is it
:34:23. > :34:27.choice or is it the desperation, really. Is it people saying,
:34:27. > :34:31.culturally I know I will be working longer, I want to be more in charge
:34:31. > :34:35.of what I do. Or is it people who literally can't find work and have
:34:35. > :34:39.to make do? There is a mixture of both. Lots of people will be
:34:39. > :34:41.working part-time or self-employed w who are desperate to get back for
:34:41. > :34:47.the security that a company employment brings. But really this
:34:47. > :34:50.was happening back, the shift we have just seen is last seen in ten
:34:51. > :34:53.years, with a huge increase in self-employment, that was in the
:34:53. > :34:58.middle of the boom years. I think Britain is changing the way it
:34:58. > :35:02.likes to work. Can I just say, the last time we have seen this kind,
:35:02. > :35:07.well we haven't seen anything as extreme as this, the uplift is
:35:07. > :35:13.massive, particularly for women, where there has been a 20% increase
:35:13. > :35:16.in self-employment during this period. Why is that? Initially it
:35:16. > :35:19.was because of the disproportionate numbers of women who were having
:35:19. > :35:22.redundancies. There is a huge cultural issue here. You were
:35:22. > :35:26.having people coming are from the public sector to the sharpest end
:35:26. > :35:31.of the private sector. You are having women coming into a sector
:35:31. > :35:36.where before only 27% of the self- employed were women previously, and
:35:36. > :35:39.we know that women really appreciate value and benefit from
:35:39. > :35:43.skills support when they make that kind of transition. And you know
:35:43. > :35:46.what, the last time we had these changes, we had a skills strategy
:35:46. > :35:50.for them, now we are over to laissez faire, people are left to
:35:50. > :35:53.do it on their own. This wasn't exactly the Government's plan, when
:35:53. > :35:56.they talked about cutting back on public sector and letting the
:35:56. > :35:59.private sector take over. They didn't literally mean sending
:35:59. > :36:03.people out on their own without any help? They are not sending anybody
:36:03. > :36:06.out. These people are making their own luck and fortune. When the
:36:06. > :36:09.Government does do a shift away from the public sector, nobody
:36:09. > :36:13.knows for sure what direction the economy will take. It is a vote of
:36:13. > :36:16.confidence, it is a vote of faith, really, in the British people. If
:36:16. > :36:20.you make it easier to set up companies, you hope people will do,
:36:20. > :36:25.and do you know what, they are. I just say, a vote of confidence,
:36:25. > :36:30.at the moment we have 33,000 invested through the Regional
:36:30. > :36:35.Growth Fund, and employees in large firms. The amounts invested in
:36:35. > :36:38.these new small businesses, last time I looked was less than �400.
:36:38. > :36:41.The Government isn't the source of economic growth. Regional
:36:42. > :36:45.development fund is not very effective. If the new jobs have
:36:45. > :36:48.been self-employed people, 85%, what support are they getting to
:36:48. > :36:52.make sure that they are the employers and the success stories
:36:52. > :36:56.in the future. They could be. I would like to see them be. We will
:36:56. > :36:58.return to this one and see if the trend stays with us. Thank you very
:36:59. > :37:03.much indeed. Last year nearly 7,000 stray dogs
:37:03. > :37:08.were put down, many of them ones that might have been reunited with
:37:08. > :37:12.their owners, if they had been found and identified. The mandatory
:37:12. > :37:16.microchipping of dogs in England will be brought into effect in
:37:16. > :37:26.three years time. Will it solve the problem and cut down the tax-
:37:26. > :37:26.
:37:26. > :37:31.payers' money spent on strays. # Dogs of the world unitele --
:37:31. > :37:37.unite. Meet Seal, she's a little lost dog. Not so little. Nobody
:37:37. > :37:41.knows anything more about her. Even her name was dreamt up here at
:37:41. > :37:45.Battersea Dogs Home, where staff think she looks a little bit like a
:37:45. > :37:51.seal. There is one way to find out more. A scanner reads a microchip
:37:51. > :37:56.buried in Seal's neck. It doesn't come up with anything as satisfying
:37:56. > :38:00.as her name. But it should help her find her real home. You might ask
:38:00. > :38:04.yourself, how would a chip have found itself into the dog in the
:38:04. > :38:08.first place. That is the size of the chip, little more than the size
:38:08. > :38:12.of the grain of rice. This is the implanter we use to put it in. This
:38:12. > :38:18.is a little bit bigger than you would want in a vaccination. It is
:38:18. > :38:20.bigger than I would want. For the dog it is no more painful.
:38:21. > :38:30.Getting back home again could be harder for some of Seal's
:38:31. > :38:32.
:38:32. > :38:37.neighbours. Amber is aged 3-5, a bull mastiff, she wasn't chipped
:38:37. > :38:41.when she was handed in four months ago. Amber was found covered in
:38:41. > :38:45.blood, with wound to her head. Staff at Battersea think she was
:38:45. > :38:51.used as a fighting dog. They haven't been able to trace her
:38:51. > :38:56.owner. This is Rufus, he's aged 6- 12 month, he's a mongrel cross,
:38:57. > :39:01.found last week. He wasn't microchip. And here is Captain
:39:01. > :39:06.Socks, aged 2-3 years old, a Staffordshire bull terrier, a scan
:39:06. > :39:10.showed he did have a microchip. But the owner said the dog was now with
:39:10. > :39:14.new people, the chip was out of date. Isn't it likely that the dogs
:39:15. > :39:18.we would most like to see chipped, won't be. Their owners won't do it.
:39:18. > :39:22.I think most people will get their dogs chipped, because they will see
:39:22. > :39:26.the benefit of doing it. But it does rely very much on enforcement.
:39:26. > :39:31.It relies on dog wardens, on the police, on vets actually helping
:39:31. > :39:34.all of us to make this a much safer place for people to walk in public
:39:34. > :39:42.spaces where there are animals, and also to know that responsible, or
:39:42. > :39:48.even irresponsible owners are held to account should dogs go straying.
:39:48. > :39:55.It is thought 58% of the UK's eight million dogs have already been
:39:55. > :39:58.microchipped, a survey by the Dogs Trust suggested nearly 119,000
:39:58. > :40:05.strays were taken in by local authorities last year. Nearly half
:40:05. > :40:10.of them were reunited with their owner, almost 7,000 had to be put
:40:10. > :40:13.to sleep. Dawn hasn't seen her dog, angel, since December, she has
:40:13. > :40:17.remortgaged her house to put up a reward to find her. Everybody
:40:17. > :40:23.thinks it was a big decision, it wasn't. My aim is for my dog to
:40:23. > :40:27.come home to me. Remortgaging my house is something I can do to be
:40:27. > :40:37.able to finance that. It's not an hard decision to do. She's a member
:40:37. > :40:38.
:40:38. > :40:42.of my family, I want her back home. You are probably wondering what
:40:43. > :40:46.they are doing about this in the rest of the UK. Well a Scottish
:40:46. > :40:50.Parliament has yet to pass legislation on dog chipping, but
:40:50. > :40:56.Wales is expected to follow England, and the scheme is already well
:40:56. > :41:00.established in Northern Ireland. 95% of the dogs we pick up straying
:41:00. > :41:05.are returned directly to their owner within a matter of hours.
:41:05. > :41:11.Only last night 10.25, I picked a stray dog up, within five minutes
:41:11. > :41:15.it was back with its owner, all as a result of microchipping. If
:41:15. > :41:18.compulsory microchipping reduce the theft of dogs and their unnecessary
:41:19. > :41:28.destruction n some case, then many pet lovers would probably say it
:41:29. > :41:32.
:41:32. > :41:36.was a fair low, and not rough! Before the end of the programme we
:41:36. > :41:39.will have tomorrow's front pages. First we want to talk about 80% of
:41:39. > :41:44.the universe about which we know very little. We have about three
:41:44. > :41:48.minutes in which to do it. Deep under an Italian mountain in a
:41:48. > :41:52.subterranean laboratory, scientists have begun work to shed light on
:41:52. > :41:58.Darkside. One person who has an idea -- dark matter, one person who
:41:58. > :42:02.has more idea is the quantum cyst tis, Michael Brooks. This is a
:42:02. > :42:06.Newsnight -- physicist, Michael Brooks. This is a Newsnight
:42:06. > :42:09.exclusive, looking like Blue Peter at the moment. If you imagine these
:42:09. > :42:13.ball bearings are clusters of galaxies and moving around in ways
:42:13. > :42:16.you expect. Suddenly you can introduce a different kind of force
:42:16. > :42:22.and they clump together and don't move how you think they should move.
:42:22. > :42:26.That is what we are seeing in outer space. We are seeing that galaxies
:42:26. > :42:30.and galaxy clusters are pulled by something, it is not a magnetic
:42:30. > :42:35.force, it seems gravitational. matter is the force? This is why we
:42:35. > :42:41.believe that 24% of the universe is made of dark matter. Because we see
:42:41. > :42:47.things moving strangely out in outer space. How convinced are they
:42:47. > :42:52.that is what it is? That sound total low rational, it is a sort of
:42:52. > :42:56.magnetic -- totally rational, it is a magnetic force? It is a
:42:56. > :43:05.gravitational force. This is something that has mass and exerts
:43:05. > :43:09.gravity on the space and makes things clump together. Scientists
:43:09. > :43:14.are convinced it is out there, we knew it was out there in 1933, and
:43:14. > :43:16.spent ages of time looking for it and haven't been able to find it.
:43:16. > :43:21.We go deep under the ground to isolate the experiments from
:43:21. > :43:25.everything else. It is like trying to hear the sound of a pin drop
:43:26. > :43:30.standing in Piccadilly Circus, it is ridiculous lie difficult. You
:43:30. > :43:32.isolate yourself from cosmic rays and all sorts of distraction, and
:43:32. > :43:36.hope dark matter will hit your equipment and set off a spark of
:43:36. > :43:39.light and then you have seen it. It is a very difficult thing to do and
:43:39. > :43:43.we are struggling to find any. is one of the awkward questions a
:43:43. > :43:48.lay person asks, would it make a difference to how we live or to how
:43:48. > :43:52.we see the universe? For a start, it would tell us what 24% of the
:43:52. > :43:56.youfrs is. Which is answering a big question about what the universe is
:43:56. > :44:01.made of. When we know what these particles are, we have no clue what
:44:01. > :44:05.they are like or what they do, we know they don't reflect light or
:44:05. > :44:10.radiate anything. We can only detect them vie ca their gravity F
:44:10. > :44:14.we knew -- via their gravity f we knew something more about them,
:44:14. > :44:18.they might be useful in the future. It is filling in the holes and the
:44:18. > :44:22.lack of knowledge? It is one of the fundamental questions bothering
:44:22. > :44:25.scientists for 80 years. Are you involved in this at all? I'm not.
:44:25. > :44:29.In some ways I'm glad, working in the deep underground laboratories,
:44:29. > :44:34.some scientists are working in mines that are a mile under the
:44:34. > :44:39.earth surface. It is quite hard work, I think. Is it like the God
:44:39. > :44:48.particle search? It is similar, in that actually we may see it at the
:44:48. > :44:52.NHC, the large had dron collider in CERN, they are hoping to do the
:44:52. > :44:57.same with dark matter. It may be the detector in Italy finds it or
:44:57. > :45:03.in the large hadron collider, we don't know. You may have to come
:45:03. > :45:13.back with the magnets if we hear of the talk of life underground. Let's
:45:13. > :45:13.
:45:13. > :45:54.Apology for the loss of subtitles for 41 seconds
:45:54. > :46:04.That's all for tonight, from all of That's all for tonight, from all of
:46:04. > :46:29.
:46:29. > :46:33.The coldest night of the week so far, a widespread frost, a covering
:46:33. > :46:36.of snow in part of Norfolk and Suffolk. Elsewhere largely dry,
:46:36. > :46:40.sunshine around. Temperatures at or below freezing across northern
:46:40. > :46:44.England and the Midlands. Still a few of these sleet and snow showers
:46:44. > :46:48.clicking the north of Suffolk. They will ease away. The important thing
:46:48. > :46:51.is the wind is not as strong as it has been today. We look to the west,
:46:51. > :46:55.still breezy in places, plenty of destroy weather around here. There
:46:55. > :47:00.will be high cloud increasing ahe had had of a weather system coming
:47:00. > :47:03.in from the lant -- ahead of the weather system coming in from the
:47:03. > :47:08.Atlantic. In the North West Midland icey patches. For Northern Ireland
:47:08. > :47:11.the cloud is thickening, as you can see rain not too far away.
:47:11. > :47:15.Increasing cloud in western and northern Scotland, still wintery
:47:15. > :47:18.showers and icey patches here to contend W on through the rest of
:47:18. > :47:23.the day, the cloud will increase. Many of us, down the eastern side,
:47:23. > :47:27.get away with a dry day. To the west we will see the weathercy them
:47:27. > :47:34.coming through with the rain, and despite theed lead -- weather
:47:34. > :47:38.system coming through with the rain. This weather system with some