:00:07. > :00:11.Closer supervision of schools and a requirement that they instill
:00:12. > :00:14.British values. The Education Secretary is trying to appear
:00:15. > :00:19.resolute in his response to keeping schools out of the hands of the
:00:20. > :00:23.extremists. But the Chief Inspector of Schools says he suggested closer
:00:24. > :00:27.supervision to Michael Gove years ago and got no
:00:28. > :00:30.You said to the Secretary of State you wanted to make unannounced
:00:31. > :00:34.inspections and what did he say? Yes. We had a discussion and we felt
:00:35. > :00:40.we needed to pull back from that one. The opposition smelt blood.
:00:41. > :00:47.They are the main stay of science fiction, places where gravity is so
:00:48. > :00:51.strong, not even light can escape. Einstein established their basis
:00:52. > :00:55.years ago, but suppose black holes don't exist in the way we think.
:00:56. > :01:00.This physicist is proposing something very like that.
:01:01. > :01:04.Also tonight... There was a spike sticking out of my head with park
:01:05. > :01:09.keeper on the end of it. And he said what are you doing going to sleep
:01:10. > :01:20.underneath the litter you vagrant, I said I'm not, an investigative
:01:21. > :01:25.reporter. Rik Myall, the comic genius of the 1980s has died.
:01:26. > :01:33.Five schools in Birmingham are being put into special measures after the
:01:34. > :01:37.disclosure of a plot to take them over. The Education Secretary,
:01:38. > :01:41.Michael Gove, says he will make it impossible for such a thing to ever
:01:42. > :01:46.happen again and make sure all children are properly thought about
:01:47. > :01:49."British values". The leader of Birmingham City council has admitted
:01:50. > :01:53.his own council's supervision was inadequate. The scandal has raised
:01:54. > :02:02.huge questions about the way our children are taught and how our
:02:03. > :02:07.schools are run. First tonight we have this report the ??FORCEDWHIT
:02:08. > :02:13.Why are schools serving this predominantly poor Pakistani
:02:14. > :02:16.neighbourhood in Birmingham taking over the news.
:02:17. > :02:19.There is reports that a conspiracy of Muslim hardliners are taking over
:02:20. > :02:23.state schools. Today the first barrage of reports from the saga
:02:24. > :02:29.emerged from the authorities. Ofsted looked into 21 schools and the Chief
:02:30. > :02:34.Inspector said that in some of them there was a culture of fear and
:02:35. > :02:39.intimidation. An organised campaign to target schools to alter their
:02:40. > :02:42.character and ethos. Examples of governors exerting inappropriate
:02:43. > :02:47.influence in the day-to-day running of schools. And children being badly
:02:48. > :02:51.prepared for life in modern Britain. It is probably more around a strong
:02:52. > :02:56.conservative interpretation of faith rather than goading and encouraging
:02:57. > :03:02.students towards violent activities. What we are more concerned about is
:03:03. > :03:06.whether students are denied the full breadth of the curriculum and
:03:07. > :03:11.entitlement in normal state British funded schools. The so called Trojan
:03:12. > :03:15.Horse letter", the document that sparked all of this, is widely
:03:16. > :03:19.considered now to be a hoax. But the inspectors did find evidence that a
:03:20. > :03:23.small clique of hardline Muslims were having an undue influence on
:03:24. > :03:27.some schools. The worst allegations relate to four schools, all in
:03:28. > :03:30.special measures. Inspectors found examples of pupils being taught that
:03:31. > :03:34.they shouldn't believe in evolution. They found one example of an
:03:35. > :03:39.external speaker with very extreme views, and head teachers who got in
:03:40. > :03:46.the way, being eased out. I am proud to be able to make sure that I meet
:03:47. > :03:49.the cultural needs of the community. I am from the community and I know
:03:50. > :03:56.what it is like to be someone from that background. I know from my own
:03:57. > :04:03.experiences what I have experienced. I want the children to come to
:04:04. > :04:06.school every day, our attendance is phenomenal, parents and children are
:04:07. > :04:12.happy. I want to provide as much as I can. But equally when I say too
:04:13. > :04:16.much is too much and no, we are not faith school i need to be listened
:04:17. > :04:19.to. Still, among local parents at those schools there is support for
:04:20. > :04:23.the governing bodies. Some parents are even campaigning for them. They
:04:24. > :04:27.teach Arabic at this school, but they teach Latin at other schools,
:04:28. > :04:32.that is not a problem for them to teach Latin, it shouldn't be a
:04:33. > :04:36.problem if the parents want them to learn Arabic. 90% and above are
:04:37. > :04:41.Muslim people and Muslim children, it should be right to the school
:04:42. > :04:44.caters for the needs and requirements of the Muslim children.
:04:45. > :04:49.Staff at one of the schools, Park View, have fought back. Despite
:04:50. > :04:52.being an agnostic, this school closely reflects my values and the
:04:53. > :04:56.moral purpose that brought me to teaching, as it does those my
:04:57. > :05:00.colleagues from all faith backgrounds and none. For the
:05:01. > :05:08.community in which you now stand, as visitors covering our story, our
:05:09. > :05:13.school stands as a beacon of hope against isolation, poverty, drugs,
:05:14. > :05:18.crime, and yes, potential extremism. Park View is part of the solution,
:05:19. > :05:21.not part of the problem. There is a big policy problem, in a
:05:22. > :05:27.neighbourhood like this, how do you construct a school system which
:05:28. > :05:32.gives parents what they want, and makes sure that pupils don't get an
:05:33. > :05:35.insular education. We work hard to make sure our governing bodies were
:05:36. > :05:41.diverse, we were greatly supported by colleagues at Canary Wharf, where
:05:42. > :05:45.he where we put many senior industrialists on our board. It
:05:46. > :05:49.meant we had collective policies on issues like PE or school uniforms or
:05:50. > :05:54.long-term holidays. We worked together to create these lines so
:05:55. > :05:57.heads were able to say to whoever who was trying to change those
:05:58. > :06:01.positions, actually, no, this is the position of all of us and we will
:06:02. > :06:05.hold the line because it is for the good of the whole community. Labour
:06:06. > :06:08.have noted many of the schools at the centre of the stories are
:06:09. > :06:10.academies, that means they are regulated by the Department for
:06:11. > :06:14.Education, not local authorities. They think this illustrates a
:06:15. > :06:17.broader theme that this department doesn't have a handle on its
:06:18. > :06:20.schools. That is a view that seems to be shared by Theresa May,
:06:21. > :06:25.incidentally, in the letter that she wrote to Michael Gove last week.
:06:26. > :06:35.These schools do also get inspected by Ofsted, but, two of the four,
:06:36. > :06:38.Park View and one other -- Oldknow were previously rated outstanding,
:06:39. > :06:42.it would have been years before inspectors visited again. Michael
:06:43. > :06:46.Gove said the original inspections were wrong because the schools had
:06:47. > :06:50.too much time to prepare. We need to strengthen our inspection regime
:06:51. > :06:54.even further. The requirement to give notice of inspections clearly
:06:55. > :07:00.makes it more difficult to identify and to detect the danger signs. The
:07:01. > :07:04.Chief Inspector and I have argued in the past that no-notice inspections
:07:05. > :07:09.can help identify when pupils are at risk. I have asked him to consider
:07:10. > :07:13.the practicalities of moving to a situation where all schools know
:07:14. > :07:18.they may receive an unannounced inspection. So the education
:07:19. > :07:24.department is reviewing its own investigations and the City Council.
:07:25. > :07:26.Ofsted is considering its methods and the Home Secretary and he
:07:27. > :07:37.issedcation secretary have been fighting about whether Islamic
:07:38. > :07:41.methodism is on the road to Islamic extremism. Michael Gove said today
:07:42. > :07:44.he would make sure this sort of thing didn't happen again by making
:07:45. > :07:47.it possible for inspectors to pounce on schools with no warning. This
:07:48. > :07:51.apparently is a sign of his determination. When I went to see
:07:52. > :07:54.the Chief Inspector of schools earlier this evening, he painted a
:07:55. > :08:01.rather different picture. He started by telling me he stood by Ofsted's
:08:02. > :08:07.now much debated 2012 inspection of Park View School.
:08:08. > :08:12.I visited that school in my first few months at Ofsted. I visited Park
:08:13. > :08:15.View, I met with the headteacher there, it was an outstanding school
:08:16. > :08:20.because she was an outstanding leader. She has been undermined by
:08:21. > :08:23.the governors of that school who haven't understood their role. The
:08:24. > :08:26.job of governors is to set the strategic direction and to hold the
:08:27. > :08:32.headteacher to account. That is their job. And she told me, when I
:08:33. > :08:35.visited Birmingham, that she had been steadily undermined. She didn't
:08:36. > :08:39.want the sort of things that were happening in that school, and in
:08:40. > :08:43.other schools in Birmingham. She didn't want somebody with known
:08:44. > :08:47.extremist views to attend the assemblies. She didn't want a mat
:08:48. > :08:50.drays is a to be introduced into the personal, social education
:08:51. > :08:55.programme. She didn't want all those things. She had been steadily
:08:56. > :09:00.undermined to the point where the governors now are controlling that
:09:01. > :09:03.school on a day-to-day basis. That reveals something wrong with the
:09:04. > :09:07.system, any parent thinking about where their child should go to the
:09:08. > :09:11.school will look at the latest Ofsted report and says it is
:09:12. > :09:16.outstanding, they can't believe it could go so wrong so quickly? Where
:09:17. > :09:20.there is great turbulence in staffing and in terms of leadership,
:09:21. > :09:24.things can go badly wrong. The lessons of this situation in
:09:25. > :09:28.Birmingham is that you need to keep a really careful eye on schools,
:09:29. > :09:32.between inspections. Here you are, you work for central Government. You
:09:33. > :09:36.come in and there is nothing between you and the school, there ought to
:09:37. > :09:39.be someone looking at it every week shouldn't there? That is the job of
:09:40. > :09:42.the local authority, for those schools that are controlled by the
:09:43. > :09:46.local authority, and that's the job of the Department of Education, and
:09:47. > :09:54.the Education Funding Agency for academies and free schools. Do you
:09:55. > :09:58.say that the system for overseeing academies, for example, is
:09:59. > :10:03.inadequate? I'm saying it needs to be tightened up, and there needs to
:10:04. > :10:07.be a role for Ofsted to look at these schools in much greater depth
:10:08. > :10:10.and more regularly. I'm pleased with the Secretary of State's
:10:11. > :10:13.announcement today about unannounced inspection. It was something I
:10:14. > :10:19.called for two years ago when I first joined. I suspect we won't go
:10:20. > :10:23.for all schools to receive that. Why haven't you been doing that? I
:10:24. > :10:27.called for it and it has been rolled back. We need to do it now for some
:10:28. > :10:32.schools. It is after the event now? We need to do it and for those
:10:33. > :10:35.schools. You saw that two years ago and you didn't do it? That was
:10:36. > :10:38.something I discussed with the Secretary of State and we pulled
:10:39. > :10:42.back. You said to the Secretary of State you wanted to make unannounced
:10:43. > :10:45.inspections? Yes I did. Has the Secretary of State changed his mind?
:10:46. > :10:50.I think he has. Because when you put it to him beforer he said what? He
:10:51. > :10:53.said we need to look at this and listen to what head teachers are
:10:54. > :10:58.saying about needing to be in the school, prior to an inspection, so
:10:59. > :11:02.they can have a preliminary dialogue with the inspectors about how the
:11:03. > :11:08.inspection should be conducted. So we pulled back on that, so they have
:11:09. > :11:15.now just a few hours. On his say so? Yes. He told you no we are not going
:11:16. > :11:18.to do that? We had a robust discussion about it, and I'm really
:11:19. > :11:22.pleased that minds have been changed. That he has come to see
:11:23. > :11:28.your point of view? I hope so. How do you keep extremists out of the
:11:29. > :11:32.position of Governor of A school? At the moment anyone can be appointed
:11:33. > :11:34.as governors, there is no mandatory training for governors, that is
:11:35. > :11:38.something we have called for in my report. We need to think carefully
:11:39. > :11:42.about who is appointed and once we do appoint them make sure there are
:11:43. > :11:45.checks on them and make sure they are trained in what they have to do.
:11:46. > :11:51.Does the Secretary of State agree with you? Yes. Has he acted upon it?
:11:52. > :11:53.I hope he will do. You hope he will? He has executive power, he's the
:11:54. > :11:58.Secretary of State. Do you think that we need to pay any closer
:11:59. > :12:04.attention to the sort of things that are taught on the curriculum in some
:12:05. > :12:09.of these academies? My view is there should be much more regulation on
:12:10. > :12:14.what is caught in schools. It is wrong, for example, that children at
:12:15. > :12:19.key stage III, that is between 11-1 shouldn't have music -- 11-14,
:12:20. > :12:23.shouldn't have drama, art, music or the creative arts, that is wrong.
:12:24. > :12:27.Yet it is possible for governors to say we will get rid that have and
:12:28. > :12:30.music because it doesn't accord with our beliefs. I'm on the spectrum
:12:31. > :12:36.which says at the end of the spectrum that says there needs to be
:12:37. > :12:40.more prescription. Chris Cook is with us here, how significant is
:12:41. > :12:45.what was said there? It is very significant for three big reasons.
:12:46. > :12:50.The first is there he seemed to be suggesting that he had said to
:12:51. > :12:54.Michael Gove that he had wanted no-notice inspections some years
:12:55. > :12:59.ago. That puts Michael Gove, if he had refused that request on the side
:13:00. > :13:03.of the unions, which I think is a first ever on any education
:13:04. > :13:07.discussion! The second thing is he suggested that academies needed to
:13:08. > :13:10.have an obligation to offer a broader curriculum at the moment.
:13:11. > :13:14.That again is significant. That is not something we have heard about.
:13:15. > :13:20.Thirdly, he's also worried about what is known in the jargon as the
:13:21. > :13:24."middle tier", do we have people looking after schools. This is a
:13:25. > :13:28.major flash point between the Conservative Party and Labour
:13:29. > :13:34.particularly. The education second, the shadow Education Secretary, only
:13:35. > :13:37.a question of time perhaps, the Shadow Education Secretary is here.
:13:38. > :13:40.Do you support the principle of unannounced visits? That is
:13:41. > :13:44.absolutely fine. You are in favour of them? That can play a part. What
:13:45. > :13:48.we in the Labour Party are more interested in is getting in there
:13:49. > :13:52.earlier than that. That is why, as Chris said, we want a middle tier,
:13:53. > :13:57.we want a local director of accountability and standards
:13:58. > :14:01.operating in a city like Birmingham, operating across local authorities
:14:02. > :14:05.to make sure we are addressing under performance, rather than waiting for
:14:06. > :14:09.it to wind its way up to a desk in Whitehall. What Birmingham shown is
:14:10. > :14:13.the coalition's model of schooling is not working. This is a seismic
:14:14. > :14:17.and important moment when we think about English schooling. Academies
:14:18. > :14:21.are your invention? The sponsored academy was a great Labour
:14:22. > :14:25.innovation, but we were clear that they should operate in a partnership
:14:26. > :14:28.with other schools, to be part of a collaborative network of schools.
:14:29. > :14:33.What we did in Government was the London Challenge, which raised
:14:34. > :14:38.standards across the capital, academies, maintained, control,
:14:39. > :14:42.voluntary aided all work together, rather than the isolated schools we
:14:43. > :14:51.have at the moment. Can you explain why it is your predesets or --
:14:52. > :14:55.predecessor Stephen Twigg said he sought the freedom academies have
:14:56. > :15:00.for all schools? We know autonomy works within a network of
:15:01. > :15:04.interrelationships within a school. Giving heads' hours is absolutely
:15:05. > :15:10.radio -- powers is absolutely right. But in partnership. I agree with Sir
:15:11. > :15:14.Michael Willshaw, Ofsted inspectors should have the right to look at the
:15:15. > :15:17.teaching of the curriculum. If they are not teaching a broad and
:15:18. > :15:21.balanced curriculum they should not get an outstanding. Some of the
:15:22. > :15:25.schools in Birmingham were narrowing the curriculum and getting rid of
:15:26. > :15:29.music. But why were they given an outstanding rating? They wouldn't
:15:30. > :15:35.get an outstanding rating if they were not teach ago broad and
:15:36. > :15:39.balanced curriculum. I think the important point was about heads,
:15:40. > :15:43.strong heads rather than an overpouring governing body. What
:15:44. > :15:48.about the British values that Michael Gove was talking about, do
:15:49. > :15:53.you support that? I am in support of that but I'm not sure if Michael
:15:54. > :15:58.Gove would know what that was if it bit him on the bum. It regards
:15:59. > :16:04.Blackadder as unpatriotic and takes books out of prison and To Kill A
:16:05. > :16:10.Mockingbird out of the curriculum. Do you want schools to instill
:16:11. > :16:14.British values? I want schools to instill values of inquiry, and those
:16:15. > :16:18.are in periods of history British values. We want them to teach
:16:19. > :16:22.democracy and the rule of law and peculiarism, but what I'm really
:16:23. > :16:26.interested in is getting young people in Birmingham career and
:16:27. > :16:30.college ready so when they come out of these schools they will lead
:16:31. > :16:33.successful and prosperous lives in a multicultural city like Birmingham.
:16:34. > :16:38.British values absolutely part of that. That is why citizenship,
:16:39. > :16:43.history, that should be part of a broad and balanced curriculum. Thank
:16:44. > :16:47.you very much. It so often seems an inevitable part of war, but if
:16:48. > :16:54.gathering in London has its way, rape and other sexual violence will
:16:55. > :16:57.no longer be an effect of war to be mentioned alongside bombs and
:16:58. > :17:04.artillery fire. The Foreign Office is holding a four-day meeting as a
:17:05. > :17:10.culmination of a two year operation to get the issue taken more
:17:11. > :17:14.seriously. It is much more easier said than done. A case study first,
:17:15. > :17:18.south Sudan has only been a country for three years, yet in that time
:17:19. > :17:22.suffered terrible violence, both Government and rebel forces are
:17:23. > :17:31.accused of sexual violence. We travelled from Unity State and the
:17:32. > :17:38.state capital into the remote Ler area and then into south Sudan's
:17:39. > :17:43.capital, Juba. Conflict has made this woman a refugee in her own
:17:44. > :17:48.land. Beneath the surface we find another sinister threat, rape en
:17:49. > :17:52.massive scale, not seen here before. In the world's newest state, in the
:17:53. > :17:58.grips of a military rebellion, women here are being sexually abused,
:17:59. > :18:04.singled out because of their tribe. Tens of thousands are in UN camps.
:18:05. > :18:09.Two ethnic groups now pitted against each other. ??FORCEDYELL Jane has
:18:10. > :18:16.broken a taboo by speaking of sexual assault. She cowered in the grass
:18:17. > :18:20.clutching her nine-year-old school as her sister-in-law was gang raped
:18:21. > :18:26.and then shot dead right in front of her. I was helpless. Both of them
:18:27. > :18:33.raped her, four of them all raped her, they are finishing and the
:18:34. > :18:38.other one into her. She was scream anything a loud voice, she screamed
:18:39. > :18:41.slowly and slowly until we lost her voice and was not able to scream
:18:42. > :18:48.again. They were arguing, the other one is saying let's finer her, the
:18:49. > :18:53.other one saying let's kill her, and the other one saying she is already
:18:54. > :19:01.gone. The other one released three bullets on her chest, she died on
:19:02. > :19:08.the spot. 31 women were allegedly raped there on that day. It happened
:19:09. > :19:12.in the town of Bentau in the north. Now it is deserted except for
:19:13. > :19:17.Government soldiers, they are backed by militia from Darfur who are
:19:18. > :19:20.blamed, but all sides are accused of sexual violence in south Sudan.
:19:21. > :19:28.We're going to a local radio station sexual violence in south Sudan.
:19:29. > :19:31.bald BentauFM, until recently in opposition hands. There is clear
:19:32. > :19:45.evidence that one rebel commander used the airways to incite young men
:19:46. > :19:51.to come and join them and to commit rape. We meet the director in
:19:52. > :19:55.charge, when the rebels burst in he was forced to hand over controls. We
:19:56. > :20:02.have obtained leaked testimonies that reveal that the rebels Claired
:20:03. > :20:05.on air that the rebels had raped women and they were pregnant with
:20:06. > :20:16.the babies. They called at young men to meet in the barracks to go to
:20:17. > :20:23.Dinka sites and rape women. A helicopter takes us further goes to
:20:24. > :20:29.Leer, one of the hard to reach areas, only now people emerging from
:20:30. > :20:43.hiding still in rebel hands. Here we discover women more prepared to show
:20:44. > :20:50.their faces, safety in numbers, despite the stigma. They are the
:20:51. > :20:55.prey of war. TRANSLATION: They cut off the little boys testicle, until
:20:56. > :20:58.they bled to death in front of us, when they were sure the children
:20:59. > :21:03.were dead, they divided us up into groups and took us under the tree,
:21:04. > :21:09.there they stole all of our money, and then they raped us. Just how
:21:10. > :21:16.many women have been raped in south Sudan is not clear. 24,000 are at
:21:17. > :21:22.risk, claim UN officials, and the cases we have uncovered are just the
:21:23. > :21:27.tip of the iceberg. At the hospital here you get a sense of the
:21:28. > :21:33.brutality of the past few months. This is the surgical department. Run
:21:34. > :21:37.by the charity Medecins Sans Frontieres, the place has been
:21:38. > :21:45.utterly destroyed. As you can see we have lost everything. Only bats
:21:46. > :21:48.remain. Here in the capital Juba peacekeepers are stretched, with
:21:49. > :21:52.every new wave of violence the camp swells and we don't have to go very
:21:53. > :22:02.far to find more evidence of sexual attacks. Emily here was bitten,
:22:03. > :22:06.beaten and gang raped in what appears to be an ethically targeted
:22:07. > :22:19.operation. Emily tell me what happened at each of these three
:22:20. > :22:22.trees? TRANSLATION: At the first three we were ambushed by armed men
:22:23. > :22:28.hiding in the undergrowth. They stopped us and ordered us to put
:22:29. > :22:33.down our bags. Then they took us to the second tree where they searched
:22:34. > :22:41.us. They groped us, reaching into our bras, where we keep our money.
:22:42. > :22:48.Along with our mobile phones. Then they led us to the third tree where
:22:49. > :22:53.they raped us. From this watch tower here you can see in the distance the
:22:54. > :22:56.cluster of trees where the gang rape allegedly took place. We have
:22:57. > :23:00.discovered at least seven other women who claim they were sexually
:23:01. > :23:05.assaulted in exactly the same spot, on the periphery of the camp, right
:23:06. > :23:10.under the noses of UN peacekeepers. Under a revised UN mandate,
:23:11. > :23:14.protecting civilians is now the top priority, are they letting women
:23:15. > :23:17.down? There have been incidents that have happened right outside our
:23:18. > :23:21.gates and we have had to make horrible choices. I will never have
:23:22. > :23:25.enough resources and ultimately we must remember this is not the
:23:26. > :23:29.international communities' problem to fix, this is the south Sudanese
:23:30. > :23:32.problem to fix. They have to reconcile and come together and
:23:33. > :23:36.build their country and make sure the population, whoever it is, is
:23:37. > :23:43.safe. There are very real fears that women could be denied justice for
:23:44. > :23:47.the sake of peace. The authorities say they will act on evidence. In
:23:48. > :23:54.order to resolve this problem in a modern and civilised way and to go
:23:55. > :24:02.to the modern court someone has to come out of the silence. And they
:24:03. > :24:05.have to put their case and we are letting them know we will
:24:06. > :24:10.understand. Sex is a weapon of war and deemed a crime against humanity.
:24:11. > :24:14.But with more than a million people here trapped in the cares of
:24:15. > :24:28.conflict, securing the means to survive is likely to Dom -- dominate
:24:29. > :24:32.for some time to come. My guests are with me, one who survived an attack
:24:33. > :24:37.by a so called death squad. And we have an activist who survived a
:24:38. > :24:42.sexual assault in Tahrir Square in Cairo. You are both victims of
:24:43. > :24:50.sexual assault, how much hope do you attach to this conference? Well,
:24:51. > :24:55.we're here in great number. The Noble Women's Initiative, which I
:24:56. > :24:58.chair, there are six women who have received the prize and work with
:24:59. > :25:02.women's organisations around the world working for sustainable peace.
:25:03. > :25:04.We took the lead in creating an international campaign to stop rape
:25:05. > :25:09.and gender violence in war. The point is to bring Non-Governmental
:25:10. > :25:12.Organisations together round the world and press Governments to do
:25:13. > :25:19.what they should do any way. What you are hoping to do is to make
:25:20. > :25:25.something, sexual violence a recognisably different category of
:25:26. > :25:28.offence in an environment in which killing other people is the way it
:25:29. > :25:38.happens, that is what happens in war? Well it is true but that is
:25:39. > :25:43.different from rape because the victim of rape has to live and
:25:44. > :25:48.assume responsibility towards society, towards kids, towards the
:25:49. > :25:52.economy of the country. This is almost impossible with the stigma
:25:53. > :25:59.and the reprecussions of such attacks. Part of the problem is what
:26:00. > :26:05.happens in every society in the world when a woman is raped or
:26:06. > :26:10.sexually assaulted. The immediate focus is on what did she do?
:26:11. > :26:13.sexually assaulted. The immediate dressed like a tramp? Instead of
:26:14. > :26:17.where it should be, on the perpetrator. The person who raped
:26:18. > :26:22.the woman is the person we should be looking at, not the woman who was
:26:23. > :26:29.raped. Part of what we want to see happen at this ministerial level
:26:30. > :26:34.conference is states taking concrete actions for prevention, protection
:26:35. > :26:39.and prosecution. Because a raped woman as we have seen in South
:26:40. > :26:45.Sudan, may I just finish. Go on. Thank you, a raped woman is not just
:26:46. > :26:50.a raped woman, it affects her family, if you rape enough woman in
:26:51. > :26:56.a village you destroy the social fabric of that village. Isn't there
:26:57. > :27:00.a problem here, of course it is a noble objective, but when you look
:27:01. > :27:02.at that report from South Sudan here, the men who conducted those
:27:03. > :27:11.rapes are not at this conference, here, the men who conducted those
:27:12. > :27:18.it at all? But maybe the ones who are responsible for giving orders
:27:19. > :27:25.for these men to hear, maybe the system would allow fair trials they
:27:26. > :27:29.will have to be part of it. I think part of the problem though is
:27:30. > :27:34.thinking it only happens over there. Over there we're going to help those
:27:35. > :27:38.poor women over there who are raped in conflict. I'm sorry the
:27:39. > :27:42.secretary-general's report I think in 2011 on sexual violence, one out
:27:43. > :27:47.of every three women in the world will at some point in their life
:27:48. > :27:52.suffer rape or sexual assault. So hello, we have to put this in a
:27:53. > :27:58.continuum. And in my military, in the United States of America, rape
:27:59. > :28:03.and sexual violence is rampant. And it is only recently that it is being
:28:04. > :28:09.addressed properly in my country. So trying to pretend it is only them
:28:10. > :28:13.over there is a bit ludicrous. I was not trying to suggest it was only
:28:14. > :28:17.women somewhere else, merely that those people responsible for it are
:28:18. > :28:21.not at the conference? Well that's not exactly true, because the
:28:22. > :28:27.militaries in those countries engage in rape as well. It is not just the
:28:28. > :28:32.rebel forces. And hopefully the Governments who come here will
:28:33. > :28:37.outline a plan of action by which they begin to address these
:28:38. > :28:42.problems. And we're here to state what we think should happen and
:28:43. > :28:46.we're here to tell them that we will not turn away and listen to
:28:47. > :28:50.beautiful words if they are not turned into action because beautiful
:28:51. > :28:56.words are irrelevant. Are you optimistic that there will be any
:28:57. > :29:01.kind of initiative as a consequence to this? I'm very optimistic,
:29:02. > :29:07.because I think that the sheer fact that we have this summit means that
:29:08. > :29:10.those countries, 150 countries, participating do acknowledge that
:29:11. > :29:17.there is a problem. This is just one great step ahead. Because many
:29:18. > :29:26.Governments for years haven't acknowledged those attacks do take
:29:27. > :29:29.place. I think that also the fact that it puts the Governments, the
:29:30. > :29:34.Government representatives together with the NGOs, this will create
:29:35. > :29:40.dialogue that definitely would have a very positive outcome. Thank you
:29:41. > :29:49.both very much indeed. Now regular viewers will of course be familiar
:29:50. > :29:56.with this, the formula for the Becenstein Authropy for the black
:29:57. > :30:01.hole. The existence, though defies the laws of if Is sicks was first
:30:02. > :30:06.surmised centuries ago. Suppose black holes didn't exist, that is
:30:07. > :30:10.the potential thinking of a University of Cambridge physicist,
:30:11. > :30:14.imagine it, no region of space time for which gravity prevents anything
:30:15. > :30:22.escaping. We will discuss that with her in a minute.
:30:23. > :30:26.Black holes are some of the strangest and most mysterious
:30:27. > :30:32.objects in the universe. The theory is they are born from the death
:30:33. > :30:35.throess of massive stars that explode and collapse. In less than a
:30:36. > :30:42.second every last bit of matter is crushed down to almost nothing. But
:30:43. > :30:46.despite being tiny these incredibly dense objects exert a massive
:30:47. > :30:51.gravitational pull. Like a swimmer trying to escape a waterfall, there
:30:52. > :30:57.is an invisible line where the water rushes down faster than you can
:30:58. > :31:01.swim, a point of no return, known as the "event horizon". But in black
:31:02. > :31:05.hole it is not water that is flowing in, it is space itself. And nothing
:31:06. > :31:14.can travel fast enough to escape it, not even light. That is why black
:31:15. > :31:19.holes are completely invisible. Einstein predicted the existence of
:31:20. > :31:24.these cosmic oddities in his theory of relativity in 1916. Even though
:31:25. > :31:28.they can't be seen, most scientists are certain they exist. They have
:31:29. > :31:32.seen stars being literally ripped apart as they spiral into blackness.
:31:33. > :31:37.But black holes aren't just weird, they are an embarrassment. Because
:31:38. > :31:40.at the bottom lies something that no physicist can explain, a point of
:31:41. > :31:43.infinite density and gravity. physicist can explain, a point of
:31:44. > :31:49.singularity. This is where everything that falls into the black
:31:50. > :31:52.hole ends up, crushed out of existence, gone forever. But
:31:53. > :32:01.according to the laws of physics, that is just not possible, stuff
:32:02. > :32:07.can't just disappear. In the 1970s Steven hawking came up with an idea,
:32:08. > :32:11.some material could leak out, it is called Hawking radiation, it has
:32:12. > :32:16.never been detected, and how could this come out when everything else
:32:17. > :32:20.gets sucked in. These are the issues keeping physicists up at night.
:32:21. > :32:26.Decades of hard thinking from the finest minds have yet to solve the
:32:27. > :32:31.paradox. Some are thinking the unthinkable, maybe block holes don't
:32:32. > :32:36.forget. The author of the paper of the University of North Carolina of
:32:37. > :32:42.Cambridge is here, also with us is a reader and theoretical physics in
:32:43. > :32:48.Imperial College London. What effect did it have upon you to realise you
:32:49. > :32:53.may have disproved such a commonly held conviction about the nature of
:32:54. > :32:57.the universe? It was very nerve racking of course, although not a
:32:58. > :33:03.surprise. The history of black holes versus no black holes goes back to
:33:04. > :33:10.at least as far as Eddington in the 1930s. In 1935 he had this argument
:33:11. > :33:15.with a scientist about to show there are black holes, that very massive
:33:16. > :33:20.stars collapse under their own gravity into one point in the
:33:21. > :33:30.centre. That story goes back to later on it goes back to Oppenheimer
:33:31. > :33:34.and Willer, and the singularity theorem, and here we are now. What
:33:35. > :33:42.are the implications of your conviction? I would think if this
:33:43. > :33:53.result holds and the calculation was done under a series of arocks makes,
:33:54. > :33:58.so -- productsations -- approxima tickets ons, and if it turns out
:33:59. > :34:03.there are no event horizons or massive stars, there is a place
:34:04. > :34:08.where quantum mechanics is as important as the Einstein's theory
:34:09. > :34:12.of gravity. What do you think of the implications of this calculation?
:34:13. > :34:19.The impoliticcations f it turns out to be confirmed, would be very
:34:20. > :34:23.dramatic, it would be a real surprise. It would be a revolution
:34:24. > :34:26.wouldn't it? It would be a revolution in terms of people who
:34:27. > :34:32.think about black holes, certainly. It would be very revolutionary, one
:34:33. > :34:36.of the reasons is that one of the cherished views we have is when
:34:37. > :34:41.black hole forms we don't need to understand quantum mechanics to
:34:42. > :34:45.understand how the event horizon develops. That is the surface out of
:34:46. > :34:51.which you can never escape. So we, up to this point, were fairly
:34:52. > :34:56.convinced that standard Einstein's classical theory, ignoring quantum
:34:57. > :35:00.mechanics works there. We understand if you went inside the block hole at
:35:01. > :35:04.mechanics works there. We understand some point, you have to worry about
:35:05. > :35:07.mechanics works there. We understand quantum mechanics with singularity.
:35:08. > :35:15.Where as Laura's paper claims otherwise. You don't believe it do
:35:16. > :35:18.you? I have not had enough to study it, it was in my e-mail this
:35:19. > :35:22.morning, and it is a technical work and I would need to go through the
:35:23. > :35:27.calculations in detail. It is absolutely surprising, given results
:35:28. > :35:35.in the past, but we are all hoping for a surprise. Are you worried it
:35:36. > :35:40.may not be proved by others? I am worried that once I and the
:35:41. > :35:44.collaborator in Cambridge have dropped the assumptions that were
:35:45. > :35:48.made in this first part of the work that we will challenge ourselves.
:35:49. > :35:53.But having spent the last five months working intensively and
:35:54. > :36:03.focussed on this problem alone, I do think that the results will hold up.
:36:04. > :36:06.How much do you think this sort of discovery, this sort
:36:07. > :36:08.How much do you think this sort of black hole, I mean no-one has
:36:09. > :36:12.actually seen a black hole, black hole, I mean no-one has
:36:13. > :36:17.they? No-one has fallen into one that we know of. But to say people
:36:18. > :36:21.haven't seen a black hole is probably wrong. By very definition
:36:22. > :36:26.of a black hole light can't escape from it. So you will never see a
:36:27. > :36:29.black hole directly. But there have been many indirect observations of
:36:30. > :36:36.black holes. But we are at the limits here of human ambition and
:36:37. > :36:42.human capacity, aren't we? I would say to understand astro physical
:36:43. > :36:45.black holes in our universe we are not at all at the limits.
:36:46. > :36:52.Observations in the last few decades have made remarkable progress. We
:36:53. > :36:58.now know at the centre of our Milky Way is a black hole a few million
:36:59. > :37:02.times the mass of our sun. We are pretty certain about that fact. What
:37:03. > :37:07.happens when you fall in and quantum mechanics becomes an issue is more
:37:08. > :37:11.complicated. But the exist of the objects... I should probably clarify
:37:12. > :37:18.what you mean, usually we associate the black holes with the existence
:37:19. > :37:23.of a singularity at the centre known in could lobingism as the "edge of
:37:24. > :37:27.space time itself", that translates into it is so exotic we don't
:37:28. > :37:33.understand what happens at that point. We are at the limit? The
:37:34. > :37:39.second feature associated with black holes versus massive stars is
:37:40. > :37:48.something known as an event horizon. Which is a sort of boundary, not
:37:49. > :37:52.physical, but a point, a location in the space outside the black hole
:37:53. > :37:58.where not even light can escape. So whenever an object has a singularity
:37:59. > :38:04.at the centre and an event horizon outside we call that a black hole.
:38:05. > :38:08.What my work has shown is once you include Hawking radiation in the
:38:09. > :38:13.interior of the star collapsing into a black hole, and that is the key
:38:14. > :38:17.point, Hawking Radiation is produced by the collapsing star, the one
:38:18. > :38:22.about to collapse into a back hole, once you include that radiation in
:38:23. > :38:27.the interior of that star, that star will never reach zero size and claps
:38:28. > :38:30.all the way to singularity. It will still be a massive star, the same
:38:31. > :38:34.mass that the black hole would have had, it will have the same
:38:35. > :38:38.gravitational forces that we normally associate with indirect
:38:39. > :38:44.observations of black holes, but it won't have an event hor rise on or
:38:45. > :38:54.singularity. Rather exciting isn't it? Very exciting.
:38:55. > :39:01.The hugely popular comedian Rik Mayall was found dead at his home
:39:02. > :39:09.today. There was there were no suspicion circumstances, he just
:39:10. > :39:14.died, "selfish bastards" said Ade Edmundson of his friend. This seemed
:39:15. > :39:23.to be man that expressed an entire period of British history. Flash by
:39:24. > :39:32.name, Flash by nature. Where have you been? Where haven't I been?
:39:33. > :39:37.Would have. With timing second to none Rik Mayall burst own to our TV
:39:38. > :39:44.screens, everyone has a favourite character, Lord Flashheart may be
:39:45. > :39:49.yours. Thanks bridesmaid, like the beard. Gives me something to hang on
:39:50. > :39:57.to! But part of his comedy genius was he created so much and so many
:39:58. > :40:01.characters. Most of my work is based in Redditch, sometimes the library.
:40:02. > :40:05.Kevin Turvey was an early creation, the roving reporter from Redditch
:40:06. > :40:12.that lived with his mum and investigated very little. Fish that
:40:13. > :40:18.are like cod, whales, that is the fish not the place. A spokesman for
:40:19. > :40:21.Britain's youth now. But it was this obnoxious anarchist that British
:40:22. > :40:27.youth audiences took to their hearts. My name is Rik. You put that
:40:28. > :40:32.back, that is my personal property. You just said all property is dead.
:40:33. > :40:40.It is. So I'm nicking it. Stop, thief, thief. His collaboration with
:40:41. > :40:44.Ade Edmundson who he met at university changed a generation.
:40:45. > :40:50.They were part of a generation who took on the establishment, known as
:40:51. > :40:57.alternative comedy. Rik is a banker, signed the rest of the club. No that
:40:58. > :41:00.was an in-joke we had in my form. They were prepared to take on the
:41:01. > :41:04.establishment and be riotous in the way they performed their comedy, to
:41:05. > :41:11.be very, very bold. In the 80s there was perhaps less difference --
:41:12. > :41:17.deference then, and it divided people, it was not a defer relation
:41:18. > :41:22.show. Their famous appearance on university challenge too. Who has
:41:23. > :41:29.been tampering with my question cards. It was me, it was me. All the
:41:30. > :41:37.anarchy you saw was always very well prepared, with the sort of anarchy
:41:38. > :41:43.that takes six months right. There was a lovely moment where he wanted
:41:44. > :41:48.me to take my teeth out as Thatcher and I said I think I can make my
:41:49. > :41:53.mouth looks a if it hadn't got any teeth in, because I could do my
:41:54. > :41:57.grandmother. I said Mrs Thatcher would end up talking like that, he
:41:58. > :42:02.loved it and asked to put more in. I want to be true to the spirit of
:42:03. > :42:06.Thatcherism. All you care about is number one. I thought that is what
:42:07. > :42:10.it is all about. Of course it is. He had great eyes for a comedian. When
:42:11. > :42:16.he was doing Kevin, where he sat on the chair and stared straight into
:42:17. > :42:21.the camera, he was like Ronnie cosh bet on as -- Corbett on acid. You
:42:22. > :42:25.could see into his head. You could see the electrical thunderstorm
:42:26. > :42:28.going off in his head. And that would come straight down the camera
:42:29. > :42:35.and very few comedians have been able to do that strike. That is why
:42:36. > :42:38.he was so brilliant on Jackanory. I'm going shopping in the village
:42:39. > :42:44.George's mother said on a Saturday morning, be a good boy and don't get
:42:45. > :42:52.up to mischief. Rik Mayall was found dead at his home this lunchtime, he
:42:53. > :42:59.was just 56. The Times columnist and devoted man Caitlin Moran is here.
:43:00. > :43:03.What was the appeal? I started watching him at ten. What I
:43:04. > :43:07.connected to was he was incredibly childlike f you look at everything
:43:08. > :43:11.he is doing, it is the state of hyperenergy and unself-consciousness
:43:12. > :43:14.that you have when you are a kid, you are screaming in a room and
:43:15. > :43:19.shouting rude words, you are in love with a rude word, and there is
:43:20. > :43:25.nothing funnier or more clever than using that. He still had that at 30
:43:26. > :43:31.and ho. It is that thing -- and 40. It is that thing I'm alive, I have a
:43:32. > :43:35.face and can say the word "poo". He's billed as an alternative
:43:36. > :43:39.comedian, alternative to what? There was an amazing intelligence there.
:43:40. > :43:42.There is a saying about how comedy is what you have when you have
:43:43. > :43:49.intelligence left to burn. Obviously we know him for silly faces and
:43:50. > :43:51.saying "poo" a lot. Things like ottom was based on Waiting
:43:52. > :43:56.saying "poo" a lot. Things like Godot. They had done it in theatre,
:43:57. > :43:59.they said what if we do a version that is ruder and sillier and
:44:00. > :44:03.funnier. He was constantly on that is ruder and sillier and
:44:04. > :44:08.One of the greatest cameos in a sitcom is his Lord Flashheart in
:44:09. > :44:12.Blackadder. He bursts through the doors. In the run through he didn't
:44:13. > :44:16.do it, he walked through all of his blocking. When he went for the take
:44:17. > :44:22.he explodes through the doors. You watch the cast, Miranda Richardson,
:44:23. > :44:26.Steven Fry and others, they don't know what hit them. They are like
:44:27. > :44:29.what is going on here. If you ask people about Blackadder, people
:44:30. > :44:32.think he was one of the main characters. But he was in the series
:44:33. > :44:36.for less than five minutes, but made such an impact. There was an
:44:37. > :44:39.interesting conversation on Facebook about how different he was to most
:44:40. > :44:45.British comedians, he does a thing a lot of American comedians do, people
:44:46. > :44:51.like Jack Black, you come in the room and own it. What are you going
:44:52. > :44:55.to do, let as play, English characters are characterful and
:44:56. > :44:58.playing with words, he could do that as well, he came in and owned the
:44:59. > :45:04.room like a rock star. That time that he appeared in that school of
:45:05. > :45:07.comedy, the 1980s, this is, you know, it was a
:45:08. > :45:08.comedy, the 1980s, this is, you otherwise? He was great for that. In
:45:09. > :45:13.the Young Ones, it otherwise? He was great for that. In
:45:14. > :45:16.now, and I speak as someone who likes to be funny but likes to write
:45:17. > :45:19.about politics, it is very difficult to write about politics and try to
:45:20. > :45:26.be honest and passionate about it without sounding like Rik did in the
:45:27. > :45:32.Young One, "down with Thatcher's junta", that great childlike, I have
:45:33. > :45:37.great dungries. When I watch people talking about young people talking
:45:38. > :45:43.about politics, I think you need to watch The Young Ones. The naivity he
:45:44. > :45:47.had as well, alternative comedy at that time, people would say what is
:45:48. > :45:53.theth the alternative to, it was the childlike and teenage view of the
:45:54. > :45:58.world we hadn't had before. He was perpetually as stoppished by the --
:45:59. > :46:04.astonished by the world. I never saw anyone who enjoyed having a face
:46:05. > :46:10.more than him. He was beautiful in repose, but he was egoless about it,
:46:11. > :46:15.gurning and posing and throwing himself on the floor. He always had
:46:16. > :46:19.five more muscles in his face. It was young people speaking to young
:46:20. > :46:25.people? I have watched a lot of celebrity deaths on Twitter, Amy
:46:26. > :46:30.Winehouse, and Elizabeth tailor, I have never seen -- Taylor. I have
:46:31. > :46:36.never seen more love outpouring. They loved him from Bottom,
:46:37. > :46:41.Jackanory, which he was amazing in, Drop Dead Fred, it was we watched
:46:42. > :46:44.him as kids and saw someone like you on television, that is COMPLEEKT
:46:45. > :46:49.what you would do is smash a television over someone's head and
:46:50. > :46:55.say the word "poo", and gurn as much as possible and eggs ployed. --
:46:56. > :46:59.explode. Who are his heirs? It is difficult, in terms of charisma,
:47:00. > :47:04.watch someone... It is very difficult. The childlike quality
:47:05. > :47:09.that Eddie Izzard brings to stuff and that rock 'n' roll thing. I
:47:10. > :47:14.don't know, it is odd, his career was cut short, we thought he would
:47:15. > :47:18.be a Hollywood star after Drop Dead Fred and it all stopped there. That
:47:19. > :47:21.is why people took it personally when they heard he died, he was
:47:22. > :47:26.still a British secret. Americans don't know who he is. There is an
:47:27. > :47:30.amazing warmth towards him? Yes. Again, if you are a kid watching
:47:31. > :47:34.that, it was one of the programmes you weren't allowed to watch scat
:47:35. > :47:39.young Ones or Bottom, you sneak up and watch it and this is your secret
:47:40. > :47:49.and you feel a kindred spirit watching it. For me he was a massive
:47:50. > :47:53.role model as a wonky young girl, talking them about being complete
:47:54. > :47:58.outsiders and loners and loving each other, I thought that is a role
:47:59. > :48:04.model in the way that girls on Sweet Valley High and Dynasty are not.
:48:05. > :48:06.Thank you. That is all we have time for tonight, there is lots more on
:48:07. > :48:12.tomorrow. Good night.