:00:12. > :00:20.warns Russia to back off eastern Ukraine or else. Or else what? With
:00:21. > :00:25.pro-Russian protestors unbowed, is the west's main weapon now bluster?
:00:26. > :00:33.Do Tory MPs want the Culture Secretary Miller to disappear? Well
:00:34. > :00:41.that's matter for her and the Prime Minister. I will make an
:00:42. > :00:44.observation, if I was in her position facing a difficult set of
:00:45. > :00:50.circumstances and a local election I wouldn't expect my colleagues to go
:00:51. > :00:57.around. We remember the Rwandan genocide? I covered my years, my
:00:58. > :01:01.family, my uncles family, I remember seeing all of them... It is said to
:01:02. > :01:14.be everywhere but we can't see it, are we about to find Dark Matter?
:01:15. > :01:22.Increasingly frantic appeals from people who say they are an oppressed
:01:23. > :01:26.minority. There is another way of looking at the crisis in Ukraine,
:01:27. > :01:32.Vladimir Putin sees the recent change of Government to be a coup
:01:33. > :01:37.carried out by Neo-Nazis. Could he order something similar to the
:01:38. > :01:41.seizing of Crimea in the rest of the country. A White House spokesman
:01:42. > :01:49.warned him to back off if he was planning anything like that overt or
:01:50. > :01:53.covert. We take stock. In the east Ukrainian city protesters have
:01:54. > :02:03.seized Government buildings and today announced the setting up of
:02:04. > :02:07.their own Republic. Russian TV made it their lead, while the interim
:02:08. > :02:15.Government in Kiev reeled from this fresh crisis. Somebody wants to make
:02:16. > :02:27.sure the new Government don't control all the country.
:02:28. > :02:37.It wasn't just there, here a security building was seized and in
:02:38. > :02:43.other cities there were clashes. If this apparent co-ordination was not
:02:44. > :02:47.suspicious enough, pro-Moscow activists in each city are talking
:02:48. > :02:52.about holding a referendum in the second week of May. Yesterday the
:02:53. > :02:57.second wave of the Russian federation's special operation
:02:58. > :03:00.against Ukraine started. The goal is to destablise the situation in the
:03:01. > :03:09.country, topple Ukrainian authorities, disrupt the elections
:03:10. > :03:12.and tear our country apart. Can troops close to Ukraine's borders
:03:13. > :03:17.the situation could now escalate very rapidly indeed. If it all seems
:03:18. > :03:22.like an exact replay of Crimea, it isn't quite. Crimean Government
:03:23. > :03:26.buildings were taken over by special for example where as those who
:03:27. > :03:30.started occupying buildings in eastern Ukraine yesterday are a more
:03:31. > :03:36.ran Dom selection of local toughs and activists, and it seems apparent
:03:37. > :03:43.that they don't want to unite with Russia, rather they want a new deal
:03:44. > :03:47.vis a vis Ukraine. I don't think if people demand freedom, democracy,
:03:48. > :04:00.the rights to vote, I don't think it is a bad thing. If Brussels will be
:04:01. > :04:06.taught they should respect the rights of the Ukrainian people.
:04:07. > :04:09.Nevertheless what was taken I think could be very good.
:04:10. > :04:14.The Russian goal is to create a new power structure in the Ukraine, in
:04:15. > :04:19.which the eastern provinces get federal powers and that allows them
:04:20. > :04:24.to stop any move for example closer to the EU by Ukraine as a whole. The
:04:25. > :04:28.reason though that this is going to become so dangerous is that many
:04:29. > :04:33.think the type of referendum now being proposed by the activists in
:04:34. > :04:38.the east can't take place. Unless there are Russian troops on the
:04:39. > :04:41.ground. So Ukraine's Government must now
:04:42. > :04:47.respond to this knowing much of the police in the east sides could be
:04:48. > :04:50.with Russian activists and there could be a large scale invasion
:04:51. > :05:14.triggered. Russia and the US have tonight been
:05:15. > :05:19.talking about renewed negotiations to resolve this crisis. And the
:05:20. > :05:24.stakes could hardly be higher. For the imperative now is not just to
:05:25. > :05:28.avoid conflict in eastern Ukraine but to prevent large scale western
:05:29. > :05:37.sanctions against Russia that could follow any invasion. Now we have
:05:38. > :05:42.President Obama's White House co-ordinator for weapons of mass
:05:43. > :05:48.destruction between 2009-2013, he's now at Harvard University, we have
:05:49. > :05:52.an expert in Russian foreign policy from St Anthony's College Oxford.
:05:53. > :06:02.What do you think is Putin's ambition in this situation? Well, I
:06:03. > :06:07.think President putt tin Putin is hoping to achieve this through the
:06:08. > :06:11.threat of force, including efforts to destablising eastern Ukraine. At
:06:12. > :06:16.the same time I am afraid if that doesn't work, if he's not able to
:06:17. > :06:22.achieve the changes in the Ukrainian institution constitution --
:06:23. > :06:28.constitutions he is seeking, I believe he's prepared to use force
:06:29. > :06:32.to seize and occupy parts of Ukraine. What is he seeking? Changes
:06:33. > :06:37.in the constitution of Ukraine that would protect Russian interests, so
:06:38. > :06:43.for example the proposals would make sure that the Government of Ukraine
:06:44. > :06:48.would not join any military alliance, for example, NATO. The
:06:49. > :06:52.propose changes would also create a federal structure so that the
:06:53. > :06:57.eastern provinces that are dominated by Russian speakers would constrain
:06:58. > :07:01.what the central Government in Kiev was prepared to do. And the Russians
:07:02. > :07:06.would like to see these changes put in place before the presidential
:07:07. > :07:11.elections in Ukraine that are scheduled for May 25th which, I
:07:12. > :07:15.don't think is very realistic, because the interim Government has
:07:16. > :07:21.not really been organised nor does it have the legitimacy to organise
:07:22. > :07:25.such a constitutional convention. So I'm afraid the Russians will push
:07:26. > :07:31.very hard. Let's see if there is a shared analysis? One thing is we
:07:32. > :07:35.overstrategyise Putin, we assume these are brilliant pre-laid plans.
:07:36. > :07:38.From the information coming out Crimea, the decision to take Crimea
:07:39. > :07:43.as it was taken probably preceded that by a fortnight. There were
:07:44. > :07:49.contingency plans, that is why it went smoothly. Broadly speaking
:07:50. > :07:53.Putin wants to have the old former Soviet Union, he wants sufficient
:07:54. > :07:58.leverage over Ukraine to prevent it becoming a member of NATO. But more
:07:59. > :08:02.than that I don't think. And to leverage it when he wants to. So his
:08:03. > :08:07.interest lies at the moment in translating discontent in the
:08:08. > :08:11.eastern parts of Ukraine with Kiev, which is very widespread, only 20%
:08:12. > :08:14.of south-east support the Government, into a leverageable
:08:15. > :08:19.situation where you can turn that into cause and demands for
:08:20. > :08:24.devolution within Ukraine. I don't think he wants the partition of
:08:25. > :08:29.Ukraine. From the way it seems to be playing out, hasn't the west tacitly
:08:30. > :08:33.accepted that this is Russia's sphere of influence? I think we have
:08:34. > :08:39.tacitly accepted that Crimea is gone. Crimea was a very special
:08:40. > :08:44.case. I don't think we have accepted that Russia has the right to
:08:45. > :08:48.partition at will Ukraine. Which is an independent, sovereign state. I
:08:49. > :08:51.don't think we have. It may not be what he's seeking? I don't think we
:08:52. > :08:56.have a policy though that is well thought through. As usual we rely on
:08:57. > :09:01.Washington to set a policy and strategy. At the moment from what I
:09:02. > :09:05.see I don't think we have a good will thought-through strategy in
:09:06. > :09:10.Washington. There are not many levers to be pulled are there? Well,
:09:11. > :09:16.we're certainly not going to defend Ukraine, we and the Europeans. I
:09:17. > :09:22.don't think the Ukrainians are capable of defending themselves,
:09:23. > :09:26.especial ly in the east. The big tool the Europeans have is the
:09:27. > :09:31.threat of serious economic sanctions which obviously have been withheld
:09:32. > :09:37.up to now. The sanctions that have been imposed so far have been mainly
:09:38. > :09:40.symbolic. Sanctions cut both ways. It is interesting to see how far
:09:41. > :09:44.Europe will be prepared to go in terms of sanctioning the gas sector.
:09:45. > :09:49.Which is obviously a huge step, but would hurt Europe as well as Russia.
:09:50. > :09:52.What do you think of the chances of serious sanctions being used? I
:09:53. > :09:56.think sanctions have a very poor track record throughout the world.
:09:57. > :10:01.We should hold out the prospect of sanctions, but what we should be
:10:02. > :10:05.doing now is also holding out the word to Russia that it is a great
:10:06. > :10:08.guardian of international law and make it actually do something.
:10:09. > :10:14.President Putin should go on television, let us say and appeal to
:10:15. > :10:21.his compatriots in eastern Ukraine to obey the law as they would in
:10:22. > :10:25.Russia. We need to make Russia hold to its word as an upholder of
:10:26. > :10:28.international order. We need to inject lots of money into Ukraine
:10:29. > :10:33.and make sure the eastern parts of Ukraine see some of that money from
:10:34. > :10:37.Kiev. Why would we do that? They feel it is not just a political
:10:38. > :10:41.pro-Russian anti-Kiev movement, it is also economic. In Crimea
:10:42. > :10:45.pensioners were delighted that their pensions would double when they
:10:46. > :10:50.became members of Russia. People in the region of industry which is rust
:10:51. > :10:55.built in many ways want a better standard of living. They feel they
:10:56. > :11:00.are being neglected by Kiev. Do you see any appetite to spend money in
:11:01. > :11:06.Ukraine? Well I agree with Alex that we should be trying to prop up the
:11:07. > :11:10.economy and help Ukrainians, but I frankly don't think that assistance
:11:11. > :11:14.can arrive in time to avert the current crisis. The big question is
:11:15. > :11:17.whether the Government in Kiev is prepared toe make some concessions
:11:18. > :11:23.in order to accommodate the Russians. And in particular on
:11:24. > :11:27.issues like NATO membership. Which frankly I don't think Ukraine will
:11:28. > :11:31.ever be brought into NATO. Because the western countries are not
:11:32. > :11:35.prepared to defend Ukraine. So will Ukraine be willing to provide
:11:36. > :11:41.assurances to Russia that will satisfy Putin and avert further
:11:42. > :11:45.conflict and instability? Thank you both very much indeed. The Prime
:11:46. > :11:49.Minister is showing no sign of throwing his Culture Secretary to
:11:50. > :11:56.the dogs, however loudly they may have barked again over Miller's
:11:57. > :11:59.abuse of public funds and her 32-second apology to the House of
:12:00. > :12:03.Commons. He declared today that what matters is doing the right thing and
:12:04. > :12:07.that he thought she had done so. Other parliamentarians were
:12:08. > :12:12.wondering exactly how she or the committee of MPs who let her off the
:12:13. > :12:23.repayment demanded by the regulators have enhanced the standing of
:12:24. > :12:26.parliament or trust with the voter? If you ever want to know who your
:12:27. > :12:32.friends are, trying tri-going through a parliamentary expenses
:12:33. > :12:37.scandal. Twitter is great place to go if if you want to see how
:12:38. > :12:42.unpopular you are. This weekend the Department of Culture, media and
:12:43. > :12:56.sports account was hacks, this is the result. In a parody of the
:12:57. > :13:00.policy they used a hashtag to comment. It is interesting how
:13:01. > :13:04.loathe how many MPs are to speak out any way. This issue is just as toxic
:13:05. > :13:13.as it was when it first hit the headlines five years ago, that
:13:14. > :13:17.thatted nadire relationship between those who rule and those who vote
:13:18. > :13:22.them in and out. It came down to the PM. This morning he was out and
:13:23. > :13:25.about in a supermarket and with a baby. He was talking about new jobs
:13:26. > :13:37.for 12,000 people. His Culture Secretary, however, was not one of
:13:38. > :13:41.them. Maria McMillan is in Miller is doing an excellent job and that is
:13:42. > :13:45.why she is there. He has said it three times. Even before he came to
:13:46. > :13:51.office David Cameron made it clear he didn't want to chop and change
:13:52. > :13:56.his ministers via raging press. He has stuck to it, fewer reshuffles
:13:57. > :14:00.and sackings, more sustained tenure in the top jobs. The difficulty may
:14:01. > :14:03.not be with the public perception but his own MPs. Some of whom are
:14:04. > :14:10.feeling particularly vulnerable right now. Jackie Doyle Pryce has
:14:11. > :14:14.the most marginal Tory seat in the country, a majority of just 92 and
:14:15. > :14:19.says this is making the fight much harder. Would it make it easier for
:14:20. > :14:23.you if she went? That is a matter for her and the Prime Minister. But
:14:24. > :14:27.I will just make this observation that if I was in that position,
:14:28. > :14:34.facing a difficult set of local election, I wouldn't be expecting my
:14:35. > :14:40.colleagues to defend me. So yes? That's a matter for her. David Law
:14:41. > :14:43.as you might remember went quietly over his expense, Mark Harper
:14:44. > :14:48.resigned almost before the story broke over his illegally employed
:14:49. > :14:53.nanny. It is a no-fuss approach colleagues say reaps its own
:14:54. > :14:57.rewards. But the fury isn't only directed at Maria Miller, but the
:14:58. > :15:02.system that allowed it to happen today. One of the Labour MPs, who
:15:03. > :15:06.sparked the initial investigation, called for policing of MPs. David
:15:07. > :15:09.Cameron says he's open to the thought and others say not
:15:10. > :15:13.necessarily. Ultimately the democratically elected part of
:15:14. > :15:19.Government is the highest form of authority you have. So anything you
:15:20. > :15:23.set up that is independent is set up by that body and can be abolished by
:15:24. > :15:29.the body. Therefore it is more honest for parliament to say we will
:15:30. > :15:32.regulate ourselves than to elect some unaccountable and unelected
:15:33. > :15:38.bureaucrat that they can get rid of any way. I have got hold of the
:15:39. > :15:46.House of Commons document into Maria Miller's expenses, all 110-pages of
:15:47. > :15:50.it, it is impen treble, has details of the first and second home. On
:15:51. > :15:56.page 25 you find the crux of the matter, Code of Conduct, the sense
:15:57. > :16:01.she failed adequately to respond to the commissioner's questions, and
:16:02. > :16:10.she consistently challenged his inquiries. When you talk to MPs on
:16:11. > :16:15.both sides of the House, the agreement is she doesn't get it
:16:16. > :16:18.still. Tonight a ministerial colleague, one
:16:19. > :16:22.arguably after her job, pointedly said she would have done things
:16:23. > :16:26.differently. So will Miss Miller survive? Well she has been seen in
:16:27. > :16:31.neither of her two homes. But timing, as ever, will be crucial.
:16:32. > :16:35.One thing stands in her favour, and that is the Easter parliamentary
:16:36. > :16:38.recess. If she can hang on two more days, she may have earned a
:16:39. > :16:46.political resurrection until the next reshuffle at least. There were
:16:47. > :16:51.intensely moving commemorations in Rwanda today of the genocide that
:16:52. > :16:56.began there exactly 20 years ago. In 100 days of violence more people
:16:57. > :17:02.were killed than Britain lost in the entire First World War. We are going
:17:03. > :17:09.to hear the testimony now of Liliane Umubyey. She was 15 in 1994 when the
:17:10. > :17:14.Hutus began murdering so many of their Tutsi neighbours. She saw
:17:15. > :17:20.almost her entire family killed by a Hutu mob. Understand escaping her
:17:21. > :17:24.caters and moving to Britain in 2000, she has worked with other
:17:25. > :17:44.survivors through the Survivor's Fund. She's currently studying for
:17:45. > :17:46.an MA at Oxford Brookes University. 2000, she has
:17:47. > :17:58.My name is Liliane Umubyey, long before the inside I was 12 years
:17:59. > :18:02.old, we didn't know who was Hutu or Tutsi. Even if the parents gave you
:18:03. > :18:08.a bad eye you wouldn't take much notice because you didn't know why.
:18:09. > :18:15.In 1994 the Hutus picked up the machetes and killed the Tutsis. The
:18:16. > :18:19.sixth April 1994, the Rwandan President is killed when his plane
:18:20. > :18:23.is shot down. With confusion over who is to blame and the Government
:18:24. > :18:33.in disarray, the killing of Tutsis begins. I remember when they came to
:18:34. > :18:37.my uncle's house. Singing very joyful songs that nobody should
:18:38. > :18:41.escape. Rejoicing over what they were going to do. The killing was
:18:42. > :18:46.already spreading in the whole neighbourhood. My parents didn't
:18:47. > :18:50.want to open the door. So as we hear the song, they are approaching the
:18:51. > :18:56.house. As I saw them with all sorts of weapons and I couldn't just
:18:57. > :18:59.believe. That painful death it was so unbearable to my mind. I just
:19:00. > :19:06.jumped through the back window. I tried to run but the whole group was
:19:07. > :19:11.already surrounding the compound. So I climbed the tree that was in the
:19:12. > :19:17.back yard. The 7th of April 1994, as UN peacekeepers stand aside, Rwandan
:19:18. > :19:22.soldiers and Hutu militia hunt for Tutsis, some people are shot, but
:19:23. > :19:29.many more are killed with clubs, sticks and machete, radio broadcasts
:19:30. > :19:38.call for the extermination of Tutsi cockroaches. A minute later all I
:19:39. > :19:46.could hear from the house was... Was the noise of my parents screaming...
:19:47. > :19:58.And it was terrifying but I couldn't do nothing. I couldn't even go down.
:19:59. > :20:04.Once they finished killing everybody they pulled all the bodies outside
:20:05. > :20:12.to double check who escaped and who is not dead yet. In the tree of
:20:13. > :20:16.course I was holding the branch I couldn't cover my ears to hear what
:20:17. > :20:26.was going on. There was lots of, then my family, my uncle's family
:20:27. > :20:35.and, yeah... I remember seeing all of them... The 11th April 1994 tens
:20:36. > :20:39.of thousands of Tutsi and had you sue moderates have been kicked. The
:20:40. > :20:44.civilians they been sheltering are left to the Hutu mobs as the
:20:45. > :20:49.peacekeepers move to the airport. I stayed there for a long, long time.
:20:50. > :20:56.I thought will I stay here for ever, and I didn't have anywhere else to
:20:57. > :21:02.go. When the evening came the dog, the wild dogs just start coming to
:21:03. > :21:05.savage the bodies and I said no way, no chance. This was done by human
:21:06. > :21:10.beings, but you are a dog you cannot do that. This is all I have left for
:21:11. > :21:15.me. And I tried to stone them. As I was stoning them I climbed down. I
:21:16. > :21:20.was running behind the dogs and then I felt I can't go back and then I
:21:21. > :21:26.went and asked shelter from the neighbours. In the following weeks
:21:27. > :21:32.as the UN Security Council wastes its breath deciding whether the
:21:33. > :21:35.massacres can be legally escribed as genocide, the number of deaths
:21:36. > :21:41.increase, tens of thousands become hundreds of thousands. She is called
:21:42. > :21:45.Rosa I asked Rosa could you help me, she was even the one who yelled most
:21:46. > :21:48.to say she's here, and then I tried to run behind the house, I fell in
:21:49. > :21:53.the pit. I couldn't just get up quickly enough before they
:21:54. > :21:58.surrounded the pit and said could you come up. I said I'm not, you
:21:59. > :22:03.kill me here and bury me here, finish your business. One of them
:22:04. > :22:10.jumped in and carried me up. I remember hearing one of them, how
:22:11. > :22:16.can you kill this pretty lady without toasting her to know how
:22:17. > :22:22.good she is. The rape of Tutsi women the rule and absence an exception,
:22:23. > :22:26.says the UN. With the encouragement of Hutu leaders, hundreds of
:22:27. > :22:33.thousands of acts of extreme sexual violence take place. I was like this
:22:34. > :22:42.is not fair. But yet again you were powerless you could not do nothing.
:22:43. > :22:50.One by one they started raping me. And the most memorable face I
:22:51. > :22:56.remember is the first one. When the at this forces seized the capital
:22:57. > :23:04.Kigali in mid-July an estimated 800,000 Rwandans have perished. The
:23:05. > :23:08.genocide is over. I would like to stop telling my story for now until
:23:09. > :23:12.when my daughters who are two and five are reaching to the age when I
:23:13. > :23:16.will be able to explain and tell them exactly what happened to me
:23:17. > :23:22.personally, even if they knew what has happened to the whole country. I
:23:23. > :23:29.will consider that moment as a closure to my suffering for the
:23:30. > :23:32.genocide. Well now my guest is Rwanda's High Commisioner to the UK.
:23:33. > :23:38.He joins us now from Nottingham. With me here in the studio is
:23:39. > :23:43.Newsnight's producer in Rwanda during the genocide, and went on to
:23:44. > :23:50.make the film Shooting Dogs, and has just written a memoir about the
:23:51. > :23:57.experience, When The Hills Ask For Your Blood. How easy is it to forget
:23:58. > :24:02.whether you are a Hutu or Tutsi? It is actually very easy. As we are
:24:03. > :24:15.growing up we are never socialising as hut at thises Tutsis and had you
:24:16. > :24:21.at thises. The install gaze of Hutu or Tutsi concept was engineered by
:24:22. > :24:26.colonial forces. But what we have discovered over the last 20 years,
:24:27. > :24:32.since the terrible strategy of 1994 when during the genocide against the
:24:33. > :24:36.Tutsis, one million people were butchered in 100 days. We have come
:24:37. > :24:41.to learn that there is no premium, there is no benefit in
:24:42. > :24:53.everdramatising and ro Manchester United size -- overdrama sizing or
:24:54. > :25:01.romanticising the issue. We have been stronger and able to do much
:25:02. > :25:06.more when we work as one rather than Hutu or Tutsi. You were in and out
:25:07. > :25:11.of Rwanda all the time, how was it to you? I think his excellency is
:25:12. > :25:15.not quite right about whether Rwandans feel Hutu or Tutsi or not.
:25:16. > :25:29.They feel very strongly their heritage, their land, their blood,
:25:30. > :25:35.their Lennage. -- lineage. They are families with what we heard there,
:25:36. > :25:39.she can't wait to tell her family her history, people have oral
:25:40. > :25:44.histories. One has to be very careful in imagining you can simply
:25:45. > :25:50.reboot people into a different identity and saying we are all
:25:51. > :25:56.Rwandans. Desnot rebooting, I speak as a Rwandan, I have children, I
:25:57. > :26:02.have relatives like myself. I have never taught my children they are
:26:03. > :26:07.Hutu or Tutsi. So I think I'm in a much more comfortable space to
:26:08. > :26:12.articulate what Rwandans want to view themselves as. Right now as we
:26:13. > :26:16.speak, and we commemorate the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis, the
:26:17. > :26:21.overriding conversation in Rwanda is not whether one is Hutu or Tutsi, it
:26:22. > :26:29.is what it is that we must, you know, use it to redesign ourselves.
:26:30. > :26:34.But a new values system can we put in place that helps us to view
:26:35. > :26:44.ourselves as one rather than focus on the things that divide us. That
:26:45. > :26:49.is a very pious ambition. That is a conversation that is going on in the
:26:50. > :27:00.country right now as we speak, we are focussing on that. What are you,
:27:01. > :27:04.are you a Hutu or Tutsi? What do you think? I have no idea, that is why
:27:05. > :27:09.I'm asking you? That's the point, why are you trying to make me
:27:10. > :27:13.redesign myself by something I detest, because it allowed madness
:27:14. > :27:17.to grip our country. Because we are talking on the anniversary of a
:27:18. > :27:22.genocide, that's why? And as we talk about the anniversary of the
:27:23. > :27:26.genocide, the conversation that the people of Rwanda are having right
:27:27. > :27:32.now is not about Hutu or Tutsi, but about what it is we must see as our
:27:33. > :27:41.system that unites us. And that particular conversation in Rwanda is
:27:42. > :27:44.called not I am Hutu or Tutsi. It is interesting what the ambassador says
:27:45. > :27:50.about a shared values system. That's the big question that Rwanda faces
:27:51. > :27:55.really. Whose values are they and does everybody share them together?
:27:56. > :28:00.And I think there is a real sense of national purpose and his excellency
:28:01. > :28:04.is right, people really believe in trying to move Rwanda forward and we
:28:05. > :28:08.have seen tremendous progress. The risk is in asking everybody to
:28:09. > :28:14.participate in this shared system of values, you forget who you are. Of
:28:15. > :28:18.course I defer to his excellency, he's Rwandan and I'm not. I have sat
:28:19. > :28:22.with Rwandans, I have been walking around the hills and talked with
:28:23. > :28:26.them for many, many years, what you find is people will tell you their
:28:27. > :28:31.stories when they feel comfortable. When they don't feel threatened by
:28:32. > :28:35.what the Government is saying or indeed what the people around the
:28:36. > :28:38.village corner are saying. It was interesting I thought at the
:28:39. > :28:43.commemoration today the number of senior figures, both from Rwanda and
:28:44. > :28:48.in fact the President from Uganda made the same point. A lot of the
:28:49. > :28:52.blame for this lies with colonial powers. Is that a widespread
:28:53. > :28:57.perception? It is a perception that has been, I think the blame is being
:28:58. > :29:03.shared, I think today we saw politics being played by President
:29:04. > :29:07.Kigami, to make it clear where Rwanda stands as opposed to the old
:29:08. > :29:11.colonial powers. If you go to the schools in Rwanda you get a clear
:29:12. > :29:18.sense of where blame is attached. It is attached partly to the colonial
:29:19. > :29:21.powers that identified the different cultural groups Hutu or Tutsi and
:29:22. > :29:26.gave them identity cards. But it is also the bad Government in 1994.
:29:27. > :29:29.People are taught very specifically that story. The narrative is of the
:29:30. > :29:33.Government. It is not necessarily whether their fathers or mothers
:29:34. > :29:40.were active participants or passive participants. Thank you very much.
:29:41. > :29:50.Tragedy struck the Geldof family today, Peaches Geldof, whose mother
:29:51. > :29:55.Paula Yates died of a drug overdose, she was found dead at 25. She was
:29:56. > :30:01.rarely out of the tabloid press and leaves behind two young children. A
:30:02. > :30:07.life lived in front of the flash bulbs, a daughter of celebrity, then
:30:08. > :30:14.a celebrity herself. Peaches Geldof was one of the children of the
:30:15. > :30:18.ill-fated match of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, her mother died of an
:30:19. > :30:26.overdose when she was just 11 years old. But from her teens Peaches
:30:27. > :30:35.Geldof chose to follow their fame. A writer, presenter, regular fixture
:30:36. > :30:39.on fashion front rows. Formerly a member of London's party scene and
:30:40. > :30:45.now talking about parenting on TV. This is a prime example of someone
:30:46. > :30:49.who did not grow up with attachment parenting, someone who goes on the
:30:50. > :30:53.media to slag off other women. The 25-year-old was found dead at her
:30:54. > :30:57.home in Kent this afternoon. Her father said the family was beyond
:30:58. > :31:02.pain. But in a life of public moments, Peaches Geldof's last
:31:03. > :31:06.message was to share a picture of herself with her mother. She said
:31:07. > :31:11.she had been unable to grieve her properly till 16. But her two young
:31:12. > :31:20.sons and husband will now have to live their lives with loss. With us
:31:21. > :31:23.now is the Guardian columnist Hadley Freeman. Everybody seemed immensely
:31:24. > :31:27.shocked today, why do you think that was? There is several layers of
:31:28. > :31:31.sadness to the story. Obviously first she was very young, nobody
:31:32. > :31:33.should die at 25. She had two very young children, no-one and
:31:34. > :31:38.two-year-old should lose their mother. A lot of us remember her
:31:39. > :31:44.being born, we see her grow up, I'm old enough to remember her as the
:31:45. > :31:49.daughter of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, we know her father is still
:31:50. > :31:52.alive and we know how sad he feels. It was such a surprise. She was a
:31:53. > :31:56.wild child, she was that cliche in her teenage years, she talked about
:31:57. > :32:01.experimenting with drugs, for a long time it looked like she might be
:32:02. > :32:05.going the same way as Herrera, her mother died of a drug overdose and
:32:06. > :32:09.she talked about her struggles. But she gets married and has two boys,
:32:10. > :32:11.seen on TV talking about parenting, very much involved with her children
:32:12. > :32:15.and seeming very happy. For something to then go wrong was a big
:32:16. > :32:18.shock to a lot of people. It did seem, I wouldn't claim any
:32:19. > :32:24.specialist knowledge of course, but from a distant awareness, she did
:32:25. > :32:30.seem to have changed her life, didn't she? When I had a book launch
:32:31. > :32:37.in 2008 when she was going through the period. She crashed my book
:32:38. > :32:41.lunch launch to my and my friends' surprise, she was the chaotic mess
:32:42. > :32:46.she was portrayed. She was seen as another Amy Winehouse and Pete
:32:47. > :32:50.Doherty in the tabloids. Then I saw her recently at fashion show, she
:32:51. > :32:54.was healthy, she was happy with one of her children. It was a big
:32:55. > :32:58.surprise for it to happen now. Tells us something about ourselves that
:32:59. > :33:03.people were so shocked and saddened by this. Because everybody knew her
:33:04. > :33:07.personal story and it actually speaks rather well I think doesn't
:33:08. > :33:11.it of social sympathy? And also I think people like to have these
:33:12. > :33:17.narratives and certainly the tabloids had written narrative for
:33:18. > :33:21.her. For a while she would be Paula Yates part two, and then she was a
:33:22. > :33:25.success story, the happy story for bob Geldof, he lost his former wife
:33:26. > :33:30.but the child was doing well. This has happened now. We have known bob
:33:31. > :33:34.Geldof for so long in the public eye for 30 years, to see someone you
:33:35. > :33:41.know well as a celebrity lose their child is terribly sad.
:33:42. > :33:47.Thank you very much. Media outlets around the world's, and Dark Matter
:33:48. > :33:50.is one of the Holy Grails of atrophysics. For decades scientists
:33:51. > :33:55.have been trying to work out what it is or whether it exists. Here is the
:33:56. > :34:01.BBC's simplified explanation of it. A type of matter hypothesised in
:34:02. > :34:05.cosmology to account for effects that appear to be the result of mass
:34:06. > :34:10.where no such mass can be seen. Clear you have eh! Rebecca Morelle
:34:11. > :34:13.will lighten our darkness with a report from South Dakota where
:34:14. > :34:37.scientists are hoping to be the first to provide proof of its
:34:38. > :34:42.existence. Mount Rushmore, gazing over the black hills of South
:34:43. > :34:46.Dakota. It was about the same time the heads were being carved into the
:34:47. > :34:49.rock in the 1930s that elsewhere scientists began to notice there was
:34:50. > :34:54.something very strange about the universe. A huge chunk of it
:34:55. > :34:58.appeared to be missing. It is a mystery that has baffled scientists
:34:59. > :35:01.for decades. But now an answer might lie just around the corner from
:35:02. > :35:09.here, it is not far away in the black hills a bold new experiment is
:35:10. > :35:12.about to get under way. The Home Stake Gold Mine. It is here
:35:13. > :35:19.where scientists have the best chance yet of finding Dark Matter. A
:35:20. > :35:34.mysterious substance born in the big bang, it could make up more than a
:35:35. > :35:40.quarter of the universe. South gates going to the 48-50. Nobody knows
:35:41. > :35:46.what form Dark Matter takes or even if it really exists. This cage
:35:47. > :35:49.descent was once the daily commute for gold miners, now it is
:35:50. > :35:53.scientists that make the journey one mile down to one of the deepest
:35:54. > :36:01.laboratories in the world. It takes about ten minutes to get to level
:36:02. > :36:18.4850, ample time to swat up on a bit of particle physics.
:36:19. > :36:25.Galaxies like our own consist of planets and stars and dust. All
:36:26. > :36:30.rotating around a dense centre. The thing is, all this regular matter
:36:31. > :36:34.simply doesn't have enough mass to account for the gravity needed to
:36:35. > :36:39.hold the galaxy together. The whole thing should fly apart. There must
:36:40. > :36:47.be something else there, something we can't see. And scientists believe
:36:48. > :36:52.that's Dark Matter. And it is this that creates the mass and the
:36:53. > :37:06.gravity needed to bind the galaxy together. The thinking is that Dark
:37:07. > :37:13.Matter played a vital part in the evolution of the universe. Its
:37:14. > :37:17.existence is even more compelling if we consider its influence on a
:37:18. > :37:21.grander scale. This is a computer projection mapping in blue where
:37:22. > :37:28.scientists think it is at its densist, and across its web of
:37:29. > :37:36.clumps and tangles galaxies merge and cluster, it is the scaffold on
:37:37. > :37:40.which our Cosmos is hung. Nobody actually knows what Dark
:37:41. > :37:45.Matter looks like. But imagine I could use this lens to take a look
:37:46. > :37:47.at these mysterious particles. Scientists think they are
:37:48. > :37:52.everywhere, hanging in space, but because the earth is constantly in
:37:53. > :37:56.motion, it would look like they are streaming through us, trillions upon
:37:57. > :38:02.trillion, passing through us every second, like ghosts. This
:38:03. > :38:09.phantom-like quality is what makes them so hard to detect. But, there
:38:10. > :38:14.is a theory that Dark Matter part icles do sometimes pump into regular
:38:15. > :38:18.matter. That is why we are going deep underground to the laboratory
:38:19. > :38:24.where they hope to catch these extremely rare encounters in the
:38:25. > :38:28.act. This subterranean lab is shielded from naturally occurring
:38:29. > :38:33.radiation found up on the surface. Giving the experiments the cosmic
:38:34. > :38:41.quiet it needs for its detection work. And this is what it is all
:38:42. > :38:47.about, one mile underground a tank spanning two storeys, it contains
:38:48. > :38:52.nearly 100,000 gallons of ultra purified water and suspended at its
:38:53. > :38:59.heart is the more sensitive Dark Matter detector ever built. The
:39:00. > :39:06.detector contains 800 pounds of the chemical element Xenon, although
:39:07. > :39:14.most particles will pass through, in the hope that a particle bumps into
:39:15. > :39:21.a Xenon particle it will give a bit of light that sensors will record.
:39:22. > :39:27.Rick is one of the people behind the work going on in this lab cave. His
:39:28. > :39:32.quest to prove Dark Matter exists is decades long. We all thought we were
:39:33. > :39:37.going to solve it in the first five years of looking, we are just on the
:39:38. > :39:43.threshold of starting a new search with the Lux Detector that will last
:39:44. > :39:46.for 300 days. We are configuring the detector to look for the extremely
:39:47. > :39:51.occasional reaction, one every month or few months. If we can get an
:39:52. > :39:56.answer to what Dark Matter is, not only will we have explained what the
:39:57. > :40:02.majority of the matter in the universe is made of, but we will
:40:03. > :40:07.also really usher in a new era in our understanding of the fundamental
:40:08. > :40:12.physics of this universe. Finding Dark Matter will put the laboratory
:40:13. > :40:16.on the map. But they are conscious they are not the only team looking.
:40:17. > :40:19.There are a handful of experiments located at different underground
:40:20. > :40:22.laboratories around the world that they want to be the first ones to
:40:23. > :40:27.stand up and say they have discovered it. And so it is very
:40:28. > :40:30.competitive and they track what each other is at and results that come
:40:31. > :40:33.out. It is really an interesting process to see these guys and ladies
:40:34. > :40:46.competing to try to be the first. Back up at the surface and just
:40:47. > :40:50.round the corner from the gold mine is the old gambling town of
:40:51. > :40:54.Deadwood, now it is scientists hoping to strike it lucky here.
:40:55. > :40:58.Whoever is fortunate enough to be able to discover Dark Matter first,
:40:59. > :41:04.it will be a Nobel Prize winning result. But entire careers are being
:41:05. > :41:09.staked on a particle that might not even be there. You know we have to
:41:10. > :41:15.allow for the idea that the experiment may produce a negative
:41:16. > :41:18.result, the standard repost under those circumstances is to build a
:41:19. > :41:27.bigger one. Here in South Dakota, an audacious
:41:28. > :41:32.gamble can sometimes pay off. If you are looking for a working example of
:41:33. > :41:35.a complete shamble, you could do worse than gawp in disbelief at
:41:36. > :41:40.yesterday's Sheffield half marathon. It was cancelled with minutes to go
:41:41. > :41:44.because there apparently wasn't enough water for the runners. Plenty
:41:45. > :41:49.of them didn't get the message and thousands completed the course any
:41:50. > :41:54.way. Nick Clegg a local MP called the situation "farcical" and he
:41:55. > :42:05.knows a thing or two about farces. What about this, water. We have one
:42:06. > :42:09.of the presenters of Trust Me I'm a Doctor, how much water do we need?
:42:10. > :42:13.That is why I put the water on the table, it varies a huge amount. This
:42:14. > :42:17.is the most water I have ever drunk in day, this is probably the least,
:42:18. > :42:21.in fact I may have drunk less than that today. For one individual it
:42:22. > :42:24.can vary that much. That was a hot day doing hard exercise in a
:42:25. > :42:27.difficult climate. If you are working in a cold office it will be
:42:28. > :42:32.very little. If you add to that medical conditions, age, immensely.
:42:33. > :42:36.So there is no minimum? There is a minimum, without water for more than
:42:37. > :42:40.a few days we will all die. A few days? But you can get by, if you
:42:41. > :42:45.work in a cold environment, you are not doing any exercise and you start
:42:46. > :42:55.the die hide demonstrated, you -- day hide demonstrated and you want
:42:56. > :42:59.immediate need a lot of water. Drinking water if you feel a bit
:43:00. > :43:03.hungover or like you need cleansing, there is a lovely idea of putting
:43:04. > :43:08.something clear in your body that gets rid of waste. To that idea we
:43:09. > :43:13.add a layer of clever marketing and slightly misrepresented science from
:43:14. > :43:17.companies with enormous vested interests in selling large
:43:18. > :43:21.quantities of bottled water. If you delve into the research the eight
:43:22. > :43:26.glasses a day is nowhere to be found really. The best evidence says you
:43:27. > :43:29.should drink to thirst. If you go on one of these websites that advises
:43:30. > :43:33.you about how much you have to drink it will tell you large quantities
:43:34. > :43:41.really? This is the perils of certain websites on the Internet. If
:43:42. > :43:45.you go to the BBC website where I have written an article of what you
:43:46. > :43:48.need to drink. Drinking to thirst that gets you enough water. You
:43:49. > :43:53.should drink when you are thirsty. If you feel like a glass of water
:43:54. > :43:57.have one. That is true if you are an Olympic athlete or if you are
:43:58. > :44:00.someone sitting in an office. If you do drink too much what is the
:44:01. > :44:06.problem, you just Pete it out don't you? No, brinking too much water is
:44:07. > :44:11.very dangerous. The marathon in question probably more people die at
:44:12. > :44:17.the end of marathons from drinking too much water without anything in
:44:18. > :44:24.it than people who die from dehydration. Why? Because having a
:44:25. > :44:30.lot of water die lutes your body you and get brain swelling. When you
:44:31. > :44:34.sweat you lose salt. For each bottle of water like that, if it was sweat
:44:35. > :44:37.that is about how much salt you would have in it, and you have to
:44:38. > :44:41.replace the salt. If you put the salt in the water it would be
:44:42. > :44:49.unpalatable, and most of the over the counter electrolithe drinks
:44:50. > :44:53.don't have enough salt in them. It is important for runners to
:44:54. > :44:57.rehydrate carefully. If you drink too much the salt gets washed out of
:44:58. > :45:03.your body? Essentially, you end up drowning. If I drank all that water
:45:04. > :45:09.today it would be dangerous. So the emphasis from overhydration has now
:45:10. > :45:13.shifted to make sure we hit the sweet spot. Like everything, fat,
:45:14. > :45:17.sugar, vitamins, too much is very bad, too little is very bad for you,
:45:18. > :45:25.exactly what our grandmothers would say. This other one here? This is
:45:26. > :45:30.sugar. It is salt? Maybe it is a mixture? We may have confused
:45:31. > :45:35.things. It is horrible? To make it absorbable rapidly we usually add a
:45:36. > :45:42.bit more sugar. Sugar and salt in that proportion would be a good
:45:43. > :45:48.rehydration mix, diluted fruit juice with salt in it would be great for
:45:49. > :45:53.runners. If we rank too much water it would be good to get the sugar
:45:54. > :46:02.out of you? We are eating too much sugar drinking water would be good
:46:03. > :46:06.for us. You don't excrete sugar in your urine only happens when you
:46:07. > :46:10.have a problem. It is not very useful this water lark? It is
:46:11. > :46:15.important not to try to overthink it I guess. Drink when you are thirsty
:46:16. > :46:19.is the headline. Thank you very much, thank you. Both? Probably
:46:20. > :46:25.affected by too much water. Tomorrow morning's front pages now the Prime
:46:26. > :46:30.Minister is at war with his party over Maria Miller. They are also in
:46:31. > :46:34.the Telegraph Tory MPs calling for her to be sacked. I don't know why
:46:35. > :46:40.we are not looking at the pictures of the front pages, we apparently
:46:41. > :46:47.don't have T as all viewers are aware the cult HBO series Game of
:46:48. > :46:51.Thrones eagerly awaited fourth series arrived last night. It is
:46:52. > :46:54.best known as marital aid for fans of Dungeons and Dragons everywhere.
:46:55. > :46:58.Should you feel slightly underinformed about series 1-3, here
:46:59. > :47:04.is the potted character guide, kindly provided by the Screen
:47:05. > :47:09.Junkies YouTube Channel. Good night. Meet unforgettable hero, John Snow,
:47:10. > :47:17.a Moby bustard who doesn't know anything. You know nothing. And
:47:18. > :47:23.Ardarian, a super-hot Queen obsessed with her dragons. Right on an
:47:24. > :47:29.adventure where any lead character can die, whether you are Sean
:47:30. > :47:35.SKACHLT bean's wife, son, best friend, daughter-in-law, his family
:47:36. > :47:39.dogs, his unborn grand kid, all men must die who are in any way close to
:47:40. > :47:40.Sean Bean.