:00:00. > :00:07.What happens in America this year affects us all.
:00:08. > :00:09.This week has brought the American presidential election
:00:10. > :00:14.Winners, losers, insults and dropouts.
:00:15. > :00:17.And it's Donald Trump who's making all the weather.
:00:18. > :00:28.But is his claim that his wealth makes him Mr Clean a grubby lie?
:00:29. > :00:31.It's a question John Sweeney has been asking for some time.
:00:32. > :00:34.You stayed in bed, if I may say so, with Felix Sater
:00:35. > :00:39.Again, John, maybe you are sick, but when
:00:40. > :00:42.you have a signed contract, you can't in this country
:00:43. > :00:49.Emily goes to Trump heartland to find out how his supporters
:00:50. > :00:51.expect him to change American foreign policy.
:00:52. > :00:55.We are the best country in the world, that's for sure.
:00:56. > :00:59.But I think we can't take care of everybody.
:01:00. > :01:02.We'll be exploring whether not just America but the West as a whole
:01:03. > :01:05.is turning in on itself - and, if so, how does that impact
:01:06. > :01:09.And in this week's Artsnight, neurosurgeon Henry Marsh talks
:01:10. > :01:12.to author Karl Ove Knausgard about his incredibly honest
:01:13. > :01:20.When you were writing it, my impression is it was almost
:01:21. > :01:23.an act of sort of suicidal catharsis, so to speak.
:01:24. > :01:27.Were you aware of the fact it might actually struck a chord
:01:28. > :01:42.It's the end of a seismic week for the Republicans.
:01:43. > :01:45.Donald Trump now looks the most likely contender to be the party's
:01:46. > :01:49.candidate for the next President of the United States.
:01:50. > :01:51.Among his big boasts - some cruder than others -
:01:52. > :01:55.is that he is a modern day Midas, worth billions, and that his wealth
:01:56. > :01:59.means that he can't be bought and sold.
:02:00. > :02:02.And that puts him above the political fray.
:02:03. > :02:05.Tonight, Newsnight tells the other side of the story -
:02:06. > :02:08.the evidence which not only casts doubt on Trump's fabulous wealth
:02:09. > :02:11.claims but also reveals his history of business relationships
:02:12. > :02:14.with figures connected to organised crime.
:02:15. > :02:27.Donald Trump says he's worth $11 billion.
:02:28. > :02:43.And I am totally self-funding my campaign, so I don't have to take
:02:44. > :02:46.donors and special interest people and lobbyists.
:02:47. > :02:52.On how he got so rich, Trump has in the past boasted
:02:53. > :03:04.The same cannot be said of some of the people he did business with.
:03:05. > :03:07.Trump Plaza, Atlantic City, New Jersey.
:03:08. > :03:11.The site of Donald Trump's foray into the casino business.
:03:12. > :03:17.It ended up in a heap of broken dreams.
:03:18. > :03:22.Four of his gambling businesses went bust.
:03:23. > :03:25.Back in 1980, when Trump launched his first casino here,
:03:26. > :03:30.some of his business partners worked for the mafia.
:03:31. > :03:39.The picture in New York was no better.
:03:40. > :03:43.Here lies Fat Tony Salerno, once one of the most feared men
:03:44. > :03:48.He was the boss of the Genovese crime family, and it just so happens
:03:49. > :03:58.the man from whom Donald Trump bought his concrete.
:03:59. > :04:01.Fat Tony and other mobsters had a lock on New York concrete.
:04:02. > :04:03.While most builders use steel and some concrete,
:04:04. > :04:07.Trump built the tallest concrete building in New York.
:04:08. > :04:11.Fat Tony Salerno was fat, and he was the head
:04:12. > :04:19.It was the most powerful crime family in the city at the time.
:04:20. > :04:23.And Fat Tony didn't just supply concrete to Donald Trump -
:04:24. > :04:27.the two men also shared a lawyer, Roy Cohn.
:04:28. > :04:29.The evidence is that Fat Tony Salerno met
:04:30. > :04:32.with Donald Trump in Roy Cohn's office, which makes
:04:33. > :04:39.Not only did I have sources telling me that at the time,
:04:40. > :04:41.but when you consider that he is building the largest
:04:42. > :04:46.concrete structure of its time, and the concrete industry
:04:47. > :04:56.is controlled by Fat Tony Salerno, it makes all the sense in the world.
:04:57. > :05:00.In the early 90s, Trump was almost a billion dollars in the red.
:05:01. > :05:05.By 2004, he had recovered and got into reality TV.
:05:06. > :05:17.In 1991, in this bar, Felix Sater had a row with another
:05:18. > :05:24.Sater snapped the stem of a margarita glass and stabbed
:05:25. > :05:41.Out of jail, he took part in a $40 million Stock Market fraud,
:05:42. > :05:44.boosting shares and then selling them at a profit.
:05:45. > :05:51.Then Sater made a deal with the FBI, informing of his fellow
:05:52. > :05:58.Sater's conviction was publicised, but later in return for him
:05:59. > :06:03.co-operating with the Feds, it was sealed.
:06:04. > :06:06.Sater and Trump got into business together in the early 2000s,
:06:07. > :06:12.when Sater was an executive at Bayrock.
:06:13. > :06:15.This is one of the three developments that Donald
:06:16. > :06:19.From Trump Soho, the name, you would have thought that Trump
:06:20. > :06:21.was the money behind this project.
:06:22. > :06:28.As well as Trump Soho, there were two other
:06:29. > :06:36.Trump Fort Lauderdale in Florida, and Trump Camelback in Arizona.
:06:37. > :06:40.When property prices began to slide, the Trump Bayrock projects
:06:41. > :06:47.Newsnight understands investors lost at least $10 million
:06:48. > :06:55.I checked out the location in Fort Lauderdale.
:06:56. > :06:58.It was an absolute great location, and I thought with the Trump
:06:59. > :07:02.organisation behind it and Mr Trump putting his name on the line,
:07:03. > :07:06.I thought it would be very successful.
:07:07. > :07:10.In 2013, I challenged Trump about his relationship with Felix
:07:11. > :07:16.Why didn't you go to Felix Sater and say you are connected
:07:17. > :07:20.First of all, we were not the developer there,
:07:21. > :07:29.Excuse me, but I don't know, you're telling me things
:07:30. > :07:34.You're telling me about Felix Sater, I know who he is, I know of him
:07:35. > :07:39.You stayed in bed, if I may say so, with Felix Sater, and he was
:07:40. > :07:45.Again, John, maybe you're thick, but when you have a signed contract
:07:46. > :07:49.you can't in this country just break it.
:07:50. > :07:53.Sometimes we will sign a deal and the partner isn't as good
:07:54. > :07:58.By the way, John, I hate to do this, but I do have that big
:07:59. > :08:00.group of people waiting, so I have to go.
:08:01. > :08:08.Newsnight has obtained one of the key Trump Bayrock contracts,
:08:09. > :08:10.which has only recently been unsealed by the courts.
:08:11. > :08:14.And what Trump told me wasn't true.
:08:15. > :08:18.It is what is known as a bad boy clause.
:08:19. > :08:20.It states that Bayrock shall do nothing to bring disrepute
:08:21. > :08:28.to or in any manner impair or damage the Trump brand.
:08:29. > :08:41.The critical question is before that date, did Trump know
:08:42. > :08:45.Here is some evidence Trump could have found when they went
:08:46. > :08:49.Guilty plea was publicly announces all over the world in a press
:08:50. > :08:53.release put out by the United States attorney's office in New York,
:08:54. > :08:58.and co-authored by the FBI field office.
:08:59. > :09:01.The press release went all over the world.
:09:02. > :09:03.It was published even in the Guardian, I think
:09:04. > :09:05.it was published in Australia, I am not sure.
:09:06. > :09:07.It was published in the New York Daily News.
:09:08. > :09:11.There was issued that same day an indictment
:09:12. > :09:14.against his co-conspirators and that indictment identified Felix Sater
:09:15. > :09:18.by name, as one of the co-conspirators.
:09:19. > :09:29.A third pointer in 2006 that might have alerted Trump to Sater's past
:09:30. > :09:34.was a lawsuit, alleging that he made a death threat against
:09:35. > :09:43.Ernie Mendez has bought into Trump Camel back in Arizona,
:09:44. > :09:45.he found out about Sater's past and then he said he got
:09:46. > :09:50.The case was later settled, but in the lawsuit, Mendez said
:09:51. > :09:54.Sater threatened to have a man electrically shock Mr Mendez's
:09:55. > :10:00.testicles, cut off his legs and leave Mr Mendez dead
:10:01. > :10:11.Sater's lawyer says this claim was an outright fabrication.
:10:12. > :10:15.Fred Oberlander has acted for clients suing Bayrock.
:10:16. > :10:18.You would have to be deaf, dumb and blind in my opinion.
:10:19. > :10:21.The ability of someone like Donald Trump to know
:10:22. > :10:24.whom he was doing business and to whom he was selling
:10:25. > :10:27.the right to use his name, would certainly include
:10:28. > :10:31.finding the press release in the Congressional record where it
:10:32. > :10:39.Trump has said he doesn't know about Sater's past
:10:40. > :10:45.We do as much of a background check as we can on the principles.
:10:46. > :10:52.This is tape number one of the video tape, the position of
:10:53. > :10:56.Six months after my interview, he had this to say about Sater.
:10:57. > :10:58.How many times have you conversed with Mr Sater?
:10:59. > :11:10.If he were sitting in the room right now, I wouldn't know
:11:11. > :11:16.Astonishingly, that was three years after Sater had an office
:11:17. > :11:19.in Trump Tower, a Trump e-mail, and a business card listing him
:11:20. > :11:30.Felix Sater now sees himself as a reformed character.
:11:31. > :11:37.My wife says living with me is like reading next
:11:38. > :11:42.Oberlander and Learner say that Sater didn't reveal his convictions
:11:43. > :11:48.to the banks, and so the argument goes, the Trump Bayrock deals
:11:49. > :11:54.His name is still on Trump Soho, which is a Bayrock project,
:11:55. > :12:00.and he is still drawing projects off of that edifice built on fraud.
:12:01. > :12:03.He has, in my opinion, an ethical obligation and a minimum
:12:04. > :12:07.to disassociate himself from Trump Soho, because that
:12:08. > :12:18.Sater's lawyer told Newsnight his client will not comment on either
:12:19. > :12:21.Trump or Bayrock, adding that Sater is not now,
:12:22. > :12:32.So what about Trump's boast that he is 100% clean?
:12:33. > :12:37.Can anyone who did business with the likes of Fat Tony Salerno
:12:38. > :12:48.Donald Trump cannot wipe clean his brushes with the mob.
:12:49. > :12:51.Just last night, the remaining Republican hopefuls clashed in some
:12:52. > :12:54.of the most bitter exchanges of the campaign so far.
:12:55. > :12:56.But can Trump still be stopped, or is his nomination
:12:57. > :12:59.as the Republican presidential candidate now all but inevitable?
:13:00. > :13:02.Joining me from Washington is the BBC's North America editor,
:13:03. > :13:16.How damaging have the recent attacks by the Republican establishment
:13:17. > :13:20.been? The attacks have certainly been full force. They have really
:13:21. > :13:24.gone for him. Mitt Romney, who was the Republican candidate four years
:13:25. > :13:29.ago, was calling him a phoney and a fraud and was kind of absolutely
:13:30. > :13:36.thick tube rooted in his attacks on Donald Trump. There are two big
:13:37. > :13:40.battles coming up, Ohio and Florida on March the 15th, where it is
:13:41. > :13:45.winner takes all. If Donald Trump wins that number of delegates, he is
:13:46. > :13:48.home and dry. It is a last ditch effort by the Republican
:13:49. > :13:53.establishment to do him down. Having said that, I think it is perfectly
:13:54. > :13:58.possible that Trump supporters will say, the establishment hate him,
:13:59. > :14:02.good, I like him even more. I don't think it might do him much damage.
:14:03. > :14:06.Tell me what you think about the level of debate and some of the
:14:07. > :14:13.coarseness of it. It has been nothing short of gobsmacking, kind
:14:14. > :14:17.of eye watering, frankly. Last night, it was another Republican
:14:18. > :14:23.debate. Last week, Marco Rubio had said, Donald Trump for a guy who is
:14:24. > :14:28.six foot two is rather small hands, and you know what they say about
:14:29. > :14:34.people with small towns... You can't trust them. Donald Trump goes on to
:14:35. > :14:37.the debate stage last night and, in front of a national televised
:14:38. > :14:43.audience says, he says I've got small hands and a small something
:14:44. > :14:46.else. I can tell you, I don't have a sprog -- I don't have a problem
:14:47. > :14:53.there. In other words, he was doing jokes about his penis on national
:14:54. > :14:59.television. Socratic debate, it wasn't.
:15:00. > :15:02.Senior Republicans are furiously trying to shut down the Donald Trump
:15:03. > :15:04.show as the field of candidates narrows.
:15:05. > :15:06.Republican National Security leaders have united in their condemnation
:15:07. > :15:10.In an open letter, they write of his swings from isolationism
:15:11. > :15:12.to military adventurism in the space of a sentence,
:15:13. > :15:14.and warn his ideas are inconsistent and unmoored in principle.
:15:15. > :15:17.So what do they make of him in West Virginia -
:15:18. > :15:19.a state that has historically contributed more to the US military
:15:20. > :15:23.And where Donald Trump finds the highest level of support
:15:24. > :15:28.Emily went to the Mountain State to find out.
:15:29. > :15:30.Just 90 minutes west of Interstate 495, otherwise known
:15:31. > :15:32.as the Washington Beltway, you find this, West Virginia -
:15:33. > :15:35.another world, a place where they spit at the very mention
:15:36. > :15:40.It takes government regulation of its heavy industries almost
:15:41. > :15:48.personally and their demise has left a hole.
:15:49. > :15:50.The state of West Virginia is bucking the economic
:15:51. > :15:55.Across America, we are seeing unemployment levels falling.
:15:56. > :15:59.But it's also a place where you find a spirited streak of independence.
:16:00. > :16:05.The abolitionist John Brown rose up here.
:16:06. > :16:08.The state motto favours the freethinking mountaineer.
:16:09. > :16:10.You can't help sensing a constant air of self defence.
:16:11. > :16:13.This West Virginia town of Harpers Ferry lies
:16:14. > :16:15.at the confluence of some of the fiercest fighting
:16:16. > :16:24.That legacy of battle lies firmly within the state.
:16:25. > :16:26.West Virginia historically has made the highest contribution
:16:27. > :16:32.to the American military of anywhere else in America.
:16:33. > :16:34.No coincidence perhaps that this is the state
:16:35. > :16:43.We head here, to Romney, to find out.
:16:44. > :16:45.Romney is not a name Donald Trump much warms to nowadays
:16:46. > :16:48.but we want to understand if its people warm to Trump and,
:16:49. > :16:58.He has promised to make America great again.
:16:59. > :17:01.In Doodles Bar, I ask Frank, a Vietnam veteran who has made
:17:02. > :17:06.West Virginia his home, what he makes of it.
:17:07. > :17:09.It seems we lost a sense of our inner pride, what made us
:17:10. > :17:16.And it seems everybody just wants a free ride.
:17:17. > :17:19.Hatchet puts it yet more unflinchingly.
:17:20. > :17:23.Someone like a Ronald Reagan, even though he was like a movie star
:17:24. > :17:30.when he got in, but he had balls and he stood up to everybody.
:17:31. > :17:34.Who is your Ronald Reagan this time round?
:17:35. > :17:37.Donald Trump thinks he is but I don't think he is.
:17:38. > :17:40.Many forget they hated Reagan when he started out but,
:17:41. > :17:45.rightly or wrongly, he's come to be seen as the president who got things
:17:46. > :17:47.right, prioritised defence spending without overwhelming loss of life.
:17:48. > :17:52.He kept his wars cold, in other words.
:17:53. > :17:54.Over a game of pool, I begin to understand the dilemma
:17:55. > :17:59.They want to see America as unvanquishable, a proud,
:18:00. > :18:03.resilient nation, but they are in no doubt that war is too costly in both
:18:04. > :18:14.I think that, really, we are the best country
:18:15. > :18:29.But I think we can't take care of everybody.
:18:30. > :18:31.Trump has always made much of his affection for veterans,
:18:32. > :18:34.but it's hard to know how he'd interact on the world stage -
:18:35. > :18:37.Would he continue the retrenchment started by Obama or does
:18:38. > :18:44.making America great again involve military might?
:18:45. > :18:46.We have three trains of thought in competition.
:18:47. > :18:48.going back to that traditional American leadership
:18:49. > :18:50.or a neo-isolationism pulling us back from the world even more,
:18:51. > :18:53.or kind of lashing out, as Donald Trump articulates it,
:18:54. > :18:55.where we just go after problems that bother us because we've
:18:56. > :19:05.The question for America fundamentally is whether Trump
:19:06. > :19:08.means what he says - whether he believes his wall,
:19:09. > :19:11.that concrete embodiment of xenophobia, will actually be
:19:12. > :19:14.built to keep Mexicans out or whether, as Vanity Fair puts it,
:19:15. > :19:16.his love of saying the outrageous almost now borders
:19:17. > :19:23.What he would really do as President?
:19:24. > :19:28.To go and round up 11 million people and deport them would create such
:19:29. > :19:34.a police presence and such a police state it would be an unimaginable.
:19:35. > :19:40.I can't believe anyone would actually do it or even
:19:41. > :19:42.think it was doable, but that's what he
:19:43. > :19:46.I think we're all at a loss as to what's going to happen.
:19:47. > :19:49.In last night's TV debate, he struck a note of diplomacy
:19:50. > :19:51.in dealings with Russia, selling himself as the broker,
:19:52. > :19:56.Wouldn't it be nice if we could get along with Russia, we could get
:19:57. > :19:57.along with foreign countries, instead of spending
:19:58. > :20:03.Warmer words for Putin than for those on the stage with him
:20:04. > :20:09.Watch where it got properly low-budget.
:20:10. > :20:15.If they are small, something else must be small.
:20:16. > :20:18.I guarantee you, there is no problem.
:20:19. > :20:25.And, when you've finished cringing, consider this.
:20:26. > :20:27.He's a man insecure enough to big up what commentators
:20:28. > :20:29.here would call his manhood on American TV.
:20:30. > :20:31.Perhaps, if his sense of masculinity is that important,
:20:32. > :20:34.all bets are off when it comes to how he sees America
:20:35. > :20:47.So what does the popularity of Trump tell us about America's mindset
:20:48. > :20:50.at the moment - is it a country turning in on itself?
:20:51. > :20:52.And is this idea of retrenchment a bigger phenomenon?
:20:53. > :20:54.Europe is becoming increasingly fractious and fractured
:20:55. > :20:59.amid a deepening row about migration.
:21:00. > :21:01.And of course there is this summer's EU referendum here.
:21:02. > :21:03.And all of this happening against the backdrop
:21:04. > :21:05.of an increasingly bellicose Vladimir Putin and a murderous
:21:06. > :21:14.Are the ties that hold the West together weakening
:21:15. > :21:18.To discuss I am joined from Oxford by Professor Timothy Garton Ash,
:21:19. > :21:21.professor of European Studies, from Yale by Timothy Snyder,
:21:22. > :21:23.historian of Central and Eastern Europe; and here
:21:24. > :21:33.in London by Anne Applebaum, the writer and historian.
:21:34. > :21:41.Good evening, Timothy Snyder, what you to think is the Trumpian view of
:21:42. > :21:44.world policy? It is hard to say foreign policy requires some sense
:21:45. > :21:49.of your nation's interests, there has been no line on that, it
:21:50. > :21:52.requires some sense of what your nation's capabilities are, he has
:21:53. > :21:59.said little about that. As far as one takes a or shack test, there are
:22:00. > :22:03.three main thing, the first is antagonising latsen America, destab
:22:04. > :22:06.hiding Mexico, the second is antagonising the Muslim world,
:22:07. > :22:12.talking about killing family, deporting people, talking about not
:22:13. > :22:17.letting refugees in and the third is substituting our long and important
:22:18. > :22:21.relationship with Europe and European Union for a personal Chummy
:22:22. > :22:26.relationship with Vladimir Putin of rush. And on those three, why is it,
:22:27. > :22:31.do you think they strike a chord with some American, especially those
:22:32. > :22:34.who are not doing very well and see their money go out into foreign
:22:35. > :22:39.enterprise? It is, from from the point of view of the rest of world
:22:40. > :22:44.America seem like champion of Golubevlisation, from the point of
:22:45. > :22:51.view o a lot of the electorate they feel like a victim. There are people
:22:52. > :22:54.who have an understandable sense be are overextended, they are taking
:22:55. > :22:59.the pain of globalisation, what Trump offers is a kind of life
:23:00. > :23:02.coaching, a way of jumping over our own shadow where instead of having a
:23:03. > :23:07.measured policy, he simply is going to assert that we are great, and
:23:08. > :23:11.then improvise from there. Anne Applebaum on that point, you have
:23:12. > :23:15.written a piece in the Washington Post with what might ham in a Trump
:23:16. > :23:18.presidency, and it is a break down of the west. One of the
:23:19. > :23:23.possibilities that we now have in front of us and it is not only the
:23:24. > :23:27.Trump presidency but the EU referendum, the French election next
:23:28. > :23:30.year, any one of a number of things that could happen, one of the
:23:31. > :23:34.possibilities is a break down of what we call the west, and what we
:23:35. > :23:39.call the western alliance, and it is a sort of thing we have relied on
:23:40. > :23:44.for 60 years, it is always been there, it has created this space of
:23:45. > :23:48.prosperity and stability. It has allowed people to get on with their
:23:49. > :23:52.lives and we have stopped caring about it. In order to maintain it,
:23:53. > :23:55.that requires a, not just an American President, but it requires
:23:56. > :24:01.European leaders as well, who are willing to invest in the boring and
:24:02. > :24:04.sometimes repetitive task of making deals, and compromising and
:24:05. > :24:10.negotiations and none of that seems to work any more in an era when
:24:11. > :24:12.people want to hear loud exclamations and reality TS
:24:13. > :24:17.personalities. Professor Timothy Garton Ash how dangerous a moment do
:24:18. > :24:20.you this I think is? I wish I could be more cheerful than your other two
:24:21. > :24:24.guests but I think that is right. I think we are in danger also of
:24:25. > :24:30.seeing the ebeginning of the end of the European Union. One would have
:24:31. > :24:35.to say that historically, the west as a geopolitical actor was held
:24:36. > :24:41.together by having a common enemy, Nazi Germany and the axis powers and
:24:42. > :24:46.the Soviet Union through the Cold War, the problem is that we have
:24:47. > :24:50.multiple common enemies, Islamic terrorism and home-grown in Europe,
:24:51. > :24:56.an aggressive Russia under Vladimir Putin and a rising China which is
:24:57. > :24:59.building artificial islands with rocket launchers in the South China
:25:00. > :25:04.Seas, one of the things which has happened which is a long-term
:25:05. > :25:09.change, is that America is focussing increasingly and perhaps rightsly on
:25:10. > :25:15.a rising China, as its great power rival, -- rightly. That leaves us in
:25:16. > :25:20.Europe to face up to the challenges of Islamic terrorism and
:25:21. > :25:24.particularly of Russia, which we are singularly failing to do. No
:25:25. > :25:28.guarantee, Anne was talking about Nato and so force Ford, but no
:25:29. > :25:34.guarantee for example that trouble in Europe would bring America in
:25:35. > :25:37.under a Trump presidency, there is no guarantee he might not do this
:25:38. > :25:44.deal with this guy Putin that he seems to like and leave us standing.
:25:45. > :25:48.As far as one can make out, Trump understands international politics
:25:49. > :25:52.in terms of personal relationships and he has instinctive attractions
:25:53. > :25:58.to certain figures which would be men of a certain age and political
:25:59. > :26:02.proclivities o, so that puts him in a camp with people like berl sew
:26:03. > :26:07.any. Or Putin. That he would care about European interests is hard to
:26:08. > :26:11.imagine, it is not clear he cares about US interest, one has to have a
:26:12. > :26:16.sense object what America's place in the world ought to be, aside from
:26:17. > :26:20.the kind of Mars tips tick cheerleading we have got so far.
:26:21. > :26:26.Where have the seeds of this come from, do you think The seeds of this
:26:27. > :26:30.in the US? In the US and Europe. This retrenchment, this upset and
:26:31. > :26:34.unhappiness within Europe. You have talked about the fact we might be
:26:35. > :26:40.nearing the end of the European Union, where with the seeds shown? I
:26:41. > :26:43.am not sure we can describe this as the same phenomenon because in the
:26:44. > :26:49.case of the Voluntary Euthanasia Society it is the discome -- the
:26:50. > :26:54.United States it is the stagnant class and a sense of the relative
:26:55. > :27:01.decline of the United States as a great power hence the motto make
:27:02. > :27:10.America great again, I think in the case of Europe, people feel
:27:11. > :27:14.overwhelmed by a multitude of European crises, the eurozone
:27:15. > :27:19.crisis, the migrant crisis, the refugee crisis, the rise of populist
:27:20. > :27:24.zen foe nick party, what is clear is that the United States is not going
:27:25. > :27:28.to ride to our rescue, everyone under, by the way, a President
:27:29. > :27:33.Hillary Clinton, which is in fact the most likely outcome, because a
:27:34. > :27:38.candidate Trump makes a President Clinton much more likely. So, Anne,
:27:39. > :27:44.you talked about the problems in Europe, you look at Hungary, the
:27:45. > :27:48.rise of right-wing leaders again, particularly in the eastern area of
:27:49. > :27:52.Europe, victor or back as one, you think where is the common connection
:27:53. > :27:55.in Europe? It seems to have disappeared so fast, perhaps because
:27:56. > :28:01.of the refugee crisis, the splits have shown, but it shows there isn't
:28:02. > :28:06.actually common cause. Well there was a sense until 20082009 there was
:28:07. > :28:09.a sense that Europe was a kind of island of prosperity and stability
:28:10. > :28:15.in the world, and that integrating wit... And democracy worked. Yes and
:28:16. > :28:20.integrating and growing with us was the best way forward. That was so
:28:21. > :28:25.automatic people didn't think about alternatives. Since the time of the
:28:26. > :28:28.crash in 2008, the eurozone crash in 2009 people began to question at
:28:29. > :28:34.that point whether this is right for my country, is it going the right
:28:35. > :28:40.way. That said I wouldn't say it is an east European problem, I would
:28:41. > :28:43.say it is a pan-Europe problem it has shown itself in flukes in
:28:44. > :28:51.particular place, the rise of the right. Right isn't the right word
:28:52. > :28:54.any more because the National Front has left-wing economics but populist
:28:55. > :29:00.language and the rise of similar parties in the Netherlands and other
:29:01. > :29:06.parts of the world, Europe, are the same, so I think it is a growing
:29:07. > :29:11.problem across the Continent. You wanted in there I wanted to say as
:29:12. > :29:17.does the governing party in Poland. It is a mistake to see this as just
:29:18. > :29:22.an east European problem. It is a pan-Europe problem, it also is to be
:29:23. > :29:27.observed that Vladimir Putin is very keen on Marine Le Pen and reportedly
:29:28. > :29:34.helped to fund her party, Europe at the moment in its disunity is giving
:29:35. > :29:40.Putin's Russia many opportunities to divide and rule. I could I just add
:29:41. > :29:44.this is therefore particularly frivolous moment for Britain to be
:29:45. > :29:50.contemplating leaving the European Union. That is a prospect that fills
:29:51. > :29:56.the United States with horror, and Vladimir Putin with delight.
:29:57. > :30:00.Timothy Snyder, if the 20th century was America's century that would not
:30:01. > :30:05.necessarily be the case in the 21st, do you think? I think that is still
:30:06. > :30:09.wide-open. What I would say about the 20th century is this. The common
:30:10. > :30:14.trend we see in the remarks of colleagues here, is the rise of
:30:15. > :30:21.national populism, whether it is in Russia, Poland, Hungary, France or
:30:22. > :30:25.the United States. What national populism has in common is awe.
:30:26. > :30:29.Leaders can support each other, what they can do is build commence
:30:30. > :30:33.structure, what the history tells us is there was never a good moment
:30:34. > :30:40.when nations were alone, so the institutions that hold us together,
:30:41. > :30:44.whether it is the the European Union, they are more important than
:30:45. > :30:50.we think. Russia or France or Hungary alone has no place to go. If
:30:51. > :30:54.we forgot that we should think again about the crucial decades of 20th
:30:55. > :30:58.centuries. Finally, if there is something to be optimistic about.
:30:59. > :31:03.What is it? Is there something that can hold us together I think the
:31:04. > :31:06.ideals of the west and the idealles of democracy are things that people
:31:07. > :31:12.care about and will fight for. In each of the countries you mentioned
:31:13. > :31:16.where there is a rise of populism or authoritarianism, there has been a
:31:17. > :31:20.push back and an argument, so it isn't as if it has disappear it has
:31:21. > :31:22.been challenged in a more severe way, than we are used to. Thank you
:31:23. > :31:31.all very much. The front pages, the times Osbourne
:31:32. > :31:36.abandons assault on pension, threat of a new Tory revolt before a
:31:37. > :31:41.referendum. That is because the risks of Tory MPs derailing his
:31:42. > :31:46.leadership hopes. Hopes. The FT is doing the same story. And finally,
:31:47. > :31:52.again, in the Guardian, Chancellor backs down on pension this is a
:31:53. > :31:53.story we reported op last night. So these are tomorrow morning's
:31:54. > :31:56.front-pages. Now for arts night. This week's show is an encounter
:31:57. > :31:58.between the superstar author Karl Ove Knausgaard,
:31:59. > :32:00.who mines his personal life for his books, and the neurosurgeon
:32:01. > :32:03.Henry Marsh, author of the memoir Do No Harm, which details his
:32:04. > :32:05.life in brain surgery. Both figures are obsessed
:32:06. > :32:07.with the importance and dangers And we should say this programme
:32:08. > :32:29.contains some scenes of surgery. Your father was a very
:32:30. > :32:34.dominating element in your life. Do you think that troubled
:32:35. > :32:36.relationship with him has been a driving force behind
:32:37. > :32:42.what you wrote?