:00:00. > :00:11.sandstorm hitting the south-east of England to wake people up to the
:00:12. > :00:16.fact that a pollution is a real and present danger in the UK. Newsnight
:00:17. > :00:20.has found out there have been 60 similar incidents in the last five
:00:21. > :00:23.years, none of them has received this level of media attention. We
:00:24. > :00:28.ask the World Health Organisation how seriously we should be taking
:00:29. > :00:33.this. Jimmy Carter, the 37th President of the United States tells
:00:34. > :00:36.Newsnight how he would deal with intelligence whistle-blower, Edward
:00:37. > :00:42.Snowden, if he were still in the White House. If he comes home and
:00:43. > :00:46.tried and guilty and incarcerated and if I was President, a lot of if,
:00:47. > :00:52.I would certainly consider giving him pardon. A remarkable story from
:00:53. > :00:59.the Rwandan genocide. He said you can't kill these people, you can't
:01:00. > :01:03.take them out at all. I refuse that. And he offered him arms and said if
:01:04. > :01:09.you want to take them, you kill me. 20 years on we tell the incredible
:01:10. > :01:15.story of the unsung UN peacekeeper who saved hundreds of lives. As the
:01:16. > :01:19.Royal Shakespeare Company revive as trio of Jacobean play, unlike most
:01:20. > :01:24.of the works of the barred gave women top billing, Fiona and show is
:01:25. > :01:33.here to debate putting women in their place.
:01:34. > :01:38.Good evening, the Saharan dust, which mixed with other pollutants
:01:39. > :01:42.has been caution itchy eyes, noses and breathing difficulties in much
:01:43. > :01:46.of the UK has raised alarm about increased levels of pollution. But
:01:47. > :01:57.Newsnight's analysis suggests these levels are not at all unusual, just
:01:58. > :02:04.we are normally unaware of them. None of this is new, of course, in
:02:05. > :02:08.1903 when Monet set his easal next to the Thames, he said a London
:02:09. > :02:12.without its fog would not be a beautiful city. 111 years later and
:02:13. > :02:18.to the naked eye the picture is much clearer. But pollution readings over
:02:19. > :02:21.the past week have alarmed scientists and medical doctors.
:02:22. > :02:24.Today London and the south-east both hit the highest alert levels set by
:02:25. > :02:28.the Government. The Prime Minister described the capital's atmosphere
:02:29. > :02:32.as unpleasant. In the time that Monet painted that picture, most of
:02:33. > :02:35.the pollution in London and most of the cities in the UK came from coal
:02:36. > :02:39.burning, there was a period in the 1990s where we felt like we had
:02:40. > :02:43.largely dealt with air pollution as an urban problem. We haven't, what
:02:44. > :02:47.has happened since then is the amount of pollution from traffic and
:02:48. > :02:50.industries has increased and as we are seeing this week pollution is
:02:51. > :02:56.still a problem which affects many cities in Europe and the UK. How
:02:57. > :03:04.often does this happen? The answer is far more often than maybe you
:03:05. > :03:09.would think. This is the governments pollution map, London and east yang
:03:10. > :03:12.are at the top level, meaning everyone with breathing difficulties
:03:13. > :03:17.should avoid strenuous activities, warning was in place for four other
:03:18. > :03:21.regions. Forget the media coverage and go back a week, similar
:03:22. > :03:24.Government alerts at level ten were again in force, this time in the
:03:25. > :03:28.East Midlands and Yorkshire and Humberside and only picked up by
:03:29. > :03:33.handful of local papers. In fact, Newsnight has found that over the
:03:34. > :03:38.past five years there have been 422 incidents of high air pollution at
:03:39. > :03:50.level seven or above. With 61 incidents at the top level of ten,
:03:51. > :03:54.very few were publicised If pollution is common why all the
:03:55. > :04:01.media attention from politicians and media. In big towns it is almost
:04:02. > :04:05.impossible to see at street level. Modern air pollution comes from
:04:06. > :04:10.vehicle emission, microscopic and impossible to see with the naked
:04:11. > :04:17.eye. In this case southerly winds have been blowing up from North
:04:18. > :04:21.Africa, when it rains sand from The Sahara has been dumped on cars and
:04:22. > :04:25.windows so we can see and feel it. It is easy to see the dust, it is
:04:26. > :04:28.there. The types of pollution that we are measuring in the monitoring
:04:29. > :04:32.networks and the types of pollution that have an affect on people's
:04:33. > :04:37.health are microscopic particle, particles about the size of a virus.
:04:38. > :04:40.So small that when you breathe them in they can get deep into the lining
:04:41. > :04:43.of your lungs and make it through into the bloodstream. That is the
:04:44. > :04:46.main difference between how pollution used to be in London and
:04:47. > :04:51.the types of pollution we have now. But there may be a second simple
:04:52. > :04:55.reason for all this media attention. On Tuesday responsibility for
:04:56. > :05:02.forecasting pollution levels switched from the aDomic energy
:05:03. > :05:08.agency to the Met Office. While That means those alerts suddenly started
:05:09. > :05:13.to show up regularly on the weather forecasts. The effect of all this on
:05:14. > :05:18.health is hard to measure, at least in the short-term. Today the Prime
:05:19. > :05:20.Minister gave up his normal morning jog because of the pollution scare,
:05:21. > :05:24.though he then appeared to play it down, calling it a natural
:05:25. > :05:29.phenomenon. But the Government's own advisers on this estimate air
:05:30. > :05:33.pollution is factor in at least 29,000 early deaths a year in the
:05:34. > :05:37.UK. More than twice as many as passive smoking.
:05:38. > :05:44.Exposure to air pollution in the UK leads to an average shortening of
:05:45. > :05:48.life for about six months. On high-pollution days those most at
:05:49. > :05:51.risk are the elderly and those P with preexisting conditions. These
:05:52. > :05:54.people are more likely to develop symptoms and leading to emergency
:05:55. > :05:58.hospital admission or even death. The deaths that occur on
:05:59. > :06:02.high-pollution days are thought to be people who will woo die within a
:06:03. > :06:05.few weeks any way and the pollution is putting them over the edge. What
:06:06. > :06:12.can pollutions and Government do this be this? Last month Paris
:06:13. > :06:16.imposed emergency measures only allowing those with even or odd
:06:17. > :06:20.number plates drive on alternate days in the city centre. The
:06:21. > :06:24.Government had agreed to bring air pollution down to safe levels by
:06:25. > :06:28.2015, they have said that won't happen until 2025, the delay means
:06:29. > :06:31.the UK is facing legal action from the European Commission and a group
:06:32. > :06:37.of environmental lawyers. I believe that we have a riot to breathe clean
:06:38. > :06:44.air, I believe that -- a right to breathe clean air strikes and I
:06:45. > :06:48.believe we shouldn't havor woey -- shouldn't have to worry about
:06:49. > :06:53.children breathing clean air. It is a major problem and isn't being
:06:54. > :06:58.taken seriously, I think we need to take legal action and force
:06:59. > :07:01.Government to do something about it. Saharan sand will wash off soon
:07:02. > :07:05.enough and the smog will left. It is the effect of regularly breaching
:07:06. > :07:09.pollution controls in the long-term that could be the cost to the
:07:10. > :07:12.environment and to our health. We asked to speak to someone from the
:07:13. > :07:15.department for the environment and from the Department of Health, but
:07:16. > :07:22.we were told no-one was available. So to discuss this I'm joined now by
:07:23. > :07:27.an expert in air pollution from the World Health Organisation, and Roy
:07:28. > :07:30.Harris a Professor of Environmental Health from the University of
:07:31. > :07:35.Birmingham. First of all I suppose we should be thankful for the
:07:36. > :07:39.Saharan sandstorm because it has alerted ordinary people to the
:07:40. > :07:43.presence of quite often high levels of air pollution? I think you are
:07:44. > :07:46.right. What it has done is to reinforce the high levels that we
:07:47. > :07:51.would have been seeing any way because of the air coming over from
:07:52. > :07:57.the near continent. But it is very obvious the way it is soiling the
:07:58. > :08:02.cars and windows and so on. It has very much highlighted the issue,
:08:03. > :08:10.which is very good news for us. 422 incidents in the last five years of
:08:11. > :08:13.pollution levels between 7 and 10, 29,000 premature deaths what should
:08:14. > :08:16.the Government do about it? Legislation operates at a number of
:08:17. > :08:19.levels it is not purely in the hand of the UK Government. It is also the
:08:20. > :08:24.European Union which has actually been very active in the past in
:08:25. > :08:29.driving forward policies on air quality. The only answer in the long
:08:30. > :08:32.run is to reduce emission, there are many ways of doing that. It is not
:08:33. > :08:36.cheap do it and much has been achieved in the past. But if we want
:08:37. > :08:39.to see air quality improve in future, reductions in emissions is
:08:40. > :08:45.the only way to do it. You talk about the EU, and coming to you
:08:46. > :08:49.doctor, at the moment let's deal with the UK first. The EU has
:08:50. > :08:58.launched legal proceedings against the UK because it has failed to
:08:59. > :09:03.reach the levels of chemicals requested. How bad is Britain's
:09:04. > :09:08.record in this? The World Health Organisation has said in some norms
:09:09. > :09:12.and standards, most of the European countries are following those
:09:13. > :09:16.standards and they don't deviate much from that, except on
:09:17. > :09:20.exceptional occasions. But it is true that we would like to see an
:09:21. > :09:25.increase and improvement on the way we are dealing with air pollution in
:09:26. > :09:29.the fact that we need to breathe clean air if we want to have a
:09:30. > :09:33.better health. So we would like to see in the European countries, even
:09:34. > :09:38.if they are among the best countries in the world, an increase and an
:09:39. > :09:42.improvement in the situation. That will be resulting in a better health
:09:43. > :09:51.for everyone. That is primarily by reducing C O2 emissions? We need to
:09:52. > :09:56.do a kind of diagnosis. It will be depending very much on each city.
:09:57. > :10:02.You need to do an assessment from where those sources of emissions are
:10:03. > :10:07.coming. In most parts of the time the emissions are coming from
:10:08. > :10:14.traffic, so taking decisions on a more sustainable public transport
:10:15. > :10:18.system, energy efficiency for the buildings, and measure that is will
:10:19. > :10:23.increase the possibility for cities to work and to bike -- citizens to
:10:24. > :10:26.work and bike and have a better lifestyle, reducing the use of
:10:27. > :10:29.private vehicles will be contributing to the reduction of the
:10:30. > :10:34.emissions. As mentioned it is difficult but it is physical, it is
:10:35. > :10:40.feasible and it is demonstrated as possible. There are many experiences
:10:41. > :10:44.proving that. Clearly David Cameron took it seriously this morning, he
:10:45. > :10:49.didn't go for his jog. But do we have to take measures like they have
:10:50. > :10:52.done in par risks for example, in -- Paris, for example, in city centres
:10:53. > :10:56.to limit traffic at any one time. Do we have to do radical things like
:10:57. > :11:02.that? I don't think these kinds of panic measure, such as they took in
:11:03. > :11:05.Paris are terribly effective. You need long-term action and more
:11:06. > :11:10.widespread action. This pollution arises not only from emissions, very
:11:11. > :11:13.locally, it is not only emissions in London that affect London, it is
:11:14. > :11:19.emissions right over the European continent. For some pollutants even
:11:20. > :11:24.further away than Europe. You need a bigger action than that. That is KWL
:11:25. > :11:27.why I think the main driver should be an action at European level
:11:28. > :11:31.because the commission has the power to take action on these things. It
:11:32. > :11:35.made proposals in December of last year, forthure changes in air
:11:36. > :11:42.quality policy, which quite frankly I regard as complacent. So would you
:11:43. > :11:45.agree that more can be done at the European level, are you happy in
:11:46. > :11:53.relation to what is happening for example in China that Europe overall
:11:54. > :11:58.is performing reasonably well? I think it is quite clear that the
:11:59. > :12:03.measures in Europe, but as well the cities can take certain measures, it
:12:04. > :12:08.is difficult for the citizens for themselves. It is going beyond the
:12:09. > :12:12.controls of individuals in many places, you can't decide the quality
:12:13. > :12:21.of the air you breathe. But by raising awareness, the citizens can
:12:22. > :12:27.put a lot of generating pressures on policy by measures of city, national
:12:28. > :12:32.and international levels, that is extremely important. I would like to
:12:33. > :12:37.remind that there was a report presented a couple of weeks ago, one
:12:38. > :12:42.week ago saying that we have an estimate of seven million deaths
:12:43. > :12:47.linked to air pollution globally, which makes air pollution one of the
:12:48. > :12:53.most significant global risks for health. It is clear that most of
:12:54. > :12:57.those deaths are occurring in low and middle income countries, but
:12:58. > :13:02.still, we are very much concerned as citizens from all around the world.
:13:03. > :13:09.We have measures that have proved to be effect yes . The former US
:13:10. > :13:15.President, Jimmy Carter has told Newsnight that if he was still in
:13:16. > :13:18.the White House he would consider pardoning Snowden. In a wide-ranging
:13:19. > :13:22.interview, starting with a discussion about his new book, A
:13:23. > :13:25.Call To Action, which decries the world's discrimination of violence
:13:26. > :13:28.against women and girls, President Carter goes on to claim that US
:13:29. > :13:32.influence in the world has been damaged in recent years by American
:13:33. > :13:35.involvement in so many wars. He was the last US President to visit Iran
:13:36. > :13:43.and was in the White House during the embassy hostage crisis in which
:13:44. > :13:47.52 Americans were held for 444 days. First his book, I put it to him he
:13:48. > :13:51.seemed very troubled by elements of organised religion that do great
:13:52. > :13:55.damage to women. I'm deeply troubled, it is not just religion.
:13:56. > :14:00.Quite often the secular world is the most guilty of persecuting women.
:14:01. > :14:06.For instance in my country we pay women 23% less than we do men for
:14:07. > :14:10.the same work. We have tremendous sexual assaults on our college
:14:11. > :14:13.campuses and even our greatest universities, they have the same
:14:14. > :14:17.thing that happens within the mill treatment and we have a -- military,
:14:18. > :14:21.and we have a terrible degree of slave trade in America. The US State
:14:22. > :14:26.Department is required by law to do this every year now, reported it
:14:27. > :14:30.last year, 100,000 young girls were sold into sexual slavery in the
:14:31. > :14:34.United States itself. In the book you look at different countries, and
:14:35. > :14:38.you focus for a very short while on Saudi Arabia, and you talk about
:14:39. > :14:44.Saudi Arabia's upping of oil production in the Iran-Iraq War
:14:45. > :14:49.coming to America's aid. I wonder if you pull your punches in Saudi
:14:50. > :14:53.Arabia, as you say 78% of female graduates are unemployed because of
:14:54. > :15:02.religious and cultural opposition. That is dreadful figure that? It is,
:15:03. > :15:06.at least under King Abdullah the women have been given a free chance
:15:07. > :15:09.for higher education and college and even up to graduate level. When they
:15:10. > :15:15.do finish college training they have a very difficult time within the
:15:16. > :15:23.Saudi culture to actually get a productive job. And they are
:15:24. > :15:31.obviously constrained still by the customs that a woman has to be
:15:32. > :15:36.escorted by man on the street, can't drive an car or ride a bicycle. At
:15:37. > :15:41.the moment the Iranians are trying to send a new ambassador to the UN
:15:42. > :15:44.who was one of the hostage takers at the American Embassy in Tehran,
:15:45. > :15:51.should America give him a visa or not? I hope so, I see no reason to
:15:52. > :15:54.prevent this person of serving as the official representative of Iran.
:15:55. > :16:00.You have to remember that those people who took my hostages back in
:16:01. > :16:05.1979 were college student, they were young people, I don't think they
:16:06. > :16:11.should be held culpable for that incident now 35 years later. On the
:16:12. > :16:14.broader question of American foreign policy, President Obama has been
:16:15. > :16:21.criticised for not taking a firmer stand on Crimea. Do you worry about
:16:22. > :16:25.renewed Russian expansionism? Well I don't think there was any way to
:16:26. > :16:28.prevent Putin from going in to Crimea, no matter what the European
:16:29. > :16:34.Union did, no matter what the Americans did. That was still going
:16:35. > :16:39.to happen. Because I have known this situation for 35 or 40 years and
:16:40. > :16:45.there is no doubt that Russians all considered Crimea to be part of
:16:46. > :16:48.Russia and about three-quarters of the Crimean people who speak Russian
:16:49. > :16:51.wanted to be part of Russia. That was a foregone conclusion. I think
:16:52. > :16:57.the Russian military advance has to be stopped there. I don't think we
:16:58. > :17:04.can permit Russia to have military adventures in other parts of eastern
:17:05. > :17:09.Ukraine. Is America in a way damaged by very different things, of
:17:10. > :17:15.Afghanistan and Iraq, do you think it has reduced America's confidence
:17:16. > :17:23.in itself and its confidence in pursuing an act of foreign policy of
:17:24. > :17:26.prevention? I think it has been some what damaging. America is still the
:17:27. > :17:30.most powerful nation in the world there is no doubt about that, our
:17:31. > :17:33.military, economic power and cultural influence, all I think are
:17:34. > :17:38.still the most powerful. We are the only superpower in the world. But I
:17:39. > :17:43.think that our influence has been a damage to some degree by constantly
:17:44. > :17:46.going into bilateral wars. I mentioned in my book that since the
:17:47. > :17:51.Second World War, since the United Nations was founded, ostensibly to
:17:52. > :17:56.put an to end this kind of thing that the United States has been
:17:57. > :17:59.involved in about 30 countries, and armed conflict. I think that is one
:18:00. > :18:02.of the things that has given our country bad reputation as far as
:18:03. > :18:06.peace and human rights is concerned. One thing that you are, you have
:18:07. > :18:12.been talking about recently is the fact that you use what is called
:18:13. > :18:15."snail mail", that you actually write everything down. I wonder the
:18:16. > :18:18.whole US scandal over intelligence, do you think the intelligence
:18:19. > :18:25.gathering in the United States is out of control? Yes I do. I think it
:18:26. > :18:33.got out of control after 9/11. When I was in the White House I passed an
:18:34. > :18:39.act called the FISA Act, that required before any single telephone
:18:40. > :18:44.conversation was monitored, that a very balanced judge, panel of judges
:18:45. > :18:48.had to approve it. That was completely eliminated after 9/11.
:18:49. > :18:53.And I think the intelligence committees of the House and Senate
:18:54. > :18:56.in the United States Congress, have passed legislation which other
:18:57. > :19:00.members of Congress were not permitted because it was top secret.
:19:01. > :19:04.I think the NSA went further than the legislation permitted. In your
:19:05. > :19:07.view, what about Edward Snowden, should he be allowed to come home
:19:08. > :19:14.without fear of being locked up for the rest of his life? Well, I'm not
:19:15. > :19:17.advising him what to do, but if he comes home, it is obvious that
:19:18. > :19:21.Edward Snowden has violated laws and he will have to be put on trial, if
:19:22. > :19:28.he comes home and is tried and found guilty, if he was incarcerated and I
:19:29. > :19:32.was President, a lot of "ifs" then I would certainly consider giving him
:19:33. > :19:37.a pardon! But it would be based on the fact that the punishment, in my
:19:38. > :19:45.own personal opinion, exceeded the harm that he did to our country.
:19:46. > :19:50.Thank you very much indeed. It was the political scandal that put some
:19:51. > :19:55.MPs in jail, but today the cabinet minister, Maria Miller got the
:19:56. > :19:59.fulsome support of the Prime Minister, despite the fact she was
:20:00. > :20:05.censured by the Standards Committee for hindering an inquiry into her
:20:06. > :20:10.expenses claims. She was forced into a humiliating apology on the floor
:20:11. > :20:16.of the House and has to repay overpaid accommodation expenses.
:20:17. > :20:20.What happened to tough David Cameron on cleaning up expenses. What
:20:21. > :20:23.exactly did she do? She is one of four women in the cabinet. That is
:20:24. > :20:27.politically significant, she was accused of claiming ?90,000 worth of
:20:28. > :20:31.tax-payers' money for a house where she lived with her parents. Now,
:20:32. > :20:35.what the commission has decided in all their wisdom is that arrangement
:20:36. > :20:39.in principle was OK, but she did overcharge a little bit and an
:20:40. > :20:45.administrativer Yorks they called t as a result she's having to pay back
:20:46. > :20:49.nearly ?6,000. Humiliating she became the first serving cabinet
:20:50. > :20:53.minister to have to say sorry from the benches of the House of Commons.
:20:54. > :20:59.After an investigation of nearly a year-and-a-half, it came down to
:21:00. > :21:03.this 32-second apology. With permission With permission I wish to
:21:04. > :21:08.make a personal statement after today's report. It resulted in an
:21:09. > :21:11.allegation made by a member, the committee has dismissed the
:21:12. > :21:17.allegation. The committee has recommended that I apologise to the
:21:18. > :21:22.House for my attitude to the commissioner's inquiries, and I of
:21:23. > :21:25.course unreservedly apologise. I fully accept the recommendations of
:21:26. > :21:31.the committee, and thank them for bringing this matter to an end. Not
:21:32. > :21:35.exactly contrite, and not just the fact that she gave such a short
:21:36. > :21:38.apology, you might think she was in disGRASHGS but look at this, behind
:21:39. > :21:42.her, not just your normal backbenchers, or Government whip,
:21:43. > :21:46.but the cabinet minister Jeremy Hunt who moved from the front bench to
:21:47. > :21:50.the backbench to give her visible support, and Sir George Young a very
:21:51. > :21:53.senior Conservative indeed. That tells us that the tof the
:21:54. > :21:58.Conservative Party is tonight fully behind her.
:21:59. > :22:01.Did she sort of get off? The independent commissioner,
:22:02. > :22:06.fascinatingly, the independent, overseen by a member of MPs said she
:22:07. > :22:11.should have paid back ?40,000. What is also striking is the tone of her
:22:12. > :22:15.letters to the commissioner, where she really, really dragged her feet
:22:16. > :22:18.at every step of the way. And that is actually what landed her in
:22:19. > :22:22.trouble. One MP said to me it was the bullying way that she tried to
:22:23. > :22:25.get out of it that actually led to her having to say sorry. It is
:22:26. > :22:30.extraordinary because at the height of the expenses scandal, when people
:22:31. > :22:34.were guilty, I have to say, lots of people went to jail? They did, and
:22:35. > :22:38.believe it or not it is five years since that all blew up in the first
:22:39. > :22:42.place. What is interesting is that many MPs I have spoken to today have
:22:43. > :22:47.said the rules are ING Chad, we have all moved on and nobody thinks that
:22:48. > :22:51.she was fiddling things on purpose, she made mistakes. The public might
:22:52. > :22:57.feel rather differently. Tonight a couple of the front pages. The Times
:22:58. > :23:03.here, "fury grows as expenses row minister clings to job" and "MPs
:23:04. > :23:09.compeer to save Miller". One of the problems was MPs were judging
:23:10. > :23:14.themselves, that is part of what is happening in this case. This weekend
:23:15. > :23:20.it will be exactly 20 years since the start of the genocide in Rwanda
:23:21. > :23:25.when ethnic Hutus started to wipe out minority ethnic Tutsis and
:23:26. > :23:30.moderate Hutus too. 00,000 people were killed in three short months
:23:31. > :23:33.and thousand of women raped. Few of the perpetrators have ever been
:23:34. > :23:39.brought to justice t amongst the horror were acts of goodness too. An
:23:40. > :23:44.unarmed United Nations peacekeeper from Senegal personally saved
:23:45. > :23:46.hundreds of lives. The BBC's international development
:23:47. > :23:53.correspondent covered the genocide back in 1994. Now, with the passing
:23:54. > :23:58.of time, Mark returned to Rwanda to explore his story, a story which has
:23:59. > :24:05.never been told in full before. Mark's film contains some extremely
:24:06. > :24:09.disturbing images. Automatic fire could be heard from
:24:10. > :24:13.invite the city. In the midst of the horror of the genocide an
:24:14. > :24:25.extraordinary man saved hundreds of lives. Cap Dane Diane was an unarmed
:24:26. > :24:32.observer from the African state of Senegal. In 1994 there was a small
:24:33. > :24:35.peacekeeping force in Rwanda. When violence engulfed the country the
:24:36. > :24:41.force was totally overwhelmed, but the captain was not. Going well
:24:42. > :24:48.beyond his official mandate he set out to rescue as many people as he
:24:49. > :24:52.could. One of the first people to be targeted by the Government-sponsored
:24:53. > :24:56.killers was the Prime Minister. She and her husband were murdered in
:24:57. > :25:00.their residence. But they had managed to hide their children, who
:25:01. > :25:05.were also in the sights of the killers in a neighbouring house,
:25:06. > :25:09.where forreners lived. The daughter of the assassinated Prime Minister
:25:10. > :25:14.has never spoken about these traumatic events before. Or about
:25:15. > :25:45.the role the captain had in saving her life 20 years ago.
:25:46. > :25:50.There was some debate about UN official about what to do with the
:25:51. > :25:55.children. The UN mandate was to observe. It wasn't clear what it was
:25:56. > :26:01.supposed to do when it came to saving Rwandans. But on humanitarian
:26:02. > :26:08.ground the captain decided to act any way. He bundled the children
:26:09. > :26:10.into his car, hid them under a tarpaulin and drove them to the
:26:11. > :27:00.safety of the hotel. The commander of the UN peacekeeping
:27:01. > :27:07.force in Rwanda in 1994 was Canadian general Romeo Dallaire. There is no
:27:08. > :27:11.way to describe how gutsy he was, it was the Victoria Cross type of
:27:12. > :27:15.action. Millions of people were displaced as the conflict escalate.
:27:16. > :27:23.Most Rwandans and other Africans were left to their fate. This
:27:24. > :27:28.horrified captain Mbaye was spurred on. There was no grand plan left,
:27:29. > :27:31.the UN in fact three weeks into the genocide was still arguing whether
:27:32. > :27:36.or not I was allowed to protect anybody. And so they are debating it
:27:37. > :27:40.meanwhile we are in the field and guys like Mbaye are saving bodies
:27:41. > :27:44.left right and centre, pulling them out and trying to get them to the
:27:45. > :27:51.airport. It was a core of people who had a sense of humanity that went
:27:52. > :27:55.well beyond their orders. The militia tried time after time to
:27:56. > :28:01.break into the hotel where Marie Christine and hundreds of others
:28:02. > :28:05.were hiding. Survivors say Captain Mbaye, who was stationed there, was
:28:06. > :28:12.the key man in a thin blue line of UN peacekeepers who kept the militia
:28:13. > :28:17.out. This doctor was among those hiding at the hotel. As the battle
:28:18. > :28:22.for central Kigali raged and the militias were hammering at the door,
:28:23. > :28:26.Captain Mbaye ordered a convoy of lorries to take some of them to
:28:27. > :28:30.safety. But the militia attacked the convoy on this hill. They tried to
:28:31. > :28:35.pull us out. They climbed on top of the lorry to pull you out? To pull
:28:36. > :28:39.us out. What was the captain doing at that time? He said you can't pull
:28:40. > :28:44.these people, you can't kill these people, you can't take them out at
:28:45. > :28:56.all. I refuse that. And he offered these arms, if you want to take them
:28:57. > :29:00.you first kill me. To find out more about what made this extraordinary
:29:01. > :29:06.army captain tick, I drafted to his home country of Senegal to meet his
:29:07. > :29:12.family. In the living room a citation of bravery from the state
:29:13. > :29:14.department in Washington. It said Captain Mbaye personally saved as
:29:15. > :29:52.many as 600 lives. Do you remember anything else about
:29:53. > :29:59.that last conversation that you had? Captain Mbaye's luck ran out on May
:30:00. > :30:04.31st 1994. There had been talk on the walkie talkies of a military
:30:05. > :30:08.observer having been killed near the Kigali nightclub, and Captain Mbaye
:30:09. > :30:15.had stopped at that checkpoint, it was quite clear that a mortar bomb
:30:16. > :30:19.or rocket had landed just behind the driver's position, because there was
:30:20. > :30:26.shrapnel that had gone through the passenger door and we know that some
:30:27. > :30:29.of that shrapnel hit Captain Mbaye's head. There was blood on the seat
:30:30. > :30:31.and that had gathered in the foot well as well. And that's how he
:30:32. > :31:16.died. So one man saved hundreds of lives
:31:17. > :31:23.in Rwanda. But the genocide claimed 800,000, there is no moral
:31:24. > :31:27.equivalence. But we now know that one man with extraordinary courage
:31:28. > :31:43.did simply what he thought was right. Desdemona, Opheila, Titania,
:31:44. > :31:48.even the impossible shre wait, it is hard to think of any of them
:31:49. > :31:53.triumphing in Shakespeare's plays, some of his less well known cop temp
:31:54. > :31:57.radios wrote plays featuring bold female characters. Now the RSA is
:31:58. > :32:04.attempting to make good the deficit and putting on three of them under
:32:05. > :32:17.the titles of The Roaring Girl. Here is a clip of the play, spliced with
:32:18. > :32:23.the views of the director, Joe Davies. I described it to someone
:32:24. > :32:35.the other day as a Jacobean pussy ride, you get the sense of the
:32:36. > :32:39.energy of the piece! She quip, s, she smokes she sings, and a force of
:32:40. > :32:57.nature the moment she steps on the stage. Joining me are my guests.
:32:58. > :32:59.Fiona. First of all, you know Shakespeare's plays intimately, do
:33:00. > :33:06.you think it was his way of doing it, or was the stories that he was
:33:07. > :33:11.telling that was it? To make the women... Secondary? : He doesn't
:33:12. > :33:17.always make them secondary, some of them are very central. Rosalind is
:33:18. > :33:21.very central, they are secondary in the universe, the world they are
:33:22. > :33:25.unifying usually ends in marriage. Where as the man's world is some how
:33:26. > :33:29.broader and more philosophical. You do feel that the women are just
:33:30. > :33:34.heading towards marriage. That is probably the limitation of it. Did
:33:35. > :33:37.Shakespeare had any limitations put on him, or were they
:33:38. > :33:41.self-limitations. There was the limitation of the fact that the
:33:42. > :33:45.female parts were played by male actors, essentially the theatrical
:33:46. > :33:50.profession was like a guild or trade. So the apprentice, the young
:33:51. > :33:58.men, teenage boys played the female parts. So inevitably the likelihood
:33:59. > :34:04.is the dramatist will of give the most grown-up parts to the lead
:34:05. > :34:10.actors and secondary parts to the younger actors. Not in the Jacobean
:34:11. > :34:15.plays? Two are Jacobean and a little later. The one I'm most interested
:34:16. > :34:20.in is Elizabethan, that is the earlier play and has the biggest
:34:21. > :34:25.part of the Elizabethan era but played by a boy actor. It doesn't
:34:26. > :34:29.end in marriage likes the Shakespeare ones, it begins in
:34:30. > :34:32.marriage, she has an fair and she and her lover kill the husband. On
:34:33. > :34:41.the basis of what the plays show about the male character, there is a
:34:42. > :34:44.lot of anteriority about the men in Shakespeare, women don't get that? I
:34:45. > :34:49.don't know if that is true. They mention some wonderful things about
:34:50. > :34:56.themselves, you mentioned about the annoying shrew, when it is said
:34:57. > :35:03."good morrow Kate I hear that is your name", and she says, "they call
:35:04. > :35:07.me Katherine", her protection of her own name is her desire to be taken
:35:08. > :35:13.seriously. He was sympathetic in that way to them. He puts them
:35:14. > :35:19.through some strange things, Viola getting thrown up on a shore and the
:35:20. > :35:23.forests foreanother. They are bigger than they started out as. Do you
:35:24. > :35:28.think they have a universality. The whole idea about Shakespeare is it
:35:29. > :35:31.is the universality that we can relate to now? My frustration is
:35:32. > :35:35.ultimately not with them, because Jonathan is right because the
:35:36. > :35:39.company composition and the way in which only male characters played
:35:40. > :35:45.female characters had a limitation. Just if their world ends in marriage
:35:46. > :35:48.and nowadays many women's lives begin with marriage and maybe
:35:49. > :35:53.another marriage the plays are not reflect, they are not a mirror up to
:35:54. > :35:58.nature to our experience of our entire lives. It is interesting that
:35:59. > :36:04.he has to have the Romeo Juliet and ant though and Cleopatra, he
:36:05. > :36:07.could have had a wonderful play with Cleopatra centre stage without
:36:08. > :36:13.Anthony. Cleopatra is an interesting cautious I have a feeling in the
:36:14. > :36:18.earlier part of Shakespeare's career when Queen Elizabeth is on the
:36:19. > :36:22.throne, and there is a court censor censoring the makes he would have
:36:23. > :36:26.been wary of having a powerful female ruler on stage for fear of
:36:27. > :36:33.offending Elizabeth. Once she is dead he can put the stronger women,
:36:34. > :36:38.Cleopatra and Lady Macbeth, and now it is King James on the thrown and
:36:39. > :36:44.can he explore women in tour -- on the throne and he can explore women
:36:45. > :36:49.in power. You played Richard II back in the 199 #0S, what was it like
:36:50. > :36:53.playing a male part? It was difficult, I missed that I hadn't a
:36:54. > :36:58.male history in my childhood in the playing of it, but it is in such
:36:59. > :37:03.high poetry that Richard II is hardly a man, he is a God-boy, I
:37:04. > :37:08.could do that I felt. I could play into the sense of an overblown sense
:37:09. > :37:12.of self and slowly he become as human being. In that way it was
:37:13. > :37:19.fantastic pleasure to reach down into someone whose relationship was
:37:20. > :37:26.to infinity rather than marriage. What about different ways of playing
:37:27. > :37:34.Sheikhs peer, -- Shakespeare, we have had all-female shakes ferrics
:37:35. > :37:40.and do -- Shakespeare, and do we have to keep doing it differently? I
:37:41. > :37:45.think we do. I think Shakespeare is always fascinated by cross-dressing,
:37:46. > :37:49.and in The Roaring Girl, it is a woman who cross dresses and so many
:37:50. > :37:55.of the best plays of that time are breaking down the traditional gender
:37:56. > :38:00.roles. It is really a time when the public theatre is taking off as a
:38:01. > :38:05.space where questions about traditional hierarchies, whether
:38:06. > :38:09.begined e respect for the young and -- gender, or respect for young and
:38:10. > :38:15.old are being questioneded. Your mind expands in the playing of them.
:38:16. > :38:19.Rosalind speaks in verse when she is tied up, when she gets to the forest
:38:20. > :38:23.it is prose, Beatrice is witty because she speaks in prose. There
:38:24. > :38:30.is literally a text that becomes like a musical notation, that makes
:38:31. > :38:35.the form itself expand. First the upmarket supermarket Waitrose hired
:38:36. > :38:39.Kate Middleton's sister to write for its monthly magazine, it's probably
:38:40. > :38:43.delighted that David Cameron became its unofficial cheer leader,
:38:44. > :38:46.offering his supermarket sociology that there is something about
:38:47. > :38:51.Waitrose customer, they are talkative and engaged people. Now
:38:52. > :38:59.one of the supermarket's most famous customer, he was called stuck up by
:39:00. > :39:03.Labour and a world away from most families who have to shop around for
:39:04. > :39:07.best prices. We went to do our own supermarket sweep. When you own
:39:08. > :39:12.something you care a little more. This is an advert for a leading high
:39:13. > :39:19.street grocer, I can only identify as Waitrose. And here is another
:39:20. > :39:24.plug for Waitrose. Or at least their shoppers. I have got an interesting
:39:25. > :39:28.supermarket piece of sociology for you, which is there is something
:39:29. > :39:32.about Waitrose customers is they are the most talkative. I find if I shop
:39:33. > :39:36.in Waitrose it takes me twice as long, because everybody wants to
:39:37. > :39:40.stop you and have a chat. Where as other supermarkets I can dart around
:39:41. > :39:49.quickly. That is something about your customers, they are talkative
:39:50. > :39:58.and engaged people. You might be tempted to say "bog off" to that, as
:39:59. > :40:02.in buy one get one free that is what gets me to the supermarket. Let's
:40:03. > :40:07.see what a shopping watcher makes of the PM's remarks. Statistically he's
:40:08. > :40:11.correct in that Waitrose shoppers are a class above everyone else, as
:40:12. > :40:17.in the proportion of their shoppers who come from the AB socioeconomic
:40:18. > :40:20.group, you and I might call middle council tax they have a far greater
:40:21. > :40:26.number than any other supermarket. I don't think he. I don't think he
:40:27. > :40:31.said they were nicer people, he said they were more edge gauged and
:40:32. > :40:35.talkative -- engaged and talkative? Some people have interpreted it as
:40:36. > :40:39.shorthand for a cut above. I'm not saying they are better people but
:40:40. > :40:42.they are more middle-class than Morrisons or Asda shoppers. More
:40:43. > :40:47.than half of all supermarket shoppers belong to the top
:40:48. > :40:52.socioeconomic groups, Morrisons' figures correspond closely to the
:40:53. > :40:56.average. At Waitrose stores more than three quarters of customers are
:40:57. > :41:02.from a professional background. But at Iceland roughly the same
:41:03. > :41:08.percentage are from the lower socioeconomic bands. No you haven't
:41:09. > :41:13.flipped over to National Geographic. What do we have here, this looks
:41:14. > :41:18.like something from a gym or a sauna rather than a supermarket? This is
:41:19. > :41:21.Morrisons very purposefully trying to appeal to the middle-classes
:41:22. > :41:25.with, it looks great, it is very theatrical, but this is going for
:41:26. > :41:29.the foodies, with the mist. I'm assured it service a purpose but I
:41:30. > :41:34.think it is mostly to look nice. Doesn't it keep everything fresh?
:41:35. > :41:38.Well. So would a chiller cabinet. This is interesting because
:41:39. > :41:42.Morrisons comes from, it is Bradford roots, it was a discount, value
:41:43. > :41:46.retailer, started by the Morrisons family, and it wants to appeal to a
:41:47. > :41:50.different type of people. How do you do it? Simply visually by making
:41:51. > :42:02.things look like they have come straight out a very upmarket Delhi.
:42:03. > :42:09.Deli. Some people it think it is what the hell? We offer a diversity
:42:10. > :42:12.of produce that people expect to BIECHLT we are a supermarket that
:42:13. > :42:19.represent people from all walks of life. You will see customers poor,
:42:20. > :42:27.rich, people from different ethnic communities and we are proud to
:42:28. > :42:34.serve them. Somebody compared the self-service store with a lending
:42:35. > :42:37.library. Once we all got used to the shock of
:42:38. > :42:42.the supermarket, pleasant or otherwise, it seemed as though there
:42:43. > :42:48.was a store to suit every pocket. Or rather class. In the classic British
:42:49. > :42:51.way. But new arrivals have helped to change that, say some. The biggest
:42:52. > :42:57.change we have seen over the last five years a very rapid growth of
:42:58. > :43:00.both Aldi and Lidl, and also Waitrose, which is putting pressure
:43:01. > :43:05.on what really is the middle ground on the larger group of supermarkets.
:43:06. > :43:10.And as those outlets have got bigger they have tended to move closer to
:43:11. > :43:13.the average. So Aldi and Lidl tend to have social demographics that are
:43:14. > :43:19.getting close to the national average, and the old stigma perhaps
:43:20. > :43:23.of carrying a shopping basket from there is rapidly disappearing. Would
:43:24. > :43:32.we find shoppers in Morrisons to live up to the PM's expectations of
:43:33. > :43:37.in-store banter? Is there anything to I what Mr Cameron says that in
:43:38. > :43:42.Waitrose you meet talkative people? Do you in here, I never use Waitrose
:43:43. > :43:49.I wouldn't know about it. Would you describe yourself as a Morrisons
:43:50. > :43:57.woman? No, I could be in Harrods one day and here the next. So was Mr
:43:58. > :44:00.Cameron well advised to big up his experiences at the supermarket or
:44:01. > :44:07.was it case of unexpected item in bragging area! We should also let
:44:08. > :44:14.you know that you can watch a longer version of our Rwanda film as part
:44:15. > :44:18.of the Our World strand this weekend on BBC News channel. Now one of the
:44:19. > :44:22.great lost treasures of British film has been improbably recovered from a
:44:23. > :44:28.Dutch archive. It is the silent movie Love Life and Laughter
:44:29. > :44:33.starring Betty Balfour and it has been on theritish Film Institute's
:44:34. > :44:38.most-wanted list for years. We have asked pianist Chris Rowe to play
:44:39. > :44:44.along to one of the scenes, the heroine in the bar is singing along
:44:45. > :44:56.to a tune well known from the 1920s, some of you may recognise it.
:44:57. > :45:46.This should be the last day of high pollution levels a change in wind
:45:47. > :45:51.direction tomorrow round to the south west will push that pollution
:45:52. > :45:54.out over the North Sea. Pleasant sunny spells breaking through across
:45:55. > :45:58.many parts of England, Wales and Northern Ireland, eventually central
:45:59. > :46:02.and southern Scotland. Sea mist may affect the east coast of Northern
:46:03. > :46:05.Ireland, but 14 degrees in land. The wind direction won't change across
:46:06. > :46:09.the east coast of Scotland, here staying pretty dull, cold and
:46:10. > :46:14.miserable, the north-east of England, offshore winds means a rise
:46:15. > :46:19.in temperature, but the south westly winds the key to pushing our
:46:20. > :46:20.pollution away across the rest of England and Wales. Still pretty mild