:00:00. > :00:15.How much ground do they share with the nationalists of the 1930s?
:00:16. > :00:20.Because a lot of Europeans, you know, are conditioned, in a way,
:00:21. > :00:31.like border, like identity, of being proud of oneself -
:00:32. > :00:33.immediately a reflex kicks
:00:34. > :00:40.We ask if they represent fringe interests, or a real threat
:00:41. > :00:44.to the old order of Europe's liberal democracies.
:00:45. > :00:48.Newsnight learns the committee with oversight into
:00:49. > :00:57.Where does that leave questions of ethics and foreign policy?
:00:58. > :00:59.And the British farmers that are filling the post-Brexit gap left
:01:00. > :01:03.Clearly we haven't got enough UK workers, so we need to look to
:01:04. > :01:06.Not because we're taking jobs away, but
:01:07. > :01:23.Tonight, we look at the rise of the so-called
:01:24. > :01:28.They call themselves Identitarians - groups that are unafraid to talk
:01:29. > :01:32.about the need for national borders and cultural difference,
:01:33. > :01:34.who fear Islamisation in their countries and call
:01:35. > :01:38.They are patriots - wary of being seen as fascist,
:01:39. > :01:41.and reject the idea that this is a return to the
:01:42. > :01:45.So this evening, we ask how we should view the rise
:01:46. > :01:52.Or the beginning of the end of Europe's liberal democracies?
:01:53. > :01:55.This is the first in our series of films this week asking
:01:56. > :01:57.if populism is fomenting a revolution.
:01:58. > :02:18.Gabriel Gatehouse starts us off in Vienna.
:02:19. > :02:25.Governments falling to populist revolt, old certainties
:02:26. > :02:37.A union based on half a century of stability
:02:38. > :02:48.This has been a year of centrifugal forces.
:02:49. > :02:51.Of mainstream politics moving towards the fringes and of fringe
:02:52. > :02:58.groups battling to lay claim to a new centre.
:02:59. > :03:09.Today, Austria is on the periphery of world events.
:03:10. > :03:12.But we're here to meet some people who want to make
:03:13. > :03:22.They call themselves the Identitarian movement
:03:23. > :03:24.and they hold views that many would consider beyond
:03:25. > :03:30.You don't want us to film the way in?
:03:31. > :03:36.I'll tell him when he can start to film.
:03:37. > :03:43.But the parameters of public discourse are shifting.
:03:44. > :03:48.This is a group that is in the process of coming
:03:49. > :03:55.Fortunately we have now some younger members who are very
:03:56. > :03:59.affiliated with the media, cutting videos, internet and so on.
:04:00. > :04:02.At the moment, we are even on the way to developing an app.
:04:03. > :04:06.It's an app for patriots where you can find the other guys
:04:07. > :04:21.That's really something that happens.
:04:22. > :04:23.The Identitarians are in some ways different
:04:24. > :04:26.They disavow violence, they are articulate and tech savvy.
:04:27. > :04:28.They've got their own TV studio here.
:04:29. > :04:31.They broadcast live with fellow travellers in other European
:04:32. > :04:37.countries and put together videos of their publicity stunts.
:04:38. > :04:41.Earlier this month they scaled the statue of the Habsburg Empire's
:04:42. > :04:46.Maria Theresa and dressed her up in a giant burqa.
:04:47. > :04:53.No prizes then for guessing their views on Islam and immigration.
:04:54. > :04:57.Those people who came here illegally
:04:58. > :05:01.especially in the refugee crisis, they need to be sent back home.
:05:02. > :05:06.You would be sending them into a war zone.
:05:07. > :05:09.A lot of them didn't come from Syria to begin
:05:10. > :05:16.with and the others, for the others, I think
:05:17. > :05:18.we should create zones, and areas around Europe.
:05:19. > :05:21.You know that's got like really scary overtones, especially
:05:22. > :05:24.Zones and areas where you put people.
:05:25. > :05:41.The United Nations plan to create safe zones.
:05:42. > :05:43.You're automatically making the association is also shoving
:05:44. > :05:45.part of the problem, because a lot of Europeans
:05:46. > :05:47.are conditioned, when they hear some words, like people,
:05:48. > :05:51.like culture, like border, like identity, of being proud
:05:52. > :05:56.of oneself - immediately, kind of a reflex kicks in.
:05:57. > :05:58.And creates this Nazi reflex, you know?
:05:59. > :05:59.And people are really fed up with that.
:06:00. > :06:03.We left their TV studio and moved on to a local cafe.
:06:04. > :06:08.If they are not Nazis, I wondered, then what are they?
:06:09. > :06:12.I ran them through a check list of typical far right issues.
:06:13. > :06:14.How do you feel about people from different ethnic backgrounds
:06:15. > :06:34.Do you think that's odd that you don't have any gay friends?
:06:35. > :06:38.But do you think it's odd that you don't have any?
:06:39. > :06:45.You don't think Jews are running the world in a secret conspiracy?
:06:46. > :06:51.Ironically, it is the Jews who are most worried about
:06:52. > :06:54.We have a huge exodus from France, for instance.
:06:55. > :06:57.Jews are fleeing Europe because of Islamisation.
:06:58. > :07:00.And so the conversation turns back to Muslim immigration.
:07:01. > :07:05.Islamophobia is the new anti-Semitism, and the Identitarians
:07:06. > :07:10.see themselves as part of a broader cultural insurgency.
:07:11. > :07:17.We are a European movement, we exist in forms...
:07:18. > :07:22.We exist in Slovenia, we exist in the Czech Republic.
:07:23. > :07:23.We are overcoming old-style nationalism, chauvinistic
:07:24. > :07:27.nationalism, which are attacking other European countries.
:07:28. > :07:30.We think we have a European culture and today, in the 21st century,
:07:31. > :07:39.We want a Europe that maintains the national differences that
:07:40. > :07:41.secures our borders, that is strong in the outside but
:07:42. > :07:50.Would you like Austria to leave the European Union?
:07:51. > :07:54.I don't think at the moment we need to talk about it because Austria
:07:55. > :08:03.I think we can take over this whole system and turn
:08:04. > :08:15.Austria's Identitarian movement has only a few hundred activists.
:08:16. > :08:19.In last week's presidential election, voters rejected
:08:20. > :08:22.the candidate from the far right Freedom Party, albeit
:08:23. > :08:27.Across Europe, right-wing populist parties are challenging
:08:28. > :08:33.the old duopoly of the centre-right and the centre-left.
:08:34. > :08:36.Nowhere is that challenge more stark than in France,
:08:37. > :08:41.where the ideas of the Identitarian movement are supported by a growing
:08:42. > :08:45.number of influential public intellectuals.
:08:46. > :08:49.I am on my way to meet one of these people who provides the intellectual
:08:50. > :08:55.underpinnings for the Identitarians here in France.
:08:56. > :08:58.He is a man who was once a senior adviser to former
:08:59. > :09:06.Patrick Buisson sees the older European order of facing a revolt
:09:07. > :09:09.by a younger generation who are beginning to reject the
:09:10. > :10:07.And in this world view, Brexit was a tipping point.
:10:08. > :10:14.Scarred by recent terrorist attacks, France is increasingly preoccupied
:10:15. > :10:18.by the existential question of what it means to be French.
:10:19. > :10:20.In Lyon, as in other cities, people are leading
:10:21. > :10:27.And as the dream of multiculturalism loses its shine, the politics
:10:28. > :10:40.Generation Identitaire have their headquarters
:10:41. > :10:46.in a bar down one of the city's medieval sidestreets.
:10:47. > :10:49.They call themselves not activists but militants and claim to have 2000
:10:50. > :10:55.fee-paying members in more than a dozen cities across France.
:10:56. > :10:58.Twice a week they fan out across the city distributing hot
:10:59. > :11:00.soup and winter clothes to the homeless, or the European
:11:01. > :11:43.In the summers, they organise youth camps, where they train and exchange
:11:44. > :11:47.ideas with other like-minded people from across Europe,
:11:48. > :11:53.including Martin Sellner, the Austrian we met earlier.
:11:54. > :11:56.Generation Identitaire are not directly affiliated
:11:57. > :12:03.But they are emboldened by the prospect of a Le Pen presidency.
:12:04. > :12:05.And their rejection of multiculturalism goes
:12:06. > :12:11.further than a proposal to simply limit immigration.
:12:12. > :12:27.What they are proposing is, in effect, ethnic cleansing.
:12:28. > :13:17.They are French, they are as French as you are, they were born here.
:13:18. > :13:28.The more extreme views of the Identitarians are not echoed -
:13:29. > :13:30.officially, at least - even by the kaleidoscope of far
:13:31. > :13:36.right parties now vying for the centre ground.
:13:37. > :13:39.In France, the Netherlands, in Belgium, in Italy, and Austria.
:13:40. > :13:41.Martin Sellner and his friends are a small minority.
:13:42. > :13:55.We see ourselves as a patriotic avant-garde, who is pushing...
:13:56. > :13:58.Of what you can say and what you can think.
:13:59. > :14:00.Little by little, these ideas are being fed
:14:01. > :14:07.Not new ideas, but old ones, ideas that many thought had been
:14:08. > :14:18.Joining me now from Hungary is the sociologist and commentator
:14:19. > :14:23.journalist and researcher for the Quilliam Foundation.
:14:24. > :14:31.It is nice to hear from you both. These are not new ideas, but old
:14:32. > :14:36.ones. Do you think this is a new movement or something you have seen
:14:37. > :14:41.before? It's a renaissance of some former, but there is a new
:14:42. > :14:47.dimension. Increasingly we have educated people across all classes
:14:48. > :14:50.and all social backgrounds joining far right movements, populist
:14:51. > :14:55.movements and the more militant ones. What we are seeing is
:14:56. > :15:01.effectively a full-blown far right renaissance across Europe, or across
:15:02. > :15:08.the world. Is that something that scares you? Definitely. I do see a
:15:09. > :15:13.clear connection between the populist far right spreading hateful
:15:14. > :15:17.ideologies and the more militant far right, increasing the attacks are
:15:18. > :15:21.happening across Europe, far right terrorism is becoming a bigger
:15:22. > :15:26.threat at the moment than jihadist terrorism and we have seen attacks
:15:27. > :15:35.across the entire continent. Is that overblown? That is a hysterical
:15:36. > :15:39.reaction. We are continuing to talk about it is just like Hitler, the
:15:40. > :15:45.1930s, and we are confusing a small number of young right-wing activists
:15:46. > :15:50.with the broader populist impulse that is enveloping Europe which has
:15:51. > :16:03.got positive aspects and negative aspects. But there is a danger that
:16:04. > :16:10.we seem to... INAUDIBLE In many respects these people are
:16:11. > :16:19.the mirror image... INAUDIBLE We have terrible sound problems. We
:16:20. > :16:22.will try to get back to you. Identitarians, or what you want to
:16:23. > :16:29.call them, they claim they have been forced to accept an erosion of their
:16:30. > :16:34.culture and laws, and boundaries. No matter what you call this, you prove
:16:35. > :16:40.their point, you take things, this liberal society has decreed taboo
:16:41. > :16:47.and you do not let anyone express their fears. The problem about this
:16:48. > :16:54.becoming to do with anti-Muslim resentments, for example,
:16:55. > :16:58.effectively it has spread into both the militant far right movements and
:16:59. > :17:02.exactly the narratives that Islamist extremists are spreading, that the
:17:03. > :17:10.West is at war with Islam. We are seeing this cultural war. Terrorists
:17:11. > :17:17.who killed 70 people on the island in 2011, and the narratives of... We
:17:18. > :17:21.are seeing this turning into a self-fulfilling prophecy into a
:17:22. > :17:32.global civil war between Muslims and non-Muslims. I'm going to try and go
:17:33. > :17:35.to Frank. The concern is, Frank, that you are missing what is
:17:36. > :17:43.essentially the return of fascism, that this is near Nazism by any
:17:44. > :17:49.other name. -- Neo. When you think of what the 1930s and the Fascists
:17:50. > :17:59.represented and you compare that to INAUDIBLE
:18:00. > :18:12.... The uncertainty. There's a real danger. A real danger drywall. -- a
:18:13. > :18:16.real danger of crying wolf. I'm sorry, we are not getting a good
:18:17. > :18:20.enough line. Frank has broken about the promiscuous populism which
:18:21. > :18:31.allows the elite who have been guilty of crop politicians or
:18:32. > :18:36.undemocratic institutions, or badly bodies who have had too much power
:18:37. > :18:47.-- corrupt politicians. There is something in that? Definitely, but
:18:48. > :18:53.finger-pointing and Scepovic -- scapegoating is the wrong approach.
:18:54. > :19:00.I agree that much of this is rooted in a deep disappointment of the
:19:01. > :19:03.establishment, not addressing the problems that the marginalised
:19:04. > :19:10.majorities are facing. Is it too late? How do you see these
:19:11. > :19:16.movements? Gabriel looked at the movements in Vienna and Paris. The
:19:17. > :19:22.respondents at the moment, is this a niche interest or the beginning of a
:19:23. > :19:28.revolution? -- small movements at the moment. We are seeing online
:19:29. > :19:36.hate crimes and support for the Alt Right in the United States and in
:19:37. > :19:40.France and Austria. We are seeing a sharp rise. This is becoming more
:19:41. > :19:47.and more mainstream, something we need to address and I would say it
:19:48. > :19:51.is like having two sides of the same coin. Islamist extremists and the
:19:52. > :19:57.far right Kameni we don't address both of them they will both get rich
:19:58. > :20:01.and rich -- and the far right, and if we don't address both of them
:20:02. > :20:07.they will both get rich and rich. It is just a matter of time until we
:20:08. > :20:16.tossed a coin. What will happen by the end of the decade? I hope that
:20:17. > :20:19.this cultural war that both extremists and both identity
:20:20. > :20:24.movements are speaking about is not turning into reality, but right now
:20:25. > :20:28.I'm concerned by the developments on this side of the Atlantic and also
:20:29. > :20:34.what is happening with Donald Trump. Thanks for joining us. Apologies for
:20:35. > :20:37.not being able to get a clearer line from Budapest.
:20:38. > :20:40.Britain's arms deals with Saudi Arabia have long been
:20:41. > :20:42.a source of contention - many accuse the country
:20:43. > :20:44.of using those weapons to commit war crimes in Yemen,
:20:45. > :20:47.a country described by the DEC today as at breaking point.
:20:48. > :20:49.Earlier in the year, we revealed that a report
:20:50. > :20:51.by a parliamentary committee into Saudi arms sales was watered
:20:52. > :20:54.down to be less critical of the Saudi regime.
:20:55. > :20:56.Now, this programme has learned the committee with oversight
:20:57. > :21:00.Who scrutinises the arms deals, then?
:21:01. > :21:11.Our political editor Nicholas Watt has the story.
:21:12. > :21:18.The vexed question of British arms exports has been brought into sharp
:21:19. > :21:21.relief by the conflict in Yemen. Britain is continuing to supply arms
:21:22. > :21:26.to Saudi Arabia which has been accused of violating international
:21:27. > :21:32.human rights laws as it supports the Yemeni government infighting Shia
:21:33. > :21:39.rebels. Over the autumn, details of a dispute about the arms sales
:21:40. > :21:47.amongst senior MPs was late. -- was leaked. It was split down the
:21:48. > :21:51.middle. You were party to material being improperly leaked out of the
:21:52. > :21:56.committee proceedings which with a complex committee structure, made
:21:57. > :21:59.the conduct of the committee and the trust of the committee to actually
:22:00. > :22:04.be able to be a place where you can scratch out the issues at stake,
:22:05. > :22:12.without them being relayed, out to the media, producing a very one eyed
:22:13. > :22:19.view, on a single issue. Without the ability to consider the whole
:22:20. > :22:26.situation and that make the -- made the work of the committee or most
:22:27. > :22:31.impossible. One person called for the suspension of the arms deals.
:22:32. > :22:37.The second set said it would be wrong to cancel supplies until
:22:38. > :22:42.evidence had been at that. The row has now effectively killed off the
:22:43. > :22:50.committee after the impasse meant they could not produce an agreed
:22:51. > :22:54.report. The committee is of the view that with the machinery of
:22:55. > :22:58.government off the hook, it makes sense of the new select committee on
:22:59. > :23:00.international trade which oversees the Department for international
:23:01. > :23:06.trade within which arms export licensing will set, that they should
:23:07. > :23:12.oversee the exercise now. One member of Crispin Blunt's select committee
:23:13. > :23:16.disagrees. I have the greatest respect for Crispin Blunt, but on
:23:17. > :23:20.this issue I don't share his view. The arms control is a very
:23:21. > :23:26.particular issue and it goes beyond just trade and we need to take into
:23:27. > :23:30.is a consideration human rights and foreign policy and a range of issues
:23:31. > :23:35.that need to be looked into for what is a very particular set of issues.
:23:36. > :23:41.Members of other select committees also have concerns. We know there
:23:42. > :23:45.are individuals who are not happy with the proposal to suspend arms to
:23:46. > :23:49.Yemen and we have seen the government, despite the Foreign
:23:50. > :23:53.Secretary's comments in recent days, rolling back on those and taking a
:23:54. > :23:56.very pro-Saudi Arabian line. We still haven't got answers on those
:23:57. > :24:02.allegations of atrocities against civilians. It seems to me that we
:24:03. > :24:05.need a strong committee to hold the government's feet to the fire and
:24:06. > :24:09.that requires the participation of all four constituency committees.
:24:10. > :24:15.The current chairman of the committee on arms export controls,
:24:16. > :24:20.whose draft report called for the suspension of arms to Saudi Arabia,
:24:21. > :24:25.appears to be resigned to his fate. There needs to be scrutiny of arms
:24:26. > :24:31.sales and exports and this was a good format for that to happen, and
:24:32. > :24:38.in what ever Department that will fall under in the new parliament,
:24:39. > :24:42.the new Department of structure, I think that we need to make sure that
:24:43. > :24:47.some form of cake exists. Newsnight has learned that a new structure has
:24:48. > :24:50.almost been agreed amongst MPs, the new international trade select
:24:51. > :24:54.committee overseeing the work of Liam Fox's Department will take the
:24:55. > :24:58.lead in overseeing arms export licences with members from other
:24:59. > :25:03.select committees contributing, although in a less formal way. We
:25:04. > :25:08.might have people succumbed to another committee and in a cake type
:25:09. > :25:15.structure, from other committees, that will overview this or maybe
:25:16. > :25:20.they will get seconded at moments when we are looking at international
:25:21. > :25:23.arms sales in particular. The model is open at the moment, and we will
:25:24. > :25:27.see what colleagues prefer and what the ideas are and inevitably we will
:25:28. > :25:32.arrive at a conclusion at some point. Angus MacNeil says human
:25:33. > :25:38.rights will Steve be one of the main concerns as he scrutinised is --
:25:39. > :25:45.will still be one of the main concerns as he scrutinises it. I'm
:25:46. > :25:51.an SNP MP and if there is any role of undermining and downplaying human
:25:52. > :25:55.rights aspect, within the SNP and the SNP membership, my, will be felt
:25:56. > :26:01.very strongly and so that will not be happening. Not least the voice of
:26:02. > :26:08.Nicola Sturgeon who might be quite strong, as well. Boris Johnson, is
:26:09. > :26:13.comments that Saudi Arabia have been fighting proxy wars in Yemen, but
:26:14. > :26:16.Parliamentary oversight on arms export licences will soon be largely
:26:17. > :26:23.in new hands -- his comments. America has an estimated
:26:24. > :26:25.11 million immigrants living illegally in the US -
:26:26. > :26:28.a number that has broadly stabilised For many, that number represents
:26:29. > :26:31.a problem to be solved. But within America, the phenomenon
:26:32. > :26:34.of "sanctuary cities" has grown up. They represent around three dozen
:26:35. > :26:37.cities that have turned a blind eye to those there illegally -
:26:38. > :26:40.and refuse to deploy their own immigration enforcement
:26:41. > :26:41.officers to deport them. They offer, in other words,
:26:42. > :26:43.a safe space to illegal immigrants. Donald Trump - who campaigned
:26:44. > :26:46.robustly against illegal immigration on the campaign trail -
:26:47. > :26:49.has made clear he intends to cancel all federal funding to these cities
:26:50. > :26:52.in a bid to crack their policy We will end the sanctuary cities
:26:53. > :27:03.that have resulted in Cities that refuse to cooperate
:27:04. > :27:14.with federal authorities will not receive taxpayer dollars
:27:15. > :27:16.and we will work with Congress to pass legislation to protect those
:27:17. > :27:20.jurisdictions that do And can Donald Trump actually follow
:27:21. > :27:34.through on his promise Michael Hancock is
:27:35. > :27:51.the mayor of Denver, I know that Denver like New York,
:27:52. > :27:57.San Francisco, DC and Chicago is a Sanctuary city. Explain how it
:27:58. > :28:03.works. Thanks for having me. I want to make it clear Denver never
:28:04. > :28:09.formally adopted a policy to be a sanctuary city. It is commonly known
:28:10. > :28:14.in the US there is not a precise definition of what a sanctuary city
:28:15. > :28:21.is. Some cities have adopted policies, Denver has never adopted a
:28:22. > :28:26.policy to be a century city. We are an inclusive city, a city of
:28:27. > :28:32.opportunity that is welcoming and will continue to enforce the laws we
:28:33. > :28:35.have on our books, but we will not violate the constitutional rights of
:28:36. > :28:45.individuals and hold them without a warrant to hold them. Let me clarify
:28:46. > :28:51.this. Would Donald Trump stop you from getting what is it $175 million
:28:52. > :28:57.of federal money for how he interprets your actions in the city?
:28:58. > :29:03.We don't know what President-elect Trump macro will do. It is too early
:29:04. > :29:08.to estimate what his immigration policy with the. Somebody who has
:29:09. > :29:12.been elected, I know what it means to campaign on something and get
:29:13. > :29:18.into office and have to govern and the realities may shift. Denver has
:29:19. > :29:24.never formally adopted a sanctuary city position and we cooperate with
:29:25. > :29:28.the central government as regards immigration laws. You do not think
:29:29. > :29:33.his rhetoric on immigration will come true? It is important to
:29:34. > :29:36.recognise those cities follow the law and Denver follows the law
:29:37. > :29:45.regarding immigration. We will not do the job of the immigration
:29:46. > :29:50.control enforcement division. And we will not... We do not have the
:29:51. > :29:55.policing power or policing manpower to execute those laws so we have to
:29:56. > :29:58.allow the federal authorities to do that, but we will cooperate with
:29:59. > :30:05.federal government and enforce the laws as we can. For give me for
:30:06. > :30:09.coming in but President-elect Trump had a strong mandate on this issue
:30:10. > :30:14.of stopping illegal immigration. Do you have a duty to start enforcing
:30:15. > :30:22.it when America has voted for that? It is not the city government's role
:30:23. > :30:27.to enforce immigration laws. If we arrest someone for violation of our
:30:28. > :30:32.city doors we will work with federal agencies. The moment we no longer
:30:33. > :30:37.have a constitutional authority to hold that individual, that they have
:30:38. > :30:41.satisfied their duty or violation with the city of Denver, we have to
:30:42. > :30:47.release them and that is where the confusion occurs. Let's get to the
:30:48. > :30:52.spirit of what you are doing, which is broadly you are a welcoming haven
:30:53. > :30:57.for illegal immigrants under a President who has made it clear he
:30:58. > :31:03.does not agree with illegal immigration. You are at odds with
:31:04. > :31:08.the policy America has chosen. We are a city that is welcoming and
:31:09. > :31:14.inclusive, we don't believe in separating families needlessly. We
:31:15. > :31:19.believe in upholding family values and holding people accountable who
:31:20. > :31:23.violate the law. Somebody working hard, pursuing the opportunity of
:31:24. > :31:31.freedom and an opportunity of happiness in Denver, we encourage
:31:32. > :31:37.them to seated legal status but we do not believe in needlessly
:31:38. > :31:41.separating families and allowing people to remain in the inclusive
:31:42. > :31:46.city. Would it matter if the money were stopped, if you do not receive
:31:47. > :31:52.$170 million with the new administration? Along with other
:31:53. > :31:57.mayors in the country we hope and believe it will not get to that. We
:31:58. > :32:03.hope and we will work closely with the trumpet administration and
:32:04. > :32:08.develop a comprehensive path to citizenship for all immigrants and
:32:09. > :32:11.to allow these folks to be productive residents in our cities.
:32:12. > :32:21.We know there are illegal immigrants. It is not practical to
:32:22. > :32:25.think we will deport 11 million people, and to recognise that many
:32:26. > :32:29.cities including Denver have thrived economically because of the hard
:32:30. > :32:35.work and dedication of people including immigrants, in our city,
:32:36. > :32:40.who have participated in the production of our great city. We
:32:41. > :32:41.believe it is better to work closely with the Trump administration.
:32:42. > :32:43.Thanks. The Brexit vote has already
:32:44. > :32:46.begun to affect the way Some are facing a 10% shortfall
:32:47. > :32:50.in seasonal workers, according to the Farmers Union,
:32:51. > :32:55.as foreign employees are showing a reluctance to come over
:32:56. > :32:58.to the UK to find jobs. The industry is using the labour
:32:59. > :33:02.crisis to rethink the way it works and has introduced automation
:33:03. > :33:04.into the workplace in ways Here's our technology
:33:05. > :33:24.editor David Grossman. The carrot business
:33:25. > :33:30.is all about incentives. What this farm sees as the stick
:33:31. > :33:35.of Brexit threatens to dry out the supply of EU migrant labour
:33:36. > :33:38.that it relies on. And so they are turning
:33:39. > :33:41.to technology to fill the gap. Clearly we haven't got enough UK
:33:42. > :33:44.workers so we need to look But we haven't got
:33:45. > :33:52.enough UK workers. If there were enough UK workers,
:33:53. > :33:54.we wouldn't be having migrants. This is how this farm used
:33:55. > :34:01.to sort their carrots. 18 migrant workers deciding what can
:34:02. > :34:04.be Christmas dinner and what is only Now, cameras, lasers,
:34:05. > :34:08.and computers sort the veg The good news for some firms
:34:09. > :34:17.who have high levels of migration is that they are actually quite ripe
:34:18. > :34:20.for new technology so, yes, it will cost some money
:34:21. > :34:22.and needs upfront investment, but whether it is agriculture,
:34:23. > :34:25.bits of manufacturing, already you can see that those
:34:26. > :34:28.sectors are ready for new forms of technology and new forms
:34:29. > :34:31.of robots, if you like, Much more difficult is those parts
:34:32. > :34:36.of the economy that have high levels of migration but actually don't look
:34:37. > :34:43.very ripe for technology. Cleaning, domestic services,
:34:44. > :34:53.hotel work, for instance. And that is great news
:34:54. > :34:59.for places like this. It exports farm machinery all over
:35:00. > :35:02.the world and has never been busier The images from the camera are being
:35:03. > :35:12.analysed on the on-board computer. Again, this is technology
:35:13. > :35:15.that is only just ripe, using cameras and computers to do
:35:16. > :35:18.what only humans were capable of only a couple of years ago,
:35:19. > :35:21.in this case identifying and removing weeds in
:35:22. > :35:31.rows of young crops. A typical small model of the in-row
:35:32. > :35:34.weeder would do the same amount of work as a typical gang of say
:35:35. > :35:40.30 manual labourers. And although not cheap,
:35:41. > :35:42.a machine doesn't need It just sits in the shed
:35:43. > :35:46.until you need it. Well, we seem to be sitting
:35:47. > :35:48.in a nice place where There has been a trend in any case
:35:49. > :35:57.over the last few years to go more and more into more technology
:35:58. > :35:59.on farms, using this And I think it is simply
:36:00. > :36:07.focusing the mind and Because there may well be
:36:08. > :36:19.no other alternative. It's not just agriculture
:36:20. > :36:27.that is looking at automation to get around
:36:28. > :36:29.a post-Brexit shortage. The international president of UBS,
:36:30. > :36:31.the parcel delivery firm, says they will now invest more
:36:32. > :36:35.in robots in the UK than they had But some politicians and employers
:36:36. > :36:39.are pressing for a return to something like the seasonal
:36:40. > :36:42.agricultural workers scheme to allow I think there is a lot of interest
:36:43. > :36:46.in sector-based schemes. They worked pretty well
:36:47. > :36:51.in agriculture because there you had a large requirement for labour
:36:52. > :36:57.at a particular point in time. Elsewhere, you need flexibility
:36:58. > :37:00.in labour, but it is spread throughout the year,
:37:01. > :37:03.so the idea of having someone, having a group of workers over
:37:04. > :37:06.for a couple of months is not going to work for sectors like food
:37:07. > :37:08.processing and hospitality. The British economy
:37:09. > :37:13.is clearly heading for big However, some economists believe
:37:14. > :37:24.that automating away our addiction to cheap EU labour could not only
:37:25. > :37:27.help us survive this change, Anything that can encourage firms
:37:28. > :37:34.to think more about investing both in new technology and also
:37:35. > :37:37.in the skills of the existing If we can therefore start
:37:38. > :37:43.to generate more output. All right, there has to be
:37:44. > :37:46.an upfront investment cost, but generate more output
:37:47. > :37:49.without having to rely on these business models,
:37:50. > :37:51.which mean we have to bring That probably is a healthy place
:37:52. > :37:58.for the economy to move. There's lots of other debates
:37:59. > :38:06.about whether or not we should be thinking about changing the numbers
:38:07. > :38:08.of migrants coming in each year. But purely from the economic
:38:09. > :38:11.perspective, if we can boost productivity, then the Brexit vote
:38:12. > :38:13.will actually have had some positive impact in terms
:38:14. > :38:15.of kick-starting the process. In low-skilled, low-wage industries,
:38:16. > :38:21.the robots are certainly coming. The questions are, how quickly
:38:22. > :38:25.and how much will they cost? For big employers of migrant labour,
:38:26. > :38:28.the technology, the economics And that still adds up to a whole
:38:29. > :38:46.load of uncertainty. We can take you through the front
:38:47. > :38:51.pages before we go. Distressing pictures on the front of the
:38:52. > :38:59.Guardian newspaper, a final call to the world, to save Aleppo. President
:39:00. > :39:06.Assad loyalist now controlling much of the city. The same sort of
:39:07. > :39:11.picture in the Independent. We need more than two years to negotiate the
:39:12. > :39:16.Brexit deal says the Chancellor, a story suggesting he is in favour of
:39:17. > :39:22.a soft Brexit that could take up to four years. The Daily Telegraph,
:39:23. > :39:27.Christmas post strike adding to rail misery. This looks at Southern rail
:39:28. > :39:31.strikes that could find itself joined by a Christmas postal strike
:39:32. > :39:33.and the Express. An Alzheimer's story.
:39:34. > :39:36.Before we go tonight, we heard today the news that
:39:37. > :39:38.weatherman Ian McCaskill, one of the BBC's most recognisable
:39:39. > :39:42.faces in the '80s and '90s, had died.
:39:43. > :39:47.He had the special talent of making even a dreary day seem bearable.
:39:48. > :39:49.We'll leave you with a flavour of his work, the opening
:39:50. > :39:51.of his Christmas Day forecast in 1987.
:39:52. > :40:00.You've got to be really unlucky to pull your own cracker and
:40:01. > :40:05.But at least we'll be lucky with the weather.
:40:06. > :40:11.And Southport, an almost, but not quite,
:40:12. > :40:20.incredible six and a half hours of sunshine.
:40:21. > :40:28.Good evening, less than two weeks away from the big day and no sign of
:40:29. > :40:34.snow. Plenty of rain on Tuesday the first thing. Spreading northwards
:40:35. > :40:35.and eastwards and slices of sunshine in between. A