:00:09. > :00:27.Good grief, does that leave HIM to be the one picking up the pieces?
:00:28. > :00:30.It's been a difficult year for the EU, and it just got
:00:31. > :00:33.Are the Brussels institutions capable of recognising
:00:34. > :00:35.a crisis when it hits them, and then responding to it?
:00:36. > :00:38.We'll hear the view from Vienna and Rome where votes
:00:39. > :00:40.have just taken place And ask this commissioner how
:00:41. > :00:47.Also tonight, you may have seen these aerial shots
:00:48. > :01:01.We meet the Syrians in the city who are filming them.
:01:02. > :01:07.And after the riots in 2001, we had reports into social
:01:08. > :01:23.Are we moving forward, or going round in circles?
:01:24. > :01:27.We'd all seen it coming, but the deed was done yesterday.
:01:28. > :01:31.Italian voters chucked out their prime minister Matteo Renzi,
:01:32. > :01:34.and threw out his plans to make the constitution more decisive.
:01:35. > :01:36.Economically, it makes reform harder, making it more difficult
:01:37. > :01:40.Politically it empowers the populist Five Star
:01:41. > :01:44.Movement which wants a referendum on the euro.
:01:45. > :01:47.And the political and economic uncertainty adds to the financial
:01:48. > :01:50.pressure on Italy's damaged banking system.
:01:51. > :01:52.The implications for Italy are huge, the ramifications
:01:53. > :01:58.The only good news for the Brussels elite was the fact that Austria
:01:59. > :02:00.turned away from the far right candidate and elected
:02:01. > :02:11.We can join Gabriel Gatehouse in Vienna and Mark Urban in Rome.
:02:12. > :02:20.Let's start with Austria and the Brussels elite is breathing a sigh
:02:21. > :02:25.of relief. But the glasses only 54% full because 40s 6% of the
:02:26. > :02:36.population voted for someone on the far right. -- 46%. It is not the end
:02:37. > :02:39.of the road for the far right Freedom party because there are
:02:40. > :02:45.likely to be elections next year and they could win the more powerful
:02:46. > :02:49.Chancellor post instead. Austria really is not the most important
:02:50. > :02:52.piece of this puzzle. There will be two elections in the first half of
:02:53. > :02:57.next year that potentially will be fundamental to the future of the
:02:58. > :03:02.European project. The first in the Netherlands where Goethe builders,
:03:03. > :03:06.with his deeply Eurosceptic group, is leading in the polls and then of
:03:07. > :03:12.course the French presidential election with Marine Le Pen almost
:03:13. > :03:17.certain to reach the second round run-off. Couple that with what is
:03:18. > :03:20.going on in Italy and some pretty Eurosceptic administration is
:03:21. > :03:25.already in place in countries like Poland and Hungary and you have
:03:26. > :03:29.something that is quite combustible. These groups do not all agree on
:03:30. > :03:32.their critique of the EU, they do not want their own version of the
:03:33. > :03:36.heart Brexit, they do not even all want to leave the euro but they do
:03:37. > :03:44.want to reimagine their relationship with the union. I hesitate to make
:03:45. > :03:46.the comparison but in the past few weeks I have been forcibly reminded
:03:47. > :03:53.of something that Gorbachev once said about perestroika, but the
:03:54. > :03:59.soviet union was like a big rusty piece of machinery and he said I
:04:00. > :04:01.wanted just to tinker with it a bit and loosen the screws but then the
:04:02. > :04:04.whole thing began to shatter and shake, the screws came loose and all
:04:05. > :04:17.of a sudden the whole thing collapsed. A good metaphor! Let's go
:04:18. > :04:23.to Rome. Matteo Renzi will stay on for a few days, what happens next?
:04:24. > :04:28.What is clear from the referendum, which after all was on quite an
:04:29. > :04:32.obscure package of constitutional reforms, is there is a huge
:04:33. > :04:38.undercurrent of discontent with politics as usual here and in
:04:39. > :04:42.particular with economics as usual. A 70% turnout on the referendum
:04:43. > :04:47.vote. Once Matteo Renzi has gone through these next few days to put
:04:48. > :04:51.the budget through, the question is how soon can there be an election in
:04:52. > :04:55.this country. I have heard people saying between February and April,
:04:56. > :04:59.but there is not the right legal machinery in place to do that yet
:05:00. > :05:03.because it is all up in the air because of the package of reforms
:05:04. > :05:07.that was going through. That means crisis for the next few weeks.
:05:08. > :05:12.Pressure on the banks and then at the end of it, and election in which
:05:13. > :05:14.two of the three parties losing in the polls say they want to take
:05:15. > :05:32.Italy out of the euro. As this most unusual of political
:05:33. > :05:35.years draws to a close Italy becomes another place where something
:05:36. > :05:42.exceptional was happening. Government with a large majority
:05:43. > :05:48.upended by a referendum. A leader routed, his friends argue by his own
:05:49. > :05:52.sense of honour. There's a lesson that Matteo Renzi gave to the
:05:53. > :05:59.political establishment in Italy no one resigns. And nobody really wins
:06:00. > :06:05.elections or loses Rab referendum and everyone remains seated in his
:06:06. > :06:12.chair. And Matteo Renzi took political responsibility,
:06:13. > :06:17.accountability. That is an English word with no translation in Italian.
:06:18. > :06:24.So Prime Minister gets flushed away but that is far from the end this.
:06:25. > :06:27.Matteo Renzi was in the middle of remaking Italy's electoral Lawes and
:06:28. > :06:32.help people are represented in their democratic institutions. And that
:06:33. > :06:36.what has not been completed meaning that they cannot just have a fresh
:06:37. > :06:40.general election tomorrow. Add to that the fact that the country has
:06:41. > :06:45.got to pass a national budget before the year is out, and you have a deep
:06:46. > :06:48.crisis with no one really in control.
:06:49. > :06:57.People have gathered outside the Prime Minister ill Palace to watch
:06:58. > :07:01.it play. Matteo Renzi was hoisted not just by constitutional arguments
:07:02. > :07:09.say his opponents but the apparent inability of Italy to pull itself
:07:10. > :07:12.out of the economic doldrums. TRANSLATION: The government in
:07:13. > :07:17.recent years has not delivered on its promises to Italians. And so
:07:18. > :07:25.turnout was very high, higher than at local elections six months ago.
:07:26. > :07:30.That is because citizens wanted to say no, that is enough with this
:07:31. > :07:34.government, that is enough of my terror Renfe, with Europe, the banks
:07:35. > :07:38.and Angela Merkel. Tonight it emerged that Matteo Renzi has been
:07:39. > :07:46.asked to stay on a few days longer to finalise Italy's budget for 2017.
:07:47. > :07:52.Saha along with the new government had to put fresh electoral Lawes in
:07:53. > :07:59.place, as the markets I upped the tottering Italian banks. Not so
:08:00. > :08:03.long, I do believe there's usually a measurable financial markets take
:08:04. > :08:13.the position a little bit before the event, as usual. And now they are in
:08:14. > :08:18.some kind of stand-by position. But real answers must be given by Italy
:08:19. > :08:21.as the country, starting with the president of the Republic trying to
:08:22. > :08:28.arrange another government with specific tasks, the first
:08:29. > :08:35.immediately to pass the budget law for 2017. That must be by December.
:08:36. > :08:42.And to have a new electoral law secondly to go to new elections and
:08:43. > :08:47.give Italy a little bit stronger political government, posted by
:08:48. > :08:55.Italian citizens. And waiting in the wings is this
:08:56. > :08:59.man. Beppe Grillo, leader of the Five Star Movement. They campaigned
:09:00. > :09:02.against Matteo Renzi in the referendum and they are well placed
:09:03. > :09:08.for any general election. They're complaining to take Italy out of the
:09:09. > :09:14.euro. How real is that threat now? It is clear that the Five Star
:09:15. > :09:20.Movement wants to get Italy out of the eurozone. And this is the
:09:21. > :09:26.paradox of the coalition which supported a note to the
:09:27. > :09:32.Constitutional reform, it was a real bunch of has-been, former Prime
:09:33. > :09:35.Minister, a good part of the establishment which struck an
:09:36. > :09:41.alliance between the neofascists of the extreme right and the populist
:09:42. > :09:45.Five Star Movement. And this probably is the most, the biggest
:09:46. > :09:55.paradox of this situation, it was a no without any reality.
:09:56. > :09:58.For those who beat Matteo Renzi the referendum was a cause for
:09:59. > :10:03.celebration. It may prove to have been just the appetiser for an
:10:04. > :10:08.enormous change in politics here. One in which the main course in an
:10:09. > :10:10.election expected this spring will be whether Italy should stay in the
:10:11. > :10:21.euro. Well if you add in Brexit, Italy,
:10:22. > :10:22.far right parties, does it add up to a crisis?
:10:23. > :10:24.Laszlo Andor is the former European Commissioner for Employment,
:10:25. > :10:35.Do you think the top brass in the EU recognise this is a manifest crisis
:10:36. > :10:40.for the EU at the moment or are they hoping it will just go away? I think
:10:41. > :10:45.there is enough understanding and has been for some time that the
:10:46. > :10:53.monetary union in its current form is not entirely sustainable and they
:10:54. > :10:56.will have to be reforms. This has been very slow, decision-making
:10:57. > :11:00.making obviously should be faster. It does not mean however that people
:11:01. > :11:08.do not realise that these reforms are needed. I think everyone thinks
:11:09. > :11:10.it is an economic challenge. What about the political side, that
:11:11. > :11:15.voters everywhere you give them the chance seem to be saying, whoever it
:11:16. > :11:21.is up there, we do not really like you. It does not necessarily look as
:11:22. > :11:28.though the top guard of the EU really get that. A lot of
:11:29. > :11:32.frustration came up in the Italian referendum but it was not a
:11:33. > :11:36.referendum about the EU or membership of the EU, any
:11:37. > :11:42.interpretation would be a distortion in that fashion. This was a domestic
:11:43. > :11:46.or constitutional question which was raised and there were many
:11:47. > :11:50.pro-Europeans on both sides of the yes and the no camp yesterday. I
:11:51. > :11:57.wonder whether that is a little complacent because you can disregard
:11:58. > :12:03.one vote or another but everywhere, whether Austria, the UK or Italy or
:12:04. > :12:10.indeed Greece, everywhere you go voters given the chance of voting
:12:11. > :12:15.for change and when they see the EU it is an institution that moves that
:12:16. > :12:18.one speed, very slowly. And just cannot change and absorb the
:12:19. > :12:24.capacity for change that the public currently have? If you really watch
:12:25. > :12:30.this, the voters voted against change, Matteo Renzi both dashed he
:12:31. > :12:32.wanted change and the voters voted against that, this was quite a
:12:33. > :12:37.different thing from what you describe. I think you're not getting
:12:38. > :12:40.the kind of changed the voters are voting for, they're not writing
:12:41. > :12:44.about constitutional change, they are voting for changing the guard,
:12:45. > :12:53.changing the top brass. Do you think for example that Juncker is the
:12:54. > :12:58.right man to lead the EU through this restaurant is a huge economic
:12:59. > :13:02.crisis and paralysis in Italy, do you think with this happening on his
:13:03. > :13:06.watch, he should just stay there and carry on as though nothing is
:13:07. > :13:10.happening all would be better if he got out of the way and say, the
:13:11. > :13:17.voters do not like the establishment and we new blood. You are connecting
:13:18. > :13:22.entirely distinct issues. The leadership of the EU institutions is
:13:23. > :13:28.organised in a way which is legitimate and based on the treaties
:13:29. > :13:34.approved by all the member states including Italy, the UK and other
:13:35. > :13:38.countries. This referendum in Italy was about how to reform the Italian
:13:39. > :13:47.constitution especially the Senate, how to make decision-making faster,
:13:48. > :13:55.how to make the political class more cost efficient inside Italy. People
:13:56. > :14:00.were not asked about Juncker or the European leadership on this issue.
:14:01. > :14:04.If you want to press this it is just very artificial and misleading I am
:14:05. > :14:11.afraid. It is interesting that you say that because I'm not sure to the
:14:12. > :14:15.average British person that it feels that remote, all over Europe people
:14:16. > :14:19.seem to feel there is a disconnect between their lives and those of the
:14:20. > :14:22.people governing them. A lot of that is coming out in frustration with
:14:23. > :14:27.the EU and people watching this would say you're just a part of the
:14:28. > :14:31.problem. In failing to recognise what is a huge and important
:14:32. > :14:38.interaction with the voters and trying to dismiss that as a
:14:39. > :14:40.technical vote on a constitution or a little internal affair. Do not
:14:41. > :14:52.feel it is bigger than that? There has been a shift in
:14:53. > :14:58.pro-European opinion because people realise that before the UK
:14:59. > :15:02.referendum, a lot of politicians, especially in the Leave campaign
:15:03. > :15:08.were telling lies about the European Union. Now there is a period of
:15:09. > :15:13.reckoning, a period of understanding of what it means to destabilise the
:15:14. > :15:19.European Union, what it means and what it costs to leave the European
:15:20. > :15:26.Union. Of course, a period when people look into these details a lot
:15:27. > :15:29.more than before and that makes people more pro-European, which we
:15:30. > :15:35.have seen in the Austrian presidential election, where the
:15:36. > :15:37.Green candidate winning with a greater margin than he did in the
:15:38. > :15:40.spring. Thanks. The second, final and decisive
:15:41. > :15:42.round of the contest between the government
:15:43. > :15:45.and the judiciary kicked off today with arguments put
:15:46. > :15:49.in the Supreme Court over whether Parliament has a right to
:15:50. > :15:52.a say on the invoking of Article 50. We won't get a result for a while,
:15:53. > :15:55.but TV viewers could watch It was quite heavy going,
:15:56. > :15:59.and won't I suspect, Our political editor
:16:00. > :16:14.Nick Watt was watching. Our starter for ten after a day at
:16:15. > :16:22.the Supreme Court is, what links Freddie Laker, Greenland, the
:16:23. > :16:30.Bahamas, and a grand hotel now demolished? Yes, these were legal
:16:31. > :16:35.cases cited as the government sought to overturn a ruling by the High
:16:36. > :16:39.Court that Brexit negotiations must be triggered by Parliament and not
:16:40. > :16:45.ministers using ancient royal powers. The government's main QC,
:16:46. > :16:51.James Eadie, argued ministers need not hold a parliamentary vote. He
:16:52. > :16:54.said since the inception of Article 50 in the Lisbon Treaty, MPs have
:16:55. > :17:01.not argued it is up to them to trigger the process. James Eadie was
:17:02. > :17:06.saying where Parliament has not said, I am taking this power away,
:17:07. > :17:11.it still rests with the prerogative. He was saying the Royal Prerogative
:17:12. > :17:17.exists on a separate plane over and above the domestic sphere and unless
:17:18. > :17:22.Parliament is saying it is taking it away. James Eadie was saying the
:17:23. > :17:29.European Communities Act, which is at the heart of this case, is merely
:17:30. > :17:34.a conduit for transposing those international law rights into
:17:35. > :17:39.domestic law. James Eadie cited the case of a Tameside hotel from the
:17:40. > :17:44.20s to underline his point. This was an elegant grand hotel on the
:17:45. > :17:49.Victoria embankment that suddenly got requisitioned by the government
:17:50. > :17:53.in World War I and there was a statute that said they had to pay a
:17:54. > :17:59.certain amount of compensation. They said no, we used the Royal
:18:00. > :18:03.Prerogative to requisition it, we do not have to pay. The Court of Appeal
:18:04. > :18:09.and House of Lords found they did, because a statute restrained the
:18:10. > :18:14.prerogative. Whatever the 11 justices decided, this is likely to
:18:15. > :18:19.be a landmark case. It will not prevent the triggering of Article 50
:18:20. > :18:23.but it could lead to major alterations in Britain's
:18:24. > :18:27.constitutional settlement encompassing Royal Prerogative
:18:28. > :18:30.powers and the role of devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales
:18:31. > :18:36.and Northern Ireland in UK by decision-making will stop this is a
:18:37. > :18:42.hugely important constitutional case that goes beyond the issues arising
:18:43. > :18:49.out of Brexit, because it concerns a part of our Constitution, the Royal
:18:50. > :18:53.Prerogative, and touches on devolved power to Scotland, Wales and
:18:54. > :18:59.Northern Ireland. And we have a Supreme Court that... We do not have
:19:00. > :19:02.a written constitution, but they have an important role in
:19:03. > :19:09.interpreting the unwritten constitution. I come from... To this
:19:10. > :19:13.as a traditional conservative. Historically I have always believed
:19:14. > :19:16.this country manage well with an unwritten constitution. In recent
:19:17. > :19:23.years I have begun to have doubts and those doubts do not centre on EU
:19:24. > :19:28.membership, they centre on devolution and managing a system of
:19:29. > :19:32.devolved power to different parts of the UK and maintaining an overall
:19:33. > :19:36.framework. I am on record saying I think we need to give careful
:19:37. > :19:41.thought to whether we shouldn't have some kind of written constitution.
:19:42. > :19:47.It needn't be a detailed document, but one that sets out a framework
:19:48. > :19:51.for those relationships. Emotions are running high as the Supreme
:19:52. > :19:56.Court is asked to rule on how the Brexit negotiations should be
:19:57. > :20:06.triggered. One You support is relax. The triggering of Article 50 is in
:20:07. > :20:09.line to start next year and whether the Supreme Court disagrees with the
:20:10. > :20:13.High Court and says you can crack on, or whether we have to bring a
:20:14. > :20:17.short bill to the house, Parliament will not frustrate that. They are
:20:18. > :20:23.acceptable solutions to get on with doing what is a major change to our
:20:24. > :20:28.constitutional position. Just a stone's throw from Parliament there
:20:29. > :20:33.is a new kid on the block. The Supreme Court has only sat the seven
:20:34. > :20:35.years but it is now cementing its position in Britain's ever evolving
:20:36. > :20:38.constitutional settlement. Rather than argue about how
:20:39. > :20:43.our constitution works in the supreme court,
:20:44. > :20:45.could we perhaps codify the rules, so that we know in advance
:20:46. > :20:48.what the rules are and have Or do we prefer our slightly messy
:20:49. > :20:52.unwritten rules that perhaps have the capacity to flex
:20:53. > :20:54.when you need them? Dr Catherine Haddon is from
:20:55. > :21:02.The Institute for Government. Thanks for coming in. The Dominic
:21:03. > :21:08.Grieve point, he is coming around to the idea, he might need to codify
:21:09. > :21:14.things around the Royal Prerogative, particularly devolution. Is that a
:21:15. > :21:18.good idea? It is difficult to say in circumstances where we have things
:21:19. > :21:23.in flux. It is almost as if you wanted to do it in advance. There is
:21:24. > :21:27.so much going on where the constitution is in flux. We are
:21:28. > :21:34.repatriating powers in the process of leaving the EU. There is a lot we
:21:35. > :21:39.need to think about in terms of the Constitution, bringing in other
:21:40. > :21:43.issues in terms of codify in, consolidating our Constitution might
:21:44. > :21:48.be a step too far at the moment. A lot of people are deeply attracted
:21:49. > :21:52.to the idea of having a proper written constitution so you know
:21:53. > :21:58.what the rules are. Does that lead to more dispute because in the US
:21:59. > :22:02.they seem to argue about nothing but constitutional rights, or does it
:22:03. > :22:08.resolve disputes to write it down? It is difficult to know. What we are
:22:09. > :22:13.seeing at the moment, the Supreme Court deciding on this issue, is in
:22:14. > :22:18.effect what we could see more of. You have different issues. The
:22:19. > :22:22.question about transparency, do we understand the constitution, should
:22:23. > :22:27.it be consolidated? The issue of whose authority decides the
:22:28. > :22:30.constitution? The Supreme Court Parliament, the government? And
:22:31. > :22:37.prerogative powers, but they are Tom when they should adapt. The
:22:38. > :22:41.complicated thing about the UK, Parliament is sovereign and reign
:22:42. > :22:46.supreme so the parliament if it wants to can abolish the Supreme
:22:47. > :22:51.Court, Kartik? Or you have a written constitution voted in by Parliament
:22:52. > :22:53.and pine and can abolish the ring constitution. Parliament, isn't that
:22:54. > :22:58.the principle that governs everything? It is, the
:22:59. > :23:02.democratically elected... Dictatorship! Part of our government
:23:03. > :23:07.so it can legislate for these things. There are checks and
:23:08. > :23:15.balances in the system, similar to the US. The rule of law is obviously
:23:16. > :23:21.one of those and we have seen judicial reviews since the 70s form
:23:22. > :23:26.part of that. This is dramatic and more important but in a sense it is
:23:27. > :23:30.a continuation of the travel we have seen. Parliament can legislate and
:23:31. > :23:35.create a Bill of Rights which it has talked about many times. It could
:23:36. > :23:40.legislate to change Royal prerogatives, put it on the statue
:23:41. > :23:43.books. It did it with a fixed term parliaments acts that changed Royal
:23:44. > :23:49.Prerogative into an act of Parliament. The ability to call an
:23:50. > :23:54.election. The monarch's right to dissolve parliament. It caused
:23:55. > :23:58.confusion in OK you might want to amend it further you cannot turn it
:23:59. > :24:06.back into a Royal Prerogative. You could repeal the act. And give the
:24:07. > :24:10.Prime Minister the power to call the election. Constitutional authorities
:24:11. > :24:15.are divided on what you would do in replacing a Royal Prerogative. In
:24:16. > :24:20.the long-term, would we be better off trying to write it down? I think
:24:21. > :24:25.it is written and codified in a lot of places. There is value in
:24:26. > :24:30.consolidating it, even in a guidance document, which we saw with the
:24:31. > :24:37.Cabinet manual. Before the election, when we expected a hung parliament?
:24:38. > :24:41.Exactly and the purpose was to make sure constitutional decisions would
:24:42. > :24:45.not decided by people on Newsnight in the middle of the night to make
:24:46. > :24:51.sure we have some sort of authority that could speak to it. I think you
:24:52. > :24:54.are seeing awareness of constitutional issues and a desire
:24:55. > :24:59.for more clarity, but you wouldn't have the debates we are having about
:25:00. > :25:04.who is the authority and what is the process by which we challenge it.
:25:05. > :25:08.Constitutions are not fixed, they have to change all the time. We
:25:09. > :25:11.would still face those same issues. Thanks.
:25:12. > :25:13.There's been more bloodshed in Aleppo today with the Syrian
:25:14. > :25:16.regime barrel bombing a district in the east of the city -
:25:17. > :25:18.and its forces advancing further into rebel territory.
:25:19. > :25:21.Now if you've been watching us regularly, you'll know we've been
:25:22. > :25:23.trying to keep in touch with citizens in Aleppo,
:25:24. > :25:27.as the siege there enters its most intense and brutal phase.
:25:28. > :25:30.That is not always easy, but today, we can show you what life
:25:31. > :25:32.is like for some of the local journalists and cameramen
:25:33. > :25:35.who are filming the destruction of their own home town.
:25:36. > :25:40.The images can often be difficult to watch, let alone gather.
:25:41. > :25:44.And news networks don't even broadcast the worst of it.
:25:45. > :25:46.In this report, we've been speaking to two of the citizen-journalists
:25:47. > :25:50.It was filmed by Milad Al Shehabi in eastern Aleppo and edited
:25:51. > :26:18.this film has some disturbing images.
:26:19. > :26:22.Filmed in high-definition, the tragedy in Aleppo
:26:23. > :26:30.With the besieged rebel-controlled part of the city considered too
:26:31. > :26:33.dangerous for Westerners, it's a network of local activists
:26:34. > :26:39.and citizen journalists, called the Aleppo Media Centre,
:26:40. > :26:42.who risk their lives to film these scenes that have been
:26:43. > :27:05.The images of Aleppo by drones showing the miles and miles
:27:06. > :27:09.of devastation are both breathtaking and heartbreaking.
:27:10. > :27:12.Most of them are filmed by this man, Hasan Katan.
:27:13. > :27:16.A law student when the conflict erupted, he's now a film-maker
:27:17. > :27:53.Every shot he takes brings him a mix of emotions.
:27:54. > :27:57.Mustafa al-Sarout used to be a tailor before the revolution.
:27:58. > :28:03.He now also works as a cameraman for the Aleppo Media Centre.
:28:04. > :28:04.His footage of five-year-old Omran Daqneesh sitting
:28:05. > :28:31.dazed in the back of an ambulance went worldwide.
:28:32. > :28:35.But there are many Omrans in Aleppo and each time there's an attack,
:28:36. > :29:15.the journalists are torn about how to behave.
:29:16. > :29:18.The group upload and share the videos they film.
:29:19. > :29:21.Despite the lack of action by the international community
:29:22. > :29:52.so far, they still hope their images can and will make a difference.
:29:53. > :29:59.That's the question at the heart of the latest government inspired
:30:00. > :30:01.report into integration - ethnic, religious and social.
:30:02. > :30:02.It was produced by Dame Louise Casey.
:30:03. > :30:07.She said she expected to find discrimination and disadvantage
:30:08. > :30:09.feeding a sense of grievance and unfairness, and isolating
:30:10. > :30:14.certain communities from the best opportunities.
:30:15. > :30:17.But while she did find that, she was also aware of cultural
:30:18. > :30:20.and religious practices that are holding back some citizens
:30:21. > :30:23.in certain communities, particularly the Muslim ones.
:30:24. > :30:29.Women and children are sometimes victims of regressive
:30:30. > :30:33.Now this is not the first report into this issue -
:30:34. > :30:36.but it is interesting to see how they've evolved.
:30:37. > :30:38.Back in 1981 there were riots in Brixton.
:30:39. > :30:41.Race was an issue and out of the wreckage came
:30:42. > :30:48.At that stage, the concern was what British society was doing wrong.
:30:49. > :30:53.Lord Scarman talked of inner-city decline, his most memorable finding
:30:54. > :30:56.was to fault the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of police
:30:57. > :31:00.And, he said, positive discrimination to tackle
:31:01. > :31:04.racial disadvantage was a price worth paying.
:31:05. > :31:07.Scroll forward to the year 2001, and there were riots
:31:08. > :31:11.in Oldham and Burnley, prompting more than one report.
:31:12. > :31:17.The Cantle report came out in 2006, now putting weight
:31:18. > :31:19.on what the minority communities might do.
:31:20. > :31:23.It said different communities lived parallel lives.
:31:24. > :31:26.It warned that single faith schools might raise deeper divisions.
:31:27. > :31:28.And it even suggested that immigrants could take an oath
:31:29. > :31:38.Well, a decade of immigration on, with huge numbers of Poles coming
:31:39. > :31:41.in and growth of over a million in the Muslim population too,
:31:42. > :31:44.concerns over parallel lives have increased.
:31:45. > :31:48.Today's report has tougher language on how minorities must fit in.
:31:49. > :31:51.There's an emphasis on English language classes
:31:52. > :31:57.And women's emancipation from "regressive cultural practices".
:31:58. > :32:01.And the Casey report says schools should promote British
:32:02. > :32:05.values to help build integration and tolerance.
:32:06. > :32:08.Well, to some extent you might caricature the way the debate has
:32:09. > :32:11.evolved over the years, as progression from a worry
:32:12. > :32:14.about "No Dogs, No Blacks, No Irish" to certain
:32:15. > :32:20.groups saying "we don't want to go to your pub anyway".
:32:21. > :32:21.I'm joined now by Sarah Hewitt, Headteacher at
:32:22. > :32:24.Anderton Park Primary in Birmingham - she received death threats
:32:25. > :32:33.after her school was inspected as part of the Trojan Horse scandal,
:32:34. > :32:36.from Manchester Amina Lone, Co-director of the social
:32:37. > :32:39.foundation which is an anti poverty think tank.
:32:40. > :32:41.And Tadeusz Stenzel Chair of Trustees, Federation
:32:42. > :32:55.First how do you respond to the idea that we seem to be asking migrants
:32:56. > :33:00.to fit in more rather than working out what we do to help them. Perhaps
:33:01. > :33:06.not as binary as I have suggested. How do you respond to that, is that
:33:07. > :33:10.a fair thing for a society to start doing? I welcome the report and
:33:11. > :33:14.think it has some interesting findings, not least saying we want
:33:15. > :33:20.to have a new community investment programme and more English classes.
:33:21. > :33:24.All a good thing. But you cannot say that without resources to back it,
:33:25. > :33:27.and the last government significantly cut adult education
:33:28. > :33:33.investment. I think the responsibility is on society and
:33:34. > :33:41.individuals as we are all part of the same thing. We've got to work
:33:42. > :33:48.together and live together, it is not about other people, Muslims or
:33:49. > :33:54.immigrants or minority communities actually having to just change but
:33:55. > :33:57.also about society saying what are British values, what do they mean
:33:58. > :34:03.and how did they shape our future as a country. Some of this is addressed
:34:04. > :34:09.at the Polish community as well, and that has been a conspicuous
:34:10. > :34:16.immigration of the last decade. There have been problems obviously
:34:17. > :34:20.but I agree it is a lack of education causing a lot of the
:34:21. > :34:27.problems. I think we have reduced the amount of training for
:34:28. > :34:34.immigrants and their living in a separate world which even in the
:34:35. > :34:37.Polish community, which is widely distributed, and not so concentrated
:34:38. > :34:44.on some of the others throughout the UK. The people live here, they eat
:34:45. > :34:51.here but they live a life through the media, through Poland. They
:34:52. > :34:56.watch Polish TV and Polish football games. But if the British Government
:34:57. > :35:06.paid for English second language courses, do you think demand would
:35:07. > :35:11.be there? It is always a problem, you can take the voice to the water
:35:12. > :35:16.but cannot make it drink. It is a problem that I have come across.
:35:17. > :35:22.This seems to be a reluctance to learn more than is absolutely
:35:23. > :35:26.necessary to get by work. But there is an impending problem whether
:35:27. > :35:29.children are now being educated in English schools and in the near
:35:30. > :35:35.future the parents and children will not be able to communicate with
:35:36. > :35:43.another. One was no English and the other was no Polish! I will ask you
:35:44. > :35:49.all to give us three practical steps in a moment. Pressed to think that
:35:50. > :35:56.it is OK to say we need you to try a bit harder in your communities, you
:35:57. > :36:01.have to oppose regressive policies with women stuck at home. I think
:36:02. > :36:12.that is fair to say, one of the things that we should be proud of in
:36:13. > :36:22.the UK, sometimes I feel that we tell parents, we interviewed new
:36:23. > :36:28.parents and we say this is a British school and we follow British law, we
:36:29. > :36:37.have the equality act and we tell him -- tell them what that means.
:36:38. > :36:44.And you get lower back from that? Sometimes. People sometimes say that
:36:45. > :36:49.is your opinion and I say yes but that is the law as well, gay people
:36:50. > :36:54.are also equal, disabled, able-bodied, the whole thing. You
:36:55. > :36:58.cannot bit -- you cannot pick the bits of the equality act that you
:36:59. > :37:03.like and leave the rest. I'm happy to say that, but I just wonder who
:37:04. > :37:08.else should be saying that to families. Because this should be an
:37:09. > :37:11.expectation for all British citizens and visitors to Britain that this is
:37:12. > :37:17.what we expect and how we expect them to behave. And that gets you to
:37:18. > :37:25.the idea of an oath, I do not know if you are in favour. I'm not a
:37:26. > :37:29.great fan of that because I think any kind of declaration is only
:37:30. > :37:35.effective if there is a sanction if you fall foul of it. You have not
:37:36. > :37:41.respected British values, you get a ?50 ticket? And also a lot of the
:37:42. > :37:45.British population is homophobic or misogynistic, so it should be an
:37:46. > :37:48.oath for everyone. I would like a practical suggestion from each of
:37:49. > :37:53.you, what would be the most important thing to do? We need to
:37:54. > :37:57.reconstruct British values so they are reflective of the country as it
:37:58. > :38:02.is changing and also provide support. That point about people in
:38:03. > :38:07.schools or other institutions having British values and not
:38:08. > :38:10.discriminating is right. But I know people who have been working in
:38:11. > :38:13.schools when families have taken girls are the sports classes and the
:38:14. > :38:21.school has allowed it. So we have got to be consistent. Support for
:38:22. > :38:26.staff in public sector errors. Maybe we should just cut off Polish
:38:27. > :38:30.television stations so they have to watch the BBC! We tried to influence
:38:31. > :38:38.the Polish government to produce programmes aimed at the Polish
:38:39. > :38:42.people living here in the UK. That they get politics from Poland but we
:38:43. > :38:45.want to represent what is happening here. My suggestion is that we need
:38:46. > :38:50.to teach people their responsibilities. They all know
:38:51. > :38:53.their rights but very few, there's little emphasis put
:38:54. > :38:57.responsibilities. That would be important to do that. We're going
:38:58. > :39:05.right back to the thrust of the KC approach. Absolutely. Give me one
:39:06. > :39:09.practical idea. I think it needs to come from the government, we need to
:39:10. > :39:15.stop the fragmentation of schools. In what way? We are in an unusual
:39:16. > :39:18.situation where we have all kinds of schools and this is a bit
:39:19. > :39:24.fragmented. The government have lifted a cap on faith schools. This
:39:25. > :39:27.report is about integration and the opposite to that is segregation and
:39:28. > :39:32.you could argue that faith schools segregate. Anything that is about
:39:33. > :39:39.segregation we need to rethink. We need to stop people being creamed
:39:40. > :39:47.off to go to grammar schools, that is the opposite of integration. And
:39:48. > :39:53.practical homes, be passionate about equality in the homes, speak about
:39:54. > :39:57.that and be passionate about that. Children are brilliant at this and
:39:58. > :40:01.in my school children are passionate about the quality. And the parents
:40:02. > :40:05.tell me that their daughters have given them a hard time because for
:40:06. > :40:08.example they said that their son should have the biggest bedroom and
:40:09. > :40:14.the girls give them what for about that. So children are an amazing
:40:15. > :40:21.tool for changing the mindset of parents. And that is huge, mindsets
:40:22. > :40:26.change and behaviours, they change the world. Parallel lines is the
:40:27. > :40:37.phrase people have been using, what is it that makes people want to sort
:40:38. > :40:41.themselves into ethnic areas? I think people feel comfortable with
:40:42. > :40:45.someone they identify with, whether culturally, with clothing or
:40:46. > :40:53.language. When I go to my parents home in Birmingham, the local
:40:54. > :40:58.supermarket is full of Muslims on Christmas Eve buying up all the
:40:59. > :41:04.Christmas stock. So it is more complex. I am a Muslim woman, I have
:41:05. > :41:08.children, I do not identify as needing to be emancipated, it is a
:41:09. > :41:13.diverse community so we need to be cautious about labelling the whole
:41:14. > :41:15.community. Thank you very much. That is all but we have time for this
:41:16. > :41:16.evening. But before we go, Sotheby's
:41:17. > :41:19.announced today that it was creating a brand new art forensics unit
:41:20. > :41:21.to detect fakes, following its failure to spot
:41:22. > :41:23.an ?8.4m forged painting. We thought we'd give it -
:41:24. > :41:26.and you - its first big test. What follows is a series of 19th
:41:27. > :41:29.century masterpieces - but mixed amongst them are a couple
:41:30. > :41:31.of numbers our producers See if you can spot the fakes -
:41:32. > :41:37.and then check the @BBCNewsnight twitter feed to find out
:41:38. > :41:40.if you were right.