0:00:06 > 0:00:13Is this the most grotesquely sexist charity event anywhere?
0:00:13 > 0:00:18The business dinner where some of the rich guests
0:00:18 > 0:00:20grope hostesses, and an auction prize is plastic
0:00:20 > 0:00:23surgery for the wife.
0:00:23 > 0:00:27Stag night type shenanigans, at the Dorchester Hotel,
0:00:27 > 0:00:30raising money for Great Ormond Street among others.
0:00:30 > 0:00:33We'll hear the details of what went on at the Presidents Club dinner
0:00:33 > 0:00:36from the FT's undercover reporter who was there.
0:00:36 > 0:00:37Are we surprised that this goes on?
0:00:37 > 0:00:43Should we be outraged?
0:00:43 > 0:00:46Also tonight, this is how you mine diamonds.
0:00:46 > 0:00:49And this is how you mine Bitcoins.
0:00:49 > 0:00:51Why are huge numbers of supercomputers now being used
0:00:51 > 0:00:59to conjure up cryptocurrency from thin air?
0:01:00 > 0:01:05Your running costs are 25% of revenue which makes net profit 75%,
0:01:05 > 0:01:08which is a very high margin.
0:01:08 > 0:01:10Leaving home for the first time.
0:01:10 > 0:01:11It's not always easy being a student.
0:01:11 > 0:01:13With the suicide rate rising, should we worry more
0:01:13 > 0:01:15about their mental health?
0:01:15 > 0:01:17If you're paying so much and you're kind of getting little back,
0:01:17 > 0:01:21you should think that all the extra stuff around that, all the support
0:01:21 > 0:01:23and all the pastoral care that you can get, should be
0:01:23 > 0:01:28at least adequate.
0:01:28 > 0:01:31Hello.
0:01:31 > 0:01:34It's not how you'd expect charities to make money.
0:01:34 > 0:01:37A dinner for some top business names at the Dorchester Hotel last
0:01:37 > 0:01:40Thursday - a men only event - at which the rich get
0:01:40 > 0:01:43drunk and are then turned on by attractive young hostesses,
0:01:43 > 0:01:46who have to put up from some of the guests with groping
0:01:46 > 0:01:48and from a minority worse.
0:01:48 > 0:01:51A kind of raunchy stag night, in black tie.
0:01:51 > 0:01:54We can only bring you fleeting pictures from inside,
0:01:54 > 0:01:56as the hostesses' mobile phones were locked away beforehand.
0:01:56 > 0:01:59The women also had to sign non-disclosure agreements.
0:01:59 > 0:02:02But what we have, we can report as the Financial Times sent two
0:02:02 > 0:02:04women in as hostesses, in an undercover investigation
0:02:04 > 0:02:07published tonight.
0:02:07 > 0:02:11Now the event does raise money by the way, a couple of million.
0:02:11 > 0:02:14And it is an annual bash that has been going for many years.
0:02:14 > 0:02:17But in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein revelations,
0:02:17 > 0:02:20the dinner seems like a piece of the worst of the 1980s -
0:02:20 > 0:02:24or 50s even - crashing into the modern era.
0:02:24 > 0:02:28Is this the night that unreconstructed attitudes
0:02:28 > 0:02:31in the city and at the top level of business are exposed?
0:02:31 > 0:02:38Our business editor, Helen Thomas, reports.
0:02:38 > 0:02:43A 5-star London location. The guest list scattered with big names and
0:02:43 > 0:02:49big wallets. And innocuous billing, the President's club charity dinner.
0:02:49 > 0:02:55This was a charity auction like no other. Last week, according to the
0:02:55 > 0:02:59Financial Times, 360 men from British business, politics and
0:02:59 > 0:03:05finance came to a black-tie event here. 360 men but no women except
0:03:05 > 0:03:12they were joined by 130 hostesses. Young women, reportedly chosen for
0:03:12 > 0:03:17their looks, who are given short, tight dresses to wear. The women,
0:03:17 > 0:03:24who were paid £150, were paraded in and distributed around the table.
0:03:24 > 0:03:28Later in the evening, the paper says, hostesses were groped,
0:03:28 > 0:03:32harassed or propositioned. The Financial Times had two women under
0:03:32 > 0:03:37cover at the event. According to them, hostesses reported men
0:03:37 > 0:03:46repeatedly putting hands up their skirts. One said an
0:03:46 > 0:03:47skirts. One said an attendee had exposed his Venus to her. According
0:03:47 > 0:03:51to the charitable trust's last set of accounts for 2016, the Presidents
0:03:51 > 0:03:59Club received donations and income from an annual event...
0:03:59 > 0:04:04And it raises a lot of money. In 2016, the charity pulled on an
0:04:04 > 0:04:15income from its dinner and donations of over £2 million. It donates to
0:04:15 > 0:04:19various charities involving children and children's health. Its chairman,
0:04:19 > 0:04:25Bruce Ritchie, and businessman David Meller, who sits on the board of
0:04:25 > 0:04:34education and the Mayors fund the London. Mr Ritchie said tonight...
0:04:36 > 0:04:42The organisers are appalled by allegations of bad behaviour. Such
0:04:42 > 0:04:49behaviour is totally unacceptable. The allegations will be investigated
0:04:49 > 0:04:54fully and appropriate action taken. The Presidents Club hostesses had
0:04:54 > 0:05:00been selected by an agency. It was compared by David Walliams. There
0:05:00 > 0:05:09were tabled by WPP, property company Frogmore. Among those listed as
0:05:09 > 0:05:13attending were British business figures like Peter Jones and Tim
0:05:13 > 0:05:18Steiner was a bit is not clear if all the men listed attended on the
0:05:18 > 0:05:24night. Also the newly appointed education minister. The founder of
0:05:24 > 0:05:29artistic events said this is a really important charity fundraising
0:05:29 > 0:05:30event.
0:05:49 > 0:05:52The newly appointed education minister said he did not stay long
0:05:52 > 0:05:58enough to comment on the occasion. Others declined did not respond to
0:05:58 > 0:06:06request for comment. This is an outdated event which raises money
0:06:06 > 0:06:09for good causes for that many of the men may not have been aware of the
0:06:09 > 0:06:15particular characteristics. Some expressed dismay. Still, a secretive
0:06:15 > 0:06:25men only event feels unusual in today's modern environment.
0:06:25 > 0:06:27today's modern environment. Throw in the hostesses who reportedly had to
0:06:27 > 0:06:33sign nondisclosure and agreements and allegations of Miss behaviour
0:06:33 > 0:06:39and it feels very odd indeed. Big names and big money gives the
0:06:39 > 0:06:43Presidents Club mask of responsibility.
0:06:43 > 0:06:44Helen Thomas there.
0:06:44 > 0:06:47We should say that there's no suggestion any of the men named
0:06:47 > 0:06:50engaged in inappropriate behaviour.
0:06:50 > 0:06:53Certainly, now we all know about the dinner, we can expect
0:06:53 > 0:06:54a debate about what it tells us.
0:06:54 > 0:07:02But let's hear from the FT reporter who acted as a hostess that night.
0:07:05 > 0:07:08Earlier I spoke to Madison Marriage.
0:07:08 > 0:07:13I asked her what the atmosphere was like. Incredibly loud. Huge amount
0:07:13 > 0:07:19of testosterone in the room. 130 women hired as hostesses and you
0:07:19 > 0:07:24could have a drink or two on the night.You could have a drink on the
0:07:24 > 0:07:30night.I am not an experienced hostess I have spoken to several who
0:07:30 > 0:07:35say that is very usual.Did they tell you there would be some
0:07:35 > 0:07:40groping? How reasonable would it be that women expected what was going
0:07:40 > 0:07:47to happen?I was warned that people might be annoying.What was your
0:07:47 > 0:07:51experience of the physicality?I was groped several times. I know
0:07:51 > 0:07:57numerous other hostesses said the same thing had happened to them. It
0:07:57 > 0:08:04is hands on skirts, hands on hips, on stomachs of arms going around
0:08:04 > 0:08:08your waist unexpectedly. Not high-level groping. One of the
0:08:08 > 0:08:11strangest things you could be talking to a man and he would
0:08:11 > 0:08:16suddenly start to hold your hand. Where you surprised by what you
0:08:16 > 0:08:20found that you were told they might be annoying and you are paid a
0:08:20 > 0:08:25couple of hundred quid for this was updated not think that is what you
0:08:25 > 0:08:32would get?This event has been running for 33 years. We knew such
0:08:32 > 0:08:36things went on which is why we wanted to go in there and see it for
0:08:36 > 0:08:41ourselves. I knew stuff like that might happen on the night but I was
0:08:41 > 0:08:46not 100% sure. There are plenty of other women who have no idea that
0:08:46 > 0:08:51was the kind of event it would be. One woman told me that she was
0:08:51 > 0:08:57shocked. She was asked if she was a prostitute on the night.Who were
0:08:57 > 0:09:05the other women? What are the others?Aspiring lawyers, marketing
0:09:05 > 0:09:09executives, film producers, ambitious young women. You had the
0:09:09 > 0:09:13students and you also have models, actresses and dancers who do a lot
0:09:13 > 0:09:17of hostess in work on the time to make ends meet because their work is
0:09:17 > 0:09:24not very regular.Your behaviour was controlled by your side of it, the
0:09:24 > 0:09:29agency. For example, at the toilet. I was followed and asked, where are
0:09:29 > 0:09:34you going and when will you be back? The quick. At three in the morning I
0:09:34 > 0:09:38had done a ten hour shift and worked in an office beforehand. I was
0:09:38 > 0:09:45exhausted. Depressed but I had a long day ahead of me on Friday.What
0:09:45 > 0:09:50was the worst you saw on that night? Clearly there was a lot of grabbing
0:09:50 > 0:09:56and groping going on.The worst I was told by a host Tess was a man
0:09:56 > 0:10:03taking his Venus out in the course of the dinner. The other one was
0:10:03 > 0:10:08another man telling hostess to down her glass of champagne, rip off her
0:10:08 > 0:10:13knickers and dance on the table. I cannot believe it still goes on in
0:10:13 > 0:10:18dazzling 18th of it is shocking. Eye-macro some people would say,
0:10:18 > 0:10:31women go for it.Sam go back time after time. -- Sam go back.Some
0:10:31 > 0:10:44women find it is fun and receive job offers. That said, I spoke to
0:10:44 > 0:10:49several women... Today I spoke to a woman who said it was the worst job
0:10:49 > 0:10:54she had ever done in her life. If you want to run an event where women
0:10:54 > 0:10:59are voluntarily walking in in knowledge they will be groped, Vine,
0:10:59 > 0:11:03make that clear in the hiring process. That was not made clear.
0:11:03 > 0:11:11Many women did not have a clue what they were letting themselves in for.
0:11:15 > 0:11:19The Dorchester hotel said it had a zero tolerance policy over groping
0:11:19 > 0:11:22of any employees.
0:11:22 > 0:11:24Veteran businesswoman Nicola Horlick is the Chief
0:11:24 > 0:11:25Executive of Money and Co.
0:11:25 > 0:11:27She worked in senior city jobs for many years.
0:11:27 > 0:11:31Are you surprised at this? I am seldom speechless but when I read
0:11:31 > 0:11:34that article I was somewhat speechless. I felt I was reading
0:11:34 > 0:11:40about something that happened 40 or 50 years ago.The Lap dancing
0:11:40 > 0:11:45culture in which you might see this as on that kind of spectrum.Does
0:11:45 > 0:11:49that still go one? Occasionally you read about Christmas parties where
0:11:49 > 0:11:53they have ended up in a lap dancing club but not on the scale it used to
0:11:53 > 0:12:00happen in the 80s and early 90s. I thought we had moved on from this.
0:12:00 > 0:12:03WPP, their biggest communications company in the country have said
0:12:03 > 0:12:07they will not be having any association with this event in the
0:12:07 > 0:12:14future and they did not know about what went on. What is your
0:12:14 > 0:12:16impression of the clients? How do you think they justified to
0:12:16 > 0:12:21themselves sitting in something so obviously not? Their host says it is
0:12:21 > 0:12:27the most un-PC event in the year. What do you think about them?I
0:12:27 > 0:12:32don't know how anyone can justify it. Can you imagine a group of women
0:12:32 > 0:12:35getting together and hosting a dinner getting some young guys
0:12:35 > 0:12:39around?You could not imagine a Chippendales type thing on the
0:12:39 > 0:12:45stage.I don't think so but it is highly and rightly we would organise
0:12:45 > 0:12:50such a thing. It seems so weird, so out of keeping with the present day.
0:12:50 > 0:12:54The Hollywood thing a slightly different. Hollywood is not
0:12:54 > 0:12:59organised in the way that large companies are. It does not have HR
0:12:59 > 0:13:04departments. Lots of producers are acting on their own good you can see
0:13:04 > 0:13:12how that could have happened in 2017/ 18. With this site you have
0:13:12 > 0:13:18major companies, highly regarded business people. What about their
0:13:18 > 0:13:23wives? What will I think now they have seen this footage?This has
0:13:23 > 0:13:29divided viewers to women. I bet HR departments all have very good
0:13:29 > 0:13:32policies, written policies on employment and equal pay and then
0:13:32 > 0:13:39they go off and do a night like that.It is very hard to understand.
0:13:39 > 0:13:42One of the interesting aspects is the nondisclosure agreement. The
0:13:42 > 0:13:47other thing is the contracts of the hostesses saying the club should not
0:13:47 > 0:13:52be held liable for any actions of members, staff or attendees that
0:13:52 > 0:14:01amounts to harassment. Can you say they have no responsibility for
0:14:01 > 0:14:07whatever anyone does?You cannot sign away your rights in a contract.
0:14:07 > 0:14:12What does the city need to do now? For a lot of people it will be a bit
0:14:12 > 0:14:17of a shock. Not a shock that it was happening, the shock that it is
0:14:17 > 0:14:23happening.A big shock. Also that it was in aid of charity and charities
0:14:23 > 0:14:26like when Tallman Street and St Thomas 's Hospital are recipients of
0:14:26 > 0:14:33this money. -- great Ormond. They must be wondering whether their name
0:14:33 > 0:14:37should be associated with it. I hope this event will not be happening
0:14:37 > 0:14:43next year. Let's put it this way. It is 35 years since I went into the
0:14:43 > 0:14:46city and I am a little bit sad that things have not really changed that
0:14:46 > 0:14:52much.I was also interested that some women said they got some job
0:14:52 > 0:14:57offers from people.What is going on there? That is also quite curious.
0:14:57 > 0:15:03It is a strange way to go about it. Nowadays is it is terribly rigid.
0:15:03 > 0:15:08You cannot say I met an attractive young woman and have offered her a
0:15:08 > 0:15:12PA job.That sounds highly strange was even graduate recruitment is
0:15:12 > 0:15:15very orchestrated and it is very hard for a senior executive did
0:15:15 > 0:15:24tenor others here want this goal to work with me.In your junior days,
0:15:24 > 0:15:30sexism was rife.
0:15:32 > 0:15:38No, I was fortunate, I worked for a bank in the City that was a
0:15:38 > 0:15:42fantastic organisation, a true meritocracy, and I was made a
0:15:42 > 0:15:47director in my 20s and because I reach that at an early age after
0:15:47 > 0:15:50that people respected and fortunately I have never been put in
0:15:50 > 0:15:55that position but I am concerned about girls put in that position at
0:15:55 > 0:16:02this event.
0:16:02 > 0:16:12this event.Nicola thank you. We have to say they're meant who did
0:16:12 > 0:16:21not know what was on the agenda.
0:16:21 > 0:16:27not know what was on the agenda. I understand Nadhim Zahawi. Was
0:16:27 > 0:16:33invited by David Meller, the businessman, not the former
0:16:33 > 0:16:38Conservative Cabinet minister. This David Meller is the director of
0:16:38 > 0:16:41Department for Education where Nadhim Zahawi. Was appointed
0:16:41 > 0:16:45minister. I understand they left this event early because they felt
0:16:45 > 0:16:50it was a bizarre and uncomfortable event. It was worth pointing out he
0:16:50 > 0:16:56has been to the event before. That is before he was elected an MP in
0:16:56 > 0:17:012010 but as I understand it he felt the event was completely different
0:17:01 > 0:17:09to the event he attended last week. I was told a senior member of David
0:17:09 > 0:17:13Cameron's cabinet did attend this event whilst they were a member of
0:17:13 > 0:17:21David Cameron's cabinet. I have to say I have not been able to verify
0:17:21 > 0:17:22that.
0:17:22 > 0:17:24It's been a funny old few days in politics.
0:17:24 > 0:17:26Just when Theresa May's position was looking stable,
0:17:26 > 0:17:30there was sudden backbench chatter that she was lacking
0:17:30 > 0:17:36"Dull, dull, dull", said one, Nicholas Soames.
0:17:36 > 0:17:44And then a sudden Boris Johnson initiative -
0:17:44 > 0:17:49How did his demands go down? Asking for extra money for the NHS and then
0:17:49 > 0:17:54Downing Street keen to say no member of the Cabinet mentioned any bigger.
0:17:54 > 0:18:00This was not a great day for Boris Johnson and indeed Theresa May led
0:18:00 > 0:18:03to the isolation of Boris Johnson at this cabinet when she opened it by
0:18:03 > 0:18:08saying it is an important discussion by the NHS and we need to have these
0:18:08 > 0:18:11discussions in private and we around this Cabinet table want to be able
0:18:11 > 0:18:19to spend the additional money the UK can spend after it leaves
0:18:20 > 0:18:22can spend after it leaves the EU on the NHS but now is not the time to
0:18:22 > 0:18:27do that and she was supported by almost every member of the Cabinet
0:18:27 > 0:18:30apart from Michael Gove, still there with Boris Johnson and I understand
0:18:30 > 0:18:35there was a very strong intervention, pointed intervention,
0:18:35 > 0:18:41by Amber Rudd, singling out Boris Johnson.What did Boris Johnson's
0:18:41 > 0:18:50team said?It would be fair to say he is chastened this evening. He
0:18:50 > 0:18:59said to his friends he was mocked
0:18:59 > 0:19:01said to his friends he was mocked up -- mucked up. His frustrations with
0:19:01 > 0:19:06Brexit and the way it has been negotiated are well known and he has
0:19:06 > 0:19:10concerns about the Prime Minister's overall timidity. But he is
0:19:10 > 0:19:16admitting the Cabinet gave him a kicking. I am told he regarded Amber
0:19:16 > 0:19:20Rudd's intervention as personally offensive but there is one silver
0:19:20 > 0:19:28lining. He believes Philip Hammond's robotic response, I gave the NHS 5
0:19:28 > 0:19:32billion, means people who want in the Conservative Party to protect
0:19:32 > 0:19:35the NHS might be thinking of turning to Boris Johnson rather than the
0:19:35 > 0:19:37Chancellor.Thank you.
0:19:37 > 0:19:39Too many students are taking their own lives,
0:19:39 > 0:19:40while at university.
0:19:40 > 0:19:43We know it can be hard for some young people to cope,
0:19:43 > 0:19:45a long way from home for the first time.
0:19:45 > 0:19:48And it is hard for family and old friends to spot what's
0:19:48 > 0:19:50going on from miles away.
0:19:50 > 0:19:53The numbers have been rising shockingly over the last decade.
0:19:53 > 0:19:55In 2016, 146 full-time students killed themselves in England
0:19:55 > 0:19:58and Wales, almost a 60% rise over the ten years before.
0:19:58 > 0:20:01In a few moments, we'll ask the big question -
0:20:01 > 0:20:03how can universities help students cope with the stress
0:20:03 > 0:20:05of self-discovery, and any associated confusion,
0:20:05 > 0:20:08loneliness or depression?
0:20:08 > 0:20:11But first, let's hear from Bristol, a city that has experienced the pain
0:20:11 > 0:20:13of several student suicides in the last 18 months.
0:20:13 > 0:20:21James Clayton has been there today.
0:20:22 > 0:20:27Earlier this month, a third-year law student studying at Bristol was
0:20:27 > 0:20:33found dead. The university has said it was a suspected suicide. In the
0:20:33 > 0:20:37last 18 months, seven students are believed to have taken their lives
0:20:37 > 0:20:41at the University and the deaths have put the spotlight on how
0:20:41 > 0:20:46universities can help students with mental-health problems. Numerous
0:20:46 > 0:20:51studies have found that students are increasingly reporting mental health
0:20:51 > 0:20:56illness in further education. One study by the Institute for Public
0:20:56 > 0:21:04Policy Research found students are at risk in a unique way, a cocktail
0:21:04 > 0:21:06of stressful factors including financial, social and academic
0:21:06 > 0:21:13pressures.There is a toxic mix of things impacting on this generation.
0:21:13 > 0:21:17That includes unrealistic expectations they have of
0:21:17 > 0:21:22themselves. This can be compounded by the fact with the advent of
0:21:22 > 0:21:27social media, students never have any downtime, and often feeling
0:21:27 > 0:21:32inadequate because what they see is the highlights of each other's
0:21:32 > 0:21:36lives.Universities have a duty of care towards students but what that
0:21:36 > 0:21:43duty in tales is not clear.I think our duty of care as a university is
0:21:43 > 0:21:48to be alert to the fact we have increasing numbers of students with
0:21:48 > 0:21:52additional support needs. And to aim to support those students in order
0:21:52 > 0:21:56that they are able to engage with their studies and make the most of
0:21:56 > 0:22:02their time at university and also to recognise we are not a health
0:22:02 > 0:22:08service, as the question indicates, it can be a grey area.The
0:22:08 > 0:22:13university says it is improving pastoral care, investing in £1
0:22:13 > 0:22:17million additionally annually in a student well-being service but not
0:22:17 > 0:22:23everybody is impressed. This is the well-being editor at the Bristol
0:22:23 > 0:22:28student newspaper. Is there an expectation students should expect
0:22:28 > 0:22:32better services including mental health services?Definitely,
0:22:32 > 0:22:37students pay so much for academic help and get their degrees so
0:22:37 > 0:22:42especially if you pay so much anger little back, you should think the
0:22:42 > 0:22:44extra staff, the support and pastoral care should be at least
0:22:44 > 0:22:53adequate. For students to feel they have somewhere safe to go. Are they
0:22:53 > 0:23:01adequate here? At Bristol, no. I do not think... I think they recognise
0:23:01 > 0:23:06things need to change but they are scrambling after the rise in mental
0:23:06 > 0:23:11health issues and it should be the other way round.University students
0:23:11 > 0:23:17ultimately fall into a grey area. Legally adults but often only just.
0:23:17 > 0:23:22As the mental health needs of young people are changing, some are
0:23:22 > 0:23:25increasingly looking at how universities can meet the needs of
0:23:25 > 0:23:29students. The question is, how big a role can they should they be
0:23:29 > 0:23:32playing?
0:23:32 > 0:23:35With me in the studio is graduate Vivienne Isebor,
0:23:35 > 0:23:38who spent months looking for mental health support at her university.
0:23:38 > 0:23:42And joining us from Bristol is Professor Steve West,
0:23:42 > 0:23:44chair of Universities UK's Working Group on Mental Health
0:23:44 > 0:23:46in Higher Education and Vice-Chancellor of the University
0:23:46 > 0:23:54of the West of England.
0:23:54 > 0:24:00Your experience, you had a bad time in your final year, and was being at
0:24:00 > 0:24:04university, did it make it more difficult than being at home?Was it
0:24:04 > 0:24:11different being a student? The fact you are away from home, especially
0:24:11 > 0:24:15staying on campus, and everybody is busy, so even having friends on
0:24:15 > 0:24:19campus does not necessarily mean someone is checking up on you, but
0:24:19 > 0:24:24the stress of deadlines and trying to stay on top of things it is hard
0:24:24 > 0:24:27to feel connected and part of something and if you are struggling
0:24:27 > 0:24:32you can fall through the net and nobody realises.You can retreat and
0:24:32 > 0:24:36people notice you are not around as much that they do not know something
0:24:36 > 0:24:43is wrong?You can go under the radar and because you are busy and your
0:24:43 > 0:24:51parents are not able to see.The number of suicides and other
0:24:51 > 0:24:56mental-health problems seem to be rising faster than student numbers.
0:24:56 > 0:25:01Is there an easy answer to what is going on or is it just diagnosis and
0:25:01 > 0:25:06reporting?I do not think it is diagnosis and reporting, although
0:25:06 > 0:25:11that is getting better. 50% of school leavers go to university, a
0:25:11 > 0:25:16massive increase in numbers coming into universities. The social
0:25:16 > 0:25:22constructs they are leaving and going into adds pressure. I think
0:25:22 > 0:25:25universities are beginning to recognise that we need to do more
0:25:25 > 0:25:31than just is what required in terms of statutory responsibilities. We
0:25:31 > 0:25:36need students to flourish and we need to do more work.Is it your
0:25:36 > 0:25:40contention the rise is mainly just because many more people are going
0:25:40 > 0:25:44to university and you expect more to have problems, or is there something
0:25:44 > 0:25:50else going on?There is something else going on because what we see is
0:25:50 > 0:25:54more people entering university declaring they have mental
0:25:54 > 0:25:59ill-health as they arrive at university. As they transition into
0:25:59 > 0:26:03the University through it, we see increasing demand as they go through
0:26:03 > 0:26:10the transition. They are vulnerable young people experiencing a
0:26:10 > 0:26:14continuum of ill-health as part of their overall mental health.Let's
0:26:14 > 0:26:22talk about treatment. You knew something was wrong and wanted help.
0:26:22 > 0:26:30You had to wait ages? It was constantly signposted. My GP
0:26:30 > 0:26:35signposted me back to university and they signposted me to a counsellor
0:26:35 > 0:26:41and a signpost is me on again and it was a cycle and when I got help it
0:26:41 > 0:26:47was three months after I first went to see the GP.By that time, you got
0:26:47 > 0:26:53help in the end, is that right?In the end I got CBT off-campus but it
0:26:53 > 0:26:59was a referral through the counsellor at the University.During
0:26:59 > 0:27:03those three months, how serious was your condition?It was pretty bad. I
0:27:03 > 0:27:09was missing lectures and seminars. I was missing deadlines. I had friends
0:27:09 > 0:27:14able to help me through and get on top of a few things but I was not
0:27:14 > 0:27:19able to do my degree.When you got help, the waiting time was so long
0:27:19 > 0:27:24you had to skip a year and do it again?They gave me an extension is
0:27:24 > 0:27:28part of the circumstances but it was quite squashed so I could not hit
0:27:28 > 0:27:36the grade I wanted.Professor, has treatment kept up with student
0:27:36 > 0:27:39numbers of the provision of services with the numbers who have problems
0:27:39 > 0:27:45when they arrived?We have seen massive increases and there is
0:27:45 > 0:27:49variability in the sector. The project we are running, the step
0:27:49 > 0:27:56change project, it tries to identify best practice in universities and
0:27:56 > 0:28:01evidence -based soup to support interventions.What would be your
0:28:01 > 0:28:04best practice?To create an environment where students feel
0:28:04 > 0:28:10empowered to seek help, and an entire community of staff and
0:28:10 > 0:28:14students working together to support each other. Having permission to
0:28:14 > 0:28:20have conversations and to say it is OK to not be OK is an important
0:28:20 > 0:28:25step. We can start to target resources in an appropriate way.
0:28:25 > 0:28:30That has a prevention effect as much as a curative one?Absolutely, we
0:28:30 > 0:28:37need to get to the point where we are working with students and staff.
0:28:37 > 0:28:41We all have mental health and have periods where our mental health is
0:28:41 > 0:28:46poorer in other periods. We need to be on to work with that as well as
0:28:46 > 0:28:52provide treatment with services and charities when people are falling
0:28:52 > 0:28:56into mental ill-health. There is a continuing but we need to engage
0:28:56 > 0:29:00with the entire community. To work with schools and parents as well as
0:29:00 > 0:29:04students.Thank you both.
0:29:04 > 0:29:07If you are feeling emotionally distressed, and would like details
0:29:07 > 0:29:10of organisations which offer advice and support, go online to
0:29:10 > 0:29:18bbc.co.uk/actionline.
0:29:18 > 0:29:19Or you can call for free, at any time, to hear recorded
0:29:19 > 0:29:27information - 0800 066 066.
0:29:27 > 0:29:29Whatever happens to the prices of Bitcoin and its many derivatives
0:29:29 > 0:29:32over the next few months, and they've been volatile to say
0:29:32 > 0:29:35the least over the lsat few, the consensus is that the technology
0:29:35 > 0:29:36underlying Bitcoin - called blockchain -
0:29:36 > 0:29:38is highly valuable.
0:29:38 > 0:29:40It is the security of the system, and it manages
0:29:40 > 0:29:41the supply of Bitcoin.
0:29:41 > 0:29:45And one of the clever things about blockchain,
0:29:45 > 0:29:48is that it is made to work by a disparate set of self-appointed
0:29:48 > 0:29:51custodians, called miners.
0:29:51 > 0:29:54The whole brilliance of blockchain is how it creates scarcity
0:29:54 > 0:29:56and security of Bitcoin, while managing to reward miners
0:29:56 > 0:29:58for making it all hold it together.
0:29:58 > 0:30:01The miners don't even have to go underground or dirty their hands.
0:30:01 > 0:30:03Our technology editor, David Grossman, has been looking more
0:30:03 > 0:30:11closely at what they do.
0:30:20 > 0:30:23Lost in a cryptocurrency maze, which is pretty fitting,
0:30:23 > 0:30:26because cryptocurrencies, like their most famous incarnation
0:30:26 > 0:30:34Bitcoin, are based on extremely complicated puzzles.
0:30:37 > 0:30:40These puzzles are programmed into the source code for Bitcoin.
0:30:40 > 0:30:44Roughly every ten minutes or so, a new puzzle is released
0:30:44 > 0:30:48and computers all over the world race to solve it.
0:30:48 > 0:30:51Because the value of Bitcoin has gone up so markedly over
0:30:51 > 0:30:53the last year or so, well, this activity has become
0:30:53 > 0:31:01more and more popular.
0:31:02 > 0:31:04It can be fabulously lucrative.
0:31:04 > 0:31:05It's called Bitcoin mining.
0:31:05 > 0:31:08Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin don't have a central register.
0:31:08 > 0:31:11Their strength comes from having what is called a distributed ledger.
0:31:11 > 0:31:12It's a blockchain.
0:31:12 > 0:31:15The blocks on the blockchain contain details of every transaction
0:31:15 > 0:31:16in the currency's history.
0:31:16 > 0:31:19As new transactions happen, they have to be placed in blocks
0:31:19 > 0:31:27and added to the change.
0:31:28 > 0:31:29-- the chain.
0:31:29 > 0:31:31A new block contains roughly 2500 new transactions and,
0:31:31 > 0:31:33to validate the new block, each one contains the answer
0:31:33 > 0:31:41to the puzzle from the last block.
0:31:42 > 0:31:46Success.
0:31:46 > 0:31:51This is the work the Bitcoin miners are doing and if they, like me,
0:31:51 > 0:31:55succeed and solve the puzzle first, well, their reward is 12 and a half
0:31:55 > 0:31:56freshly released Bitcoin.
0:31:56 > 0:32:03And then, well the whole process starts again with a new puzzle.
0:32:03 > 0:32:06The more computers and more computing power that is actually
0:32:06 > 0:32:10mining Bitcoin, the more secure the network is from some type
0:32:10 > 0:32:13of cyber attack or attempted theft.
0:32:13 > 0:32:16The Bitcoin miners are also processing the transaction,
0:32:16 > 0:32:24so if I were to send a Bitcoin to you, a miner would actually
0:32:24 > 0:32:27verify that that transaction was legitimate before it was added
0:32:27 > 0:32:30to the blockchain, which is simply a ledger of all the Bitcoin
0:32:30 > 0:32:33transactions in existence.
0:32:33 > 0:32:37# Working in a coal mine, going on down, down #
0:32:37 > 0:32:43Working in a coal mine, oops about to slip down.#
0:32:43 > 0:32:48So what does Bitcoin mining actually looked like?
0:32:48 > 0:32:52Well, it is taking place through those doors.
0:32:52 > 0:32:55I'm in a facility somewhere near London, that's all I can tell you.
0:32:55 > 0:32:58We're not allowed to give its precise location.
0:32:58 > 0:33:04You may be able to detect already something about Bitcoin mining.
0:33:04 > 0:33:07It's incredibly noisy and it's about to get a whole lot noisier
0:33:07 > 0:33:14when we go in there, so we need these.
0:33:16 > 0:33:23And the first thing you notice in here is it's not only
0:33:23 > 0:33:31extremely noisy, it's extremely hot, as well.
0:33:34 > 0:33:35Today's miners aren't the grimy-faced men
0:33:35 > 0:33:39of granite of the past.
0:33:39 > 0:33:43Today, they have silk pocket squares.
0:33:43 > 0:33:46They produce around 100 decibels.
0:33:46 > 0:33:50It is basically like a jet getting off the ground.
0:33:50 > 0:33:52Can you open it up and we can have a look?
0:33:52 > 0:33:53Absolutely, yes.
0:33:53 > 0:33:58Don't show the combination!
0:33:58 > 0:34:01So these are Bitcoin miners?
0:34:01 > 0:34:02Vlad runs 63 mining computers.
0:34:02 > 0:34:05It is like a hairdryer, isn't it?
0:34:05 > 0:34:07This is, he says, a spectacularly profitable enterprise.
0:34:07 > 0:34:10But...
0:34:10 > 0:34:13Of course, there is no guarantee in anything,
0:34:13 > 0:34:15even if you buy dollars or the euro, there is no guarantee,
0:34:15 > 0:34:23because the price keeps changing - its volatility.
0:34:25 > 0:34:27You can guarantee your result in Bitcoins.
0:34:27 > 0:34:28Basically you already know the network difficulty.
0:34:28 > 0:34:30You can keep track of it.
0:34:30 > 0:34:34You know the performance of the miners and you know
0:34:34 > 0:34:36your running costs, so it is quite easy to calculate
0:34:36 > 0:34:38your net profit in Bitcoin.
0:34:38 > 0:34:42What you don't know is the Bitcoin exchange rate at any given time.
0:34:42 > 0:34:44So you of course depend on Bitcoin's volatility.
0:34:44 > 0:34:45What is the profit margin in an industry
0:34:45 > 0:34:46like Bitcoin mining, now?
0:34:46 > 0:34:49The profit margin, it doesn't really matter where you are,
0:34:49 > 0:34:52you can be in the UK, China, Iceland and other countries.
0:34:52 > 0:34:54But roughly, usually, your running costs are about 25% of your revenue.
0:34:54 > 0:35:00Which makes a net profit of around 75%, which is a very high margin.
0:35:00 > 0:35:03That's why lots of people are in it now?
0:35:03 > 0:35:04Yes, I think so.
0:35:04 > 0:35:06There is huge concern about how much energy is now
0:35:06 > 0:35:07being spent Bitcoin mining.
0:35:07 > 0:35:09All those computers churning away all over the world.
0:35:09 > 0:35:12Estimates vary about how much power they are using.
0:35:12 > 0:35:20Some say it's as much as Monaco uses annually.
0:35:20 > 0:35:23Others say it is the same as Ireland's annual consumption.
0:35:23 > 0:35:26I think what gets missed off in this conversation is that the costs
0:35:26 > 0:35:29of other aspects of our financial system - the mining of the metals
0:35:29 > 0:35:31that go in into our coins.
0:35:31 > 0:35:36The operations of payment centres and bank branches and ATMs,
0:35:36 > 0:35:38paper currency and shipping all this around, is also consuming
0:35:38 > 0:35:39a lot of electricity.
0:35:39 > 0:35:42It has a pretty big carbon footprint as well.
0:35:42 > 0:35:45When you compare Bitcoin's carbon footprint to our current financial
0:35:45 > 0:35:48system's carbon footprint, it doesn't look quite as bad.
0:35:48 > 0:35:51The amount of energy used by Bitcoin is going up and up -
0:35:51 > 0:35:53partly because people are using more and more powerful
0:35:53 > 0:35:57computers for mining.
0:35:57 > 0:36:00The Bitcoin algorithm actually adjusts the difficulty
0:36:00 > 0:36:05of the problem to make sure it only gets solved every ten minutes.
0:36:05 > 0:36:08As the total computing power engaged in mining goes up,
0:36:08 > 0:36:15so does the difficulty.
0:36:15 > 0:36:19Nobody really expected it would become such a big thing.
0:36:19 > 0:36:24So in the beginning you just had people mining Bitcoin
0:36:24 > 0:36:26with their laptops and computers, so it was relatively
0:36:26 > 0:36:28easy to get one.
0:36:28 > 0:36:34Mostly people are using Antminers, which come from China.
0:36:34 > 0:36:36They are kind of very optimised, very powerful graphics cards,
0:36:36 > 0:36:39but only can do one task.
0:36:39 > 0:36:41They can only mine Bitcoins, so you can't use them
0:36:41 > 0:36:43for any other currencies, apart from Bitcoin cash.
0:36:43 > 0:36:46So which direction is this currency going now?
0:36:46 > 0:36:49The only thing we can say for sure is the Bitcoin mines
0:36:49 > 0:36:54will fall silent one day.
0:36:54 > 0:36:57Bitcoin source code only allows the creation of 21 million Bitcoin,
0:36:57 > 0:36:59which, at the rate the puzzle is being solved every ten
0:36:59 > 0:37:02minutes, will hit in 2140.
0:37:02 > 0:37:06What a Bitcoin will be worth next week is hard enough to predict,
0:37:06 > 0:37:09so who knows what the economics of this cryptocurrency
0:37:09 > 0:37:16will be by then?
0:37:16 > 0:37:19South Africa is mourning the death of Hugh Masekela.
0:37:19 > 0:37:22He was not just one of the old guard of anti-apartheid campaigners who,
0:37:22 > 0:37:30exiled in 1990, stuck with the cause and saw his homeland transformed.
0:37:32 > 0:37:35He was also a legendary jazz trumpeter who used his music to make
0:37:35 > 0:37:36a political point.
0:37:36 > 0:37:40Known as Bra Hugh in his home country, he was 78 and died
0:37:40 > 0:37:41of prostate cancer.
0:37:41 > 0:37:43He'd been diagnosed in 2008, and had been campaigning for men
0:37:43 > 0:37:45to get regular check ups.
0:37:45 > 0:37:48So, we thought we'd close the programme today by hearing
0:37:48 > 0:37:52British jazz saxophonist and Radio 3 presenter, Soweto Kinch -
0:37:52 > 0:37:54a friend, collaborator and admirer of Masekele -
0:37:54 > 0:37:56play out with a jazz tribute to him.
0:37:56 > 0:38:02But before we do, let's talk to him.
0:38:02 > 0:38:10He was, I got muddled in my dates. He was excised in 1960, all the way
0:38:10 > 0:38:14through to 1990. An extraordinary long time. He really was out of the
0:38:14 > 0:38:20country. He actually managed to be a very effective anti-apartheid
0:38:20 > 0:38:23campaigner from outside.You have to remember there were thousands of
0:38:23 > 0:38:28X-Files just like him, not just musicians but mechanics, lawyers and
0:38:28 > 0:38:33doctors who cast away from their native land and had to make do in
0:38:33 > 0:38:37Mozambique, Nigeria. One thing that struck me in the few shows I played
0:38:37 > 0:38:43with him whether of former X
0:38:46 > 0:38:50with him whether of former X -- exiles who had come to remember.The
0:38:50 > 0:38:57story was he was using politically charged music to motivate. What was
0:38:57 > 0:39:02he doing?A lot has been spoken about his political fight and being
0:39:02 > 0:39:08an agitator. In my personal interaction with him he was calm and
0:39:08 > 0:39:15charming. There was a real fire between his eyes but an ability to
0:39:15 > 0:39:17galvanise people through sometimes Joy and celebration is quite a
0:39:17 > 0:39:25revolutionary act.I remember there was a time when very ambivalent
0:39:25 > 0:39:29attitudes towards the ANC existed in the West and whether it was a good
0:39:29 > 0:39:36force or a terrorist force. Maybe it was that you were talking about.
0:39:36 > 0:39:41Absolutely. I don't think the same tension between terrorist and read
0:39:41 > 0:39:49fight was there with people in the diaspora. He was instrumental,
0:39:49 > 0:39:53particularly in the song, Soweto Blues, which was recorded to
0:39:53 > 0:39:57commemorate what happened in 1976. Instrumental in getting the story
0:39:57 > 0:40:04out there. That is what I owe my name to.The musical legacy, their
0:40:04 > 0:40:09musical style, how would you characterise it?He managed to
0:40:09 > 0:40:17embody something we all strive for as jazz musicians. It is about
0:40:17 > 0:40:21finding their own voice and articulating their own culture and
0:40:21 > 0:40:25background. That is what he did. He revolutionised the way phrasing was
0:40:25 > 0:40:33done with the trumpet.Township jazz is the phrase. You have been to
0:40:33 > 0:40:39South Africa so many times they named the township after you.True
0:40:39 > 0:40:46story!You are going to play for us now. Thank you for that.
0:40:46 > 0:40:47That's it then for tonight.
0:40:47 > 0:40:49Emily is here tomorrow but here to play us out
0:40:49 > 0:40:53with Hugh Masekela's Grazing in the Grass, here's Soweto Kinch.
0:40:53 > 0:40:55Good night.