:00:00. > :00:09.More air power, more missiles more rapid deployment.
:00:10. > :00:15.Is Syria driving the agenda for the "full spectrum approach"
:00:16. > :00:20.for defence and security announced by the PM today?
:00:21. > :00:27.The threats we face today go beyond this evil death cult, from the
:00:28. > :00:31.crisis in Ukraine to the risk of cyber attacks and pandemics, the
:00:32. > :00:35.world is more uncertain today than even five years ago.
:00:36. > :00:38.Are there more soldiers than civilians on the streets
:00:39. > :00:41.of Brussels, where people are living in fear of an attack?
:00:42. > :00:45.I'm in a European capital now facing its third night of unprecedented
:00:46. > :00:50.lockdown. Two degrees temperature increase,
:00:51. > :00:53.the magic figure at the climate conference in Paris next week,
:00:54. > :00:58.but will everyone sign up? Ed Miliband tells us
:00:59. > :01:00.about his carbon crusade and talks about the upcoming vote
:01:01. > :01:05.on British air strikes in Syria. And an exclusive British interview
:01:06. > :01:08.with a woman who lives with a new face after an horrific attack
:01:09. > :01:15.destroyed her own one. The timing of the Strategic Defence
:01:16. > :01:23.and Security Review less than two weeks after the Paris attacks has
:01:24. > :01:27.meant that the Prime Minister was today able to set out a panoply of
:01:28. > :01:30.responses to what he called growing threats to our country and "a world
:01:31. > :01:33.more dangerous and uncertain than five years ago" - in both increased
:01:34. > :01:37.hardwear and deployable armed forces, including two new rapid
:01:38. > :01:40.strike brigades of 5,000 apiece,
:01:41. > :01:45.and a replacement for Trident, The list goes on, ahead of
:01:46. > :01:51.David Cameron's speech on Thursday in which he'll set out his case
:01:52. > :01:55.for British airstrikes in Syria. Here's our
:01:56. > :02:06.diplomatic editor Mark Urban with If you want a metaphor for how this
:02:07. > :02:12.government sees the forces now, you could do worse than this. Member
:02:13. > :02:25.old, professional, rapidly deployable. -- nimble. In fat but
:02:26. > :02:32.also out quickly too. After Iraq and Afghanistan Britain lacks the will
:02:33. > :02:38.or numbers to stick around. -- in, but also out. They may be
:02:39. > :02:42.increasingly structured to war strategic raiding in a more
:02:43. > :02:48.sophisticated way, backed up by intelligence assets backed up by
:02:49. > :02:51.soft power assets. It may be required to do certain specific
:02:52. > :02:59.things around the world, short and sharp and sophisticated. The wins
:03:00. > :03:08.are mostly in air power, Britain will keep Typhoons for longer and
:03:09. > :03:15.buying more F35 fighters. It will keep them at the current level but
:03:16. > :03:22.also at planes. There will be nine new maritime patrol aircraft,
:03:23. > :03:30.restoring a capability cut in 2010. Another squadron of F35-B will take
:03:31. > :03:36.pressure away from the royal air force. In the short term we will see
:03:37. > :03:39.a decision within days to join the offensive air campaign over Syria
:03:40. > :03:45.and that will increase the pressure on the royal air force. In the
:03:46. > :03:50.medium or long term, increasing by two Typhoons quadrants is good. The
:03:51. > :03:55.government today acknowledged the research and is of state -based
:03:56. > :04:01.threats, that is code for Russia. And it drives spending on eight new
:04:02. > :04:10.type 26 frigates. It is also a key rationale for renewing Trident. This
:04:11. > :04:15.isn't full-scale rearmament, because that would be hugely expensive. The
:04:16. > :04:19.opposition says that much of the money for new kit announced today
:04:20. > :04:28.has come from squeezing the MOD's people. ?11 billion of this extra 12
:04:29. > :04:35.billion is supposed to be coming from deficiencies in the MOD. That
:04:36. > :04:41.will translate into things like 30% job losses among civilian staff.
:04:42. > :04:44.That level of efficiency savings is challenging, I would say. We will
:04:45. > :04:50.have to interrogate this a bit more closely about how realistic the
:04:51. > :04:57.savings are. Those in uniform will face the pinch, too. With allowances
:04:58. > :05:03.and gaps between deployments hit. The Navy has had problems crewing
:05:04. > :05:10.ships will get 400 more sailors rather than the 2000 it hoped for.
:05:11. > :05:15.That will hit Britain's ability to sustain large-scale operations. Six
:05:16. > :05:20.or seven years ago we could deploy ten brigades, one in Iraq and one in
:05:21. > :05:27.Afghanistan, but we can't do that now. Sustainability is a big issue.
:05:28. > :05:32.We have put quite a lot in the shop window but how much is in the
:05:33. > :05:36.storehouse? By pumping more money into defence, the government has
:05:37. > :05:42.ensured that the Armed Forces at night quietly satisfied. What this
:05:43. > :05:49.is about is renewing their equipment at around about the same strength,
:05:50. > :05:52.with the one exception of the decision to buy the Poseidon
:05:53. > :05:58.maritime reconnaissance plane, none of this is about growing back what
:05:59. > :06:06.has been lost in previous cuts and in that sense Britain will get more
:06:07. > :06:11.modern forces but there will be a small force on the modern stage. It
:06:12. > :06:15.may not be huge but the UK is one of the few countries in Europe making a
:06:16. > :06:20.big new investment in defence, not least because it has so many
:06:21. > :06:22.missions in mind for them. Mark Urban.
:06:23. > :06:26.I am now joined by the Defence Procurement Minister, Philip
:06:27. > :06:30.Dunne, and the Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces, Kevan Jones.
:06:31. > :06:37.Good evening. First of all, Philip Dunne, none of this is making us
:06:38. > :06:43.feel any safer because we won't get anything for at least three years?
:06:44. > :06:48.This is a big day for defence, investing ?12 billion into the
:06:49. > :06:51.equipment plan. 178 billion over ten years. It does not generate
:06:52. > :06:57.capability overnight but it will in time. Right now we are facing a
:06:58. > :07:01.bigger threat than we have in five years, more insecure than in the
:07:02. > :07:06.past five years, and what has been announced does not change that in
:07:07. > :07:09.the short-term? We are seeking to make the Armed Forces more and it
:07:10. > :07:15.can happen continuously throughout the process. What has happened is
:07:16. > :07:20.that we are now not even returning to five years ago, we are having to
:07:21. > :07:26.patch up what you took away five years ago which was clearly too much
:07:27. > :07:31.of a slash and burn? Five years ago we inherited a shambles in the
:07:32. > :07:35.defence budget, completely unfunded expansion. We are now introducing
:07:36. > :07:42.state-of-the-art capability across the Navy, Air force and army. Do you
:07:43. > :07:46.agree with everything set out today? The government have cut the defence
:07:47. > :07:51.budget by 40% in five years and made silly decisions in 2010, for
:07:52. > :07:58.example, getting rid of maritime patrol which they are having to fill
:07:59. > :08:05.the gap of today. 178 billion over ten years, that is not new money,
:08:06. > :08:09.most of it is already committed. As Maria Eagle said coming 11 billion
:08:10. > :08:15.will come out of deficiencies. Slashing the backroom staff at the
:08:16. > :08:20.MOD. And also you are talking about this existing, if there is a growth
:08:21. > :08:25.in GDP of 2% which of course is not guaranteed and it is not likely? We
:08:26. > :08:33.are committed to a real term increase in new money. We have
:08:34. > :08:37.successfully bid into a joint security fund which is new money of
:08:38. > :08:40.up to 1.5 billion by the last year of Parliament and on top of that
:08:41. > :08:45.retaining efficiencies we can make from doing things differently within
:08:46. > :08:49.the Department and the Armed Forces and reinvesting that in capability.
:08:50. > :08:54.That is around 7 billion efficiency savings. Let's look at the major
:08:55. > :09:05.cost and that is the replacement of Trident. Kevan Jones, you have said
:09:06. > :09:11.that this is a deterrent and the only constant guarantee of our
:09:12. > :09:15.defence at sea. Do you support the replacement? I support the Labour
:09:16. > :09:20.Party policy which was reaffirmed at the conference which is to have a
:09:21. > :09:23.continued at sea deterrent. That is not about replacing Trident by
:09:24. > :09:28.replacing the submarines which are at the end of their useful lives.
:09:29. > :09:33.You are at odds with your leader because Jeremy Corbyn does not
:09:34. > :09:37.support that position? He doesn't, but the Labour Party does. In terms
:09:38. > :09:41.of the defence debates, internally, in terms of the policy review and
:09:42. > :09:46.the conference, we have agreed to that. You have a review coming up I
:09:47. > :09:51.Angela Eagle and Ken Livingstone and if they take a different view what
:09:52. > :09:57.is your response? I do not know what Ken Livingstone's role is, but this
:09:58. > :10:04.will not be made before we have that decision. The first line of defence
:10:05. > :10:10.is the police force and one of the most senior officers in Britain at
:10:11. > :10:14.the Home Office's request wrote to the Home Office with his assessment
:10:15. > :10:18.which was that any further reduction in officer numbers will impact their
:10:19. > :10:26.ability to manage terrorist incidents of the magnitude of Paris.
:10:27. > :10:31.If we have 20% cuts in the police force, you are robbing Peter to pay
:10:32. > :10:35.Paul, how are people going to feel safer if you cut police numbers? I
:10:36. > :10:39.can't talk about that tonight, not only do we not know what will come
:10:40. > :10:44.out of the statement on Wednesday, but what I can tell you is that I am
:10:45. > :10:47.the defence minister and not the Home Office minister but we are
:10:48. > :10:53.investing in 30% counterterrorism including in the police effort that
:10:54. > :11:00.they put into counterterrorism, so it would help with support from the
:11:01. > :11:04.military for the civil authorities if they need it in the event of a
:11:05. > :11:10.Paris type incident, we would have troops on the streets to support
:11:11. > :11:16.several of Laura Deas. -- civil authorities. Is Labour committed to
:11:17. > :11:22.keeping the same numbers on the streets? The police, Fire Services,
:11:23. > :11:27.local authorities will be slashed later this week. It raises a
:11:28. > :11:30.question about the joining up of what has been announced today in the
:11:31. > :11:35.defence review and what will be announced by the Chancellor later
:11:36. > :11:42.this year. It was referred to in the report that these are important
:11:43. > :11:46.elements of defence. One of the key points he made was that we need a
:11:47. > :11:52.human rights adviser in every embassy. Is that really the priority
:11:53. > :11:57.to discuss right now when we have Brussels on lockdown and we don't
:11:58. > :12:03.know where Isis will strike next? No, the short answer isn't no. But
:12:04. > :12:06.the important point which was raised is the role of the Foreign Office
:12:07. > :12:13.which will be slashed later this week. -- the shot and set is no.
:12:14. > :12:19.You seem very assured in your shadow defence position and I wonder when
:12:20. > :12:24.you seem to be at odds with your leader so much in the end, can your
:12:25. > :12:31.position be the dominant position? The fact of the matter is, in terms
:12:32. > :12:35.of Labour, it's important to speak to the Labour family which actually
:12:36. > :12:38.supports defence and families in my constituency and Labour voters, it
:12:39. > :12:44.is important to have credible defence policies. One last thing,
:12:45. > :12:48.you said earlier that you wondered what the role of Ken Livingstone
:12:49. > :12:55.was, it has been a hugely publicised argument. He was insulting to people
:12:56. > :13:01.with mental issues. You said that he had to be forced to apologise. As
:13:02. > :13:06.that situation moved on at all? That was last week 's news. He was forced
:13:07. > :13:10.to apologise but today Jeremy Corbyn referred to Maria Eagle as leading
:13:11. > :13:14.the review. I know as little as you in terms of what his role is. Thank
:13:15. > :13:17.you very much indeed. "In Paris they want to show they
:13:18. > :13:19.have survived, It didn't happen
:13:20. > :13:25.and people fear it will." These are the words of the head of
:13:26. > :13:31.the Chamber of Commerce in Brussels where the metro system, schools,
:13:32. > :13:33.universities, many restaurants and shops are closed for the third day,
:13:34. > :13:36.the city effectively locked down, The authorities called
:13:37. > :13:40.the terrorism threat to Brussels "serious and imminent" with a fourth
:13:41. > :13:42.suspect being charged with Yet so far Salah Abdeslam -
:13:43. > :13:49.a fugitive since being named a major suspect in the Paris
:13:50. > :14:00.attacks, has eluded the police. Katie, what is the latest? Well,
:14:01. > :14:06.there have been developments in the hunt for Salah Abdeslam. He is still
:14:07. > :14:10.on the run. It has not happened in Brussels but in Paris. Earlier today
:14:11. > :14:17.brothers workers found what is potentially the suicide belt that
:14:18. > :14:25.potentially was used by Salah Abdeslam and dumped there. --
:14:26. > :14:28.rubbish workers. Russells is in lockdown because he is still at
:14:29. > :14:34.large and here the City centre has been jittery all day. Some workers
:14:35. > :14:39.were looking after their children who could not go to school and son
:14:40. > :14:43.did not want to go far from home. Tourists have in the main not been
:14:44. > :14:48.frequenting their usual haunts and lurking underneath it is the fear,
:14:49. > :14:54.if your City reacts in such an unprecedented way, the threat must
:14:55. > :14:59.be serious. This is what a European capital looks like on its third day
:15:00. > :15:04.of lockdown. Police and military out in force, nurseries, schools and
:15:05. > :15:08.universities shut. The Metro not running and museums closed, many
:15:09. > :15:13.bars, restaurants and businesses don't open a tall or have limited
:15:14. > :15:18.hours. Facing a level 4 terror threat in the City, meaning an
:15:19. > :15:23.attack is imminent, and level three in the rest of the country, Belgium
:15:24. > :15:24.has taken dramatic action and the Prime Minister said normality will
:15:25. > :15:29.not return for at least two days. TRANSLATION: We hope to get back to
:15:30. > :15:32.a normal life. Obviously we have to be vigilant
:15:33. > :15:35.and prudent, so it has been decided that schools will be opened
:15:36. > :15:38.from Wednesday so that we can put in place the right measures to
:15:39. > :15:41.protect them and the metro will also Last night's raids across the
:15:42. > :15:46.country have led to one new suspect being charged with involvement
:15:47. > :15:51.in the attacks in Paris. But with Salah Abdeslam still alive
:15:52. > :15:58.and on the run the terror threat here is just as
:15:59. > :16:00.stark. One of yesterday's raids
:16:01. > :16:02.happened here in this suburb. The street behind me was cordoned
:16:03. > :16:05.off and so was that one But the whole operation
:16:06. > :16:08.was cloaked in secrecy. One local told me he had tried to
:16:09. > :16:11.film it but was stopped And even the local mayor only
:16:12. > :16:25.learned of the operation five He's one of 19 mayors in Brussels
:16:26. > :16:28.alone and at the moment they are meeting daily to discuss public
:16:29. > :16:32.safety. Because we don't know what
:16:33. > :16:36.information they have we cannot judge whether the measure is
:16:37. > :16:43.exaggerated or not. May be one day we will no what they knew. At the
:16:44. > :16:48.moment they've put the threat level at number four, the maximum level
:16:49. > :16:55.and it's better to do that than not to know and like Paris to have
:16:56. > :17:01.attacks you didn't expect with a large number of victims. So people
:17:02. > :17:07.accept it for the moment, but they won't accept it for long with no
:17:08. > :17:10.information. In Northeast Brussels there is a mix of Muslims and
:17:11. > :17:15.non-Muslims. What do people here think of their city's reaction to
:17:16. > :17:20.the terror threat? TRANSLATION: We're not scared, why would we be
:17:21. > :17:26.scared? It's just normal. If you haven't done anything you should not
:17:27. > :17:29.be scared. TRANSLATION: The shops are closed, schools are closed, it's
:17:30. > :17:36.sad for the Georgian, for everyone in fact, it's like life in prison.
:17:37. > :17:39.-- sad for the children. They will need to keep faith with their
:17:40. > :17:42.government's reaction for at least a couple more days.
:17:43. > :17:47.Last week this programme brought you news of bullying, sexual harassment
:17:48. > :17:49.and blackmail in the ranks of the young conservatives.
:17:50. > :17:51.The allegations centred around the activities of
:17:52. > :17:53.Mark Clarke, a former activist and parliamentary candidate,
:17:54. > :17:56.who ran a campaigning road trip during the 2015 general election.
:17:57. > :17:58.In September, one young activist took his own
:17:59. > :18:01.life, having previously complained he was being bullied by Mr Clarke.
:18:02. > :18:10.Now Allegra is here with some new details about the case.
:18:11. > :18:18.What has happened? There may be more fingerprints on
:18:19. > :18:23.the decision to bring Mark Clarke into the Tory campaigning machine
:18:24. > :18:26.than we are first thought there were. The former chairman Grant
:18:27. > :18:29.Shapps appears to be being isolated, essentially set up to be the fall
:18:30. > :18:35.guy. He's the one who brought him into the formal structures in Tory
:18:36. > :18:39.HQ, despite knowing he was on the 2010 list of official candidates for
:18:40. > :18:42.the Tory party and then he had to be taken off for allegations of
:18:43. > :18:47.impropriety repulsed up it looked like Grant Shapps was being isolated
:18:48. > :18:50.but today Conservative Party headquarters conceded to this
:18:51. > :18:55.programme that the decision on funding, giving funding to Mark
:18:56. > :18:57.Clarke Buzz trip 2015 was taken by the senior management board of the
:18:58. > :19:02.party, including the current chairman Lord Feldman, and Ben Coad
:19:03. > :19:04.chairman Grant Shapps and also Lynton Crosby and the deputy
:19:05. > :19:08.chairman Stephen Gilbert. The decision to give Mark Clarke
:19:09. > :19:13.organisation funding was taken at this incredibly senior level. If
:19:14. > :19:18.that is the full picture it's difficult to paint it as a Grant
:19:19. > :19:22.Shapps clock up. What about the idea that nobody was reading the report
:19:23. > :19:28.on Mark Clarke's behaviour in 2010? -- mistake.
:19:29. > :19:33.We understand Grant Shapps did read the inquiry, or the report into Mark
:19:34. > :19:38.Clarke's behaviour in 2010. Last week a young Tory activist told our
:19:39. > :19:41.colleagues, James Clayton and Ernest Oxer at, that they had given a
:19:42. > :19:45.submission to the report and in that this submission and they accuse Mark
:19:46. > :19:50.Clarke of aggressive behaviour verging on violence. Extremely
:19:51. > :19:54.aggressive behaviour is a direct quote. That was inverse admission.
:19:55. > :19:57.We understand Grant Shapps read the report and they believed it was
:19:58. > :20:01.allegations of rudeness, laziness but nothing worse. In the fullness
:20:02. > :20:07.of time the report will come out and if it is as critical as the
:20:08. > :20:10.interviewee says it was there are serious questions for Mr Shapps to
:20:11. > :20:12.answer for. Allegra Stratton, thank you.
:20:13. > :20:17.The state of emergency in France which has been extended
:20:18. > :20:23.for three months will have an impact on the UN climate change
:20:24. > :20:25.conference which begins on November 30th in Paris and which more than
:20:26. > :20:29.The French edict means that climate change protestors,
:20:30. > :20:31.normally part of such gatherings will be banned from demonstrating,
:20:32. > :20:34.but this time the pressure inside the conference to get a deal
:20:35. > :20:39.Here's Rebecca Morell with a short history of the climate change talks,
:20:40. > :20:51.Some say the climate meeting in Paris is our last hope.
:20:52. > :20:54.Some 500 kilometres away from Paris this is Jungfraujoch in the Swiss
:20:55. > :21:06.This isn't just a tourist attraction with stunning views, although that
:21:07. > :21:17.Instead, its lofty location gives it something of an edge and it comes
:21:18. > :21:23.This high-altitude research station is nearly 4000 metres
:21:24. > :21:29.It is one of a network of stations around the world
:21:30. > :21:36.Over the years researchers have seen emissions go sky-high.
:21:37. > :21:42.Carbon dioxide being the biggest culprit.
:21:43. > :21:47.Stefan Reimann is one of this scientist is keeping
:21:48. > :21:48.Stefan Reimann is one of this scientists keeping
:21:49. > :21:52.This is the CO2 measurement here at Jungfraujoch.
:21:53. > :21:55.We are normally above 400 parts per million.
:21:56. > :22:01.The reading about 10 years ago was definitely below, around 380 ppm.
:22:02. > :22:04.This is actually the highest ever as far as we know
:22:05. > :22:10.Bringing emissions levels down will be one of the primary aims
:22:11. > :22:19.But that means 195 countries reaching an agreement.
:22:20. > :22:22.It might sound like a big ask, but it's not impossible
:22:23. > :22:29.This station was one of the first to monitor CFCs, the man-made gas that
:22:30. > :22:32.- as you may remember - punched a hole in the ozone layer.
:22:33. > :22:39.The problems will only be solved by common action, and every country
:22:40. > :22:50.The Montreal Protocol signed the death warrant for ozone-damaging
:22:51. > :22:56.Now the ozone layer is on the mend, thanks to this uniquely successful
:22:57. > :23:02.So, when climate change became the big issue it was hoped
:23:03. > :23:08.Efforts began with the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 with the creation
:23:09. > :23:11.of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
:23:12. > :23:13.which called for the stabilisation of greenhouse gas emissions without
:23:14. > :23:21.But it did stipulate there should be a meeting every year called the
:23:22. > :23:37.This will be the nerve centre of the negotiations.
:23:38. > :23:40.It might look a bit messy now but when the representatives of 195
:23:41. > :23:46.different countries get going, it's going to get a lot messier still.
:23:47. > :23:49.Unfortunately, when these meetings began they
:23:50. > :23:56.So now there has to be a consensus between every country about every
:23:57. > :23:58.single word and every single piece of punctuation on every agreement
:23:59. > :24:07.And this is the woman who will be in charge of the whole thing.
:24:08. > :24:10.Can I just get your official job title, so we get it right?
:24:11. > :24:13.It is absolutely terrible. Is it long?
:24:14. > :24:18.It means absolutely nothing to anyone but anyway -
:24:19. > :24:20.Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention
:24:21. > :24:29.Do you think we are going to have a deal?
:24:30. > :24:33.Yes. Why?
:24:34. > :24:36.Because governments are not decreasing but increasing
:24:37. > :24:39.their political will because every single one is already impacted,
:24:40. > :24:52.We don't even want to entertain that scenario.
:24:53. > :24:57.But Cops gone by have been none too inspiring.
:24:58. > :25:06.Although the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 set emission-cutting targets
:25:07. > :25:08.on developed countries, a landmark achievement at the time,
:25:09. > :25:10.America pulled out and others failed to comply.
:25:11. > :25:12.But, historically it had been a good Cop.
:25:13. > :25:17.After two weeks of talks the Copenhagen conference
:25:18. > :25:24.ends without long-term agreement on carbon emissions.
:25:25. > :25:25.The conference ended in acrimony and already
:25:26. > :25:34.The leaders were invited in at the end but inadvertently what that
:25:35. > :25:38.meant was all of the big political issues were left to the final few
:25:39. > :25:41.That proved very, very complicated and essentially
:25:42. > :25:44.This time the leaders are being invited at
:25:45. > :25:46.the beginning of the conference to set the overall political direction,
:25:47. > :25:52.Copenhagen did, however, snatch one agreement from the jaws of defeat.
:25:53. > :26:10.Copenhagen reached the consensus that a rise
:26:11. > :26:13.of two degrees Celsius by the end of the century would be just about
:26:14. > :26:17.Any higher and there could be catastrophic changes.
:26:18. > :26:21.But scientists believe global temperatures have already risen
:26:22. > :26:27.by one degree since the middle of the 19th-century.
:26:28. > :26:29.So as far as this two-degree threshold goes we are already
:26:30. > :26:34.As emission levels go on climbing climate models show
:26:35. > :26:42.The higher we head above the two-degree rise the more
:26:43. > :26:45.doomsday-like the UN's climate forecasts get.
:26:46. > :26:47.Melting ice caps, flooded cities, loss of wildlife, food shortages,
:26:48. > :26:58.CO2 is a really, really long-lived gas in the atmosphere.
:26:59. > :27:01.So if we cut emissions by let's say 30%, 40%,
:27:02. > :27:06.So the increase will just be a little bit lower.
:27:07. > :27:09.But nature still cannot cope with what we are emitting.
:27:10. > :27:11.But as we near the next Cop, it is felt that
:27:12. > :27:18.For the first time most of the countries have already set out what
:27:19. > :27:28.These pledges, called intended nationally-determined
:27:29. > :27:30.contributions, or INDCs, will set the tone of the whole conference.
:27:31. > :27:42.But when the pledged reductions are taken together,
:27:43. > :27:45.the result will still see global warming bust the two-degree
:27:46. > :27:46.threshold by the end of the century.
:27:47. > :27:48.So, is a meaningful outcome already lost?
:27:49. > :27:51.Instead of being on a trajectory to four or five
:27:52. > :27:53.degrees, we are on a trajectory to be under three degrees.
:27:54. > :27:58.But it is certainly a huge dent in the irresponsible and runaway growth
:27:59. > :28:02.So it is a constant review and improve, review and improve.
:28:03. > :28:09.That is going to be the dynamic that Paris will set up.
:28:10. > :28:11.Since the Industrial Revolution economic growth has largely risen
:28:12. > :28:25.For things to change, growth needs to be uncoupled
:28:26. > :28:33.Developing countries are now told they will need to give their own
:28:34. > :28:35.carbon intensive periods a miss and use greener alternatives.
:28:36. > :28:38.But how much financial help they'll get to do that will be
:28:39. > :28:41.a big talking point, as will what money will be on hand
:28:42. > :28:45.for the countries hardest hit by the consequences of global warming.
:28:46. > :28:48.In the coming years, places like Jungfraujoch will be among the
:28:49. > :28:51.first to notice whether this summit has made a big enough difference.
:28:52. > :29:00.The question arising in Paris will be - whether hopes
:29:01. > :29:08.of hitting a two-degree target are ever achievable already lost.
:29:09. > :29:11.Earlier this evening, I spoke to the man who was secretary
:29:12. > :29:14.of state for Climate Change when the last set of climate talks
:29:15. > :29:16.happened in Copenhagen - Ed Miliband.
:29:17. > :29:19.I asked him whether there was really a better chance of agreement at the
:29:20. > :29:29.Well, I must say that your film brings back unhappy memories.
:29:30. > :29:33.But this is such a hard thing that the world is trying to pull off.
:29:34. > :29:36.It's like a Rubik's Cube with many, many sides, 195 sides that you're
:29:37. > :29:42.Now, that means you are not going to succeed first time round.
:29:43. > :29:44.So I think Paris will represent progress.
:29:45. > :29:47.It will represent progress because every major emitter is saying it's
:29:48. > :29:53.It looks like it's going to make progress on climate finance.
:29:54. > :29:57.And, therefore, we are going to have to get there in stages, I think.
:29:58. > :30:00.Let's look at the last time there was a binding
:30:01. > :30:05.As soon as you had a Republican administration, Kyoto was torn up
:30:06. > :30:09.So presumably an incoming Republican administration would just turn
:30:10. > :30:12.around and boot this out because there are no world policeman
:30:13. > :30:15.around and boot this out because there are no world policemen
:30:16. > :30:20.I think some people have talked about having sanctions and all
:30:21. > :30:25.Maybe that's something that will have to be looked at in the future.
:30:26. > :30:27.But, personally I think there are reasons for optimism.
:30:28. > :30:30.I'm not involved in crafting this agreement, but as an objective
:30:31. > :30:34.observer I'd say we are not where we need to be but perhaps in a better
:30:35. > :30:41.You are putting the case for Britain to unilaterally sign up to zero
:30:42. > :30:48.But why on earth would Britain put itself at such economic disadvantage
:30:49. > :30:53.for, actually, a minimum improvement to world climate?
:30:54. > :30:56.It is something that would be totemic and it would be to
:30:57. > :31:02.I'm putting the case for a long-term goal of zero emissions
:31:03. > :31:05.for the world because that's what the science tells us is necessary.
:31:06. > :31:11.But I'm also putting the case for Britain to reflect that
:31:12. > :31:17.Because, you say it would be bad for our economy.
:31:18. > :31:23.Businesses from Richard Branson to Paul Polman of Unilever to Ratan
:31:24. > :31:29.Tata, are all saying, actually, this will give us a sense of certainty.
:31:30. > :31:31.This will give us a sense of where we are working towards.
:31:32. > :31:35.And, look, there is going to come a point when the carbon budget for
:31:36. > :31:42.We might as well and has a pet that now and plan towards it.
:31:43. > :31:45.I think that's what the world should do and I think it's
:31:46. > :31:49.You also, in a way, with this kind of what you would say
:31:50. > :31:58.would be a very radical agenda of zero emissions kind
:31:59. > :32:00.of deny the right of developing countries to industrialise.
:32:01. > :32:07.Where does that square with your promise to reduce world poverty?
:32:08. > :32:09.You have to allow countries, to industrialise to raise the standard
:32:10. > :32:13.Absolutely right, and that's why I think we can be optimistic
:32:14. > :32:17.Not with zero emissions, not by signing countries in
:32:18. > :32:24.South America, not even signing China up to zero emissions.
:32:25. > :32:27.We're going to have to get to that point because of the science.
:32:28. > :32:28.But here is how countries can develop.
:32:29. > :32:32.First of all, the rich world is going to have to do its bit to give
:32:33. > :32:36.Secondly, climate finance as part of this agreement for developing
:32:37. > :32:39.And thirdly, the low-carbon path is actually something developing
:32:40. > :32:43.In terms of leading the way, let's talk about personal responsibility.
:32:44. > :32:45.Five years ago it was very much in vogue to talk
:32:46. > :32:48.There were campaigns about reducing people's own carbon
:32:49. > :32:54.That's just gone now - why?
:32:55. > :32:55.I don't think it has gone completely.
:32:56. > :32:58.I think the British public have had lots of other issues
:32:59. > :33:01.But I think the British public still care about this.
:33:02. > :33:04.I think it's not something that people don't recognise as important.
:33:05. > :33:07.But, of course, the action we take now is about
:33:08. > :33:11.I think it's incredibly important we do act on this.
:33:12. > :33:15.Do you actually monitor your own carbon footprint?
:33:16. > :33:17.I try and keep it as low as possible.
:33:18. > :33:19.I'm not presenting myself as a paragon of virtue.
:33:20. > :33:26.Do you say, I took a flight to Brisbane, I took a flight to Boston,
:33:27. > :33:31.I ran the washing machine ten times - what do you actually do?
:33:32. > :33:35.But the biggest thing that can happen and the biggest difference
:33:36. > :33:37.I can make is by making sure that governments act.
:33:38. > :33:39.Today, Prince Charles has been saying that
:33:40. > :33:42.climate change is a major reason for all the horror in Syria.
:33:43. > :33:47.I think it's one of the issues that has placed stress on Syria.
:33:48. > :33:49.I don't think he's saying it's primarily responsible.
:33:50. > :33:57.I think it's widely recognised that the issues of drought and
:33:58. > :34:00.water stress in Syria have been a contributory factor to the issues.
:34:01. > :34:03.There are very complicated issues in Syria and I don't think he's
:34:04. > :34:08.saying that the most important one is climate change.
:34:09. > :34:13.Because, in 2013 when you were leader,
:34:14. > :34:18.Do you think there is a clear case this time?
:34:19. > :34:20.I think it's a different case, but it's
:34:21. > :34:23.a case I'm yet to be convinced of, and let me explain why.
:34:24. > :34:26.But the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, I think,
:34:27. > :34:30.There are two issues in particular that they raise.
:34:31. > :34:33.It is the difference between Syria and Iraq.
:34:34. > :34:36.Who is going to do the ground operations against Isil in Syria?
:34:37. > :34:38.Because, there has not been a clear answer
:34:39. > :34:43.And secondly, what is the political settlement that we are
:34:44. > :34:47.And they haven't been clear about that.
:34:48. > :34:49.The Prime Minister has promised answers on this.
:34:50. > :34:52.Let's see whether the answers are convincing.
:34:53. > :34:54.Last time round you followed your conscience
:34:55. > :35:01.This time round, it's really unclear as to what Jeremy Corbyn's
:35:02. > :35:07.Do you think that any vote on military action for Britain to
:35:08. > :35:14.take abroad should be a free vote, should be a vote of conscience?
:35:15. > :35:16.Look, honestly, that's not a matter for me.
:35:17. > :35:19.That's a matter for Jeremy Corbyn and the Shadow Cabinet.
:35:20. > :35:21.Ed Miliband, thank you very much. Thank you.
:35:22. > :35:25.That's a question that only a very few of people
:35:26. > :35:33.Eight years ago Carmen Blandin Tarleton,
:35:34. > :35:35.a nurse on rural Vermont, was attacked by her estranged husband.
:35:36. > :35:38.She was left with 80% burns after he doused her with industrial
:35:39. > :35:45.Doctors described it as "the most horrific injury a human
:35:46. > :35:50.By the time she was on the list for a face transplant,
:35:51. > :35:59.Two years ago she endured 17 hours of surgery to get a new face,
:36:00. > :36:02.only the seventh person in the US to do so.
:36:03. > :36:15.Good evening. Thank you for joining us. Thank you, thank you for having
:36:16. > :36:19.me. When the attack happened you were put in a medically induced coma
:36:20. > :36:25.for three months. You were a nurse for 20 years. Had you any idea when
:36:26. > :36:36.you came round how badly you were burned? You know, I didn't until
:36:37. > :36:42.after I woke up. I had to be told exactly what my injuries were. Did
:36:43. > :36:52.you have any hesitation later when you were offered the chance of a
:36:53. > :36:57.face transplant? You know, when I decided that I was going to go
:36:58. > :37:01.forward and see if I was a candidate for a face transplant I never looked
:37:02. > :37:06.back. I always had a certain confidence and security that that
:37:07. > :37:11.was what I really needed at the time. You of course were a nurse of
:37:12. > :37:19.20 years standing and you knew all about the possibility of rejection
:37:20. > :37:22.and so forth. In that case, the questions you were asking presumably
:37:23. > :37:30.were very educated questions about the chance of this actually working?
:37:31. > :37:36.Yes, I knew that I was not going to be an easy person to match, I was
:37:37. > :37:43.the first person to have not the complete match with my donor because
:37:44. > :37:46.I had been exposed to so much of other people's blood and tissues
:37:47. > :37:55.with my other surgeries. I knew that it was not a guarantee that I would
:37:56. > :37:59.be able to keep my new face, but I always had a certain faith that it
:38:00. > :38:07.would work out. It has been almost three years now. It is doing well. I
:38:08. > :38:10.can see to a certain extent now that you have lips again, and your
:38:11. > :38:18.quality of life has been altered the nominally? Yes, I had search severe
:38:19. > :38:23.scarring on my neck because my face was terribly disfigured. I was on
:38:24. > :38:31.very large amounts of narcotics for many years. I could not even keep my
:38:32. > :38:38.head up for any period of time, because the scarring on my neck was
:38:39. > :38:45.quite severe. It has changed my life, much for the better, and I'm
:38:46. > :38:48.truly blessed. I wonder, when you say it has changed your life,
:38:49. > :38:57.whether it has given you pause for thought about the nature of identity
:38:58. > :39:01.and what creates identity? Well, I had never contemplated my identity
:39:02. > :39:06.prior to this. But now that I have had the experience of being a
:39:07. > :39:14.disfigured person, and now a person that has a new face, it has been
:39:15. > :39:22.quite strange, to look in an error, nowadays, I actually had my first
:39:23. > :39:30.dream last week, in my dream, I had my new face and I had not had a
:39:31. > :39:38.dream yet... We are very connected to our identities through our faces.
:39:39. > :39:43.I have always been sort of concentrating on the core of who I
:39:44. > :39:50.am, because my lugs have changed so dramatically short period of time.
:39:51. > :39:55.-- my looks. You also met the daughter of your donor, what was
:39:56. > :39:59.that experience like? That was a wonderful experience. I met her
:40:00. > :40:06.prior to my press conference when they revealed my face on May the 1st
:40:07. > :40:13.in 2013. I met her the night before, at her request. We had a
:40:14. > :40:19.great relationship. I would go with her travelling on occasion, to speak
:40:20. > :40:27.in the United States. We communicate on a regular basis, and she is just
:40:28. > :40:34.a lovely person. Her mother was a donor, an organ donor. And she
:40:35. > :40:41.allowed her face to be donated as well. It has been such a blessing. I
:40:42. > :40:48.let her and no that. Now you do talk about your story as an inspiration
:40:49. > :40:52.for other people but I wonder now, your attitude towards your attacker,
:40:53. > :41:00.who of course was your estranged husband, how has it changed? I
:41:01. > :41:05.totally forget a hymn in 2010. That also was a blessing. It was not a
:41:06. > :41:12.difficult thing to do. I believe that was because I was secure in
:41:13. > :41:17.really moving forward with my life will stop the forgiveness part came
:41:18. > :41:23.quite easily to me. To forgive him. I was also aware that the more
:41:24. > :41:28.energy I put on the past and what happened, and the unfairness of it,
:41:29. > :41:32.it was just going to hold me down in that negative space, and I did not
:41:33. > :41:37.want to be there, I did not want to be in the negative space, I just
:41:38. > :41:41.wanted to move forward the best I could. Forgiveness is actually was
:41:42. > :41:53.one of those necessities to my own freedom. Thank you very much for
:41:54. > :41:57.joining us. Mark Clark has denied all allegations against him.
:41:58. > :42:00.It seems fitting, on a night when we heard from former
:42:01. > :42:02.Rubiks cube enthusiast Ed Miliband, to note that the world record for
:42:03. > :42:06.solving the puzzle has been beaten - by American teenager Lucas Etter.
:42:07. > :42:10.Here he is, solving the cube in a blink-and-you'll-miss-it