:00:00. > :00:13.Ladies and gentleman, it is your new Prime Minister.
:00:14. > :00:20.And piece by piece this week, we are slowly getting to know her.
:00:21. > :00:22.I've got a task to do, as Prime Minister.
:00:23. > :00:28.To reinstate some trust for the British people with
:00:29. > :00:35.Well, there's a bigger issue of trust we have at the
:00:36. > :00:37.moment, which is us delivering on the Brexit vote.
:00:38. > :00:40.She's firmly resisting giving much away about herself and her plans.
:00:41. > :00:42.But we've been trying to break through the defences, speaking
:00:43. > :00:45.She was contemplating standing for the
:00:46. > :00:51.There is no criticism of her to say she had that ambition.
:00:52. > :00:54.And I think she has thought hard and long.
:00:55. > :00:57.Also, if I might say so, she's worked hard.
:00:58. > :00:58.Also tonight, the nearby oilfields torched
:00:59. > :01:02.by Islamic State still burn, as the two million residents
:01:03. > :01:04.of Mosul are told to prepare for the massive US-led offensive
:01:05. > :01:14.And the three British Nobel prize winners for physics who were part
:01:15. > :01:26.We hear from one of the recipients, Duncan Haldane.
:01:27. > :01:39.As well as Sir Martin Rees, the Astronomer Royal.
:01:40. > :01:42.Hello, welcome back to the Tory conference, here in Birmingham,
:01:43. > :01:46.where there is really only one big star right now, Theresa May.
:01:47. > :01:50.There are lots of small stars, softly glowing on the sidelines.
:01:51. > :01:52.That's the cabinet, but the new Prime Minister
:01:53. > :01:57.And we will be focussing on what we know of her style
:01:58. > :02:04.But before we do, we have news of another party
:02:05. > :02:06.leader this evening, Diane James, very recently elected
:02:07. > :02:16.Our political editor Nick Watt is with me.
:02:17. > :02:22.Extraordinary. 18 days since she was elected. What do we know about the
:02:23. > :02:26.circumstances? In the last hour Diane James has issued a statement
:02:27. > :02:29.saying she is standing down for personal and professional reasons.
:02:30. > :02:33.In this statement she issued to the Times newspaper she has cited, for
:02:34. > :02:38.example, she was very shaken when she was back at on a train on her
:02:39. > :02:42.way to Cardiff in recent days. That shook her. There are also evidently
:02:43. > :02:45.medical problems within immediate member of her family. Interesting
:02:46. > :02:49.comment that state when she is talking about that she won the
:02:50. > :02:53.enthusiastic support of party members 18 days ago but then she
:02:54. > :02:57.goes on to say "It has become clear I do not have sufficient authority
:02:58. > :02:59.nor the full support of my MEP colleagues and party offices to him,
:03:00. > :03:07.changes". That is upon which I based my
:03:08. > :03:10.campaign. Interesting, on the official papers you have to sign,
:03:11. > :03:18.confirming you are leader, she added the word, in Latin, under direction.
:03:19. > :03:24.She has never been officially made a leader. But there is no debate about
:03:25. > :03:29.the fact that Ukip has had a horrendous success in the referendum
:03:30. > :03:32.but then complete enclosure. Arguably, Ukip is this country's
:03:33. > :03:36.most successful party ever, they were set up to do one thing and it
:03:37. > :03:43.has been achieved. Take us out of the European union. To mulch was
:03:44. > :03:48.leader contest. Diane James, or those you MEPs in Strasbourg, she
:03:49. > :03:52.had dinner with Nigel Farage and he has told LBC this evening that he
:03:53. > :03:57.does not rule out a return to the leadership. He has done that before.
:03:58. > :04:01.Maybe Steven Woolfe, another one of those high-flying MEPs. He failed to
:04:02. > :04:05.submit his nomination papers on time. He has a second chance if it
:04:06. > :04:09.comes to that. Thank you, we will hear from you in the programme.
:04:10. > :04:11.Now here, Theresa May is very much on top here.
:04:12. > :04:14.But for one who is so much the centre of attention,
:04:15. > :04:16.she exhibits a certain reluctance to open up.
:04:17. > :04:17.That's not a criticism, it's an observation.
:04:18. > :04:19.Tomorrow is her day, when she makes the most
:04:20. > :04:21.important speech of her year, addressing the conference
:04:22. > :04:26.But today was her day, too, with a number of interviews.
:04:27. > :04:29.All of us trying to get some kind of clue as to her intentions.
:04:30. > :04:32.At this point that reticence works to her advantage, because everybody
:04:33. > :04:41.But can she really hope to sustain the acclaim?
:04:42. > :04:43.Our political editor Nick Watt has been looking at what's known
:04:44. > :04:51.Rarely in our recent history has a political
:04:52. > :04:53.leader risen so far, while revealing so
:04:54. > :04:59.In the autumn sunshine of Birmingham, this week,
:05:00. > :05:02.our new Prime Minister, who has been on the front line
:05:03. > :05:04.of British politics for the best part of two decades...
:05:05. > :05:20.I was the first to promote for a woman Chairman and she became
:05:21. > :05:23.the first woman Chairman of the Conservative Party.
:05:24. > :05:28.I know that in Theresa there is real steel.
:05:29. > :05:31.Theresa May is enjoying something of a political honeymoon,
:05:32. > :05:33.which is lasting longer than the brief excitement
:05:34. > :05:46.The last Prime Minister to take over without an election.
:05:47. > :05:47.Officials regard her as "No Drama Theresa"
:05:48. > :05:50.and are struck by how she's taken the preparations for today's
:05:51. > :05:54.Friends say that the honeymoon is not down to luck,
:05:55. > :05:59.You should remember, Nick, she was contemplating standing
:06:00. > :06:05.And there's no criticism of her to say that she had that ambition.
:06:06. > :06:09.And I think she has thought hard and long.
:06:10. > :06:12.Also, if I can say, she's worked hard at her brief on whatever she's
:06:13. > :06:14.been doing, Home Secretary or whatever.
:06:15. > :06:17.And, so, she was well prepared for coming into office.
:06:18. > :06:20.Theresa May has slipped naturally into her new role.
:06:21. > :06:23.The atmosphere in Downing Street is said to be orderly and calm,
:06:24. > :06:31.And her days as party chairman have paid off,
:06:32. > :06:34.as she looks at ease with grassroots Tories in Birmingham.
:06:35. > :06:40.She's somebody that is at home with the Conservative Party,
:06:41. > :06:44.she likes the Conservative Party, she came up through it.
:06:45. > :06:46.And I would think, in just about every constituency, there
:06:47. > :06:53.I think the fact is, and I'm sure that David Cameron
:06:54. > :06:55.will probably accept this, there wasn't a great
:06:56. > :07:02.He got them into a position to win elections.
:07:03. > :07:09.And he ran a difficult coalition for five years.
:07:10. > :07:11.I think, however, with Theresa there is an almost immediate sense
:07:12. > :07:18.The Tories have long known that Theresa May is a pragmatist.
:07:19. > :07:21.But this week, she's been selling herself to the conference
:07:22. > :07:23.as a leader driven by political passions, as she talks
:07:24. > :07:27.But if she wants to succeed, one former minister passed over
:07:28. > :07:30.in the reshuffle suggests that she should do more to build up
:07:31. > :07:42.Theresa has been a member of our party and really at
:07:43. > :07:45.the core of our party, counsellor and Chairman,
:07:46. > :07:48.going to association dinners for many, many years.
:07:49. > :07:50.And really respected and liked, because of all of that,
:07:51. > :07:58.David never had that advantage because she was so much younger.
:07:59. > :08:02.But, actually DC did go out into the tea room and he was in
:08:03. > :08:05.But she needs to do that. Those things are important.
:08:06. > :08:09.Listen, if you can socialise with all our wonderful members,
:08:10. > :08:13.Old colleagues say that even the happiest of honeymoons
:08:14. > :08:16.And the inhabitants of Downing Street can
:08:17. > :08:22.become consumed by the inevitable incoming fire.
:08:23. > :08:24.The thing about being Prime Minister is that the bullets
:08:25. > :08:32.In other departments, it's not so intense.
:08:33. > :08:35.But, actually, the Department where it is most intense,
:08:36. > :08:38.outside of Number Ten, is, undoubtedly, the Home Office.
:08:39. > :08:45.If five people in the Conservative Parliamentary party are not onside
:08:46. > :08:47.and the other parties get their act together,
:08:48. > :08:52.then she won't be able to get her wishes through the House of Commons.
:08:53. > :08:55.After a tumultuous few months for the Tories, Theresa May
:08:56. > :08:57.aims to set the seal on a lasting relationship
:08:58. > :09:02.The next challenge is to win round the country by finally
:09:03. > :09:13.Nick is with me again to look ahead to tomorrow.
:09:14. > :09:20.His whole programme, today. What do we know about the speech tomorrow
:09:21. > :09:23.this is Theresa May's big chance to explain to the country her guiding
:09:24. > :09:27.philosophy and everyone had an idea of her big message, we need to look
:09:28. > :09:31.at a little noticed section of her interview with the Sunday Times at
:09:32. > :09:34.the weekend when she said that government can be good. She had to
:09:35. > :09:37.look at a little noticed section of her interview with the Sunday Times
:09:38. > :09:41.at the weekend when she said that government can be good. She had
:09:42. > :09:46.talked a lot this week about how she use the levers of the state. We
:09:47. > :09:51.should look at one of the key lines in the speech she made in this city
:09:52. > :09:56.on July 11 when she launched her national leadership campaign, which
:09:57. > :10:00.didn't last very long. She said "We don't hate the state, we value the
:10:01. > :10:07.role that only the state can play". Do you see an ism here, a
:10:08. > :10:11.philosophy, a guiding principle, intellectual underpinning? I
:10:12. > :10:15.certainly see a rejection of one ism, if you are saying you don't
:10:16. > :10:19.hate the state, you are rejecting Margaret Thatcher's famous statement
:10:20. > :10:22.that there is no such thing as society. A mild rebuke to David
:10:23. > :10:27.Cameron who famously responded to Margaret Thatcher by saying there is
:10:28. > :10:31.such a thing as society, is just not the same as the state. He was wary
:10:32. > :10:35.of the state. But if we want to know what is going on, the philosophy, we
:10:36. > :10:39.should turn to a friend of this programme, Danny Finkelstein, he has
:10:40. > :10:43.his finger on the Tory polls and he has an interesting column in
:10:44. > :10:48.tomorrow's times. To understand what Theresa May is up to, he says we
:10:49. > :10:52.need to think of two moment in 20th-century US history. Firstly,
:10:53. > :10:56.look-back two decades to a famous editorial in the conservative
:10:57. > :11:00.American magazine the weekly standard. Saying the Conservatives
:11:01. > :11:03.should talk about the role of government and not its limits. The
:11:04. > :11:08.editorial turned way back to the turn of the sentry at the Republican
:11:09. > :11:13.president, Teddy Roosevelt, who embraced progressive ideas and
:11:14. > :11:15.demanded a square deal for workers. Teddy Roosevelt. Nick, thanks.
:11:16. > :11:17.Well, let's hear from the Prime Minister herself.
:11:18. > :11:20.She gave a number of tightly-timed interviews to broadcasters this
:11:21. > :11:22.afternoon, before we had any foreknowledge of her speech.
:11:23. > :11:25.So would she give us any clues as to her approach to government?
:11:26. > :11:31.We thought we might talk a little about moral
:11:32. > :11:34.dimensions to public life, because you, in a way, wanted
:11:35. > :11:37.to change quite a lot about Britain and make it a country
:11:38. > :11:40.I just wondered whether there was, whether that meant there
:11:41. > :11:43.was an ethical gap in your view of it, that you think
:11:44. > :11:46.So, I wanted to explore that with you.
:11:47. > :11:51.Well, I think it's very important that people don't feel
:11:52. > :11:53.that economic growth, the benefits of what is happening
:11:54. > :11:56.in society, are only being felt by a privileged few.
:11:57. > :11:59.I think it is important that government ensures that we do
:12:00. > :12:01.have a country that works for everyone, and that comes
:12:02. > :12:05.It means an economy that works for everyone, where economic
:12:06. > :12:08.benefits are spread more across the country.
:12:09. > :12:12.A society that works for everyone, so individuals, I have always
:12:13. > :12:15.believed that individuals need to have the opportunity to get
:12:16. > :12:18.on in life as far as their talents and hard work will take them.
:12:19. > :12:21.I want to explore it on a few specifics, so let's take
:12:22. > :12:26.And David Cameron once said he begrudged the fact that some
:12:27. > :12:28.companies put chocolate oranges by the checkout where
:12:29. > :12:33.you are tempted to buy them, rather than real oranges.
:12:34. > :12:36.So, if I'm a company and I can make money by selling chocolate,
:12:37. > :12:39.even though it might be better for the customers if I sold fruit,
:12:40. > :12:44.In looking at businesses, I'm very clear that we need
:12:45. > :12:47.to deal with corporate irresponsibility, when we see that.
:12:48. > :12:51.Which is why I have already spoken about some of the changes I am
:12:52. > :12:54.looking at in terms of corporate governance and we will be bringing
:12:55. > :12:56.forward some proposals later this year in that area.
:12:57. > :12:59.I think people want to feel that everybody plays by the same
:13:00. > :13:04.And feel that there isn't just one law for the privileged few
:13:05. > :13:07.Does that mean sometimes companies should do more
:13:08. > :13:12.When it comes to tax, for example, they say the obey the law,
:13:13. > :13:16.Is that enough, if you are pushing the rules to the very limit, or not?
:13:17. > :13:19.I think companies must recognise that actually they have
:13:20. > :13:24.For any company, they don't just do things on their own,
:13:25. > :13:26.they have a reliance on people in their community,
:13:27. > :13:33.This is why I'm talking about issues like consumer representation
:13:34. > :13:37.being on boards, worker representation being on boards.
:13:38. > :13:40.I think it is looking at that wider community in terms of the impact
:13:41. > :13:45.Let's take another area, which is party funding.
:13:46. > :13:48.You will know lots of people have given money to political
:13:49. > :13:50.parties and have ended up in the House of Lords.
:13:51. > :13:54.A lot of people would say that's not a country working for all,
:13:55. > :13:58.that's giving rich people more power over our country than other people.
:13:59. > :14:04.Could you imagine giving peerages to Conservative Party donors?
:14:05. > :14:06.First of all, the question about party funding is one,
:14:07. > :14:08.of course, there have been several attempts to change
:14:09. > :14:15.One of the reasons why the attempts to change the rules on party funding
:14:16. > :14:17.and to bring in some limits to individual donations have
:14:18. > :14:20.faltered is because the Labour Party is unwilling to see changes to trade
:14:21. > :14:26.Which of course often has a direct impact on who they have affected
:14:27. > :14:29.Which of course often has a direct impact on who they have elected
:14:30. > :14:31.as their leader and what policies they choose to follow.
:14:32. > :14:34.Yes, but I didn't hear the answer to the question.
:14:35. > :14:36.Is it possible, because others have tried to get to grips
:14:37. > :14:43.You are trying to get to grips with things that other people
:14:44. > :14:46.haven't got to grips with, so is it possible that you would be
:14:47. > :14:49.giving peerages to people who have made large donations to your party?
:14:50. > :14:51.The answer to that is, Evan, that at the moment
:14:52. > :14:53.with everything I'm looking at, the last thing I'm thinking
:14:54. > :14:58.I've got a task to do as Prime Minister, it's to deliver,
:14:59. > :15:00.to reinstate some trust for the British people
:15:01. > :15:05.There is a bigger issue of trust that we have at the moment,
:15:06. > :15:08.which is us delivering on the Brexit vote that took
:15:09. > :15:15.But this means you could be giving peerages to people
:15:16. > :15:17.who are giving donations, and that isn't the country working
:15:18. > :15:20.for all, that is the most simple example that you,
:15:21. > :15:22.Theresa May, could stop here and now in this interview,
:15:23. > :15:26.by just saying, by the way, give money to the Tories, we are not
:15:27. > :15:30.What I think is important in terms of the honours system,
:15:31. > :15:33.and I said this the other day, is that it is an honour system that
:15:34. > :15:36.rewards those who have made contributions to our society.
:15:37. > :15:39.If you look at the vast majority of people who receive honours,
:15:40. > :15:41.actually they are people who are working in their local
:15:42. > :15:44.I think it's important we have a system that recognises
:15:45. > :15:47.when people are contributing to our society in that way.
:15:48. > :15:49.Let me try one last one, foreign policy.
:15:50. > :15:50.Robin Cook famously talked about an ethical
:15:51. > :15:54.Did you see foreign policy as needing a strong ethical dimension?
:15:55. > :15:56.And I would cite an example, which is British
:15:57. > :16:00.Select committee reports have said those are probably being used
:16:01. > :16:06.We are selling the arms to Saudi Arabia, but atrocities
:16:07. > :16:08.in Yemen being perpetrated, by British weapons.
:16:09. > :16:12.Is that something Britain should be doing, or not?
:16:13. > :16:15.First of all, we have one of the strongest regimes in terms
:16:16. > :16:18.of exports of arms anywhere of any country in the world.
:16:19. > :16:22.In this case, is it working in this case?
:16:23. > :16:25.We have one of the strongest regimes in relation to arms exports of any
:16:26. > :16:29.We have been very clear, I have been very clear
:16:30. > :16:31.personally with Saudi Arabia that we expect these issues
:16:32. > :16:36.And if necessary, lessons to be learned.
:16:37. > :16:39.But what is important in foreign policy I think, first of all,
:16:40. > :16:44.is that we consider what is in the British National interest.
:16:45. > :16:46.We are going to be taking, continuing to take,
:16:47. > :16:49.but enhancing our global role, our role on the world stage.
:16:50. > :16:53.As we come out of the European Union.
:16:54. > :16:56.That is about the partnerships we form around the whole of the world.
:16:57. > :16:59.People listening to this would say, what I'm hearing from Theresa May
:17:00. > :17:03.is not quite as different to what I might have expected
:17:04. > :17:07.I would be hearing about a new regime, you ethical standards,
:17:08. > :17:10.a determination if you like to sweep away some of the privileges
:17:11. > :17:12.and institutions that have been dominating or existing,
:17:13. > :17:18.Are you that determined to change things?
:17:19. > :17:21.If you listen to my speech that I'm going to give to the party
:17:22. > :17:23.conference tomorrow, I'm setting out the sort of economic
:17:24. > :17:26.and social reform that I want to see for a country that
:17:27. > :17:33.With us here is the Cabinet Minister James Brokenshire,
:17:34. > :17:36.He's someone who served in the Home Office under Theresa May
:17:37. > :17:44.and is seen as one of her closest allies in the Cabinet.
:17:45. > :17:54.Interesting watching that, she really is not someone who gives, she
:17:55. > :17:58.retreats quite often to save lines on issues rather than thinking
:17:59. > :18:05.aloud. Is that because she does not know what her mind is all because
:18:06. > :18:09.she is keen not to say too much at this point. From all my experience
:18:10. > :18:13.in working with Theresa May over the last six or eight years, through her
:18:14. > :18:19.time as Home Secretary, she has been very much a big picture issue person
:18:20. > :18:22.as well as down into the detail. What you see from her is that
:18:23. > :18:27.clarity of thought she understands and watches going to get across in
:18:28. > :18:30.terms of the themes that matter to her. She is a serious politician and
:18:31. > :18:36.thinks carefully about everything she says. She is very much into that
:18:37. > :18:40.level of detail, I think she wants to think things through instead of
:18:41. > :18:48.giving an off-the-cuff answer. She does not want to black stuff out.
:18:49. > :18:51.Isis bows it is reminiscent of Gordon Brown, not just quite
:18:52. > :18:57.answering the question when it is given. I cannot see that comparison!
:18:58. > :19:01.It is the very focused and detailed approach that the Prime Minister
:19:02. > :19:05.gives. That is the skill we need at the moment when we are looking at
:19:06. > :19:11.Brexit, at this detailed negotiation we have coming up. I think it is
:19:12. > :19:16.that approach that she brings. Disciplined message. Let us talk
:19:17. > :19:20.about Brexit and Northern Ireland, your patch, the issue of the border
:19:21. > :19:26.between North and South is a very sticky one. Is it possible that
:19:27. > :19:32.Britain will leave the single market and not be in the so-called customs
:19:33. > :19:35.union that is the EU at the moment, which effectively is the kind of
:19:36. > :19:40.trading zone with a wall around it that has tariffs on certain items
:19:41. > :19:46.coming from abroad. We have come to no conclusions. There has been no
:19:47. > :19:51.analysis that concludes on this. So we're not going to give a running
:19:52. > :19:58.commentary. It is possible because you have not come to a conclusion on
:19:59. > :20:03.it. The bit I want to investigate, if the South of Ireland is on one
:20:04. > :20:07.side, in one customs union and the North in a different one, there has
:20:08. > :20:11.got to be a customs post of some kind between the two. Well we have
:20:12. > :20:17.come to no conclusions, we are seeking to achieve the best outcome
:20:18. > :20:21.of the negotiations for Northern Ireland... You are just parroting
:20:22. > :20:26.stuff, and to the question. We will be coming to that as part of the
:20:27. > :20:31.analysis, as part of that point. But there is a strong desire to see that
:20:32. > :20:35.we do not return to the borders of the past, something that I have been
:20:36. > :20:40.clear on. How we have the Common travel area that has served us since
:20:41. > :20:44.about 1923 between the Republic of Ireland and the UK. And that sense
:20:45. > :20:57.also of the land border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of
:20:58. > :20:59.Ireland. And how that benefits goods and services and intends equally of
:21:00. > :21:01.politics and identity. Everyone shares the objective but if for
:21:02. > :21:04.example Britain is importing stuff from the United States and the EU
:21:05. > :21:09.wants to charge tariffs on those items, the EU with said we need a
:21:10. > :21:13.customs post otherwise people will import it into the North of Ireland,
:21:14. > :21:18.exported into the South without paying the European tariffs, and
:21:19. > :21:22.customs will not work. Have you worked out a way of the UK not being
:21:23. > :21:29.in the customs union without having a customs post? As we have not
:21:30. > :21:33.reached any conclusions I will not comment on the detail of what we are
:21:34. > :21:36.preparing. But we're working closely with the Irish government who have
:21:37. > :21:42.this shared objective because of the benefits for the Irish economy and
:21:43. > :21:47.also the UK economy around this. Is it acceptable that there might be
:21:48. > :21:54.not a border, but at customs post, and honesty box if you like, or
:21:55. > :21:59.maybe not actually a physical honesty box but a system in which
:22:00. > :22:06.you have to make a declaration within 30 days of exporting. Are
:22:07. > :22:10.these acceptable ways of Britain leading the customs area? I
:22:11. > :22:14.understand your desire to get more detail, we are not going to provide
:22:15. > :22:18.that level of detail on this. But I can say clearly that we want to see
:22:19. > :22:23.the freest trade of goods and services between the Republic of
:22:24. > :22:28.Ireland and the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland. That benefit that
:22:29. > :22:33.we see. The way technology has moved on, I spoke about the Common travel
:22:34. > :22:36.area, and the way the digital use of information, all these issues we are
:22:37. > :22:45.discussing clearly with the Irish government. Let's just move on,
:22:46. > :22:50.Amber Rudd today hinted in her briefings that companies might be
:22:51. > :22:52.asked to publish how many international staff they employ, the
:22:53. > :22:57.proportion of staff better international as opposed to British.
:22:58. > :23:00.Do you think that is something shameful about companies employing
:23:01. > :23:05.foreign staff, that there should be embarrassed about it and should try
:23:06. > :23:08.to get that number down? As a government we have set clearly we
:23:09. > :23:13.want to attract the brightest and the best to come to the UK. To
:23:14. > :23:18.contribute to our economic growth and prosperity. That is something I
:23:19. > :23:23.was clear on when I was at the Home Office making those points. When we
:23:24. > :23:28.look at transparency, those pressures that are there on the
:23:29. > :23:33.public services, pressures about the speed and the rate of migration. It
:23:34. > :23:38.is about bringing greater control and transparency. Naming and shaming
:23:39. > :23:43.companies because they employ foreigners, is that what we have
:23:44. > :23:48.come to, is that the country that is open to the world that we have been
:23:49. > :23:52.talking about. There is an issue in relation to skills for example,
:23:53. > :23:55.companies and UK have under invested in skills and training of workers
:23:56. > :24:02.here in this country and therefore that sense of the work we need to do
:24:03. > :24:05.to give skills to workers here and equally with apprenticeships, the
:24:06. > :24:11.2.9 million were developed, all these issues together. And this is a
:24:12. > :24:16.complex issue when you look at controlling migration. Then would
:24:17. > :24:19.you not want to publish something on skills, or training budgets, or
:24:20. > :24:23.apprenticeships. But to focus on the number of foreigners that you
:24:24. > :24:29.employee, is that really the Britain you want to be living in? What I
:24:30. > :24:32.want to do, what I want to see as the government is that we are
:24:33. > :24:36.outward looking, we are attracting skilled workers to come to the
:24:37. > :24:40.country to provide that strength and growth that we continue to want to
:24:41. > :24:44.see. But I think it is important that we focus on skills and
:24:45. > :24:49.training, on that balance of employment so we're seeing, as Amber
:24:50. > :24:55.Rudd has highlighted today, we want to consult on EU migration policies,
:24:56. > :24:58.to see how we can bring those controls because that is what
:24:59. > :25:01.matters. That is the message that came from the referendum and that is
:25:02. > :25:03.what Amber Rudd has been saying today.
:25:04. > :25:06.Well, if the Conservative Party is a delicate ecology of different
:25:07. > :25:07.political creatures, then there's one species
:25:08. > :25:10.which is noticeable by its absence here in Birmingham: the so-called
:25:11. > :25:12.Cameroons, friends and allies of the former Prime Minister.
:25:13. > :25:15.There have been few sightings, so we sent our resident twitcher
:25:16. > :25:29.Lewis Goodall to try to find some evidence of them.
:25:30. > :25:33.The most endangered species at this conference are the Cameroons.
:25:34. > :25:35.And we at Newsnight are worried about their welfare.
:25:36. > :25:38.They used to be dominant here, some worry they are now extinct.
:25:39. > :25:45.You haven't seen any Cameroons knocking around, have you, at all?
:25:46. > :25:52.We're looking for some Cameroons, have you seen any?
:25:53. > :26:05.You know, you're trying to find an endangered species.
:26:06. > :26:09.You know, miss is a strong word, isn't it?
:26:10. > :26:12.George Osborne, Michael Gove, they used to run this place.
:26:13. > :26:25.Would you say you're sort of a Cameroon, Mr Gork?
:26:26. > :26:29.Now we have another very good Prime Minister.
:26:30. > :26:31.Mr Willetts, you are a Cameroon, aren't you?
:26:32. > :26:32.I certainly served under David Cameron's government
:26:33. > :26:38.Are you worried that that part of the party has disappeared,
:26:39. > :26:43.No, I think that the modernisers and moderates in the party are alive
:26:44. > :26:44.and well and kicking and well represented
:26:45. > :26:56.Hello, it's Lewis Goodall from Newsnight.
:26:57. > :27:02.I'm making a piece about what's happened to the Cameroons,
:27:03. > :27:13.We are just slightly worried they might be extinct.
:27:14. > :27:27.That's day three of the Conservative Party Conference.
:27:28. > :27:30.Tomorrow is the last day and some would say that is fortunate,
:27:31. > :27:33.because the pound has been sinking since the Tories got
:27:34. > :27:36.here and we can't afford for them to keep the conference going.
:27:37. > :27:42.But for now, back to you Kirsty in London.
:27:43. > :27:46.The Radio of the Republic of Iraq in Mosul started broadcasting
:27:47. > :27:49.to residents of the city today with advice about how to stay safe
:27:50. > :27:51.during the expected US coordinated offensive to dislodge Islamic State.
:27:52. > :27:55.Mosul is the last major city in Iraq under the control of IS,
:27:56. > :27:58.and Prime minister Haider al-Abadi wants to recapture it before
:27:59. > :28:03.President Erdogan of Turkey has already announced the date
:28:04. > :28:06.on which he believes the huge operation will begin -
:28:07. > :28:09.October 19th - unconfirmed of course.
:28:10. > :28:12.What is definite is that the population of Mosul -
:28:13. > :28:14.up to two million people, who have been brutally
:28:15. > :28:18.repressed for two years, are facing weeks of extreme danger
:28:19. > :28:21.when the imminent encirclement to oust their oppressors begins.
:28:22. > :28:30.Here's our diplomatic editor Mark Urban.
:28:31. > :28:33.It was in Mosul that Iraq's army crumbled,
:28:34. > :28:43.And in Mosul that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared his caliphate.
:28:44. > :28:45.Capturing the place gave the Islamic State
:28:46. > :28:55.It's where the whole campaign against
:28:56. > :28:58.It's where Isis became something, became known to
:28:59. > :29:00.the international community, to the regional players.
:29:01. > :29:02.It's important because the end of the so-called
:29:03. > :29:09.caliphate, or the Mosul liberation, begin select phase of this whole
:29:10. > :29:13.process, of this campaign, of this conflict.
:29:14. > :29:15.Since the IS high watermark, when they were 20 miles
:29:16. > :29:19.from Baghdad, the group has been forced out of Tikrit,
:29:20. > :29:25.In Syria, Turkish troops and American backed militia have
:29:26. > :29:28.cleared them from most of the Turkish border.
:29:29. > :29:32.Movements between the jihadists' major strongholds, Raqqa
:29:33. > :29:38.And it's bound to grow harder still as Iraqi forces
:29:39. > :29:46.France has now joined in air strikes it says will begin the
:29:47. > :29:51.The Americans have committed additional troops and
:29:52. > :29:54.whereas at first neither the White House nor its allies wanted people
:29:55. > :29:57.on the ground, there are now coalition troops joining the Iraqi
:29:58. > :30:05.The coalition is providing headquarters support, that
:30:06. > :30:08.means logistics, flying in to provide food, fuel,
:30:09. > :30:09.ammunition, also providing intelligence and providing
:30:10. > :30:12.a large number of air strikes and also artillery strikes fired from
:30:13. > :30:24.Mosul is currently surrounded on three sides by Kurdish forces.
:30:25. > :30:27.To the north-west, there are groups guided by US and British
:30:28. > :30:33.To the south, though, at Qayyarah airbase, the Iraqi army
:30:34. > :30:38.is assembling its armoured brigades, which will push north assisted by US
:30:39. > :30:45.and French artillery on the ground, as well as air support.
:30:46. > :30:48.Over the next two weeks, they will shape the battlefield with
:30:49. > :30:49.these strikes and in a fortnight,
:30:50. > :30:54.begin the ground advance to tighten their encirclement.
:30:55. > :30:58.Opinions differ as to how well IS will fight.
:30:59. > :31:00.Publicly, coalition commanders are expressing
:31:01. > :31:04.cautious optimism about the offensive.
:31:05. > :31:06.Privately though, many acknowledge that Islamic State
:31:07. > :31:12.forces in Mosul could collapse very quickly.
:31:13. > :31:15.If success happens in that way, it could bring a whole new set
:31:16. > :31:17.of challenges in a place that has been contested between different
:31:18. > :31:26.regional powers and their proxy militias for decades.
:31:27. > :31:29.Secret footage taken in the city with a population
:31:30. > :31:34.of nearly two million shows them awaiting in trepidation.
:31:35. > :31:41.Having experienced the brutality of IS
:31:42. > :31:43.rule, people in Mosul now fear a long battle and fresh sectarian
:31:44. > :31:49.We as citizens think that the situation in Mosul
:31:50. > :32:09.after it is liberated will get even worse.
:32:10. > :32:12.The chances of it turning sour is very high, simply because Isis
:32:13. > :32:18.Mosul is contested for strategic reasons, the Kurds have territories
:32:19. > :32:23.there that they are disputing, the same applies to Baghdad.
:32:24. > :32:25.Whatever happens after Mosul will decide the shape
:32:26. > :32:30.When the Iraqi army abandoned Mosul in 2014, locals
:32:31. > :32:43.It was a measure of how badly relations between Sunni
:32:44. > :32:45.citizens and a largely Shia army had degenerated.
:32:46. > :32:47.The Iraqi authorities today will need to tread carefully
:32:48. > :32:56.in the city's reconquest is not to generate fresh strife.
:32:57. > :32:58."We have more Nobel Laureates than any country outside America,"
:32:59. > :33:02.And that total has now gone up, after three British
:33:03. > :33:06.scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
:33:07. > :33:10.David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz
:33:11. > :33:12.who are at three different American universities, collaborated
:33:13. > :33:15.in the 1970s and 80s here in the UK on research into the behaviour
:33:16. > :33:21.After the announcement, the Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees
:33:22. > :33:25.noted that all three had "defected" to the US in the 80s when university
:33:26. > :33:27.budgets were being squeezed, and that there was a serious risk
:33:28. > :33:30.that there could be a renewed surge of defections -
:33:31. > :33:33.spurred, he said, by the kind of rhetoric in the Home Secretary's
:33:34. > :33:36.speech today, in which she announced plans for new restrictions
:33:37. > :33:43.In a moment, I'll be speaking to Duncan Haldane live
:33:44. > :33:45.from Princeton University but first, earlier this evening I spoke
:33:46. > :33:53.I asked him what a great day this was for science in the UK.
:33:54. > :33:55.It is, these three people were trained in Britain,
:33:56. > :34:03.But sadly, they are in all cases working in the US now,
:34:04. > :34:08.So, the Home Secretary today, Amber Rudd, at conference said that
:34:09. > :34:11.what she was going to do was move to limit the number
:34:12. > :34:13.of overseas students, but always be able to bring
:34:14. > :34:22.In terms of the scientific world, what is your reaction to that?
:34:23. > :34:25.I think let's recall that these three people went to the US
:34:26. > :34:27.in the early 1980s, that was the Thatcher period,
:34:28. > :34:34.And many people defected at that time.
:34:35. > :34:37.I think that in the last 20 years, UK science has greatly strengthened
:34:38. > :34:39.and that is partly, incidentally, because it has become more
:34:40. > :34:45.international and far more involved with mainland Europe.
:34:46. > :34:47.And it would be very sad if this was jeopardised, of course,
:34:48. > :34:49.by limiting immigration and by the difficulty
:34:50. > :35:04.I thought Amber Rudd's speech was really deplorable because that
:35:05. > :35:06.would certainly lead to difficulties and the perception
:35:07. > :35:09.is often worse than the reality, that is the problem.
:35:10. > :35:12.People feel they are not welcome and they will not apply to come
:35:13. > :35:17.We have really gained tremendously, if we think of other Nobel Prize
:35:18. > :35:19.winners in recent years, they have come to this country.
:35:20. > :35:23.The president of the Royal Society, Mr Ramakrishnan, is an Indian
:35:24. > :35:31.And we had two Russians who came to Manchester, via Holland.
:35:32. > :35:35.And they got a Nobel Prize, for discovering grapheme.
:35:36. > :35:39.And we benefit from that sort of thing and it would be very sad
:35:40. > :35:40.if the mentality changes so that these people
:35:41. > :35:48.But surely, in a way, if there is even a limiting
:35:49. > :35:51.because of the fact that we are leaving the EU, it
:35:52. > :35:53.will encourage scientists to make, perhaps reach out and make
:35:54. > :35:58.It perhaps will encourage more creative thinking about the kind
:35:59. > :36:03.We benefit from the EU, but we certainly
:36:04. > :36:06.In my small department at Cambridge University,
:36:07. > :36:09.the last five appointments we made were three from the EU,
:36:10. > :36:17.And that is typical of the University, we are very global.
:36:18. > :36:19.And the point is it is very important to remain
:36:20. > :36:24.Do you think we are doing the right things now to breed the next
:36:25. > :36:28.generation of Nobel Prize winners in the United Kingdom, or not?
:36:29. > :36:32.I think in the last ten or 20 years, the gradient was positive.
:36:33. > :36:35.But the worry is that could all be lost by the perception
:36:36. > :36:44.Because two things happened, first, outstanding foreigners won't be able
:36:45. > :36:46.to come and work here, people who are working here
:36:47. > :36:51.And of course young people will feel that science is not a career
:36:52. > :36:53.where they can do the best work in this country,
:36:54. > :36:58.So it's all very sensitive to the perception and whether
:36:59. > :37:03.And the risk is we lose the rather high morale we have had
:37:04. > :37:07.Lord Rees, thank you very much for joining us tonight.
:37:08. > :37:10.Well, Professor Haldane joins us down the line
:37:11. > :37:26.Good evening. Many congratulations. Thank you very much. We will come on
:37:27. > :37:32.and talk in a minute or two about what Lord Rees was saying. How did
:37:33. > :37:37.you find out you had won the Nobel prize? Well, I got the usual
:37:38. > :37:45.telephone call, which here, in the United States, comes in at 10:15am
:37:46. > :37:52.Swedish time but it was for 15 AM in the morning, US time. LAUGHTER
:37:53. > :37:56.Not very considerate of them! -- for 15 AM. It was a welcome call even
:37:57. > :38:00.though it work me up from my sleep. We saw earlier that you went to
:38:01. > :38:04.lectures at delivered your lectures to great applause.
:38:05. > :38:11.It was a late-night programme, very hard to summarise what you do in 30
:38:12. > :38:15.seconds, but over those years when you three worked together, was there
:38:16. > :38:21.one eureka moment when you realised you were something together? I think
:38:22. > :38:28.we didn't really work together, I mean, I was inspired by ideas that
:38:29. > :38:34.David Thouless had. In all our ways, we realised that while the laws of
:38:35. > :38:37.quantum mechanics had been well-known for many years, Einstein
:38:38. > :38:41.thought it was wrong and he proposed very interesting tests, which he
:38:42. > :38:45.thought would refute quantum mechanics but all they did was
:38:46. > :38:48.strengthen it. Knowing the laws of it doesn't tell you the amazing
:38:49. > :38:54.things they can do. What all three of us have done in our different
:38:55. > :38:59.ways is discovered very unexpected things that quantum mechanics does
:39:00. > :39:05.allow to happen. You were then able to pursue your career. By going to
:39:06. > :39:10.the United States. Now you heard Lord Rees say that he is concerned
:39:11. > :39:16.that with the impact of Brexit, that the best students will not come here
:39:17. > :39:19.and he won't be able to collaborate as easily with students for a double
:39:20. > :39:27.from the EU. Do you recognise the picture he paints? -- with students
:39:28. > :39:31.as easily. It is a very international enterprise, scientific
:39:32. > :39:35.research. It is important that one can have the best students coming.
:39:36. > :39:41.They are the fuel which drives enterprise, in many ways.
:39:42. > :39:50.One of the key thing is perhaps lacking in the 1970s and 1980s in
:39:51. > :39:58.British science funding was an idea that the government funding should
:39:59. > :40:05.be useful. All the most used -- most useful discoveries come from what is
:40:06. > :40:10.called curiosity -based research. That was something that was very
:40:11. > :40:13.strongly favoured by the National science foundation in the United
:40:14. > :40:21.States. They did a lot to create a very exciting atmosphere. In the UK,
:40:22. > :40:24.a lot has changed. It has become realised again that the goods
:40:25. > :40:29.discoveries don't come because you set out to make them, they come
:40:30. > :40:33.because you are doing something you find interesting. Many times, one
:40:34. > :40:41.will discover something that turned out to be useful and stimulating. Do
:40:42. > :40:44.you agree with Lord Rees, that any way of reducing that through
:40:45. > :40:48.particular mechanisms that we might lose because we are outside the EU
:40:49. > :40:53.and therefore there will be fewer collaborations with different
:40:54. > :40:56.parties presumably what you think, that scientific research has to
:40:57. > :41:02.flourish all the time and it shouldn't be restricted? On the face
:41:03. > :41:08.of it, not being in the EU doesn't mean that scientific research
:41:09. > :41:12.shouldn't continue. I don't want to comment on the detail of immigration
:41:13. > :41:19.issues being discussed. But it is very crucial that one is able to
:41:20. > :41:25.attract the best and brightest students from wherever one can get
:41:26. > :41:36.them for these advanced scientific research. If anything will hinder
:41:37. > :41:40.that, that is a very bad thing for science. I don't want to comment on
:41:41. > :41:44.whether these new rules being proposed will do that.
:41:45. > :41:45.Congratulations once again, I hope your celebrations are long into the
:41:46. > :41:47.night. Thank you. Emily's here tomorrow.
:41:48. > :42:05.Till then, goodnight. Hurricane Matthew leaves a trail of
:42:06. > :42:06.devastation through the