:00:08. > :00:13.streets of Kiev may be nearing an end, an hour and a bit ago the
:00:14. > :00:23.President of Ukraine claimed to have agreed what he called a truce with
:00:24. > :00:28.the leaders of the opposition for a realignment in the country. Will the
:00:29. > :00:32.protesters pack up and go home? Our reporter is in Kiev watching the
:00:33. > :00:36.scenes on the streets for us. And we will talk to one of the country's
:00:37. > :00:42.deputy prime ministers. How Tony Blair offered Rebekah Brooks and
:00:43. > :00:47.Rupert Murdoch a shoulder to cry on when the phone hacking scandal
:00:48. > :00:51.broke. How campuses in America is place of sexual danger for women,
:00:52. > :00:55.why some rape victims find college authorities the most unsympathetic
:00:56. > :01:00.of protectors. He told me he would have to be in the room with me when
:01:01. > :01:07.I testified, and he would get to ask me direct questions about what
:01:08. > :01:12.happened. And Alan Alda, also known as Hawkeye from MASH joins us from
:01:13. > :01:20.New York to explain why he's hunting for a scientist who can explain what
:01:21. > :01:30.colour is in terms of which a child can understand. He had remained
:01:31. > :01:35.adamant that there could be no compromise, but tonight President
:01:36. > :01:38.Yanukovych of Ukraine talked to leaders of the protest which have
:01:39. > :01:42.paralysed the capital of his country. Faced with promised
:01:43. > :01:46.sanctions from the European Union, vague threats from Washington and
:01:47. > :01:51.most of all by the possibility that a deteriorating situation could yet
:01:52. > :02:01.get much worse, his spokesman announced tonight that a truce had
:02:02. > :02:05.been agreed. Newsnight's in Kiev, we will talk after this.
:02:06. > :02:12.Independence Square is not the place it was. Yesterday 's death have
:02:13. > :02:19.shattered the status quo. Instead of singing songs, now they are smashing
:02:20. > :02:30.up the payment. -- pavement. Men and women, young and old alike.
:02:31. > :02:34.REPORTER: What are you doing? We are preparing weapons for the
:02:35. > :02:38.revolution. This woman is a middle-class office worker? We now
:02:39. > :02:43.have dozens of killed people so definitely a lot has changed. I have
:02:44. > :02:47.heard people talk about Civil War is that even possible? We are on the
:02:48. > :02:54.brink of that. We are quite close to that. Nearby another woman,
:02:55. > :03:00.carefully pouring petrol into a plastic bottle. But these are now
:03:01. > :03:06.ordinary Molotov cocktails, they are adding little crumbs of polystyrene,
:03:07. > :03:11.when lit they will act like napalm, a shower of burning plastic that
:03:12. > :03:14.clings to the skin. Not as sophisticated the weaponry the
:03:15. > :03:20.protesters themselves are up against perhaps, but no less effective. The
:03:21. > :03:27.west, they are trying to negotiate, to talk, but to talk with these
:03:28. > :03:31.people is not the option. They only understand force. You say you are
:03:32. > :03:35.not talking about violence and yet here people are preparing to use
:03:36. > :03:39.violence against the state, isn't that just going to make it worse?
:03:40. > :03:44.Well, you know, if someone punches you or is going to you know to shoot
:03:45. > :03:51.you what are you going to do. How will you protect yourself? (Gunfire)
:03:52. > :03:55.last night's violence was the worst in Ukraine's post-Soviet history.
:03:56. > :04:00.The propertiors were taken by surprise when after months in --
:04:01. > :04:04.protesters were taken by surprise when after months in control the
:04:05. > :04:08.riot police attacked, setting their tents alight. By this afternoon
:04:09. > :04:11.parts of Kiev looked like a warzone, the streets surrounding the
:04:12. > :04:18.parliament building scarred and deserted. Each side has accused the
:04:19. > :04:29.other of using live ammunition. The police have taken back some ground,
:04:30. > :04:33.the protestors' citadel has shrunk, but they are still here. Tonight we
:04:34. > :04:37.watched them reinforce their barricades, everyone knows this
:04:38. > :04:43.isn't finished yet. Despite talk of a truce, everyone here expects
:04:44. > :04:47.another onslaught. One protestor told me they were scared last night,
:04:48. > :04:50.but the really scary thing is now they have accepted the idea of
:04:51. > :04:55.violence. So the demonstrators have retreated,
:04:56. > :05:01.moving part of their operation away from the frontline. They are
:05:02. > :05:08.preparing for another busy night treating people here at the orthodox
:05:09. > :05:15.Cathedral. This is St Michael's. Under communism the place was blown
:05:16. > :05:19.up, Stalin had it dynamited. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it
:05:20. > :05:25.was rebuilt as a symbol of Ukraine's independence. Now this magnificent
:05:26. > :05:30.Cathedral has been turned into a makeshift hospital, giving treatment
:05:31. > :05:34.and shelt to people whom the Government cas "terrorists", the
:05:35. > :05:45.church is in open defiance of the state. TRANSLATION: It was like a
:05:46. > :05:53.battlefield says Alexander, who in more peaceful times is a humble GP.
:05:54. > :05:58.The police just smashed everything. Tonight we watched some riot
:05:59. > :06:00.policemen pull back from their newly-gained position, others soon
:06:01. > :06:08.replaced them. If this is a truce it is a very uneasy one indeed. Let's
:06:09. > :06:14.talk to Gabriel Gatehouse in Kiev for us now. Gabriel, what is the
:06:15. > :06:19.feeling there about whether this truce means anything? Around about
:06:20. > :06:23.the time that the truce was announced we heard a few volleys of
:06:24. > :06:26.firework, you can probably hear one just behind me there, that might
:06:27. > :06:29.have been a stun grenade. We have heard these gangs going off
:06:30. > :06:34.periodically throughout the evening, but no real fighting. So if this is
:06:35. > :06:39.what a truce is, then it is holding. One of the opposition leaders said
:06:40. > :06:43.apparently that Viktor Yanukovych, the President, has given an
:06:44. > :06:47.undertaking not to storm the square. That apparently is the content of
:06:48. > :06:50.this truce, they said they tried to find situation of stablising the
:06:51. > :06:55.situation, but they haven't said how they are going to do that. What is
:06:56. > :06:59.clear is Viktor Yanukovych is under huge international pressure today.
:07:00. > :07:03.We understand that the state department has found 20 names of
:07:04. > :07:07.people they want to restrict visas to, who they blame for the violence.
:07:08. > :07:11.We understand that the foreign ministers of France, Germany and
:07:12. > :07:16.Poland are already in Kiev and they are to have a meeting with Viktor
:07:17. > :07:19.Yanukovych tomorrow, before flying to Brussels to discuss again
:07:20. > :07:22.possible sanctions against those in the Government that they hold
:07:23. > :07:26.responsible for this violence. On the ground, the feeling very much is
:07:27. > :07:32.one of shock, how people are asking could things have turned so violent
:07:33. > :07:36.so suddenly with those 26 deaths. People can't understand it and very
:07:37. > :07:41.much on the square there is a feeling that this is not over yet.
:07:42. > :07:45.We will be back to you in a moment or two. A little earlier I spoke to
:07:46. > :07:49.one of Ukraine's most senior political figure, the vice Prime
:07:50. > :07:53.Minister, Kostyantyn Gryshchenko, we spoke to him just before the truce
:07:54. > :08:36.was announced. The Kremlin spokesman today
:08:37. > :08:42.described what was happening on the streets of your capital as an
:08:43. > :08:49.attempted coup. Is that how you see it? I see it as a very tense moment
:08:50. > :08:57.in our development as a free, democratic nation. What we face is
:08:58. > :09:05.the need for all the players to listen to each other, to understand
:09:06. > :09:10.what is the dangers which loom on these particular countries at this
:09:11. > :09:15.particular time and find a solution. , jointly. That is something we need
:09:16. > :09:18.to do together. Meaning the Government, the leaders of the
:09:19. > :09:22.opposition and the people whom the leaders of the opposition do not
:09:23. > :09:28.control. Isn't the obvious way to make a start on a settlement for
:09:29. > :09:36.President Yanukovych to put himself up for re-election and see what
:09:37. > :09:42.happens? Well for re-election or elections, regular or nap selections
:09:43. > :09:46.-- snap elections you need to have stability in society. You can't have
:09:47. > :09:53.elections under the barrel of a gun. You cannot really make it democratic
:09:54. > :09:58.and elections that will be accepted by the whole of the Ukraine. Do you
:09:59. > :10:06.worry about these threatened European Union sanctions? The need
:10:07. > :10:22.to listen to our international partners, be it in Europe or across
:10:23. > :10:25.the ocean we take into account But nobody can do the work for us, that
:10:26. > :10:29.is why we are making sure what we have to discuss among the political
:10:30. > :10:34.spectrum inside the country is not being compromised by whatever
:10:35. > :10:48.external factors either from the east or west. Gabriel Gatehouse is
:10:49. > :10:52.still with us in Kiev. Looking ahead, is it possible to make any
:10:53. > :10:55.prediction? It is interesting, you mentioned the sacking of the head of
:10:56. > :11:00.the army there with the Deputy Prime Minister. The one unspoken mostly
:11:01. > :11:05.fear on everyone's minds is the question of a Civil War here. Could
:11:06. > :11:09.this develop into something much worse. Now the sacking of the head
:11:10. > :11:14.of the army, they didn't give any reason for it, but it was preceded
:11:15. > :11:17.by some very interesting events. Last night while events were going
:11:18. > :11:22.on here in the square behind me, there was also reports that in some
:11:23. > :11:27.prove VIPGS cities, especially west of here, certain institutions and
:11:28. > :11:31.security installations had also come under pressure from protesters and
:11:32. > :11:37.had been taken over by some protestors. Later on today we saw a
:11:38. > :11:41.statement on the website of the Ministry of Defence. I think that's
:11:42. > :11:44.fireworks incidentally you can hear behind me that the protesters have
:11:45. > :11:48.been taken to firing at the police. A statement on the Ministry of
:11:49. > :11:52.Defence saying that the army reserved the right to go into
:11:53. > :11:57.antiterrorist operations. It seemed like a clear threat to get involved
:11:58. > :12:02.in this stand-off here. Very shortly after that, we saw the sacking of
:12:03. > :12:05.the army. Now whether that was to try to keep control of the military
:12:06. > :12:09.on the part of the President or to try to give yet another concession
:12:10. > :12:14.to the protesters, we don't really know. The feeling on the square is
:12:15. > :12:19.that President Yanukovych has pretty much given every single concession
:12:20. > :12:24.he could have given apart from the ultimate one which is to resign
:12:25. > :12:28.himself. That hasn't happened. The Old Bailey trial of two former
:12:29. > :12:30.editors of the News of the World heard an extraordinary e-mail read
:12:31. > :12:38.out today, in it Brooks Brookes Brooks, one of the two editors --
:12:39. > :12:40.Rebekah Brooks reported a conversation she had with Tony
:12:41. > :12:45.Blair. In the talk the former Prime Minister, now embarked on his
:12:46. > :12:49.post-abdication career of getting very rich, reassured her about how
:12:50. > :12:54.to handle the phone hacking scandal and offered to act as an unofficial
:12:55. > :12:58.adviser to Rupert Murdoch. We have the case now. First of all to give
:12:59. > :13:07.this a little bit of context, this e-mail was written on the 11th July
:13:08. > :13:13.to 2011. That is a week after the story of Milly Dowler's phone being
:13:14. > :13:16.hacked. It is the day after the last ever News of the World issue was
:13:17. > :13:20.published. This is right in the heart and heat of the crisis.
:13:21. > :13:29.Rebekah Brooks writes an e-mail to her boss at the time, James Murdoch,
:13:30. > :13:33.in which we recounts an hour-long conversation she had with Tony
:13:34. > :13:36.Blair. On the face of it he is simply offering advice on how to
:13:37. > :13:40.handle the crisis. He suggests setting up an independent inquiry
:13:41. > :13:44.which would investigate what had gone on. And then, this is the
:13:45. > :13:48.critical bit, according to Rebekah Brooks he says it would publish a
:13:49. > :13:54.hutten-style report. That is a reference to the review of the David
:13:55. > :13:59.Kelly case that got the BBC into hot water all that time ago. That could
:14:00. > :14:02.be seen as a marker of thoroughness and transparency or depending on
:14:03. > :14:06.which position you take, something quite different. He offered personal
:14:07. > :14:10.advice, he said "keep strong and definitely sleeping pills, need to
:14:11. > :14:13.have clear heads, remember no rash short-term solutions as they only
:14:14. > :14:17.give you long-term headaches", I wonder what he was thinking of
:14:18. > :14:22.there. He says it will pass and tough up. And rounding it off,
:14:23. > :14:27.according to the Brooks he offers personal counsel. He says that he,
:14:28. > :14:36.Tony Blair, is available for you, that is James Murdoch, KRM, Rupert
:14:37. > :14:40.Murdoch, and Rebekah Brooks as an unofficial adviser but it needs to
:14:41. > :14:44.remain between them. Four days later Rebekah Brooks resigns and four days
:14:45. > :14:46.later is arrested. Anything from Blair's office? The fact there was a
:14:47. > :14:50.conversation appears to be acknowledged. The fact I can see is
:14:51. > :14:55.there is no dispute about the contents of what it is alleged was
:14:56. > :14:59.said. Tony Blair, in fairness on his behalf, he had merely been given
:15:00. > :15:02.informal advice on crisis management, he had no personal
:15:03. > :15:06.reason to know the facts of the case. He was just giving advice. But
:15:07. > :15:09.look, I think the bigger question is, it won't be about the details,
:15:10. > :15:13.it will be about why he did it at all. We are just in the aftermath of
:15:14. > :15:17.the Milly Dowler revelation, which remember how shocking that was. The
:15:18. > :15:22.entire political establishment was convulsing, the police were in all
:15:23. > :15:28.sorts of do-dos because they hadn't investigated. It was duff times.
:15:29. > :15:30.Also on the same day the Labour leader at the end, Ed Miliband, is
:15:31. > :15:34.making a speech and giving press conferences calling for Rebekah
:15:35. > :15:38.Brooks to be sacked. Where are we in the case as a whole? Well, the
:15:39. > :15:42.prosecution was due to finish at Christmas. It is finishing this
:15:43. > :15:46.morning. It is all running quite late, and as a result the defence
:15:47. > :15:49.proper will start tomorrow. We expect Rebekah Brooks to take the
:15:50. > :15:56.stand at some point tomorrow morning. I should say both Rebekah
:15:57. > :15:59.Brooks and all the others deny all the charges against them. It is
:16:00. > :16:03.precisely one year two months and 16 days until we get the chance to
:16:04. > :16:08.decide which variety of Westminster all sorts or combination there of,
:16:09. > :16:12.we would like to have another crack at telling us what to do. The
:16:13. > :16:16.general election in May next year will be the first in the history of
:16:17. > :16:20.this country to come at the end of a fixed term parliament. The date has
:16:21. > :16:23.been publicly known for years. The arrangement was another pious
:16:24. > :16:27.promise from the Liberal Democrats about improving the way this country
:16:28. > :16:32.is governed. Some political reporters can hardly cope with their
:16:33. > :16:40.parliamentary recess withdrawal symptoms. Mathieu is one of them! --
:16:41. > :16:45.Emily Maitlis is one of them. Imagine if everything came to a
:16:46. > :16:54.stand still in Westminster? Imagine if the business of parliament just,
:16:55. > :16:59.well, stopped? The idea is unthinkable, or used to be until
:17:00. > :17:04.this. Measures will be brought forward to introduce fixed-term
:17:05. > :17:07.parliaments of five years. The length of a parliament, in other
:17:08. > :17:12.words, was passed into law, from that week in May 2010, we knew
:17:13. > :17:16.exactly when the next general election would be, barring the
:17:17. > :17:22.unforeseeable. A move some feel is now giving the whole political
:17:23. > :17:25.system a slight air of paralysis. It is Parkinson's Law that says work
:17:26. > :17:29.always expands to fill the time allotted to it. We have allotted
:17:30. > :17:33.five years and so the work has expanded to fill that time. There
:17:34. > :17:39.are week, months when parliament is not really doing much. It is not
:17:40. > :17:44.debating primary legislation, it is treading water, I'm not sure this is
:17:45. > :17:49.really good. I'm not sure, I think we have lost some of the tempo of
:17:50. > :17:54.politics that we need. Of course this has been an unusual parliament
:17:55. > :17:58.for other very different reasons, a two-party Government for one. It has
:17:59. > :18:02.dried up because of the coalition, what happened was, and this is the
:18:03. > :18:09.story influence, they went at it with a rush. Contrasting to thatch
:18:10. > :18:13.whore did things gradually, she was grabbed dualist in practice however
:18:14. > :18:19.revolutionary her rhetoric, or Tony Blair, who was gradualist in his two
:18:20. > :18:23.terms. He subsequently admitted he didn't do as much as he wanted in
:18:24. > :18:29.the first team. There is people like David Cameron and OK letter Letwin
:18:30. > :18:34.who go for it. That sense of urgency may have something to do with the
:18:35. > :18:42.coalition. Some Governments drag it on to the bitter end. A full
:18:43. > :18:46.five-year term is not unusual, John Major, Gordon Brown in 2010. It is
:18:47. > :18:50.more often the domain of unpopular or failing Government with no real
:18:51. > :19:06.sense of optimisim of what a general election would eventually bring.
:19:07. > :19:13.Remember Gordon Brown, and Jim Callaghan turning to song to explain
:19:14. > :19:19.why he wouldn't go to the polls. # There was I waiting at the church!
:19:20. > :19:25.! Jim Callaghan wasn't sure of the overall majority. But he made a
:19:26. > :19:27.famous speech at the TUC. # All at once he sent me round a
:19:28. > :19:31.note # Here's the very note
:19:32. > :19:33.# This is what he wrote # Can't get away
:19:34. > :19:43.# To marry you today # My wife won't let me
:19:44. > :19:46.Everyone was startled, what was he on about, then he said there
:19:47. > :19:52.wouldn't be an election this autumn. This was one of a select few MPs who
:19:53. > :19:57.at the time voted against the fixed-term parliament bill. This is
:19:58. > :20:00.a democratisation of our parliament. It weakens the power of parliament
:20:01. > :20:04.to hold the Government to account, because the Prime Minister has got
:20:05. > :20:09.tenure. There would never have been an election in 1974 when Ted Heath
:20:10. > :20:17.was got rid of during that miners' strike. We would never got rid of
:20:18. > :20:21.Harold Wilson in 1970. This system has grave disadvantages and it is,
:20:22. > :20:25.you know, there is enough disillusionment with politics as it
:20:26. > :20:28.is at the moment, it is always worse at the end of a five-year
:20:29. > :20:32.parliament. Whilst a fixed-term parliament brings welcome stability,
:20:33. > :20:35.critics say that comes at a price, making it much harder to hold the
:20:36. > :20:43.political class to account when they only need to start listening to the
:20:44. > :20:48.voters' voice a good four years in. Whitehall sources tell me less new
:20:49. > :20:52.legislation is coming through, it is all about implementation. There is
:20:53. > :20:55.also suggestion the next Queen's Speech may be delayed. Perhaps that
:20:56. > :21:00.is the core question, if fewer laws are passed in this land, would
:21:01. > :21:07.anyone really care? If we look across the channel at little old
:21:08. > :21:10.Belgium, from 2007-2011 for a period of four years, their political class
:21:11. > :21:14.couldn't agree on how to form a Government, so they didn't have one,
:21:15. > :21:17.they had no new law, and do you know what, the Belgian economy grew,
:21:18. > :21:22.while the European economy all around it was in turmoil. It was
:21:23. > :21:25.actually one of the most successful post-war Belgium administrations.
:21:26. > :21:30.Why? Because politicians stopped making new laws and introducing new
:21:31. > :21:34.regulations, many of the old regulations became redundant.
:21:35. > :21:37.Belgium prospered, perhaps a sign to be said not having politicians in
:21:38. > :21:42.Westminster making new laws all the time. So what about those people who
:21:43. > :21:48.thought fixed-term parliaments were a good idea? Earlier I spoke to Lord
:21:49. > :21:53.O'Donnell, head of the Civil Service at the time when the coalition was
:21:54. > :21:58.formed and fixed terms became law. Lord O'Donnell, who benefits from
:21:59. > :22:02.fixed-term parliaments? I think democracy benefits. First of all it
:22:03. > :22:08.is a fairer system. To me it is a ridiculous system that says actually
:22:09. > :22:11.the Government in power, the incumbent gets to choose when it has
:22:12. > :22:16.a general election as opposed to let's have one regularly on a fixed
:22:17. > :22:21.date. Doesn't it mean you can forget the voter when the election is over
:22:22. > :22:25.for five years? Quite the reverse. There has always been the case that
:22:26. > :22:27.people have had to worry about their performance throughout the life of
:22:28. > :22:30.the parliament, voters doesn't just react to what happened yesterday,
:22:31. > :22:33.they look back on the record of a whole parliament. I think
:22:34. > :22:38.Governments have got to do this. The difference is they are not allowed
:22:39. > :22:41.to say, oh well we are ahead in the polls now we will go for it as
:22:42. > :22:47.opposed to let's have a long-term plan, five-year plan to try to leave
:22:48. > :22:50.the country in a better place. What are the things that are done, the
:22:51. > :22:54.average length of parliament is four years. What are the great things
:22:55. > :22:57.that are done in this last year before we're allowed to decide
:22:58. > :23:01.whether we want to keep the Government? Precisely, it is a bit
:23:02. > :23:05.like, you know, if you ask me have fixed term parliaments been a
:23:06. > :23:08.success, I would say it is a bit like asking a six-month pregnant
:23:09. > :23:14.woman how is the childbirth process. We haven't even had one fixed term
:23:15. > :23:17.parliament yet. This one we didn't know it was going to be a fixed-term
:23:18. > :23:22.parliament before they passed the legislation. If I said as far as the
:23:23. > :23:27.average voter is concerned, you vote in 2010, no-one needs to pay me the
:23:28. > :23:35.slightest attention now until early 2015? I think, I really don't think
:23:36. > :23:40.voters are, nor are Governments that cynical. I think what voters will do
:23:41. > :23:44.when they come to the ballot booth, I hope rather more will turn up than
:23:45. > :23:47.we have seen in the past, that they will say they will assess the
:23:48. > :23:54.Government on the five-year term what have they done over the whole
:23:55. > :23:59.term. That is good. I will look to who they will elect over the four or
:24:00. > :24:04.five year term. They can still elect them to a shorter term of
:24:05. > :24:10.indeterminate duation? Of course, but the one thing I will say for
:24:11. > :24:14.civil the service it would be for Governments to take a long-term view
:24:15. > :24:22.of society that is not bad thing. When you look at this coalition and
:24:23. > :24:25.on a fixed term and a Government like Tony Blair's, which was better
:24:26. > :24:27.for the country? It is hard to assess that yet because remember the
:24:28. > :24:31.economic circumstances were completely different. When Tony
:24:32. > :24:35.Blair took over in 1997 the economy was doing well, the deficit was
:24:36. > :24:46.relatively small. This time coalition come in 11% deficit-to-GDP
:24:47. > :24:50.ratio, rising GDP. They took tough and unpopular decisions. They
:24:51. > :24:54.decided to go for welfare reform, health reform, education reform. The
:24:55. > :24:57.one thing you could say that I hadn't really anticipated was that
:24:58. > :25:03.people thought coalition would be a lowest common denominator. It
:25:04. > :25:07.certainly hasn't been that. This is a question that comes if you have
:25:08. > :25:12.been a very long time at the heart of Government. Compare it with the
:25:13. > :25:21.awful last years of Major and Brown? The final year of John Major, you
:25:22. > :25:24.are right, he had real problems with getting a majority because the Tory
:25:25. > :25:27.Party was split and it was hard to get legislation through. They didn't
:25:28. > :25:33.have a fixed date for the election, they were hanging on to see, well,
:25:34. > :25:37.can we, is something going to turn round. Simply with Gordon Brown you
:25:38. > :25:43.will remember all of the damage, I think, was caused by that on-off
:25:44. > :25:50.election issue. Well that's history. Thank you very much. What is time?
:25:51. > :25:54.At this point in the day you might well think life's too short to
:25:55. > :25:58.embark upon a question like that. Yet someone has do it some how and
:25:59. > :26:04.do it in terms that are relatively easy to understand. The question was
:26:05. > :26:07.last year's Flame Challenge, a competition initiated by the actor,
:26:08. > :26:12.Alan Alda, in which scientists are asked to explain a piece of complex
:26:13. > :26:16.science in a way that an 11-year-old can understand. This year's trying
:26:17. > :26:23.to find someone who can explain what is colour? I will be asking him why
:26:24. > :26:33.shortly. First we invited the BBC science presenter and an artist to
:26:34. > :26:37.have a go. Chloryl colour is the differences in how your eye sees
:26:38. > :26:42.light. For me I think the most important thing is that it adds a
:26:43. > :26:47.different dimension or layer to everything that you see. For example
:26:48. > :26:56.emotions can make you feel really happy or disturbed or very calm.
:26:57. > :27:00.They can also remind you of things in way that smell would. Imagine you
:27:01. > :27:04.are stood in a pitch black room, you can't see the colour of anything
:27:05. > :27:07.around you, you need to turn on the light. That is how you are going to
:27:08. > :27:11.be able to see the colours of things. So colour must be something
:27:12. > :27:16.to do with light. It is, in fact it is everything to do with light,
:27:17. > :27:19.because light comes in different colours. You know this from things
:27:20. > :27:24.like traffic lights, traffic sleights can be red, they can be --
:27:25. > :27:28.traffic lights can be red, green and amber, and light can be any colour
:27:29. > :27:33.at the rainbow, when you are looking at your red bag, it is white light
:27:34. > :27:36.shining on your bag and your bag is absorbing all that light and soaking
:27:37. > :27:40.it up. All the different colours are getting soaked up, except for red.
:27:41. > :27:51.The red light is bouncing off it and into your eyes. That is what makes
:27:52. > :27:54.your bag red. The actor Alan Alda, who set the challenge, joins us now
:27:55. > :27:58.from New York. We will come to the particular question of colour in a
:27:59. > :28:03.second. But this general mission of seeking to explain science, how
:28:04. > :28:09.important do you think it is? Oh I think it is crucial to us, it is
:28:10. > :28:14.getting more and more important because our lives are surrounded by
:28:15. > :28:18.science. We're like fish swimming in a sea of science. If we don't know
:28:19. > :28:22.what it is that we're living in, it is not so good for us. It is a
:28:23. > :28:25.little dangerous. We have to be able to ask good questions about it, and
:28:26. > :28:30.we have to be able to decide who gets funding for what science? And
:28:31. > :28:39.that needs knowledge to do that. Why do we need to understand how and why
:28:40. > :28:45.it works just because it is around us? Well for two reasons. One is
:28:46. > :28:51.that it affects us and sometimes we're afraid of the effect it is
:28:52. > :28:55.having on us. Should we be afraid or more afraid. And the other reason,
:28:56. > :29:03.maybe even more important, I think, is science is beautiful. It elevates
:29:04. > :29:11.you in spirit the way music and literature does. Why should we be
:29:12. > :29:15.denied that. We wouldn't say why museums with paintings in them, why
:29:16. > :29:20.no signs. Why are some scientists so bad at communicating the beauty in
:29:21. > :29:25.it then? Scientists are taught for a very good reason to keep emotion, to
:29:26. > :29:28.keep stories out of their work when they are doing science. And they are
:29:29. > :29:33.encouraged to use words with very special meanings. Because if you can
:29:34. > :29:38.say something that takes five pages to say in plain language, but you
:29:39. > :29:41.can say it in one word and your fellow scientist knows what you
:29:42. > :29:45.mean, you ought to use that language. We can't understand that,
:29:46. > :29:50.and we can only really keep up with what they are doing if they will
:29:51. > :29:54.tell us in story or immammings of things -- images of things in a way
:29:55. > :29:58.of talking that we are used to hearing. They have to learn, relearn
:29:59. > :30:01.what it is like to talk to people and figure out what they are
:30:02. > :30:06.thinking as they are talking to them. That is what I think any way.
:30:07. > :30:20.Do you really think that almost any scientific concept can be explained
:30:21. > :30:31.in terms Intelable succinctly -- intelligle and succinctly to
:30:32. > :30:33.11-year-olds? I have seen videos of 11-year-olds around the world
:30:34. > :30:37.judging this connest it. What is fun about this contest is the kids judge
:30:38. > :30:41.the scientists, that is something they love. It is for an 11-year-old
:30:42. > :30:51.kid to say that is a very good answer but it doesn't make it clear
:30:52. > :30:54.enough! That is terrific. The thing that most common complaint they have
:30:55. > :30:57.about the entries is there is not enough information in them. They are
:30:58. > :31:01.very serious about this. They want to understand it and they want it in
:31:02. > :31:07.terms that are familiar to them. But one kid said you can be funny when
:31:08. > :31:11.you are talking to us, but don't be silly, we are 11 not seven. They
:31:12. > :31:16.take it very seriously. The compo trois explanations we had
:31:17. > :31:22.there of what colour is -- the two explanations we had of what colour
:31:23. > :31:28.is, I hope you were able to see them. They were pretty clear, are
:31:29. > :31:34.they anywhere near making the grade as far as your contest is concerned,
:31:35. > :31:39.or is it not your concern but the 11-year-olds? It is 11-year-olds
:31:40. > :31:42.around the world. 22,000 have joined up to be judges of the contest. It
:31:43. > :31:49.sounded to me like they were very good the ones you played. If their
:31:50. > :31:55.they are scientists giving us -- if they are scientists giving those
:31:56. > :31:58.explanation, I hope they will go to the Flame Challenge website and
:31:59. > :32:03.hopefully they will win. The guy who won the first year's contest, it is
:32:04. > :32:08.so wonderful, he made a video that was about six or seven minutes long,
:32:09. > :32:11.wrote it, he acted in it, he animated it, wrote a song, played
:32:12. > :32:17.all the instruments and sang the song. He won the contest and was
:32:18. > :32:20.asked to be a producer of a children's television show on
:32:21. > :32:26.science, he offered me a job. This is great, I mean whoever did those
:32:27. > :32:35.videos could have a giant career out of this! Thank you. Going off to
:32:36. > :32:39.college or university is the start of independent life. Yet college
:32:40. > :32:41.students in America are among the most vulnerable group when it comes
:32:42. > :32:45.to rape or sexual assault, apparently. A White House report
:32:46. > :32:50.claims that one in five American women is the victim of a sex attack
:32:51. > :32:54.during their college days. Considering the millions in tertiary
:32:55. > :32:57.education, the total is likely very big. Many survivors say the
:32:58. > :33:04.universities themselves are failing to deal with the issue. The BBC's
:33:05. > :33:15.North America correspondent reports on the scale of the issue and how
:33:16. > :33:19.more victims a starting to speak up. We don't want to talk about it, but
:33:20. > :33:23.we have to. It is happening so often. My life in college was
:33:24. > :33:27.completely destroyed by something that was out of my control. And
:33:28. > :33:34.that's just an injustice I feel obligated to help remedy. Six years
:33:35. > :33:38.ago Julia Dixon was sexually assaulted on campus by a fellow
:33:39. > :33:41.student. She's speaking out about her experience for the first time. I
:33:42. > :33:48.thought that's never going to happen to me, I don't drink, I never drank,
:33:49. > :33:52.don't do drugs, I didn't go places where this happens. I was doing it
:33:53. > :33:57.right and being a good girl and it wasn't going to be me. Julia is one
:33:58. > :34:00.of a growing number of students filing complaints against their
:34:01. > :34:04.universities for the way they say their claims of sexual assault were
:34:05. > :34:08.dealt with. According to Government figures one in five women are
:34:09. > :34:12.sexually assaulted during their time in college or university. With a
:34:13. > :34:16.large majority of attacks commitmented by someone they already
:34:17. > :34:24.know. Survivors of rape on college campuses suffer from high levels of
:34:25. > :34:29.post-traumatic stress disorder, depressure. The rates of conviction
:34:30. > :34:33.are staggeringly low at 12%. Many say it is not coming forward that is
:34:34. > :34:39.a big hurdle to overcome, it is the response they get from the
:34:40. > :34:42.institutions they turn to for HECHLT Typically students who have been
:34:43. > :34:45.sexually assaulted seek help through the university system itself. Going
:34:46. > :34:50.to police on campus and college officials rather than taking their
:34:51. > :34:54.complaints outside. Julia says she received some support from the
:34:55. > :34:59.university in Ohio, in the immediate aftermath of the incident. Her taker
:35:00. > :35:03.denied the assault, and while campus Police investigated she tried to
:35:04. > :35:07.pursue him through the university's disciplinary process. This is where,
:35:08. > :35:11.she says, the problems began. They also told me that he would have to
:35:12. > :35:15.be in the room with me when I testified and he would get to ask me
:35:16. > :35:23.direct questions about what happened. And three days after he
:35:24. > :35:27.raped me I wasn't in any sort of emotional state to even be anywhere
:35:28. > :35:32.in the vicinity of him, let alone have a conversation with him about
:35:33. > :35:37.what he did. And their remedy to that was oh maybe he can have
:35:38. > :35:41.somebody there and ask the questions through them but he still has to be
:35:42. > :35:46.in the room. I said I'm sorry you can't expect me to go through with
:35:47. > :35:51.that right now, it was Friday and I was raped Tuesday. At that point I
:35:52. > :35:54.decided I will wait until my rape kit comes back because I know I'm
:35:55. > :35:58.telling the truth and then I can get him expelled. Unfortunately what I
:35:59. > :36:03.thought would take eight maybe ten weeks ended up taking over a
:36:04. > :36:06.year-and-a-half. And in that time there was, my hands were tied. I
:36:07. > :36:10.felt like there was nothing I could do. I felt completely helpless. What
:36:11. > :36:14.changes do you think your university and others across America need to
:36:15. > :36:17.really bring in to help survivors like yourself? I wish that the
:36:18. > :36:21.university would have taken into consideration the stress that I was
:36:22. > :36:24.very clearly suffering from. To me it felt like they didn't really know
:36:25. > :36:31.how to handle it and didn't care to try. I received no sort of help that
:36:32. > :36:35.semester, I had no assistance with my classes or excused absence, I was
:36:36. > :36:40.treated the same way as everyone else in my class was treated, but I
:36:41. > :36:48.was dealing with a very severe trauma. Last month President Obama
:36:49. > :36:51.launched a task force to address the issue of campus assault. The stigma
:36:52. > :36:55.around it means it is impossible to know the scale of the problem. The
:36:56. > :37:00.one in five figure released by the White House is based on several stud
:37:01. > :37:04.year, including research from 2007 in which seven thousand students at
:37:05. > :37:09.two large public universities from interviewed. Protecting young women
:37:10. > :37:12.and men from sexual violence and ensuring colleges do more to respond
:37:13. > :37:17.is now a priority at the highest level. My hope and intention is
:37:18. > :37:23.every college President who has not personally been thinking about this
:37:24. > :37:30.is going to hear about this report and is going to go out and figure
:37:31. > :37:34.out who is in charge on their campus of responding properly, what are the
:37:35. > :37:38.best practices. Are we doing everything we should be doing? If
:37:39. > :37:41.you are not doing that right now I want the students at the school to
:37:42. > :37:50.ask the President what he's doing or she's doing. These images are part
:37:51. > :37:55.of Project Unbreakable, and shows survivors of sexual assault
:37:56. > :38:00.photographed with quotes from their attackers. It is a sign of growing
:38:01. > :38:04.activism, more survivors are coming forward to share experiences and
:38:05. > :38:08.taking part in a national conversation. Universities judge it
:38:09. > :38:13.as an epidemic, they don't learn from each other, they treat it as a
:38:14. > :38:17.PR problem. Now we are more comfortable sharing our stories and
:38:18. > :38:20.organised and holding them account, now we are considered a force. This
:38:21. > :38:24.woman says she was sexually assaulted during her first year at
:38:25. > :38:30.university. In January 2013 she filed a FRARM could plaint against
:38:31. > :38:33.-- filed a federal complaint against her college. She is now one of the
:38:34. > :38:37.country's leading activists on the issue of college rape. Along with
:38:38. > :38:41.other survivors she set up a national advice and support network.
:38:42. > :38:46.In so many ways universities thinks they can contain it and deter it by
:38:47. > :38:49.you know making them do book report, by making them take time off. By
:38:50. > :38:53.making them just keep quiet. And they don't look at it as a holistic
:38:54. > :38:56.problem. They don't treat that person like a criminal. They treat
:38:57. > :39:00.that person like a student who made a mistake. And sexual assault is not
:39:01. > :39:04.a mistake, it has to go back to that. The US Department of
:39:05. > :39:10.education's office of civil rights, OCR, is currently investigating more
:39:11. > :39:15.than 35 complaints nationwide. Including the University of North
:39:16. > :39:19.Carolina Chapel Hill, awaiting the findings in its case. What we want
:39:20. > :39:22.at the end of the day is this policy to be read from both reporting
:39:23. > :39:26.party, responding party as being fair and balanced. In the past year
:39:27. > :39:31.the college has revised its policies and hired a new team to improve its
:39:32. > :39:36.response to sexual violence. Howard is Callum is the lead co-ordinator.
:39:37. > :39:40.. What we have done here has not been because of the OCR
:39:41. > :39:44.investigation, I think that the university recognised even before
:39:45. > :39:49.the complaints were filed that we needed to do things better and
:39:50. > :39:54.differently. We have taken a number of measures to provide increased
:39:55. > :39:59.support to survivors to improve its complaint processing system. To ramp
:40:00. > :40:04.up the education programmes. One of the biggest challenges is changing
:40:05. > :40:08.attitudes over what is and isn't acceptable sexual behaviour on many
:40:09. > :40:13.college campuses. This workshop is about giving students the confidence
:40:14. > :40:17.to speak up if they witness inaproper rate behaviour --
:40:18. > :40:22.inappropriate behaviour among their peers. If there is someone touching
:40:23. > :40:25.someone on the dance floor in a way that makes someone feel
:40:26. > :40:28.uncomfortable. Before you leave the house talking about behaviours and
:40:29. > :40:32.talking to friend about how much they are going to be drinking. To
:40:33. > :40:37.what extent do you think a macho culture means people don't want to
:40:38. > :40:41.step in? It is hard, people grow up with it. This is what they are
:40:42. > :40:46.taught from day one that men are, it is essentialism, men are a certain
:40:47. > :40:50.way and women are a certain way, men and women are supposed to act a
:40:51. > :40:53.certain way. That is one of the things we are indirectly trying tole
:40:54. > :40:57.change. The fact that you are supposed to pursue or think about
:40:58. > :41:01.sex in this way. Campaigners say conviction rates for
:41:02. > :41:05.cases of sexual assault on college campuses are still too low. Julia's
:41:06. > :41:09.one of the few survivors who did eventually get some justice through
:41:10. > :41:13.the legal system. By then I was a junior in college and I had lost a
:41:14. > :41:20.scholarship and I moved off campus and got a job to support the lack of
:41:21. > :41:26.scholarship that I had. And he had already left campus. In a statement
:41:27. > :42:05.to Newsnight the university in Ohio said.
:42:06. > :42:14.Unfortunately for the victim the rape is not a single act that
:42:15. > :42:18.happens one night. It is a long, enduring very depressing emotional
:42:19. > :42:23.rollercoaster that goes on potentially for years. I don't think
:42:24. > :42:28.the university understands that. My rape did not end the night that I
:42:29. > :42:32.went to the hospital. It ended the night that I finally got justice. If
:42:33. > :42:38.I wasn't granted that I think I would be still living in it. Now in
:42:39. > :42:49.the past hour Facebook has announced that it's going to buy the mobile
:42:50. > :42:53.instant messaging service What isapp, it is Facebook's biggest
:42:54. > :42:58.purchase to date. The app which has 450 million users is another way to
:42:59. > :43:06.send instant messages at no cost. But Facebook already has its own
:43:07. > :43:09.means of doing it. Why bother? Matt Butcher is editor of a tech
:43:10. > :43:13.magazine. Is this a big deal? We think this is the largest
:43:14. > :43:18.acquisition of an internet start-up, less than five years old in history.
:43:19. > :43:21.It looks, the way you see these prices going up, each time there is
:43:22. > :43:29.an acquisition, it looks like a bubble, doesn't it? Well, the issue
:43:30. > :43:33.here is that Facebook needs growth. Facebook has become, you know,
:43:34. > :43:38.something that your grandparents are on, everybody is on it now. But the
:43:39. > :43:46.kids and the young people are using messaging platforms like WhatsApp to
:43:47. > :43:52.interact.ment not using Facebook as much -- to interact. They are not
:43:53. > :43:57.using Facebook as much as before. It is much cheaper for people in Asia
:43:58. > :44:03.and Africa to contact each other using the app than any other way.
:44:04. > :44:07.450 million users huge. How will Facebook make money out of it?
:44:08. > :44:12.Facebook has done a very good job so far of pulling in revenues based on
:44:13. > :44:18.advertising, it is now doing things like commerce and e-commerce. The
:44:19. > :44:24.app will be doing similar kinds of things and also in virtual goods.
:44:25. > :44:29.People will pay a premium to message in particular ways or to use virtual
:44:30. > :44:35.goods as part of their messaging. What is using a virtual good as part
:44:36. > :44:48.of your messaging? Instead of using just text they might send picksures
:44:49. > :44:53.or those kinds of hings. Why did Facebook's share price shop on this
:44:54. > :44:57.news? Shareholders are worried that Facebook is buying growth rather
:44:58. > :45:01.than having growth internalised in its own company core strengths. It
:45:02. > :45:09.sends a signal to the market that perhaps Facebook doesn't have all
:45:10. > :45:15.the magic touch it once had. It puts Twitter pretty inch the shade
:45:16. > :45:18.doesn't it? Yes, it does. Of course Twitter did its own public market
:45:19. > :45:25.floatation and it has had some issues on the way. Since it floated.
:45:26. > :45:37.The jury is still out where be where Twitter goes from here and there was
:45:38. > :45:43.a lot of scepticism about recent results. One of the founders of the
:45:44. > :45:47.app is Ukrainian so interesting merging of stories. Tonight's Brit
:45:48. > :45:52.Awards saw an unexpected intrusion into the debate on Scottish
:45:53. > :46:00.independence by David Bowie who won the British Male Solo artist. He
:46:01. > :46:05.wasn't at the ceremony but used the supermodel Kate Moss to deliver the
:46:06. > :46:11.message. I'm completely delighted, I am, aren't I Kate? Yes. I think it
:46:12. > :46:18.is a great way to end the day. Thank y very, very much, and Scotland stay
:46:19. > :46:27.with us. And a quick look at some of tomorrow morning's front pages now.
:46:28. > :46:30.The Guardian has news of the Tony Blair intervention in the Rebekah
:46:31. > :46:48.Brooks court case. That's all from us tonight, I have
:46:49. > :46:56.one more thing to say, bouncing goats, look at this, good night!
:46:57. > :47:10.# High on a hill # Was a lonely goat herd
:47:11. > :47:47.# Le-ol-le-e-hiho Good evening. Some wind and rain,
:47:48. > :47:51.but that's going to happen overnight. I think tomorrow,
:47:52. > :47:55.especially in the afternoon the weather should be actually not all
:47:56. > :47:57.that bad, once the wind and rain clears out into the North Sea.