:00:12. > :00:17.I am Ross Atkins, welcome to outside source, and how of international
:00:18. > :00:22.news and we begin in the US because in a few hours' time Hillary Clinton
:00:23. > :00:26.and Donald Trump face each other in the first presidential debate. We
:00:27. > :00:31.are going to be live in a moment, if you have got questions for them,
:00:32. > :00:35.send them in. We will also be live in Colombia with Lyse Doucet ahead
:00:36. > :00:45.of the government and the Fat rebel signing a deal. It will end over 50
:00:46. > :00:49.years of conflict. The UN says that conditions in Aleppo have reached
:00:50. > :00:54.new levels of horror. We will also be in Johannesburg to hear about
:00:55. > :00:59.efforts to save this animal, the pangolin. It is the most trafficked
:01:00. > :01:04.mammal in the world. And if you have got questions on any of the stories
:01:05. > :01:06.we are covering, you can use the hashtag, for all of your comments
:01:07. > :01:28.that we will come straight to. So it is Hillary Clinton is, the
:01:29. > :01:34.first presidential debate is always a big occasion, certainly Donald
:01:35. > :01:38.Trump's approach to politics means that in a sense we are going into
:01:39. > :01:42.unknown territory but the format is very familiar, we can see the
:01:43. > :01:49.first-ever televised presidential debate, years ago, a confident John
:01:50. > :01:55.F. Kennedy, against a nervous and sweaty Richard Nixon, Kennedy won
:01:56. > :01:59.the debate and he went on to win the election, the next example, 1984, of
:02:00. > :02:06.Reagan against Walter Mondale, Ronald Reagan, had an attack line,
:02:07. > :02:11.that Mondale was inexperienced and he went on to hit the election
:02:12. > :02:16.again. We got a gaffe in 1976, Gerald Ford, insisted the Soviets
:02:17. > :02:20.were not interfering in eastern Europe, of course they were, hugely
:02:21. > :02:26.damaging for him and he went on to lose not just the debate but the
:02:27. > :02:31.election to Jimmy Carter. Another interesting example is not just the
:02:32. > :02:37.content but it is the tone and style, Al Gore against George Bush,
:02:38. > :02:41.Al Gore was mocked, for dismissing George Bush and at one stage she
:02:42. > :02:47.walked towards Mr Bush during one of his responses and that did not go
:02:48. > :02:51.down well at all. So there's an awful lot for the candidates to
:02:52. > :02:55.think about, these debates do not always matter but they have a
:02:56. > :03:02.potential to make a real difference. This one is in a university in New
:03:03. > :03:07.York state, I'm delighted to say that both of our correspondence to
:03:08. > :03:14.guide us through the politics with us. We have somebody in UK is
:03:15. > :03:20.saying, what are the expectations of the two campaigns? The expectations
:03:21. > :03:24.are huge, we are thinking 100 million people will be watching this
:03:25. > :03:28.debate so that is a lot of American viewers and people still have to
:03:29. > :03:32.make up their minds. I been speaking to senior members of the Clinton
:03:33. > :03:37.campaign and they say that they are preparing for a Donald Trump who is
:03:38. > :03:40.gracious, respectful and mild mannered, they also pointed out that
:03:41. > :03:46.is probably the hardest Donald Trump for Hillary Clinton to take on? That
:03:47. > :04:07.is true, Donald Trump knows how to behave,
:04:08. > :04:12.he did on the same stage as the Mexican president but the question
:04:13. > :04:15.is can he keep it up for 90 minutes, this is going to be an endurance
:04:16. > :04:17.test, he's going to have to stay on message even though he doesn't have
:04:18. > :04:20.the same policy chops, but can he keep repeating that without seeming
:04:21. > :04:22.to be superficial and will he make mistakes in the last few minutes.
:04:23. > :04:25.The stakes are huge. Correct me if I'm wrong but that is 90 minutes
:04:26. > :04:27.long, the criticism of Donald Trump has always been, even if you agree
:04:28. > :04:29.with him, he makes bit persuasive arguments but he's not great
:04:30. > :04:33.necessarily on policy detail and he will have two shift that a little
:04:34. > :04:35.bit? Yes remember he has done a lot of debating in the primaries but at
:04:36. > :04:38.the beginning he was starting off over 17 people, that meant that he
:04:39. > :04:44.only actually had to speak for six or seven minutes and I think that is
:04:45. > :04:48.a big difference? That two and a half hour debating California, you
:04:49. > :04:52.could see Donald Trump getting more tired and frustrated the later it
:04:53. > :04:56.got into the debate. He was not used to that kind of pressure for that
:04:57. > :05:00.extended period of time, it is only 90 minutes but 90 minutes under the
:05:01. > :05:04.spotlight and you have to respond everyone two minutes, that is a lot
:05:05. > :05:08.of time for Donald Trump to have to stay on his game. Hillary Clinton
:05:09. > :05:21.has done this before, she has been a high profile debates before in the
:05:22. > :05:23.Senate and also in 2008 so she has a bit more experience but she has been
:05:24. > :05:26.under the weather, she has suffered from pneumonia and is recovering,
:05:27. > :05:33.she may have a problem. Yes like my hair which is blowing away. The hot
:05:34. > :05:37.air comes to night. That may well be, one other thing, let us talk
:05:38. > :05:42.about the general situation, spending a couple of hours reading
:05:43. > :05:46.about this, you cannot struggle to find liberal journalist politicians
:05:47. > :05:50.and, taters who suddenly are saying, my goodness, this really could
:05:51. > :05:56.happen, Clinton could really lose. Is there a sense that the stakes are
:05:57. > :06:01.that high? We have had the polls tightening, coming out today in some
:06:02. > :06:04.of those key battle ground states, Pennsylvania and Colorado which the
:06:05. > :06:09.Clinton campaign and Democrats have been putting in the Democrat column.
:06:10. > :06:14.But the Clinton campaign staff that I'm speaking to today, I do know is
:06:15. > :06:18.they are trying to sound bullish, they are saying that the internal
:06:19. > :06:23.polls, are not nearly as bad as those public polls and they say they
:06:24. > :06:26.are still sounding pretty confident. The polls show a tightening race but
:06:27. > :06:31.what they really show is that there are a lot of undecided people who
:06:32. > :06:36.are leaning towards third-party candidates. Both candidates are in
:06:37. > :06:41.the low 40s which leaves about 18% of the electorate who may be being
:06:42. > :06:44.towards a third-party candidate or maybe for Hillary Clinton right
:06:45. > :06:47.after hurricane veg and have backed away when some of the stories about
:06:48. > :06:52.the foundation and the e-mails have come out. A lot of people will watch
:06:53. > :06:57.this a lot more with an open mind, who could be swayed one way or
:06:58. > :07:00.another tonight. Just very quickly, whether people are watching it in
:07:01. > :07:05.the UK or around the world, they can see it live on the BBC, we have
:07:06. > :07:13.talked about it generally, run me through the specifics? So it starts
:07:14. > :07:19.in exactly four rows of time, 90 minutes, no breaks, -- four hours'
:07:20. > :07:25.time. No breaks for the bathroom or powder your nose, it is divided into
:07:26. > :07:30.six different sections, three major themes, one is about the economy and
:07:31. > :07:34.national security. They are very vague so a lot is going to be on
:07:35. > :07:41.Leicester halt the moderator's shoulders for how he is going to
:07:42. > :07:45.have his shoulders? There will be a couple of minutes from each
:07:46. > :07:52.candidate and then they will beat abating, the back and forth. Thank
:07:53. > :07:57.you very much for being with us, and of course you will see them later
:07:58. > :08:04.Ron on the BBC. As we dissect what has happened. From the US to
:08:05. > :08:09.Colombia. What a date has been for Colombians. In a few hours' time,
:08:10. > :08:12.the clumsy and is and the FARC rebel group will sign a peace treaty and
:08:13. > :08:17.they will take another huge step towards ending a civil war that has
:08:18. > :08:25.lasted for over years. This ceremony today is going to happen, in the
:08:26. > :08:31.north of Colombia. I should emphasise that Colombians are going
:08:32. > :08:35.to vote on the deal. For many of them, this conflict has lasted their
:08:36. > :08:36.entire lives. Here are some statistics illustrate how profoundly
:08:37. > :09:47.this has affected Colombia. Well covering misses the BBC chief
:09:48. > :09:53.international correspondent is Lyse Doucet. Who's live for us from car
:09:54. > :09:59.to Jena. The challenge of reintegrating, the FARC in society
:10:00. > :10:07.is huge. Is there anything that is like the South Africans had. Like
:10:08. > :10:11.the truth and reconciliation commission? Yes it is interesting,
:10:12. > :10:14.they have drawn on that with their own reconciliation process and they
:10:15. > :10:18.have looked at other peace processes, poor example the Northern
:10:19. > :10:23.Ireland peace deal. The lessons from the negotiating process to try and
:10:24. > :10:27.reach a deal, this is a very Colombian deal, unprecedented. In
:10:28. > :10:32.fact the first time in all of Latin America, a peace deal that doesn't
:10:33. > :10:35.give an amnesty but the kind of justice given is kind of
:10:36. > :10:39.controversial. As we listen to the choir behind us practice for the
:10:40. > :10:42.ceremony which will take place in a queue hours' time, we are joined by
:10:43. > :10:47.the peace commissioner and one of the top negotiators for the
:10:48. > :10:55.Colombian government. You have worked very long and hard for this
:10:56. > :10:59.day? How does it feel? Li it feels like I have got a big black piano
:11:00. > :11:04.off my back because I had been working on this for six years, we
:11:05. > :11:09.did a year and a half back channelling, six months of secret
:11:10. > :11:14.negotiations and then four years of public in Havana. Obviously
:11:15. > :11:20.implementation is the main thing but at least we have got the deal done.
:11:21. > :11:28.When you sat across the table from FARC, what did you feel. This is
:11:29. > :11:35.Colombia's biggest enemy? Well yes, but you have to for a negotiation to
:11:36. > :11:39.work you have to be very Serena and patient, and leave your emotions
:11:40. > :11:43.aside and have a lot of control and clarity about where you want to go
:11:44. > :11:48.and that is what we try to do. Does it bother you, so many including two
:11:49. > :11:54.former president say that they will reject the deal, it is letting FARC
:11:55. > :11:58.get away with it? While the prosecutor of the International, the
:11:59. > :12:02.court said that she was pleased that crimes will be investigated and they
:12:03. > :12:05.are looking at what we are doing. So is the international community and
:12:06. > :12:10.the High Commissioner of the human rights and they are right, because
:12:11. > :12:15.this is the first time in a negotiation between a government and
:12:16. > :12:20.a gorilla, we have said that there are certain crimes that cannot have
:12:21. > :12:23.an amnesty that need to be investigated and prosecuted. But it
:12:24. > :12:30.is not the only thing that will happen, it is a transition to peace,
:12:31. > :12:33.so you need a truth commission, reparations, for the disappeared and
:12:34. > :12:37.it is a truly comprehensive approach. What was the toughest
:12:38. > :12:47.issue, that at one point you may have thought it will not work? The
:12:48. > :12:52.justice issue, because if you really want to clarify what happened, for
:12:53. > :12:55.the justice, you have to go to those most responsible. Those most
:12:56. > :12:59.responsible are the guys sitting across the table for you so for them
:13:00. > :13:03.it is not exactly easy. At the same time those other guys were going to
:13:04. > :13:08.lead the political transition so it is truly an exercise of squaring the
:13:09. > :13:12.circle, we did the best that we we did the best that can be done and
:13:13. > :13:19.the challenges now the implementation. What is the biggest
:13:20. > :13:23.challenge to you think? It is a very demanding system, putting on a
:13:24. > :13:28.reconciliation commission is very demanding, you need to wrestle with
:13:29. > :13:32.the nature of society. These tribunal 's internationally are very
:13:33. > :13:38.costly, we need to do it in a national manner so that it doesn't
:13:39. > :13:43.suck up all the resorts is. -- in a rational manner. And the victims
:13:44. > :13:47.need to feel that it is right, and we have seen that FARC has started
:13:48. > :13:51.to apologise. I was in a very important meeting two weeks ago,
:13:52. > :13:56.with the families of victims that were kidnapped and then assassinated
:13:57. > :14:00.by the FARC, members of the local parliament. And the FARC sat for
:14:01. > :14:05.five hours listening to them and at the end said, this is one of the
:14:06. > :14:11.worst mistakes that we said in the war. We offer your apologies and we
:14:12. > :14:14.hope that you will accept. That is only possible because there is a
:14:15. > :14:17.peace agreement that has been concluded, those are the kind of
:14:18. > :14:23.thing that peace brings, you can look at it the other way and say
:14:24. > :14:27.that a piece agreement allows you to fight impunity because those that
:14:28. > :14:33.are responsible, can acknowledge responsibility. I know you are
:14:34. > :14:40.celebrating and also dressed in white. A last word, for us it is the
:14:41. > :14:45.most important moment of our generation, we understand that
:14:46. > :14:49.Europe, is looking at itself, there is Syria and migration in so many
:14:50. > :14:53.problems but I think what you have seen in Colombia is an example that
:14:54. > :14:57.if you work hard enough at it with a lot of international support
:14:58. > :15:01.including from the UK, you can actually get a deal and talking is
:15:02. > :15:08.always worthwhile. Thank you very much indeed. Speaking about
:15:09. > :15:12.forgiveness, 8 million victims is a lot of people who have suffered over
:15:13. > :15:16.the years and they want to believe that the dark chapter is over. That
:15:17. > :15:24.is all from us from the beautiful setting of this gold city. Thank you
:15:25. > :15:26.to you and your guest, that will be broadcasting throughout the
:15:27. > :15:33.afternoon in Colombia has that ceremony approaches.
:15:34. > :15:43.We have heard there has been talk about Syria, good news, humanitarian
:15:44. > :15:48.aid has reached four besieged areas, that have had nothing for six months
:15:49. > :15:58.and we have rebel areas of Aleppo, where the situation is abject.
:15:59. > :16:03.In the UK the opposition Labour Party conference has been
:16:04. > :16:09.overshadowed about part of the speech on the Trident nuclear
:16:10. > :16:12.defence system, Clive Lewis's office has played down reports that the
:16:13. > :16:16.speech was changed in the last minute. Along with defence, the
:16:17. > :16:17.economy was on the conference agenda. Here is the Shadow
:16:18. > :16:29.Chancellor. If we win the next election we will
:16:30. > :16:35.write into law a real living wage. We will clamp down on the abuses of
:16:36. > :16:41.power at the very top, under Labour there will be no more Philip Green
:16:42. > :16:48.sat tall. Imagine society radically transformed, radically fairer, more
:16:49. > :16:54.equal, yes based on a prosperous economy, but where that prosperity
:16:55. > :17:05.shared by all. In this party you no longer have to whisper its name, it
:17:06. > :17:09.is cool socialism, solidarity. Hello I am Ross Atkins with outside
:17:10. > :17:13.source. Our lead story comes from the east coast of the US, Hillary
:17:14. > :17:17.Clinton and Ronald Trump making their final preparations ahead of
:17:18. > :17:21.their first US presidential debate. There will be a huge audience not
:17:22. > :17:27.just in the US but around the world. Let us have a look at some of the
:17:28. > :17:28.main stories. First of all a Dutch tourist has been arrested in
:17:29. > :17:41.Mandalay in me and Mark, after unplugging a
:17:42. > :17:48.speaker, which was broadcasting a month's sermon. He has been
:17:49. > :17:57.convicted. China has large force of military aircraft two Japanese
:17:58. > :18:04.islands. It is worth emphasising that these Chinese planes did not
:18:05. > :18:11.violate Japanese airspace. And, Matt LeBlanc has signed a two-year deal,
:18:12. > :18:17.to present, top gear. Chris Evans has since stepped down. These are
:18:18. > :18:22.very, very tough times for Deutsche Bank, is share price which has been
:18:23. > :18:28.having a tough time anyway is in a new low, down more than 50%. There
:18:29. > :18:33.is a clear downward trend and there is no apparent safety net. A German
:18:34. > :18:37.magazine called focus across the weekend reported that Angela Merkel
:18:38. > :18:43.is ruling out bailing out the bank. She's also ruling out intervening on
:18:44. > :18:47.its behalf in the US, US regulators want a $14 billion fine paid, in
:18:48. > :18:53.relation to mis-selling of mortgage securities. Let us try and
:18:54. > :18:57.understand what is going on. If we go right to the heart of the
:18:58. > :19:06.problem, what is the core issue for Deutsche Bank? It has been troubled
:19:07. > :19:11.for a while, before that $14 billion fine, a lot of it stems with the
:19:12. > :19:16.impact of the financial crisis that exposed the weaknesses of firms, it
:19:17. > :19:18.was try to restructure its businesses, focusing away from
:19:19. > :19:24.investment banking to retail banking. Part of the problem is
:19:25. > :19:28.turning things around, it is a big global banking institution, it takes
:19:29. > :19:32.time and money. And it is a struggle. There is this report a
:19:33. > :19:37.short while ago, suggesting that Dutch bank might have to go and ask
:19:38. > :19:41.the German government for help, now you have got this report saying that
:19:42. > :19:45.the German government is not prepared to offer any assistance,
:19:46. > :19:50.will this shining a spotlight if you like on Deutsche Bank's ongoing
:19:51. > :19:57.weakness. I'm just spotting this, pulling up retweet, from a
:19:58. > :20:03.correspondent. Why is it so dangerous for all of us? It is a
:20:04. > :20:08.reference to the International Monetary Fund that refer to do such
:20:09. > :20:13.a dangerous bank. I should point out that it also listed HSBC and credit
:20:14. > :20:17.suis, after Deutsche Bank has opposing the next biggest threat,
:20:18. > :20:23.the three of these banks, are much more in debt, and they are riskier
:20:24. > :20:29.than any US bank. That is really why the IMF gave them that label. The
:20:30. > :20:33.problem is that if they run into trouble, then you could see a
:20:34. > :20:38.concern that basically we could see another European banking crisis
:20:39. > :20:46.exploded because they are so interlinked. If Butch bank could not
:20:47. > :20:49.recover, it could lead to fears of contagion, what would happen to
:20:50. > :20:53.other banks and that is why the IMF is stepping in giving this warning,
:20:54. > :20:58.it is worth pointing out that the US arm of Deutsche Bank, the Federal
:20:59. > :21:03.reserve, has oversight of the banks and it did not pass it stress test.
:21:04. > :21:09.So there are concerns to do with how much debt the company has burst is
:21:10. > :21:18.how many of its assets and that is what it is trying to address right
:21:19. > :21:21.now thank you very much Michelle Fleury.
:21:22. > :21:24.The chief economist of the International Monetary Fund
:21:25. > :21:26.has told BBC's Kamal Ahmad that the greatest threat
:21:27. > :21:32.to the global economy is a Chinese slowdown.
:21:33. > :21:40.Have a look at this. China is the greatest risk, it has been the
:21:41. > :21:45.engine of global growth, the UN, -- US has been picking up. China
:21:46. > :21:48.escaped through a big political revolution, I think the economy has
:21:49. > :21:53.slowed down much more than the official figures show, and few want
:21:54. > :21:56.to look at a part of the world that has a debt problem, look at China.
:21:57. > :22:01.They had been in credit fuelled growth and these things don't go on
:22:02. > :22:06.forever. Everyone says that China is different, the state owns
:22:07. > :22:12.everything, but they control it. But only to a point. I definitely worry
:22:13. > :22:15.for China and a hard landing. We are having a pretty sharp landing
:22:16. > :22:19.already and I worry about China becoming more of a problem. We have
:22:20. > :22:36.taken it for granted that whatever you do is doing and Japan at least
:22:37. > :22:43.China is as doing OK. Bannister me the one that I worry most about.
:22:44. > :22:45.Next ultimately India space agency. It launched eight satellites but
:22:46. > :22:50.five of them were foreign and it turns out this is a really lucrative
:22:51. > :22:59.business. They have launched a total of 79 satellites, and that has
:23:00. > :23:02.earned them $120 million. The reason it is relevant is because they
:23:03. > :23:04.wonder whether it is appropriate for the government to be spending huge
:23:05. > :23:17.amounts of space when millions of people living in poverty.
:23:18. > :23:25.Can this rocket become a money making machine for India, it was the
:23:26. > :23:30.35th successful launch. It had on board 20 satellites, the most in a
:23:31. > :23:38.single go for the Indian space agency, 17 of them were foreign,. We
:23:39. > :23:46.have a national requirement so we built satellites. And, at the launch
:23:47. > :23:50.vehicle, it has some excess capacity so what we have been looking for is
:23:51. > :23:56.how do we make it more cost-effective. So we were trying to
:23:57. > :24:01.accommodate some of the satellites, along with passengers. This is the
:24:02. > :24:06.model of the kind of launchers that had been used to send satellites
:24:07. > :24:10.into space. India is now on average doing one launch per month. It is an
:24:11. > :24:13.expensive business because each time the decor has to be built from
:24:14. > :24:17.scratch and this country is criticised for spending money on a
:24:18. > :24:20.space programme and it has high levels of poverty but the space
:24:21. > :24:24.agency here argues that there are strong returns for things like
:24:25. > :24:31.better mapping and weather forecasting but also now making
:24:32. > :24:34.money from other countries. India has so far launch 79 former
:24:35. > :24:39.satellite and earned $120 million for it. Vehicles like this one are
:24:40. > :24:44.being put together at a frantic speed now as India plans to have 12
:24:45. > :24:51.launches every year. A pace that has more than doubled since 2015. This
:24:52. > :24:55.lady runs a company that brokers a deal between the Indian space agency
:24:56. > :25:01.and foreign companies that want foreign satellites launched. The
:25:02. > :25:05.need for launchers is growing exponentially primarily because we
:25:06. > :25:11.are now seeing new companies, which are planning to launch commercial
:25:12. > :25:17.constellations satellites. So not one of five but an entire
:25:18. > :25:22.constellation from 24 220 satellites per constellation. The scientists
:25:23. > :25:27.have competition not only from other space countries but also now from
:25:28. > :25:31.private companies. So far India has only been looking at small and light
:25:32. > :25:38.satellites but launching heavier ones is where the big money is.
:25:39. > :25:44.Still a few other questions coming in on the US presidential debates
:25:45. > :25:47.and the first one is in a queue as time, one of you saying, how many
:25:48. > :25:52.minutes with each candidates get, well they divided up as fair as you
:25:53. > :26:11.can so pretty close to 45 minutes per candidate.
:26:12. > :26:12.Though we will be taking a look at UK weather prospects,