:00:00. > :00:20.thanks to an invitation to a gay wedding. A poll says one in five of
:00:21. > :00:24.us would refusing to. As the new comes into force on Saturday, choirs
:00:25. > :00:35.and couples across England warm up for the big day. Being married by a
:00:36. > :00:39.gay Irish registrar and Britain's longest serving female black
:00:40. > :00:42.registrar, and that is happening in the heart of the country. That is
:00:43. > :00:48.what makes Britain great for me. Why do some people not want to witness
:00:49. > :00:52.the new kind of "I do". We know about global warming but are quash
:00:53. > :01:02.Bonn emissions turning our oceans into acid. These bubbles seep out of
:01:03. > :01:08.volcanic vents, this gives scientists a clue what oceans will
:01:09. > :01:14.look like as man made O2 gets dissolved into sea water everywhere.
:01:15. > :01:19.The trauma of Afghan war veterans as told by their children. He pulled me
:01:20. > :01:21.under the table and said take cover because the door banged and it made
:01:22. > :01:36.a loud noise like a bomb! . Good evening, witnesses to wedding
:01:37. > :01:41.ceremonies have been asked for centuries to support the happy
:01:42. > :01:45.couple with a rousing "we will". But for gay marriage, legal from
:01:46. > :01:53.midnight tomorrow t appears a sizeable chunk of the population
:01:54. > :01:57.would still say, "we will not". An exclusive poll said we would refuse
:01:58. > :02:04.to attend a friend or relative's wedding if it was to the same-sex.
:02:05. > :02:10.With the Archbishop's announcement that the church may be softening. Is
:02:11. > :02:15.it stubborn prejudice that refuses to disappear of the or has the law
:02:16. > :02:28.run ahead what some parts of society find difficult to accept. The music
:02:29. > :02:33.might be traditional, and the lyrics from the Middle Ages, but the event
:02:34. > :02:38.is very modern. This weekend the Fourth Choir, formed six months ago
:02:39. > :02:43.by members of London's gay community will be performing live at a series
:02:44. > :02:48.of events in the capital. 47 years after homosexuality was legalised,
:02:49. > :02:51.nine years after the first civil partnerships, same-sex couples are
:02:52. > :02:59.about to get the right to marry. One of the first couples to exchange
:03:00. > :03:04.vows will be John and his Spanish fiance Barnardo. Their wedding just
:03:05. > :03:10.past the stroke of midnight on Saturday is being filmed and
:03:11. > :03:15.broadcast next week on BBC London. When we get married tomorrow night
:03:16. > :03:19.it will be the first time in our history in the gay community you
:03:20. > :03:24.have total equality. But there is a long way to go in hearts and minds,
:03:25. > :03:29.there is homophobia there. We live a very boring, for us it is a
:03:30. > :03:32.contented life here, and when you read homophobic sort of comments in
:03:33. > :03:39.the newspaper, you listen to what people have to say about us, and the
:03:40. > :03:44.recent floods apparently because of gay marriage, this is a monster out
:03:45. > :03:49.there that doesn't exist. A poll for BBC five life -- BBC five live show
:03:50. > :04:01.just how far things have come on It was especially true of young
:04:02. > :04:07.voters. Eight out of ten supported gay marriage compared with 44% of
:04:08. > :04:13.over 65s. Four out of ten still don't see same-sex marriage equal to
:04:14. > :04:20.hetrosexual marriage. And 22% of British adults wouldn't
:04:21. > :04:24.attend a ceremony. It is only 22%, that is a huge change to 40 years
:04:25. > :04:29.ago when I was going to school and realised that I was gay. I think
:04:30. > :04:34.that's quite encouraging it is only 22%. For those 22%, they are missing
:04:35. > :04:39.great party. This change to the law still leaves some loose ends, it
:04:40. > :04:43.won't be possible to convert a civil partnership into full marriage until
:04:44. > :04:47.next year. As things stand same-sex couples will still struggle to get
:04:48. > :04:50.married in most churches. In an interview with the Guardian
:04:51. > :04:54.tomorrow, the Archbishop of Canterbury will signal he accepts
:04:55. > :04:59.gay marriage will soon be law and says he will not resist the change,
:05:00. > :05:03.but Anglican Clergy will still be banned from conducting same-sex
:05:04. > :05:13.ceremonies. Sharon Ferguson is the Pastor of the metropolitan community
:05:14. > :05:18.church a non-C of E congregation. It is sad for members of the lesbian
:05:19. > :05:21.gay and Christian movement who are members of the Church of England. It
:05:22. > :05:24.is sad for them, whilst they could go to other churches who are
:05:25. > :05:27.registered, they are not going to be able to get married within the
:05:28. > :05:32.church where they perhaps regularly worship. And that is a sad
:05:33. > :05:35.situation. It is very sad for the priests within the Church of England
:05:36. > :05:40.who would like to be able to marry members of their congregation as
:05:41. > :05:44.well. This Saturday is then an important date for the gay rights
:05:45. > :05:49.movement, a time of celebration for many. But the day when same-sex
:05:50. > :05:58.marriage really means completely equal marriage may still be some way
:05:59. > :06:04.off. With us to talk about this tonight are my guests. Melanie, this
:06:05. > :06:08.poll suggests there is a sizeable minority of people who just wouldn't
:06:09. > :06:17.go to a gay wedding. Why do you think that is the case? Speaking for
:06:18. > :06:21.myself I'm very much in favour of going to a party, and never
:06:22. > :06:24.knowingly turn down a wedding invitation, but if one is opposed to
:06:25. > :06:28.the principle of gay marriage it would be a bit hypocritical to go to
:06:29. > :06:33.the ceremony. You clearly would not attend a gay wedding, even if it was
:06:34. > :06:38.from a close relative or a good friend? As I say I would be loathe
:06:39. > :06:42.to turn down a fabulous party but I think it would be hypocritical if I
:06:43. > :06:50.were to do so because I have an objection in principle to the notion
:06:51. > :06:54.of gay marriage, though I would perfectly happily attend a civil
:06:55. > :06:57.partnership ceremony. Is it the reality that politicians pushed
:06:58. > :07:01.through this legislation for gay marriage specifically at such a
:07:02. > :07:05.speed that some parts of society just haven't been willing yet to
:07:06. > :07:11.accept that. And they have the right not to? They have the right not to,
:07:12. > :07:17.they perfectly have the right not to go to celebrate the relationships,
:07:18. > :07:24.the family bonds of even people they know very well. That's people's
:07:25. > :07:27.liberty. Certainly politicians sometimes push something through
:07:28. > :07:33.that they believe is right, even if they don't think that everybody is
:07:34. > :07:38.with them. Even if they think that it's a minority this is going to
:07:39. > :07:46.benefit. But in this case the politicians I believe took the view
:07:47. > :07:51.this it wasn't going to affect every member of society, it was going to
:07:52. > :07:55.affect a small minority, a relatively small minority about 10%
:07:56. > :07:59.of the population, but for those people it is going to change their
:08:00. > :08:03.lives, it really is. For the rest of the population who it is going to
:08:04. > :08:08.affect them indirectly or it might not affect them at all. I think they
:08:09. > :08:12.just did the right thing. Why do you think there are still a sizeable
:08:13. > :08:16.chunk of society, a sizeable chunk like Melanie who wouldn't want to go
:08:17. > :08:25.because they still object? I think it is unfamiliarity to be honest, in
:08:26. > :08:29.most cases I think it is unfamiliarity. It would be
:08:30. > :08:35.interesting to see if the 22%, if they had spent time or related to
:08:36. > :08:40.gay person. But for Melanie it is not familiarity it is an objection
:08:41. > :08:43.to the principle, there are still many people still object to the
:08:44. > :08:47.principle? People are entitled to their own principles, people don't
:08:48. > :08:52.have to go to parties. I really don't mind Melanie's freedom of
:08:53. > :08:56.speech, she can protest against my wedding outside my wedding if she
:08:57. > :09:03.wants, we will bring her out a Di Canio pay. Melanie sometimes -- A
:09:04. > :09:11.canepe. Isn't it up to politicians to lead public opinion? I think also
:09:12. > :09:17.they have to saying could go conthis sans of -- cognissance of the people
:09:18. > :09:22.too, and he was out-of-touch with his own party and even his own
:09:23. > :09:26.mother. Plenty of people opposed the idea of giving people the vote and
:09:27. > :09:32.divorce law, minorities can't always get their way? I'm in entirely in
:09:33. > :09:35.favour of politicians acting on principle, one could only hope they
:09:36. > :09:39.did so more often. You are suggest ago principle when it is one you
:09:40. > :09:43.agree with. Do you accept the status of gay relationship is the same in
:09:44. > :09:49.status as that between a man and a woman? No, because it lacks the
:09:50. > :09:51.potential fruitfulness of a hetrosexual relationship, which
:09:52. > :09:55.isn't to say it isn't a good and valuable thing in itself, but it
:09:56. > :10:01.lacks that element which is fundamental to matterage. --
:10:02. > :10:07.Marriage. That is something I can't engage with, there are very happy
:10:08. > :10:12.marriages of all sorts that have no prospect of fruitfulness. But how do
:10:13. > :10:18.you feel tonight when this is the law that is changing tomorrow at
:10:19. > :10:23.midnight when you still hear that? I'm very relaxed about difference of
:10:24. > :10:27.opinion, so long as this difference of opinion doesn't then descend and
:10:28. > :10:32.presume to tell me how I may live my life with my husband. Briefly who
:10:33. > :10:39.has had an invite yet? I haven't, oddly enough. Maybe that is my
:10:40. > :10:43.reckless and friends going on living in sin, I don't know. Melanie, even
:10:44. > :10:51.the receptions not the first part of the ceremony? Tragically not even to
:10:52. > :10:56.a civil partnership which I would like to attend very much. One can
:10:57. > :11:00.wish people well in their relationships even if one stops at
:11:01. > :11:03.celebrating and reworking the institution. Thank you for coming
:11:04. > :11:08.in. It will be facinating to see how this all unfolds. 15 years of
:11:09. > :11:12.privatisation and we still haven't got it right. It is not much
:11:13. > :11:16.surprise to energy customers staggered by rises in their bills.
:11:17. > :11:20.But should we be puzzled that the energy regulator seems to have just
:11:21. > :11:23.cottoned on to the fact that the market doesn't work that well.
:11:24. > :11:27.Politicians have been falling over themselves to welcome the idea of
:11:28. > :11:31.investigating the big six energy companies. But Ofgem's review of the
:11:32. > :11:37.sector doesn't really tell us that much we didn't know. Is our policy
:11:38. > :11:41.editor asking why start another investigation now, could it just be
:11:42. > :11:54.a political fix? More to the point perhaps is it a good idea? We like
:11:55. > :11:59.competition, it is supposed to bring the best out of people. It is meant
:12:00. > :12:05.to create fitter, faster and crucially leaner specimens. But in
:12:06. > :12:15.the energy market it hasn't quite had the effects that some had hoped
:12:16. > :12:22.for. Between 2009 and 2013 energy prices rose by 24%. Over the same
:12:23. > :12:28.period, other prices only rose by 1%. Profit margin force the so
:12:29. > :12:34.called "big six" energy companies rose too, from under 1% on sales of
:12:35. > :12:40.gas and electricity up to 4. 3%, hardly scandalous numbers, but it is
:12:41. > :12:43.a sustained rise. That's why, as you will know unless you have been
:12:44. > :12:49.living without power for the last year, energy has become a major
:12:50. > :12:54.political flash point. Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, has promised to
:12:55. > :12:58.freeze prices for 20 months while he holds major reforms of the energy
:12:59. > :13:02.market. But today, Ofgem, the independent energy regulator has
:13:03. > :13:06.gone ahead of him. It has asked the competition authorities to hold an
:13:07. > :13:10.investigation into the energy markets. What will they be looking
:13:11. > :13:16.at? In an ideal world you will have some competition in the market and
:13:17. > :13:23.some switching between pliers suppliers, that should drive down
:13:24. > :13:27.prices for everyone. But energy companies use sophisticated analysis
:13:28. > :13:31.to understand different behaviours for different groups of customers.
:13:32. > :13:34.When they work out that a certain group of customers are unlikely to
:13:35. > :13:37.switch under any circumstances, they charge them a high price. And for
:13:38. > :13:41.the customers they think are likely to switch they offer them a very low
:13:42. > :13:49.price, what actually happens is you have a competitive market that only
:13:50. > :13:51.some get the benefit of. There are barriers for smaller independent
:13:52. > :13:56.companies that want to enter the market. Not least that with almost
:13:57. > :14:00.two thirds of people never having consciously switched suppliers they
:14:01. > :14:05.struggle to grow. Some companies also find they can make more money
:14:06. > :14:10.if they stay small. That all means there is a lack of new competitors
:14:11. > :14:16.and that might be why Ofgem suspects so called "tacit co-ordination"
:14:17. > :14:19.between the big six. That doesn't mean that Ofgem thinks the major
:14:20. > :14:25.energy suppliers are running some sort of cartel, it is just that
:14:26. > :14:28.without effective competition they tend to move a little bit more like
:14:29. > :14:33.a pack than they ought to, and don't do enough jostling for new
:14:34. > :14:39.customers. That is why, Ofgem suspect, they are quite fast to put
:14:40. > :14:48.up prices when costs rise, and pretty slow to pass on savings when
:14:49. > :14:51.the prices fall. This is nothing new, it helps the Government and
:14:52. > :14:57.causes a problem for Labour, it makes it harder for them to campaign
:14:58. > :15:01.on energy, some are suspicious. Unfortunately Ofgem have appeared to
:15:02. > :15:05.have bowed to both political and media pressure to be seen to be
:15:06. > :15:10.doing something. Which is understandable that they have done
:15:11. > :15:15.that, but it does undermine both their credibility as an independent
:15:16. > :15:19.regulate to and it does I'm afraid damage independent economic
:15:20. > :15:24.regulation for the UK. Government insiders deny actively pushing
:15:25. > :15:28.Ofgem, they say the regulator feels it should have held this review
:15:29. > :15:32.years ago. But some energy companies say it is going to cause them
:15:33. > :15:37.trouble. Centrica has told journalists today that plans to
:15:38. > :15:45.invest in gas-pyred powertation -- gas-fired power stations have been
:15:46. > :15:52.delayed. We wouldn't want to delay diversing in a few years time. Our
:15:53. > :15:58.investors would naturally want us to wait and see the outcome of this
:15:59. > :16:03.review. Of course Centrica is one of the regins energy market champions.
:16:04. > :16:08.Unsurprisingly smaller companies who have much more to win from easier
:16:09. > :16:16.competition are a lot keener on a review that might give them just
:16:17. > :16:21.that. Earlier I went to speak to the new boss of the regulator, Ofgem,
:16:22. > :16:25.Dermot Nolan. Given your report does not come up with new analysis and
:16:26. > :16:30.talk about persistent problems, either job Geoff just hasn't --
:16:31. > :16:33.Ofgem hasn't been doing its job and there should have been an inquiry
:16:34. > :16:36.much, much earlier or this is a result of political pressure? This
:16:37. > :16:39.is nothing to do with political pressure. I would like to stress
:16:40. > :16:41.very clearly this is three independent organisation, three
:16:42. > :16:46.independent boards, all looking at the evidence, all forming the view
:16:47. > :16:49.and coming to a very clear and unambiguous answer that the market
:16:50. > :16:54.is not working well. But a few months ago there were plenty of
:16:55. > :16:57.insiders in the industry who believed your review wouldn't turn
:16:58. > :17:01.up very much new. You haven't turned up very much new, what is new is
:17:02. > :17:05.that last month the Secretary of State wrote a very public letter
:17:06. > :17:09.saying that he wanted there to be a reference. If that isn't political
:17:10. > :17:13.interference and pressure what is? What is the case is that the
:17:14. > :17:17.evidence is persistent, I want to stress that, persistent, clear,
:17:18. > :17:20.easily meets the test in our view for a market reference. Persistent
:17:21. > :17:23.evidence over time that competition is not working effectively. The
:17:24. > :17:25.Secretary of State wrote, the Secretary of State is perfectly
:17:26. > :17:48.entitled to many reviews Today energy companies have said
:17:49. > :17:52.they will move out of other projects. You will note most of the
:17:53. > :17:56.companies will welcome the view. That is because they thought it was
:17:57. > :17:59.inevitably going to happen? They offered it as an opportunity to
:18:00. > :18:02.state their case and make sure the competition is effective. They will
:18:03. > :18:07.have every opportunity to make their case. Investors like certainty and
:18:08. > :18:10.will need to be reassured that consumer trust is still in the
:18:11. > :18:13.market. That is very much the right thing. We are taking actions to make
:18:14. > :18:18.sure the lights stay on in the short-term in any case. To make sure
:18:19. > :18:22.the lights stay on in ten, 20, 50 years at affordable prices it will
:18:23. > :18:25.what the review will help. Some politician, particularly Labour this
:18:26. > :18:29.morning, are suggesting that the fact after years there should be a
:18:30. > :18:34.reference, suggests that Ofgem has basically failed in its job, there
:18:35. > :18:38.should be a replacement, Ofgem has wasted years, this review should
:18:39. > :18:44.have taken place a long time ago? Ofgem has not wasted years at all.
:18:45. > :18:48.It has put in place good recommendation that is will improve
:18:49. > :18:53.consumer experience and engagment. Not if it is allowed this
:18:54. > :18:57.anti-competitive behaviour to go on? It has seen a consistent pattern,
:18:58. > :19:02.that is why the markets authority set up in legislation to look at the
:19:03. > :19:05.very issues, was set up to say if a market isn't working well it should
:19:06. > :19:09.be referred to the competitions and markets authority. What consumers
:19:10. > :19:13.don't like is high prices. And high prices have been driven in the main
:19:14. > :19:17.by the rise in wholesale gas prices and there is nothing that a
:19:18. > :19:21.competition review can do about that. Two things on that I
:19:22. > :19:24.absolutely accept that the main driver of electricity prices is
:19:25. > :19:29.fossil fuel price, that is something we can't effect, it is something we
:19:30. > :19:32.are stuck -- affect, that is something we are struck with. This
:19:33. > :19:37.review won't affect prices in the main? It will, given the fact we
:19:38. > :19:40.can't affect fossil fuel prices it is more incumbent on us to
:19:41. > :19:46.concentrate the resources on the areas of price we can affect. All
:19:47. > :19:51.the suggestions that effective competition can drive prices. A
:19:52. > :19:57.final thought, given that prices are some of the lowest for UK consumers
:19:58. > :20:02.in Europe. We pay some of the cheapest price, do consumers have to
:20:03. > :20:05.wise up? No, as I said earlier, consumers I understand, we listened
:20:06. > :20:09.to them, they are concerned about the scale of increases. They don't
:20:10. > :20:13.trust the sector so they need that confidence restored. That confidence
:20:14. > :20:17.can be restored best through an independent, thorough and exhaustive
:20:18. > :20:22.process. But prices will go on going up any way, what is the point?
:20:23. > :20:26.Prices may go up, it depends on fossil fuels. We need to bear down
:20:27. > :20:30.on the areas of price West can affect. If we can drive those down
:20:31. > :20:34.consumers will have more trust. Thank you very much indeed.
:20:35. > :20:45.We're used to hearing politicians and bunked pundits talk about
:20:46. > :20:50.climate change. But we have an alarm now about C O2 in the seas.
:20:51. > :20:57.Scientists say the gas in the oceans are turning it to acid, at levels
:20:58. > :21:07.not seen for 300 million years. As we discovered that means danger for
:21:08. > :21:15.life under the water. These bubbles are poisoning the sea. They are
:21:16. > :21:23.carbon dioxide, as they dissolve they make carbonic acid. This unique
:21:24. > :21:27.site off the tip of Papua New Guinea is nature's warning as humans pump
:21:28. > :21:38.out more and more C O2, because it is clear that many creatures won't
:21:39. > :21:42.survive. These bubbles seep out of volcanic vents and they are making
:21:43. > :21:46.the water here much more naturally acidic. This spot gives scientist as
:21:47. > :21:56.clue as to what the world's oceans will look like. As emissions of man
:21:57. > :22:03.made CO2 continues to get dissolved into sea water everywhere.
:22:04. > :22:08.We have been invited to join a scientific research boat on a
:22:09. > :22:16.journey to the volcanic vents. We're not the only ones curious. Sea water
:22:17. > :22:21.is already about 30% more acidic since we started burning fossil
:22:22. > :22:27.fuels. That could be five times worse by the end of the century. It
:22:28. > :22:36.is bad news for this part of the ocean the coral triangle, the most
:22:37. > :22:43.deverse ecosystem in the seas. The impact of rising emissions will fall
:22:44. > :22:49.on countries like Papua New Guinea, which rely on the coral for a
:22:50. > :22:55.living. With a dawning awareness of its own fragile environment. The
:22:56. > :23:00.research team arrive at the island with its own volcano, right on what
:23:01. > :23:10.is known as the Pacific ring of fire. But first they need permission
:23:11. > :23:15.from the villagers for their research, they own the reef. The
:23:16. > :23:19.bubbles here they are carbon dioxide, it is clean but a gas that
:23:20. > :23:23.is also in the air, and especially if person countries burn so much
:23:24. > :23:36.fuel and coal there is more of this gas in the air and it goes into the
:23:37. > :23:41.ocean. Welcome. Katerina is the expedition leader, she's collecting
:23:42. > :23:47.samples from the boulder corals, they are stuff enough to cope with
:23:48. > :23:50.high CO2, she's also laying a tape, starting at the volcanic events and
:23:51. > :23:55.stretch ago I way to the point where the effect of the bubbles has
:23:56. > :24:03.disappeared. Here it is. You don't need a science degree to see the
:24:04. > :24:07.difference. These spectacular corals provide shelter for juvenile fish.
:24:08. > :24:14.They can't survive under conditions of high CO2. We are losing a lot of
:24:15. > :24:20.biodiversity, coral reefs are really suffering, and they are built out of
:24:21. > :24:25.calcium cabonate which is highly sensitive to more acidic waters.
:24:26. > :24:31.Once we lose the structure in it we are losing the biodiversity. Another
:24:32. > :24:37.experiment, dislodging boxes they fix today the seabed two years ago.
:24:38. > :24:43.The boxes are designed to attract creatures looking for a home. This
:24:44. > :24:50.site has the level of CO2 expected in all the oceans for the end of the
:24:51. > :24:58.century. The experimental boxes come on shore for analysis. They will use
:24:59. > :25:02.DNA testing to establish how many species have taken up residence. We
:25:03. > :25:06.need to work very quickly here, because a lot of the creatures here
:25:07. > :25:11.are releasing toxins out as we speak, and those toxins are killing
:25:12. > :25:16.the creatures living in the sampling device and we are losing their DNA.
:25:17. > :25:22.She can make a preliminary assessment just by looking. I'm
:25:23. > :25:28.extremely surprised by how poor this is. Usually I'm used to seeing a lot
:25:29. > :25:34.of groups, so a lot of different crabs and a lot of different
:25:35. > :25:40.mollesc. Here I only see a few. A day later s examples the sample from
:25:41. > :25:47.the unpolluted site. Today this tray is full of organism, lots of
:25:48. > :25:53.different species. They are all different, it is very diverse this
:25:54. > :25:57.tray. All the species are the building blocks of the diversity of
:25:58. > :26:01.the reef and the base of the food chain. The tiny features will have
:26:02. > :26:06.their DNA established back in the lab, so the work is not finished.
:26:07. > :26:08.But it is a warning, a warning that's welcomed by the people in the
:26:09. > :26:39.frontline. The rich world is slowly wake to go
:26:40. > :26:44.what they call the other carbon problem. I have tracked the acid
:26:45. > :26:48.oceans story for a decade now, it is still largely unknown to the public,
:26:49. > :26:54.but some Governments are taking notice. In Townsville on the
:26:55. > :27:00.north-east coast of Australia, a new centre researches the impact on the
:27:01. > :27:03.seas of high CO2, this research facility uses industrial technology.
:27:04. > :27:11.This is a brand-new build to go try to address the issue of ocean
:27:12. > :27:15.acidcation. It helps her to further her experiments from the field. We
:27:16. > :27:19.still know very little about what it does to the different life stages
:27:20. > :27:24.and we can use the organisms we are keeping here, put them under
:27:25. > :27:33.controlled conditions and then test what temperature and what ocean
:27:34. > :27:38.carbon does to the organisms. We can manipulate the nutrients, the carbon
:27:39. > :27:43.eye dock side in the -- dioxide in the water and in a fairly controlled
:27:44. > :27:48.way. Many species will lose under the changes to come, but seaweed
:27:49. > :27:53.will gain, and that is not all. Our hypothesis is as corals decline,
:27:54. > :27:58.sponges may do better. This tiny animal here is a one-year-old
:27:59. > :28:02.sponge, and this sponge is jam packed with tiny microscopic
:28:03. > :28:09.bacteria that contribute to the nutrition of the animal. What we are
:28:10. > :28:15.proposing is this bacteria may photo syntesise more under CO2 enabling
:28:16. > :28:20.them to grow faster and do better in the CO2 world. It sounds like a good
:28:21. > :28:24.thing for the ecosystem? It depends, they essentially filter the reef,
:28:25. > :28:27.and if there is contaminants they can be sensitive to that, they are
:28:28. > :28:31.filtering all the compounds out of the water. They can also
:28:32. > :28:35.potentionally, if there is a huge biomass of sponges create what we
:28:36. > :28:40.all feeding shadow, areas where they have removed all the nutrients out
:28:41. > :28:43.of the water, which wouldn't provide sufficient nutrition for other
:28:44. > :28:47.animal who is live on the reef. As the scientists are finding, once you
:28:48. > :28:52.start shifting the brick that is build an ecosystem, it is immposible
:28:53. > :28:57.to say exactly what will happen. On the boat they are working late to
:28:58. > :29:01.try to wrap up today's experiments. Scientists have made enough progress
:29:02. > :29:08.already in this new field of research to know that CO2 will bring
:29:09. > :29:14.enormous changes on the oceans. What I know as a scientist is what we are
:29:15. > :29:19.recording here is pure chemistry and physics. The carbon dioxide in the
:29:20. > :29:23.air is going into the ocean and making the ocean more acidic,
:29:24. > :29:27.because it is one chemical of carbon eye dock side and one of water it
:29:28. > :29:46.forms carbonic acid. We know what we are doing, it is
:29:47. > :29:55.time to wake up to the reality that we just can't continue as we do
:29:56. > :30:00.today. For more than 10,000 troops at its peak to now just two bases
:30:01. > :30:04.remaining in Helmand Province where much of the war's worst fighting has
:30:05. > :30:09.taken place, British forces have been involved in Afghanistan for 13
:30:10. > :30:13.years, 448 have died. Operations will finish by the end of this year.
:30:14. > :30:19.But the experiences of those who fought will stay with them and with
:30:20. > :30:22.their families and their children. The BBC's children's programme,
:30:23. > :30:37.newsround, has been hearing some of their stories, here are Nathanal and
:30:38. > :30:46.Ellie. My brother he was searching for IEDs and he was going along a
:30:47. > :30:50.bridge and he stood on one and got blown up. We got to see him in
:30:51. > :30:59.intensive care. I remember walking in and just thinking it was all a
:31:00. > :31:04.bad dream that and I would wake up soon. It just kicked in and it was
:31:05. > :31:10.really emotional. I couldn't believe that he was there, my brother,
:31:11. > :31:18.laying in a coma. It is unbearable when you walk in there and see him.
:31:19. > :31:25.He didn't look like he was going to make it at all. I don't understand
:31:26. > :31:29.why we went into Afghanistan, because so many people have either
:31:30. > :31:35.died or been injured out there. I don't understand why we had to go
:31:36. > :31:42.over there in the first place. When he's by himself, when he thinks that
:31:43. > :31:46.no-one can see he's pretty down. You can't really see any physical
:31:47. > :31:50.injuries on my dad, but he suffers with mind injuries, because of what
:31:51. > :31:56.he has been through in the war. When he came back from the army I found
:31:57. > :32:02.it hard to cope because every time there was a loud noise or like the
:32:03. > :32:06.wind or anything like that, he would shut the doors through the house, if
:32:07. > :32:12.there was a window open he pulled me under the table one time and said
:32:13. > :32:19."take cover", because the door banged and it made a loud noise like
:32:20. > :32:25.a bomb. He used to scream in his sleep and shout. I would wake up and
:32:26. > :32:39.think "my dad's a freak". He found a way of coping with it and it was to
:32:40. > :32:43.put a war film on or a loud film. He had to sleep with the film on to be
:32:44. > :32:48.in that atmosphere again. The thing I struggled with is he wouldn't talk
:32:49. > :32:58.to me about it. He doesn't really show emotions, he never cries. His
:32:59. > :33:05.saying is "the weak only cry". With us now is retired Brigadier Mike
:33:06. > :33:09.Griffiths, the former director of personnel for the British Army, who
:33:10. > :33:16.lost his own son in the war on Afghanistan. And went on to train
:33:17. > :33:21.visiting officers who break the news to friends and family. We have heard
:33:22. > :33:28.how profoundly the families are affected. And you have seen this on
:33:29. > :33:38.both sides. Yes I have. My son was wounded in Afghanistan in 2010. He
:33:39. > :33:42.survived the IED and was flown home. Rather like you saw in the film
:33:43. > :33:47.became back to the ICU in Birmingham where he lived for 12 days and sadly
:33:48. > :33:51.succumbed to his injuries on the 5th of September 2010. I have seen that
:33:52. > :33:54.side and I have also been on the knock when somebody has come to your
:33:55. > :34:00.door to tell you that your son has been hurt. How did you find out? I
:34:01. > :34:05.was actually on leave and my wife was about to go out the door to
:34:06. > :34:08.work, she's a midwife. And there was a knock on the door and it was my
:34:09. > :34:12.boss, he was stood there, and there was absolutely no reason for him to
:34:13. > :34:17.be there. As soon as I saw him I knew it was going to be bad news. In
:34:18. > :34:21.fact the bad news was bad, but actually he was alive, he was in
:34:22. > :34:26.surgery and he had a fighting chance. So from immense low we
:34:27. > :34:32.picked ourselves up, prepared to go to Birmingham because there was
:34:33. > :34:37.still hope. And then once he was in hospital you were there obviously as
:34:38. > :34:42.a military man, but as a father, a family member, presumably before
:34:43. > :34:48.anything else? Oh definitely, and Andrew flew home with Darren who was
:34:49. > :34:52.wounded the day before in the same company. The family were all there
:34:53. > :34:56.too and many other families. But of course we were close because our
:34:57. > :35:00.boys had been together and had been wounded almost on the same day. So,
:35:01. > :35:05.yes you are, you are just a father, you are part of a machine that picks
:35:06. > :35:09.you up and looks after you, amazingly well I have to say. They
:35:10. > :35:13.took the load off us so we could concentrate on one thing, and one
:35:14. > :35:16.thing only, which was Andrew. And then you spent your professional
:35:17. > :35:21.time trying to train others to help families more effectively. But how
:35:22. > :35:27.do you prepare people for that knock, how do you cope with that
:35:28. > :35:33.doing the knock from the other side? The army has taken the view that we
:35:34. > :35:38.do it by regimental systems, so that when the person comes to the house
:35:39. > :35:42.they are from the same unit, the same organisation as the man or
:35:43. > :35:47.woman who has been injured or indeed has died. And so what you have got
:35:48. > :35:51.automatically is the regimental family helping to support people
:35:52. > :35:55.through it. Which is hugely important. That's our decision. We
:35:56. > :35:58.have also taken a very conscious view that the person who gives the
:35:59. > :36:02.bad news is not the person who looks after you long-term. So we have a
:36:03. > :36:07.notifying officer and then a visiting officer, so that actually
:36:08. > :36:12.that awful news which really does hurt, immediately almost within
:36:13. > :36:15.hours, somebody else is there who actually brings in all the welfare
:36:16. > :36:19.support and other agency, they almost come as a sort of package to
:36:20. > :36:25.look after you. A very professional system then,
:36:26. > :36:29.perhaps. But still a human-to-human contact that must have a profound
:36:30. > :36:34.impact? It does, and most of these people are volunteers, and we don't
:36:35. > :36:38.train them separately, so this is in addition to their day job. And most
:36:39. > :36:44.of them take a huge pride in doing it properly, because it is a fellow
:36:45. > :36:50.soldier. And of course they are human and some things don't go as
:36:51. > :36:54.well as they could do. Is it made harder when it is a conflict like
:36:55. > :36:59.Afghanistan and there has been a lot of public misgiving about it for the
:37:00. > :37:05.families, for your family. Was it worth it? That is the most difficult
:37:06. > :37:08.question to answer. I take great comfort in the fact that Andrew was
:37:09. > :37:12.doing a job he absolutely loved, he was a good soldier, he was a good
:37:13. > :37:21.officer and he died in the service of his nation. And I hope that this
:37:22. > :37:25.nation respect that and will respect all those others who died alongside
:37:26. > :37:30.him. But as father that is a very difficult question to answer on
:37:31. > :37:34.daily basis in a positive way. Do you think you will ever be able to
:37:35. > :37:38.answer it? I'm very proud of my son, I'm also proud of having been in the
:37:39. > :37:43.army for all those years, and I'm proud of a nation that sends its men
:37:44. > :37:47.and women to international operations rather than just a nation
:37:48. > :37:52.who looks its own borders. And I think being part of a nation like
:37:53. > :37:57.that should make us all proud. So I'm enormously proud. Thank you so
:37:58. > :38:01.much for coming in and sharing air memories of your son and your own
:38:02. > :38:08.experiences thank you. Democracies are rarely born without pain, but
:38:09. > :38:12.after just three years, post the revolution, has Egypt given up all
:38:13. > :38:16.together. The head of the army, Abudl Al Sisi, has surrounded his
:38:17. > :38:20.job, but not to retire quietly, but to stand as the country's President.
:38:21. > :38:24.Despite violence against his opponent as swell of popular support
:38:25. > :38:36.looks likely to put the strong man into power. Dignity, bread, liberty.
:38:37. > :38:43.The battle cry of 2011. As Egypt's people ended six decades of military
:38:44. > :38:47.rule. But three years on, after an attempt at democracy, a strongman
:38:48. > :38:57.looks set to return. But it seems this is what many Egyptians actually
:38:58. > :39:02.want. Field Marshal Abudl Al Sisi, the head of Egypt's army has
:39:03. > :39:06.resigned so he can fight as President, a fight he's almost
:39:07. > :39:10.certain to win. TRANSLATION: I stand before you in my military uniform
:39:11. > :39:19.for the last time. For I have made up my mind to retire as the minister
:39:20. > :39:28.of defence. He's something of a celebrity since he ousted the Muslim
:39:29. > :39:37.Brotherhood last year. For many he has brought stability after three
:39:38. > :39:42.years of chaos. The Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi had
:39:43. > :39:46.treated his 2012 victory as winner takes all, stacking the state with
:39:47. > :39:53.Islamists, giving himself extensive powers. But after clashes with the
:39:54. > :40:01.Brotherhood, the army seized power, for many it felt simply like a
:40:02. > :40:09.traditional coup. This week an Egyptian court sentenced 528 Morsi
:40:10. > :40:13.supporters to death, the largest mass sentence in Egypt's history. It
:40:14. > :40:19.is not yet clear what a return to strongman rule will mean for Egypt.
:40:20. > :40:25.The early signs are not encouraging. But if Egyptians can't have all
:40:26. > :40:30.three, dignity, bread and liberty, faced with chaos will most of the
:40:31. > :40:35.population in the end choose bread? With us now is Abdullah Al-Haddad
:40:36. > :40:40.from the Muslim Brotherhood party which won the democratic election in
:40:41. > :40:47.2012 and Dr Mona Makram-Ebeid, form MP in the parliament of Egypt.
:40:48. > :40:57.Firstly to Cairo, will there ever be democracy in Egypt? Why not? Why are
:40:58. > :41:01.you so sceptical, we are all very hopeful we will have a civilian
:41:02. > :41:09.democracy, in fact. But in the meantime, we will have a guided
:41:10. > :41:13.democracy. And a progressive one, we won't have it overnight, it will be
:41:14. > :41:17.a progressive civilian democracy at some time. You call it a guided
:41:18. > :41:22.democracy. But you have what looks like a regime threatening to execute
:41:23. > :41:29.more than 500 of its opponents? It is not threatening to execute
:41:30. > :41:36.anybody. That was the court judgment yesterday. But it is unlikely that
:41:37. > :41:40.the sentence will be carried out, and if it is not struck down on
:41:41. > :41:48.appeal, it will likely be commuted either by the President or by the
:41:49. > :41:50.grand mufti. You say a guided democracy, that is not a free
:41:51. > :41:57.society where people are able to live as they choose, or object to
:41:58. > :42:03.what is happening politically! They are absolutely free, they are all
:42:04. > :42:09.expressing ourselves very freely, nobody is stopping us. With hundreds
:42:10. > :42:14.of people being arrested? Some people are being arrested if they
:42:15. > :42:21.are found not guilty they will be released as many of them have been
:42:22. > :42:24.released. So If this is what people are happy with, a guided democracy,
:42:25. > :42:28.if it is what people want it is what people should get isn't it? I
:42:29. > :42:33.disagree with what was said. I think we will have a mass murderer like
:42:34. > :42:39.Stalin and Pinochet who committed the worst state-led massacre against
:42:40. > :42:43.the anti-coup protesters in their cities, and he's now using the
:42:44. > :42:48.Egyptian judiciary as another oppression tool to continue his
:42:49. > :42:53.violent crackdown against anyone who opposes him. You are comparing Al
:42:54. > :42:59.Sisi to Stalin? Yes, of course, what we have seen two days ago the dead
:43:00. > :43:06.sentence to more than -- death sentence to more than 500 people.
:43:07. > :43:16.Stall Len who went on to be response -- Stalin who was responsible for
:43:17. > :43:20.many millions of peoples death, you are comparison, you are happy with
:43:21. > :43:25.the comparison? He will not hesitate in killing hundreds of thousands,
:43:26. > :43:33.women, children, men or anyone who opposed him. The suggestion is Al
:43:34. > :43:39.Sisi will be a new Stalin, convince add pattern of dictatorship is
:43:40. > :43:45.already there? You can suggest to anybody, you can suggest Hitler, to
:43:46. > :43:51.husband he is a hero, to us he as going to be a reformer. To us he
:43:52. > :43:58.saved us from a Civil War. To us he is the one we called upon and he
:43:59. > :44:06.didn't come on his own, certainly he came out of necessity and not out of
:44:07. > :44:11.desire. This is one thing. One forgets all the attacks against the
:44:12. > :44:16.police, all the attacks, the persistent murder of policemen, of
:44:17. > :44:23.army people, and of ordinary civilians, who have been living with
:44:24. > :44:29.that since the 30th of June. You are clearly never going to sign up to Al
:44:30. > :44:35.Sisi. The wider point is an attempt at democracy in 2012 failed. The
:44:36. > :44:40.Muslim Brotherhood grabbed extra powers for the President and people
:44:41. > :44:44.do want some kind of stability? I totally disagree, there were
:44:45. > :44:48.mistakes from the Muslim Brotherhood but within a democratic system, the
:44:49. > :44:52.only tool to determine whether this is right or wrong was the ballot
:44:53. > :44:56.box. What Abudl Al Sisi did on the 3rd July was a military coup. He
:44:57. > :45:01.ousted the first democratically elected President ever in the
:45:02. > :45:05.history of Egypt. Now there are more than 22,000 innocents in jail,
:45:06. > :45:09.children, women, even journalist, now he is killing committed
:45:10. > :45:15.atrocities. Mass killings against anyone who opposes him. In the day
:45:16. > :45:21.that he announced his presidential bid, a 14-year-old boy was killed by
:45:22. > :45:30.his forces. Where should people in Egypt accept that kind of crackdown
:45:31. > :45:35.on their political opponents? First of all the former President was
:45:36. > :45:40.removed not by military coup but popular impeach: Meaning the people
:45:41. > :45:44.have asked that -- impeachment, mean the people asked that the President
:45:45. > :45:49.who has violated his mandate to be removed. Other people are protesting
:45:50. > :45:55.for the last nine months, don't they have the right? I am afraid we must
:45:56. > :45:59.leave it there, it will be fascinating to see how it unfolds,
:46:00. > :46:03.the two of are you very opposed to each other's views, we must leave it
:46:04. > :46:07.there I'm afraid. That is all for tonight. But just in case you missed
:46:08. > :46:12.it, the Education Secretary was taking questions from schoolchildren
:46:13. > :46:26.as part of the BBC's School Report, he let slip as you well know his
:46:27. > :46:30.well known love of Chap Hop. I was wondering could you give us a taster
:46:31. > :46:36.of your favourite rap, as you have recently said you liked rap. I have
:46:37. > :46:42.got so many, the first rap I liked was the What happens Rap, with
:46:43. > :46:46.Andrew ridgely and George Mike KACHLT "take a look at me, I have
:46:47. > :46:51.credibility, I have good time with the boys I meet on the line"
:46:52. > :46:55.# What happens balm # I am the man
:46:56. > :47:12.# You can't tell me that I'm not # Do you
:47:13. > :47:15.# Enjoy what to do ?
:47:16. > :47:22.Heavy showers in south wells, rain in Northern Ireland, but not all day
:47:23. > :47:23.long. There will be sunny spells across