:00:13. > :00:16.Hello, I'm Ros Atkins, this is Outside Source.
:00:17. > :00:24.Live in hamburger. Night has fallen by the helicopters are in the sky,
:00:25. > :00:29.keeping an eye on protesters and clashes that we knows protesters and
:00:30. > :00:33.police. Donald Trump has arrived. He came in from Warsaw Way gave a major
:00:34. > :00:38.speech earlier in which he praised Parliament adhesive lead but had a
:00:39. > :00:41.warning about the threats -- praised Poland.
:00:42. > :00:44.The fundamental question of our time is whether the West has
:00:45. > :00:54.All eyes will be on the Trump-Merkel relationship as the two
:00:55. > :00:58.most powerful leaders of the western world.
:00:59. > :01:04.They don't agree on much at the moment. They met earlier, though. We
:01:05. > :01:06.will also talk about climate change, which will dominate this summit. We
:01:07. > :01:13.are looking to see how Donald Trump's decision to take America out
:01:14. > :01:15.of the Paris climate change agreement will impact on the
:01:16. > :01:20.conclusion straw. Thousands of people have been out on the streets
:01:21. > :01:24.and there have been clashes with riot police. Lucky the an eye on
:01:25. > :01:28.that as it develops as well and lots of you are sending questions so
:01:29. > :01:31.please keep those coming. We will bring our two experts back in a
:01:32. > :01:32.couple of minutes time to get them responding to the points you are
:01:33. > :01:54.raising. I should probably explain something
:01:55. > :01:59.for those of you just joining me. Jamie in Birmingham watching on the
:02:00. > :02:02.BBC News Channel asked if I am on a beach. I'm not on a beach but there
:02:03. > :02:05.is sand under my feet and there are palm trees all around and deckchairs
:02:06. > :02:11.because slightly incongruously we are spending today at a beach bar in
:02:12. > :02:15.Hamburg because we can cover the port, one of the biggest ports in
:02:16. > :02:19.Europe and also the protest that have been taking place very close to
:02:20. > :02:22.his has been a useful place to place ourselves but also slightly odd to
:02:23. > :02:27.be covering one of the most important international summits for
:02:28. > :02:31.years surrounded by people drinking cocktails and sitting in deckchairs
:02:32. > :02:34.but there we go. Now, let's talk about one of the most important
:02:35. > :02:37.elements of this summit, climate change, because there are going to
:02:38. > :02:42.be many discussions around climate change and how the world tackles it,
:02:43. > :02:47.the way the Paris agreement fit into it and if every one of those
:02:48. > :02:52.discussions will be in the context of what Donald Trump said in June.
:02:53. > :02:57.The Paris climate accord is the latest example of Washington
:02:58. > :03:01.entering into an agreement that disadvantages the United States. To
:03:02. > :03:07.the exclusive benefit of other countries. Leading American workers,
:03:08. > :03:14.who I love, and taxpayers to absorb the cost in terms of lost jobs,
:03:15. > :03:17.lower wages, shuttered factories and partly diminished economic
:03:18. > :03:19.production. That decision puts the USA in
:03:20. > :03:26.the company of Syria and Nicaragua - as you can see from this map,
:03:27. > :03:29.they're the only other two countries in the world not to have
:03:30. > :03:37.signed the agreement. That announcement from Donald Trump
:03:38. > :03:42.caused outrage all around the world. It certainly did in Germany. Angela
:03:43. > :03:49.Merkel expressed her displeasure may times. She did so last week.
:03:50. > :03:53.TRANSLATION: The European Union and conditionally stands by the
:03:54. > :03:57.agreement in Paris and will increment it rapidly and decisively.
:03:58. > :04:00.Since the American decision to leave the Paris climate agreement, we are
:04:01. > :04:05.more determined than ever to make a success. We cannot and will not wait
:04:06. > :04:08.for the scientific evidence to convince every last doubter. The
:04:09. > :04:10.Paris agreement is irreversible and cannot be renegotiated.
:04:11. > :04:16.A quick reminder of what the Paris climate deal actually does.
:04:17. > :04:19.Signing it means a country has pledged to keep global temperatures
:04:20. > :04:28."well below" 2.0 Celsius above pre-industrial times
:04:29. > :04:37.In fact, the ambition is rigidly low that and the long-term ambition is
:04:38. > :04:38.for to be 1.5 Celsius below preindustrial levels -- above
:04:39. > :04:39.preindustrial levels. Each country's contribution
:04:40. > :04:48.to cutting emissions will be There is also a commitment to
:04:49. > :04:54.climate finance, jargon for richer countries supporting developing
:04:55. > :05:04.countries to take on climate change without losing out economically. I
:05:05. > :05:06.have speaking the love been speaking to a specialist on climate change
:05:07. > :05:16.and the G20. What will happen in the G20, we know
:05:17. > :05:18.what trouble do but what is more important is to see how other
:05:19. > :05:23.countries will react. We know where Europe is an Japan is but will the
:05:24. > :05:28.other 19 countries pull together, reconfirm Paris and then do more,
:05:29. > :05:31.step forward to actually pledge to reform part of their economy to
:05:32. > :05:37.deliver on Paris. The first thing we are looking for is not humiliating
:05:38. > :05:41.or isolating the US but leaving the US to one side and the other 19
:05:42. > :05:45.pledging to take Paris forward. Given that the second biggest
:05:46. > :05:50.committees stepping away from Paris, what's that likely to mean for the
:05:51. > :05:54.impact that the global effort can have on reducing emissions? Well,
:05:55. > :06:00.luckily the federal government in America is not in charge of most
:06:01. > :06:03.American emissions, a's the states in America who control a lot of the
:06:04. > :06:07.levers around what power stations to build, how efficient to make houses,
:06:08. > :06:12.what cars to drive, so for the moment the US withdrawing road make
:06:13. > :06:17.a big difference in the real economy, it's more of a political
:06:18. > :06:20.impact. Interestingly we have seen India start to say we're not going
:06:21. > :06:24.to burn coal, we're not like Trump, they are going to move to use solar
:06:25. > :06:27.power and committed to having electric only vehicle since 2020
:06:28. > :06:31.soap since Trump's announced and we have seen the big emitters like
:06:32. > :06:36.India and China as well recommitting to more clean energy. The simple
:06:37. > :06:39.fact is they are big energy importers, they'd want be dependent
:06:40. > :06:42.on the Middle East or energy imports and maybe there is money to be made
:06:43. > :06:47.in clean technology. They may not have oil at home but they can solar
:06:48. > :06:52.panels and wind farms and that is an economic advantage. Told me about
:06:53. > :06:56.your aspirations for the G20, realistically what are you helping
:06:57. > :07:02.two hoping to hear in those press conferences on Saturday? We can be
:07:03. > :07:05.looking carefully at whether the G20 seriously agree to take board
:07:06. > :07:11.implement in Paris in their economies. Paris is about climate,
:07:12. > :07:17.the G20 is about economies are we want to see every country say we're
:07:18. > :07:25.going to have an economic plan to make our economy is carbon zero,
:07:26. > :07:28.cutting fossil fuels, gives subsidies and put a timetable on
:07:29. > :07:32.that. Moving money out of dirty fuels and into clean fuels and a big
:07:33. > :07:36.report came out just before the summit saying that more companies
:07:37. > :07:40.should disclose how much carbon they use an explosion to climate change
:07:41. > :07:45.so investors can decide where to put their money based on real evidence.
:07:46. > :07:49.We know Donald Trump and Angela Merkel do not agree on climate
:07:50. > :07:53.change and everyone is fascinated to see how the dynamic between them
:07:54. > :07:58.plays out at this G20 summit. Let's look at their relationship.
:07:59. > :08:01.Here are a couple of takes - @gksteinhauser Gabriele Steinhauser,
:08:02. > :08:03.Wall Street Journal "Can Merkel manage the 'axis of testosterone'
:08:04. > :08:07.as Trump, Putin Erdogan descend on Germany?"
:08:08. > :08:10.This is a Tweet from the World Economic Forum's official account.
:08:11. > :08:19.@Wef "At this year's #G20 summit, it's Trump against the world."
:08:20. > :08:24.On a number of key issues Mr Trump and Angela Merkel do not agree.
:08:25. > :08:30.Let's look at some of them. Here they are on immigration.
:08:31. > :08:35.We recognise that immigration security as national security. We
:08:36. > :08:45.must protect our citizens from those who seek to spread terrorism,
:08:46. > :08:48.extremism and violence. TRANSLATION: Migration, integration has to be
:08:49. > :08:52.worked on, traffickers had to be stopped but this has to be done by
:08:53. > :08:53.looking at the refugees as well, giving them opportunities to shape
:08:54. > :08:59.their own lives where they are. As Eric Reguly of the Globe and Mail
:09:00. > :09:03.puts it "@ereguly The Trump vs. Merkel smackdown: Whose trade vision
:09:04. > :09:15.will triumph at the G20?" They have quite different views of
:09:16. > :09:20.globalisation and free trade as you will see.
:09:21. > :09:26.TRANSLATION: Open markets and free, fair, sustainable and inclusive
:09:27. > :09:31.trade as a key focus of our G20 presidency. Ultimately, it is for
:09:32. > :09:34.the benefit of everybody, so it is internationally orientated but in
:09:35. > :09:39.the best sense it is also domestic politics with people in each
:09:40. > :09:47.country. It is going to be only America first. America first. We
:09:48. > :09:57.will follow two simple rules. By American and higher American. One of
:09:58. > :10:00.the interesting consequences of Donald Trump scuppering the
:10:01. > :10:05.transpacific partnership, which was a big free trade deal being worked
:10:06. > :10:08.on for Pacific nations, has meant Japan has increased its efforts to
:10:09. > :10:13.close a free-trade deal with the European Union and today we saw
:10:14. > :10:18.handshakes in Brussels and an outline of how that free-trade
:10:19. > :10:24.agreement is going to work. When this goes through, 90% of trade
:10:25. > :10:27.between Japan and the EU will be liberalised, there will be very few
:10:28. > :10:32.tariffs or obstacles placed to trade between Japan and the EU and that's
:10:33. > :10:37.interesting because there have been a lot of questions asked like this
:10:38. > :10:41.one, does Trump's election spell globalisation's end. Lots of
:10:42. > :10:48.questions about the impact Donald Trump would have globalisation. Go
:10:49. > :10:53.back a few romp two months -- go back a few months, the paralysed
:10:54. > :11:00.Asian of globalisation fears. What has been interesting in Hamburg is
:11:01. > :11:03.in their different ways Donald Trump, Angela Merkel and those
:11:04. > :11:06.protesters all agree that globalisation is not properly
:11:07. > :11:09.working, they just don't agree on what to do about it.
:11:10. > :11:11.I sat down with Amrita Narlika, the President of the GIGA
:11:12. > :11:14.German Institute of Global and Area Studies, and asked her why
:11:15. > :11:20.the current form of globalisation didn't seem to be working.
:11:21. > :11:28.There are two problems. One, it is true that all of globalisation has
:11:29. > :11:31.generated a great many benefits for countries in aggregate, there has
:11:32. > :11:37.been a real problem in terms of making sure that those gains seats
:11:38. > :11:42.down to every level of society and some state do this better than
:11:43. > :11:44.others, it depends on particular social contract in place. I'll is
:11:45. > :11:52.living there is a second problem, which is that academics,
:11:53. > :11:56.international organisations have not done a good job in explaining to
:11:57. > :11:59.people what have been those gains of globalisation and I think we saw
:12:00. > :12:05.this in the case of Brexit as well, that the Brexit campaign was very
:12:06. > :12:10.loud and it seemed to drown out the remaining campaign and the remain
:12:11. > :12:13.people did not do a good job in explaining what is it that Britain
:12:14. > :12:18.ready gets out of the line to European Union. I think it's a
:12:19. > :12:22.similar problem globalisation. So cutting that the current form is not
:12:23. > :12:27.working, what would you do instead? I would say one of the things is all
:12:28. > :12:33.the leaders of the G20 really need to take into account and reconsider
:12:34. > :12:36.what global countries are willing to provide, they themselves but also
:12:37. > :12:41.other members of the international community. It will not be just free
:12:42. > :12:46.trade as we knew it perhaps. It might look like a different form of
:12:47. > :12:49.free trade or is it the security of food sovereignty? Then, they need to
:12:50. > :12:54.bring in the marginalised many in the processed. This means countries
:12:55. > :12:58.that feel they have been excluded from decision-making since the
:12:59. > :13:04.Second World War. So not only about the G20 and people within countries
:13:05. > :13:08.so that includes people who feel marginalised in developed countries
:13:09. > :13:14.and developing countries and then no matter how we renegotiate
:13:15. > :13:19.globalisation, and try and come with a fairer form, it is going to be
:13:20. > :13:21.impossible to do this without making sure that there is enough space in
:13:22. > :13:29.the international framework of rules that allows countries to take
:13:30. > :13:31.measures that can redistribute the benefits of globalisation and this
:13:32. > :13:36.will vary from country to country, so it cannot be imposed from the
:13:37. > :13:39.top. But you are advocating more free-trade or different free-trade
:13:40. > :13:42.but how can you possibly do that when the world's most powerful
:13:43. > :13:46.country is led by a man who has profound reservations about free
:13:47. > :13:51.trade was yellow American one by being American first in the last 70
:13:52. > :13:54.years. America did a good job at being a hegemony and leading the
:13:55. > :14:03.world fly-tipping trade a zero sum game. I think there are many many
:14:04. > :14:04.areas -- leading the world so I don't think trade is a zero sum
:14:05. > :14:12.game. Few be have responded to an
:14:13. > :14:18.interview I did with a protester who agree to talk to me as long as I
:14:19. > :14:21.didn't identify him. Someone saying, a man in Hamburg wants to remain
:14:22. > :14:27.anonymous and you more or less show him. Banks of that message. We
:14:28. > :14:31.discussed at length the extent to which we would show him, he knew we
:14:32. > :14:34.would not show his name, but the way we portrayed him was agreed with
:14:35. > :14:40.him. We have not decided after the event at how we would do it and on
:14:41. > :14:43.that same interview I spotted this, saying you forgot to ask the
:14:44. > :14:46.protesters what they think about violence and what level of violence
:14:47. > :14:51.is acceptable. I then interesting point. I did talk about that with
:14:52. > :14:53.one protester, I said are you concerned it will turn violent and
:14:54. > :14:57.he said the police from violence, they provoke it. I said,
:14:58. > :15:01.nonetheless, I can send some protesters will seek out violence
:15:02. > :15:06.and he said, Haverty is violence. He was very reluctant to condemn the
:15:07. > :15:12.use of violence by any of the protesters on the streets. -- he
:15:13. > :15:16.said poverty is violence. I have had those conversations and thank you
:15:17. > :15:19.for raising that issue. Keep those questions coming whether on the
:15:20. > :15:28.protests here at the G20 or the summit more generally.
:15:29. > :15:33.In a couple of bits we will talk about Vladimir Putin the cost
:15:34. > :15:36.tomorrow for the first time Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin will come
:15:37. > :15:39.face to face. They will take part in what is Corby family photo in the
:15:40. > :15:44.morning and they have own meeting in the afternoon and the whole world is
:15:45. > :15:47.watching -- take part in what is called the family photo in the
:15:48. > :15:52.morning. It's the planet closest to the Sun -
:15:53. > :16:01.with temperatures as high as four That's the challenge European
:16:02. > :16:04.and Japanese scientists face as they unveiled a space mission
:16:05. > :16:07.to Mercury, due to launch next year. Our science correspondent
:16:08. > :16:11.Rebecca Morelle has more. A mysterious world, Mercury
:16:12. > :16:14.is the smallest planet in our solar system,
:16:15. > :16:18.and the closest to the sun. Covered in craters, towering cliffs
:16:19. > :16:22.and ancient volcanoes, until now, A major new mission
:16:23. > :16:27.is set to change that. This is the spacecraft
:16:28. > :16:34.cold Becky Columbo, This is the spacecraft
:16:35. > :16:36.called Becky Columbo, It has taken nearly
:16:37. > :16:39.a decade to build. It is only when you get up close
:16:40. > :16:42.that you really get a sense of the size of this huge
:16:43. > :16:45.piece of kit. And this is a spacecraft built
:16:46. > :16:48.to withstand extremes. To get to Mercury, it has
:16:49. > :16:51.to travel towards the sun, and that means dealing with intense
:16:52. > :16:53.radiation and heat. On the surface of Mercury,
:16:54. > :16:56.temperatures can reach 450 Celsius, Its launch will take
:16:57. > :17:03.place next year. This is probably one of the most
:17:04. > :17:06.challenging missions It is the long journey to get
:17:07. > :17:12.there and we have to deal with heat But Mercury is a tiny,
:17:13. > :17:19.enigmatic little world, which has so much to tell us
:17:20. > :17:23.about the formation The journey will take seven years,
:17:24. > :17:30.arriving at Mercury in 2025. Once it's there, the engine
:17:31. > :17:32.will be jettisoned, and two They will work together to give
:17:33. > :17:38.us our best ever be. They will work together to give
:17:39. > :17:40.us our best ever view. We'll see its features
:17:41. > :17:42.in incredible detail, and peer inside to solve the mystery
:17:43. > :17:45.of what lies at Mercury's core. This is the instrument we built
:17:46. > :17:48.at the University of Leicester. British scientists have developed
:17:49. > :17:50.x-ray cameras for this mission. We are going to be the first people
:17:51. > :17:54.on the planet to see this data We'll be the first people to see
:17:55. > :17:57.x-ray images of Mercury's surface, which is going to tell us
:17:58. > :18:00.about what the surface is made of, and it's going
:18:01. > :18:02.to revolutionise our understanding. The spacecraft will soon be packed
:18:03. > :18:05.up, ready for its long journey. And while it will be sometime before
:18:06. > :18:08.we get the first results back, This is Outside Source live
:18:09. > :18:33.from Hamburg where leaders from the worlds biggest countries
:18:34. > :18:41.are gathering for the G20 summit. I know all international summits are
:18:42. > :18:45.not riveting and necessarily what we all want to follow minute by minute
:18:46. > :18:48.but this one matters more than any have done in recent years. They
:18:49. > :18:53.could set the agenda for how the world takes on its most pressing
:18:54. > :18:56.challenges for years to come. Two people right at the centre of those
:18:57. > :19:00.discussions are Angela Merkel and Donald Trump, who have already met
:19:01. > :19:03.here in Hamburg before the formal beginning of the summit and their
:19:04. > :19:06.differences and how those differences are managed will be
:19:07. > :19:09.central to whatever evolves on Saturday afternoon here in Hamburg.
:19:10. > :19:15.Meanwhile, the expected, there has been a big process the macro protest
:19:16. > :19:18.here in Hamburg. For the most part it was peace but there have been
:19:19. > :19:28.violent and we know police have used pepper spray and water cannon. Now,
:19:29. > :19:32.the meeting between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin on Friday afternoon
:19:33. > :19:35.was always going to be widely anticipated. Primarily because of
:19:36. > :19:40.those allegations that Russia medals in the US election and those
:19:41. > :19:43.allegations and suspicions that there may have been collusion
:19:44. > :19:50.between Russia and Donald Trump's presidential campaign. It was all is
:19:51. > :19:52.going to be a spicy affair but then Donald Trump said this in a major
:19:53. > :19:58.speech in Warsaw earlier. We urge Russia to seize its to
:19:59. > :20:06.stabilising activities in Ukraine and elsewhere and its support for
:20:07. > :20:10.hostile regimes including Syria and Iran and instead to enjoy the
:20:11. > :20:15.community of responsible nations in our fight against common enemies and
:20:16. > :20:27.a defence of civilisation itself. Two journalists here in Hamburg have
:20:28. > :20:32.been helping us with the issues and first of all that's talk about this
:20:33. > :20:36.dollar Trump and Putin meeting. There's a lot of anticipation but
:20:37. > :20:42.sometimes leaders dead with get to the subjects we would like them to
:20:43. > :20:45.talk about. I think it's hard to predict with those two world leaders
:20:46. > :20:50.what they will talk about and how they will react. It is hard to
:20:51. > :20:55.predict because they are two unpredictable people so I can't say
:20:56. > :20:59.anything. Even the body-line which will be interesting. Indeed. There
:21:00. > :21:07.is a lot of concern about this meeting because of trebles behaviour
:21:08. > :21:09.when he met with the Russian ambassador. I should explain to
:21:10. > :21:14.those of you watching the reason there is a huge helicopter is there
:21:15. > :21:20.had been helicopters all afternoon, right above us, I suspect it is not
:21:21. > :21:23.paying us attention but pay attention to the protests happening
:21:24. > :21:26.not far away from us but I hope you can hear us their cables up let's
:21:27. > :21:31.get some of the questions we are getting here. Sampson asks how much
:21:32. > :21:35.does it cost to host the G20 and is it the city that fits the bill or
:21:36. > :21:39.the country? The exact costs have not been determined yet but the
:21:40. > :21:45.German government has an hundred and 50 million euros and for security
:21:46. > :21:49.only. A lot of other costs, we only know when the summit is over.
:21:50. > :21:52.There's also the issue of the perceived cost because the
:21:53. > :22:01.protesters are demonstrating against the level of wealth and there is the
:22:02. > :22:04.appearance of overdoing it or staying in big hotels, the
:22:05. > :22:07.helicopters we have seen in the air today. We should also make the point
:22:08. > :22:12.that all the hotels, the taxi drivers it is good news but business
:22:13. > :22:17.are about to shut and they will lose out because of that. Carol was
:22:18. > :22:19.watching earlier, talking about the preparation done in advance of G20
:22:20. > :22:29.summits and she would like you to explain that a bit more. Now
:22:30. > :22:37.discussing the key points and tomorrow morning they come to the
:22:38. > :22:40.head of states to discuss the result of the two days of discussion and
:22:41. > :22:44.tomorrow the head of states will discuss these points and tomorrow
:22:45. > :22:52.when all the head of states are there listening to the concert
:22:53. > :22:54.people come together and try to make final declarations on the G20 so the
:22:55. > :23:01.early morning Saturday they will have the final declaration ready to
:23:02. > :23:06.get things together and get the agreement for the head of state. Why
:23:07. > :23:08.should Africans care? I suspect there will be people watching us in
:23:09. > :23:14.some countries not represented thinking, this very fair, we're not
:23:15. > :23:21.even invited to take part. South Africa is. That's true. They are not
:23:22. > :23:27.part of G20 but they are here as representatives of African unions.
:23:28. > :23:33.Africans should care or do care because this is about there not
:23:34. > :23:36.being part of the story that is what a lot of the demonstrations are
:23:37. > :23:40.about. One question saying he was under the most pressure, lots of
:23:41. > :23:48.important people here, he was feeling it? Angela Merkel force or
:23:49. > :23:53.-- Angela Merkel for sure. Emmanuel Macron is under pressure as well.
:23:54. > :24:02.Emmanuel Macron but also Donald Trump. To risk having 19 countries
:24:03. > :24:09.against you and being lonely, I'm not sure whether that is his
:24:10. > :24:11.favoured position so pressure for him, too. Thank you for helping us,
:24:12. > :24:18.we appreciated. One more question, Jack says, no, Matthew says what
:24:19. > :24:22.about the free trade deal between the EU and Japan, where does the UK
:24:23. > :24:25.fit into that because Brexit? Any deal cut by the EU at the moment
:24:26. > :24:30.affects the UK because the UK is in the EU but when the Brexit happens,
:24:31. > :24:36.and the UK leads, it will then have two set about cutting its own deals
:24:37. > :24:39.because anything the European Union has initiated will not apply to the
:24:40. > :24:43.UK. Thank you for all of your questions. It has been a hugely busy
:24:44. > :24:48.day here in Hamburg and the summit has not even formally begun. That
:24:49. > :24:52.will happen around ATM tomorrow when the leaders make their formal
:24:53. > :24:55.arrival. You will see full coverage of that from BBC news and I will be
:24:56. > :24:58.with you throughout the day. Goodbye.