:00:00. > :00:12.Hello, I'm Ros Atkins, this is Outside Source.
:00:13. > :00:16.We will start off with new data released.
:00:17. > :00:18.2015 was the hottest year ever for planet earth.
:00:19. > :00:21.And it beat the previous record by the biggest ever margin.
:00:22. > :00:23.Lots of superlatives - we'll find out what it means.
:00:24. > :00:25.Militants stormed a university in Pakistan earlier,
:00:26. > :00:31.We'll hear from BBC Urdu about who could be responsible.
:00:32. > :00:34.Today was a bad day for markets everywhere -
:00:35. > :00:37.in fact it's been the worst start to the year on Western markets
:00:38. > :00:45.Russia has announced massive cuts to its space programme.
:00:46. > :00:48.It's still got ambitious projects, though - including a new spaceport
:00:49. > :01:03.And we will take a detailed look at Sarah Pailin's endorsement of Donald
:01:04. > :01:18.Trump, and look at whether it will be a help or a hindrance.
:01:19. > :01:19.2015 was the hottest year since records began
:01:20. > :01:26.Two US agencies released numbers today - and these graphics too.
:01:27. > :01:29.The dark red areas are parts of the world that saw
:01:30. > :01:41.And this table shows global average surface temperatures since 1880.
:01:42. > :01:43.The zero line represents the long-term average temperature
:01:44. > :01:56.You doing... Don't need me to translate what is going on here!
:01:57. > :02:00.NASA is one the agencies to release figures today.
:02:01. > :02:09."Pay attention" appears to be the accompanying message.
:02:10. > :02:19.2015 was the warmest year on record since these observations of
:02:20. > :02:23.measurements started in 1880. 15 of the past 16 years have been the
:02:24. > :02:28.hottest years on record, and when you see a run like this, this is not
:02:29. > :02:34.something which people can easily dismiss and say it is not true. 15
:02:35. > :02:39.out of 16 is a pretty good batting average.
:02:40. > :02:45.Lletget the analysis of Matt McGrath from the BBC science unit. This is
:02:46. > :02:50.the culmination of record amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
:02:51. > :02:55.combines with the El Nino weather event which is very strong, the
:02:56. > :02:59.strongest in living memory according to some scientists, it has pushed
:03:00. > :03:04.temperatures in 2015 to the record. Basically, it is a pattern that has
:03:05. > :03:08.gone nonsense about the 1970s, 15 of the 16 warmest years on record have
:03:09. > :03:11.been since 2000, we are seeing a very sharp on this year because
:03:12. > :03:15.about me know and the underlying warning. Are there other factors
:03:16. > :03:22.which contribute to these annual figures? Not really, you know and
:03:23. > :03:27.CEO are the main two. They have said that even without the only you would
:03:28. > :03:31.have had a record year this year, the overlying warning is quite
:03:32. > :03:35.strong. The gap between last year, the record year, and this year, is
:03:36. > :03:42.the widest margin in terms of an increase, so they say it is pretty
:03:43. > :03:49.certain it is down to the human in priest -- increased warming, added
:03:50. > :03:51.to that El Nino. How many measurements do they take? Around
:03:52. > :03:53.6000. Quite a lot. Pakistan is the latest country
:03:54. > :03:56.to suffer a major Islamist Earlier, at least 19 people
:03:57. > :04:00.were killed in a gun and bomb attack at Bacha Khan University -
:04:01. > :04:02.it's in the north-west of Pakistan and only 50 kilometres
:04:03. > :04:10.from Peshawar. That's where 130 students
:04:11. > :04:13.were killed by the Pakistan Taliban Now a Taliban commander has
:04:14. > :04:23.claimed this attack too, This is the Pakistan
:04:24. > :04:37.Taliban's main spokesman... He even went on to call
:04:38. > :04:43.the attack un-Islamic. Next let me play you this
:04:44. > :04:50.from Shaimaa Khalil at the scene. Arriving as the assault took place,
:04:51. > :04:52.Army commanders race across open fields surrounding the University
:04:53. > :05:01.of the militants ran loose inside. The attackers are believed to have
:05:02. > :05:07.scaled the walls of the back of this large university under
:05:08. > :05:08.a cover of early Becoming a full-scale military
:05:09. > :05:11.operation, this attack lasted The only way for those
:05:12. > :05:21.inside to escape was through Many seen still clutching
:05:22. > :05:29.their class books. TRANSLATION: There was so much panic
:05:30. > :05:32.and fear that a friend of mine jumped from the University building
:05:33. > :05:35.full it was very high that he jumped We saw the militants chancing,
:05:36. > :05:45.Allah is the greatest. We heard firing from
:05:46. > :05:48.the back of the campus. We thought maybe some
:05:49. > :05:50.people were fighting. Then we said, get into the rooms,
:05:51. > :05:56.do not go out. Walls covered with bullet
:05:57. > :06:01.holes as the gunmen fired It is unclear whether the Pakistani
:06:02. > :06:19.Taliban militants are responsible for this latest violence
:06:20. > :06:21.but the attack is reminiscent to the one they carried out
:06:22. > :06:24.in Peshawar where they killed 132 In a statement, the Government
:06:25. > :06:32.here says it is determined This day started with a poetry
:06:33. > :06:38.recital, honouring a secular activist who advocated non-violence,
:06:39. > :06:42.but it quickly turned into carnage. Today's attack will raise questions
:06:43. > :06:44.about why the militants are still able to strike soft
:06:45. > :06:48.targets like this university and how effective the military operation has
:06:49. > :06:52.been this last year, especially with a mix of militant
:06:53. > :06:55.networks that is evolving As relatives bury their dead,
:06:56. > :07:01.it is unclear whether This will be a sleepless night
:07:02. > :07:07.for many families across the country as they again fear sending
:07:08. > :07:20.their chosen to school the next day. -- fear sending their children to
:07:21. > :07:24.school the next day. I was mentioning the confusion over
:07:25. > :07:27.whether the Taliban did or didn't I turned to Asad Ali Chaudhry
:07:28. > :07:41.from BBC Urdu to help me with this One conclusion is the obvious one
:07:42. > :07:44.that comes to mind, there is a difference of opinion or a split,
:07:45. > :07:49.whatever way you want to describe it. I spoke to the correspondence
:07:50. > :07:54.over there and they said it really does not matter. Which other group
:07:55. > :08:00.did it, it had the capacity to do it, it is not a small group who did
:08:01. > :08:09.it. The 8.2 create confusion, maybe a split in the ranks. -- it could be
:08:10. > :08:13.a ploy to create confusion. Whichever group that is, why would
:08:14. > :08:20.they target this university? There is a symbolic nature to it, that is
:08:21. > :08:23.all I can tell, a symbolic value attached to Bacha Khan University
:08:24. > :08:31.University. Bacha Khan was a freedom fighter who believed in nonviolent
:08:32. > :08:34.struggle. He was also referred to as Frontier Gandhi because of his
:08:35. > :08:39.association with Mahatma Gandhi. It was a poetry recitation going on at
:08:40. > :08:43.the University today, the title of the programme was capped back row
:08:44. > :08:50.peace. The university was set up during the rule of a party political
:08:51. > :08:54.secular, liberal party, and many of its leaders have been targeted, its
:08:55. > :08:58.workers have been targeted, they are Rene hit list. There are reasons to
:08:59. > :09:04.believe that this could be behind whoever planned the attack.
:09:05. > :09:07.As ever, we report the help of BBC Urdu in reporting Pakistan.
:09:08. > :09:09.Let's now concentrate on Syria. It's under government
:09:10. > :09:12.control but only just - it's currently under
:09:13. > :09:13.siege by rebels. Russia says it's dropped 50 tonnes
:09:14. > :09:16.of humanitarian aid to the town, but it's also dropping
:09:17. > :09:18.a lot of bombs. To give you a sense of scale,
:09:19. > :09:22.it says that in just the last 24 The airbase that they're doing
:09:23. > :09:31.all this from is near Latakia. If I zoom in you can just
:09:32. > :09:40.about see it on the map - and Steve Rosenburg has sent
:09:41. > :09:48.this report from there. This is where the Russians are
:09:49. > :09:52.running their sorties and you men at every entrance.
:09:53. > :10:02.This is the Russian airbase in Syria, near Latakia. It is about to
:10:03. > :10:06.get very loud, I had better stop. In the three and a half months that
:10:07. > :10:09.Russia has been carrying out its military campaign in Syria, the
:10:10. > :10:16.Russian Anna Ford has carried out around 6000 sorties from this
:10:17. > :10:21.airbase near Latakia -- the Russian as force. Although Russia has not
:10:22. > :10:25.won what it called its war on terror yet, the air cover and air strikes
:10:26. > :10:30.RE huge boost for president Assad. We were last at this base two months
:10:31. > :10:34.ago, we have come back to see what has changed. This is new, these
:10:35. > :10:39.Russian soldiers have been loading humanitarian aid onto a metal
:10:40. > :10:44.platform, it is being loaded into a transport plane. It will then take
:10:45. > :10:49.it to a besieged town in the East of Syria, the town of Deir ez-Zor, it
:10:50. > :10:50.will be dropped down by parachute to communities there.
:10:51. > :10:55.Steve Rosenberg reporting from western Syria.
:10:56. > :10:56.This is another story concerning Russia.
:10:57. > :10:58.Russia has announced cuts to its space programme.
:10:59. > :11:01.Bear in mind space is central to Vladimir Putin's efforts
:11:02. > :11:04.to re-establish Russia as a global power, so this decision would not
:11:05. > :11:13.Here is our reporter from BBC Russia.
:11:14. > :11:18.The budget of the Russian space programme has been cut by 30%. What
:11:19. > :11:23.does that mean? A planned mission to send cosmonauts to the Moon has been
:11:24. > :11:29.postponed for five years, rescheduled for 2035. It is supposed
:11:30. > :11:32.to take off from Russia's new cosmodrome in eastern Russia, but
:11:33. > :11:37.that has been affected either cuts as well. Only one launch pad will be
:11:38. > :11:42.built instead of two. It is not even clear when it will open. Why is it
:11:43. > :11:47.happening? Russia's economy is having a hard time. Western
:11:48. > :11:52.sanctions are having an effect, the rouble is falling and oil prices are
:11:53. > :11:57.getting lower and lower. Russia's budget Allen says at $50 per barrel.
:11:58. > :12:05.The price is much lower than that. Expect more Russian budget cuts in
:12:06. > :12:09.the future. This time yesterday we started
:12:10. > :12:12.getting confirmation that Sarah Palin is endorsing Donald Trump for
:12:13. > :12:15.the presidency of America. We will look at this in more detail and
:12:16. > :12:17.assess the likely impact on his chances of going all the way to
:12:18. > :12:31.Washington. Let me tell you about an unusual
:12:32. > :12:34.cottage that is up for sale in England with its very own cave. Sian
:12:35. > :12:40.Lloyd reports. It looks like a traditional property
:12:41. > :12:42.in a terraced street. A typical two-up, two-down,
:12:43. > :12:44.built 150 years ago. A living room and kitchen,
:12:45. > :12:46.with two bedrooms above. But step this way and you get
:12:47. > :12:49.a sense of the unusual. This room was once a sandstone
:12:50. > :12:51.cave in the back garden. It's the result of years
:12:52. > :12:54.of excavation, carried out And they're all made from
:12:55. > :12:58.the sandstone that was excavated Antony Dracup was an
:12:59. > :13:03.artist and inventor. He liked to put his own stamp
:13:04. > :13:07.on every home he owned. But in Dracups Cottage,
:13:08. > :13:10.he went further, spending 20 years The present owners have been
:13:11. > :13:19.using it as a holiday cottage, but it's largely unchanged
:13:20. > :13:31.since the artist lived here. This is Outside Source live
:13:32. > :13:33.from the BBC newsroom. was the warmest year on record
:13:34. > :13:49.by the biggest ever margin. Now some of the main stories from
:13:50. > :13:51.BBC World Service. Now to Afghanistan.
:13:52. > :13:54.BBC Pashto says at least six people have been killed in a suicide
:13:55. > :13:57.It happened near the Russian embassy, although no
:13:58. > :14:04.A great deal of sadness in Vietnam because a turtle which was regarded
:14:05. > :14:06.as a symbol of Vietnamese independence has died.
:14:07. > :14:08.It was known as Great Grandfather Turtle and was considered sacred.
:14:09. > :14:11.BBC Vietnamese reports it'll now be embalmed.
:14:12. > :14:13.Jamie Foxx - known around the world for his acting,
:14:14. > :14:16.known around the world today for saving a man who was trapped
:14:17. > :14:20.in a burning truck that crashed near his house in California.
:14:21. > :14:29.In media terms, Sarah Palin supporting Donald Trump
:14:30. > :14:38.And, as you'll know, it's come to pass.
:14:39. > :14:40.Mr Trump looked very pleased last night -
:14:41. > :14:42.here's Rajini Vaidyanathan on whether he has good reason
:14:43. > :15:01.How good will this decision by Sarah Palin before him?
:15:02. > :15:05.Ladies and gentlemen, Sarah Palin! I will be honoured to accept your
:15:06. > :15:15.nomination for vice president of the United States.
:15:16. > :15:20.# Hello from the other side. I have the privilege of living most
:15:21. > :15:25.of my life in a small town. I was just your average hockey mum and
:15:26. > :15:29.signed up for the PTA. The reaction to Sarah Palin was
:15:30. > :15:33.instant. She was revered by some, ridiculed by others. Now she is
:15:34. > :15:36.back, endorsing Donald Trump in this year's presidential race. Will she
:15:37. > :15:55.be a help or a hindrance? It was one of the most watched SNLs
:15:56. > :15:59.ever, and it was two weeks before the Grammy ballots, when people
:16:00. > :16:03.decide which songs to nominate, so literally the stars aligned for me
:16:04. > :16:09.and then the album shot to number one and I was nominated for a Grammy
:16:10. > :16:16.and I won one, it was a joke. It was a joke. All thanks to Sarah Palin!
:16:17. > :16:20.How strong is the Pailin effect? In the 2008 election campaign, she
:16:21. > :16:24.developed a reputation for gaps. Can I ask you one more time, not to
:16:25. > :16:29.belabour the point, specific examples and 26 years of pushing for
:16:30. > :16:33.more regulation? I will try to find cement bring them to you. What
:16:34. > :16:39.newspapers and magazines did you regularly read before you were
:16:40. > :16:44.tapped for this, to stay informed? I have read most of them, again with a
:16:45. > :16:46.great appreciation for the press and the media. Specifically, I'm
:16:47. > :16:50.curious? All of them. By the end of the
:16:51. > :16:52.campaign her popularity plummeted and she was blocked from delivering
:16:53. > :16:58.a concession speech when her running mate John McCain lost to Barack
:16:59. > :17:02.Obama. Her supporters said she was straight talking and authentic. She
:17:03. > :17:06.is not afraid to go after what you want and believes in. I think she
:17:07. > :17:12.would be a strong leader, I would vote for her. Ever since 2008, her
:17:13. > :17:15.ratings have fallen amongst Republican supporters. As her
:17:16. > :17:19.popularity fell, so did her public profile.
:17:20. > :17:23.She appeared on her own cable TV shows but took a back-seat from
:17:24. > :17:26.mainstream politics, despite continuing speculation about whether
:17:27. > :17:30.she would run for the top job. Now she is backing Donald Trump, a
:17:31. > :17:36.spot move for his campaign, many would say, others say it is more of
:17:37. > :17:41.a boon for her than him. Either way, Sarah Palin is back in the
:17:42. > :17:46.spotlight. Thank you so much, it is so great to be in Iowa!
:17:47. > :17:49.I don't think American journalists can believe their luck, it will
:17:50. > :17:54.generate a huge amount of interest, whatever you think of her politics.
:17:55. > :17:58.Let's start the business with a statistic illustrating how stark the
:17:59. > :17:59.situation on the western markets has been.
:18:00. > :18:01.Think about this - it's been the worst start
:18:02. > :18:03.to the year on Western markets since the Great Depression.
:18:04. > :18:05.Two main causes are concerns about a global economic slowdown,
:18:06. > :18:08.and commodities markets that are drowning in over-supply.
:18:09. > :18:13.We have talked about this issue a lot on Outside Source.
:18:14. > :18:15.Kamal Ahmed is the BBC's economics editor.
:18:16. > :18:17.He's in Davos for the World Economic Forum.
:18:18. > :18:19.And this, of course, has been one his main subjects
:18:20. > :18:22.of his conversations with business leaders there.
:18:23. > :18:25.Another grim day for the global economy.
:18:26. > :18:34.In New York, investors selling stocks, in Hong Kong shares down.
:18:35. > :18:38.For business leaders at Davos, worrying times.
:18:39. > :18:40.When you look at the oil price, the volatility of the market
:18:41. > :18:43.since the start of the year, what is it telling you about
:18:44. > :18:50.There is a lot of uncertainty in the whole financial markets.
:18:51. > :18:58.Certainty is really hard to find right now.
:18:59. > :19:01.The questions about China, the debate going on is creating
:19:02. > :19:10.It has been the price of oil that has raised most concerns.
:19:11. > :19:18.Mr Dudley says it will not last and predicts the price of oil
:19:19. > :19:21.could double by the end of the year as demand from China
:19:22. > :19:27.Of course, low oil prices can be good for countries that import oil
:19:28. > :19:30.like the UK and fast-growing economies across Asia.
:19:31. > :19:34.There are a lot of emerging markets in trouble because of it
:19:35. > :19:38.Part of India's benefit at the moment is because India
:19:39. > :19:54.is an importer and not an exporter and it is doing well.
:19:55. > :20:03.Nada Tawfik is in New York. If oil prices rose, what would have to
:20:04. > :20:07.happen in order for that to occur? I think, like everything else, there
:20:08. > :20:11.has to be a bottoming out points. That is what the key question is,
:20:12. > :20:15.what everybody wants to know, how low can oil go before it comes up
:20:16. > :20:20.again. It is the old supply and demand question. On one hand, on the
:20:21. > :20:24.demand side, as China and the US, as demand increases in the world's
:20:25. > :20:30.first and second largest economies, that will not help -- will help was
:20:31. > :20:34.the oil prices. But key is when we will see this supplied Windle
:20:35. > :20:38.little. We had the International energy agency warning in 2016 that
:20:39. > :20:43.if nothing changes we could be drowning in this oversupply of oil.
:20:44. > :20:49.Those who are more optimistic point to things like Russia will be
:20:50. > :20:52.cutting production, US shale producers will be forced to cut
:20:53. > :20:57.production, all of that could help boost the price of oil a bit.
:20:58. > :21:01.Could we be in a situation where the Saudis say we will not cut
:21:02. > :21:06.production but the Americans go it alone and say we will? Pretty
:21:07. > :21:10.unlikely, I think. If you look at the pressure on shale producers
:21:11. > :21:13.right now, they have been cutting production already, it has happened
:21:14. > :21:19.more slowly than expected but it is happening. If you look at its peak,
:21:20. > :21:23.US crude oil production was at about 9.6 million barrels per day, that
:21:24. > :21:26.fell in December to 9.2 million barrels, that is expected to go as
:21:27. > :21:31.low as eight .1 million barrels per day. These companies have so much
:21:32. > :21:35.pressure with the oil prices as low as they are and many struggle to
:21:36. > :21:39.hang on, not really making much money at this point. When you look
:21:40. > :21:43.at the markets today and how much they hit the energy companies are
:21:44. > :21:47.taking, you are seeing what they are up against. If you look there could
:21:48. > :21:53.be defaults as they struggle to get more credit from banks worried about
:21:54. > :21:57.the energy. Higher cost for US shale producers to pump out oil than Saudi
:21:58. > :22:00.Arabia, it is more likely that we will see the pressure increased on
:22:01. > :22:13.them still. Thank you very much, Nada.
:22:14. > :22:15.China's main social media platform is Weibo, it's a bit like Twitter.
:22:16. > :22:19.It's lifting its 140-word limit, a trial starts Jan 28th.
:22:20. > :22:22.Remember Twitter's chief executive has also indicated it
:22:23. > :22:51.It doesn't always feel like that, does it? He says...
:22:52. > :22:57.So Twitter may be changing its approach, but no confirmation yet.
:22:58. > :23:00.A lovely story here in the UK about fairy tales and how some
:23:01. > :23:03.of them date back farther than the earliest literary records.
:23:04. > :23:05.I'm talking about Beauty and the Beast, Jack
:23:06. > :23:22.and the Beanstalk, stories like that that.
:23:23. > :23:31.Wilhelm Grimm, of the Brothers Grimm fame, shortly after he published his
:23:32. > :23:35.collection of German set tonne fairy stories became aware that many of
:23:36. > :23:42.those tales also occur in other parts of the world, in particular in
:23:43. > :23:47.parts of the ratio, Scandinavia, India, Eastern Europe, Iran and
:23:48. > :23:51.places like that. These theories suggested that they all shared a
:23:52. > :23:58.common ancestor, they all come from a common route. Grimm believe that
:23:59. > :24:06.and fairy stories might be part of common heritage. That was the theory
:24:07. > :24:09.that we looked to test using methods developed in evolutionary biology
:24:10. > :24:15.which provides a really powerful statistical tools for testing the
:24:16. > :24:22.kind of theory is that Grimm and other people were developing but
:24:23. > :24:28.were very hard to test. Jack And The Beanstalk is an English take on a
:24:29. > :24:33.very widespread folktale that is called The Boy Who Steals The Ogre's
:24:34. > :24:44.Treasure. We have traced back to back to the last common ancestor of
:24:45. > :24:46.the Western Indo-Europeans. Isn't that interesting?
:24:47. > :24:49.Take a look at these pictures that have come into us from Australia.
:24:50. > :24:55.A car ploughs full speed through the glass wall
:24:56. > :25:12.If we play it back, just before it happens, a woman is wandering in the
:25:13. > :25:16.direction of where the car 's do. Fortunately, nobody was hurt, but it
:25:17. > :25:19.very nasty incident caught on camera and the car looks like it has caught
:25:20. > :25:23.the end of its days. We were talking about the militant
:25:24. > :25:28.attack in the north-west Pakistan earlier and the fact that the
:25:29. > :25:34.Taliban... One Taliban spokesperson has said we do this, another has
:25:35. > :25:38.denied it. We did a Facebook lifestream with BBC Urdu taking
:25:39. > :25:42.questions about this story in some detail. If you're interested in
:25:43. > :25:48.seeing that, go to the BBC news page on Facebook, it is about a third
:25:49. > :25:50.item down. You will see my face, my colleague from BBC Urdu is taking
:25:51. > :25:59.questions from all around the world. That's it from the first half of the
:26:00. > :26:01.programme, I will speak to you in a couple of minutes.