:00:00. > :00:11.The United Kingdom has held itself together, for the moment. But the
:00:12. > :00:16.union will never be the same again. So the result of the vote will
:00:17. > :00:20.certainly have a big impact right across the UK... Leaders are
:00:21. > :00:24.grappling with the timing and extent constitutional changes promised.
:00:25. > :00:30.Westminster had to promise unprecedented powers to Edinburgh.
:00:31. > :00:35.-- Edinburgh, to stop Scotland breaking away. This is a remarkable
:00:36. > :00:38.moment, a moment that has unknown consequences for not only Scotland's
:00:39. > :00:45.future, but that for the UK as a whole. Now, a constitutional crisis
:00:46. > :00:50.looms, as people across the UK question the very future of our
:00:51. > :00:54.union. We've heard the voice of Scotland and now the millions of
:00:55. > :01:00.voices of England must also be heard. So, how did it happen? This
:01:01. > :01:06.result, which has had such profound consequences for us all.
:01:07. > :01:10.Panorama teamed up with BBC Scotland to follow the lives of several
:01:11. > :01:16.voters in the run up to the poll. I'm British. I was born British. You
:01:17. > :01:20.were born in Scotland. I was born British. You were born in Scotland,
:01:21. > :01:32.so you're Scottish. Through indecision, anxiety and the big
:01:33. > :01:35.night itself. Let's get voting. It's through these momentous months that
:01:36. > :01:42.the people of Scotland changed the face of Britain.
:01:43. > :01:56.BBC cameras spent four months in the homes of voters. From castles to
:01:57. > :02:00.council flats, from the Northern Isles to inner-city Glasgow, I
:02:01. > :02:05.travelled around Scotland to meet them, the people who would help
:02:06. > :02:12.decide their country's fate and with it, unexpectedly, the future shape
:02:13. > :02:21.of all the UK. There were farmers, the Shetland boatmen, the
:02:22. > :02:26.hairdresser, the modern-day laird, and a 16-year-old who gets to vote
:02:27. > :02:31.for the first time. There's nae much oil left, how come there's record
:02:32. > :02:36.investment in the industry? From the start, the voters were bombarded
:02:37. > :02:40.with media messages. I will not be gambling with my children's future.
:02:41. > :02:46.Both sides try to claim ownership of the national identity. Not long
:02:47. > :02:51.after my family emigrated to America in the mid-70s, we were invited to
:02:52. > :02:56.be the special guests of a Burns' supper... When the 'No' campaign
:02:57. > :03:07.broadcast this in January, they were riding high in the polls. Oh, dear.
:03:08. > :03:11.Where' ere you be, let's link arms... That doesn't make me want to
:03:12. > :03:18.vote yes or not, it's just nice words. Exactly. You can still link
:03:19. > :03:21.arms with people, is it like saying, oh, if we're independent we can't
:03:22. > :03:25.embrace anybody else. Well, that's just nonsense. That's embarrassing.
:03:26. > :03:29.There's no way that anybody would change their vote because of that.
:03:30. > :03:37.You're just upset because you used to like him in Doctor Who and now
:03:38. > :03:43.you can't. The 'Yes' campaign swiftly took ownership of the
:03:44. > :03:48.Saltire, making No voters look potentially unpatriotic, belatedly,
:03:49. > :03:54.Gordon Brown tried to seize it back. Let us tell the Nationalists this is
:03:55. > :03:59.not their flag, their country, their culture, their streets. This is
:04:00. > :04:11.everyone's flag, everyone's country, everyone's streets. Danny and
:04:12. > :04:17.Allison Milne run a farm in Fife. It's more a way of life than a job.
:04:18. > :04:21.In the spring, with the referendum campaign yet to ignite, their views
:04:22. > :04:28.on independence were still taking shape. I'm definitely undecided. In
:04:29. > :04:33.the next few months I'm really going to have to make a determined effort
:04:34. > :04:37.to read and listen a wee bit better. I want to be clear on what's the
:04:38. > :04:41.aspiration? Where do we want Scotland to be in 10, 20, 30 years'
:04:42. > :04:47.time both from Better Together and the 'Yes' campaign. That's going to
:04:48. > :04:57.sell it to me. Rather than an answer to every single detail. I want a
:04:58. > :05:07.vision. Others were looking for something less grand than a vision.
:05:08. > :05:12.Shawn is 29 and has never bothered voting before, along with around a
:05:13. > :05:18.million other people in Scotland. He was disengaged and disinterested,
:05:19. > :05:23.but the notion this vote could have changed his future inflamed his cure
:05:24. > :05:27.yosity. We've got 300 years to make up for having English rule. You
:05:28. > :05:31.think it will be good for a change? You never know really. No, you
:05:32. > :05:34.don't. We've never done it, so we don't know. It's got to be a better
:05:35. > :05:36.option. So independence all the way for you? For me, all the way.
:05:37. > :05:49.Fabulous. For others, their whole family
:05:50. > :05:59.history is intertwined with the conflicts between the Scots and the
:06:00. > :06:10.English. This is the home of Simon Craufurd, a country estate that's
:06:11. > :06:14.been in the family nearly 800 years. But time has eroded much of that
:06:15. > :06:19.fortune. Simon needs to work for a living, albeit, on his own 600-acre
:06:20. > :06:23.estate. I think people expect a lot more
:06:24. > :06:31.tweed and they get a lot more ripped jeans. The stereotypical stuff of a
:06:32. > :06:40.toff I don't do and all the other stuff I do. Simon runs several small
:06:41. > :06:44.businesses from his estate, part of which he's converted into a
:06:45. > :06:50.self-catering retreat. He sells a piece of Scotland's heritage to
:06:51. > :07:02.visitors from around the world, fishing, rambling and banquets.
:07:03. > :07:06.Despite his patriotism and anness trigoing -- ancestry going back to
:07:07. > :07:11.robber the Bruce, he wanted Scotland to remain in the UK. A Yes vote for
:07:12. > :07:14.him could have meant an extra cost for his business, which, he thought,
:07:15. > :07:17.could have been terminal. If the interest rates go up, won't have the
:07:18. > :07:23.money to spend. If interest rates go up, for us, we will struggle. We
:07:24. > :07:27.have borrowing in the estate and in the What's the worst house. That
:07:28. > :07:33.could happen? We could potentially lose the house itself, which would
:07:34. > :07:37.be, for me, devastating, because it would be 28 generations and that's
:07:38. > :07:41.too big a gamble to take. For others too, the economy and the pound in
:07:42. > :07:47.particular were to play a big part in deciding which way to vote. A
:07:48. > :07:52.pound is a pound, whether it's got a picture of the Queen, Rabbie Burns
:07:53. > :07:56.or even me. How can we be sure we can keep the
:07:57. > :08:00.Scottish pound even if we vote yes in the referendum? It was the
:08:01. > :08:05.Chancellor, George Osborne, who first set the currency debate
:08:06. > :08:11.alight. If Scotland walks away from the UK, it walks away from the UK
:08:12. > :08:16.pound. But some saw that as English bullying and it was the Yes vote, in
:08:17. > :08:20.favour of independence, which made ground. It was left to Alistair
:08:21. > :09:03.Darling, from the 'No' campaign, to win it back.
:09:04. > :09:11.What the hell is this castle speaking about? There's no way they
:09:12. > :09:20.can stop Scotland from using the pound. It doesn't belong to you.
:09:21. > :09:26.It's been built up over a period of time. What.experts think. Three
:09:27. > :09:31.academics followed the debate for Panorama.
:09:32. > :09:36.Telling people in Scotland that they can't have something because England
:09:37. > :09:39.doesn't want them to, doesn't necessarily go down as a
:09:40. > :09:42.particularly popular idea. It's a currency that has been shared for
:09:43. > :09:50.several hundred years. That really does make a difference, actually.
:09:51. > :09:54.Because it's one thing to object to another country adopting your
:09:55. > :10:04.currency. It's another saying that we're going to stop another country
:10:05. > :10:09.using it. Shetland can feel as remote from Edinburgh as it does
:10:10. > :10:17.from London. Some here are equally dismissive of both. It has an oil
:10:18. > :10:25.business making it financially buoyant. It was to vote strongly to
:10:26. > :10:28.stay in the union. But Frank is an incomer, a Shetlander since he was
:10:29. > :10:32.eight. He wanted a Scotland without the rest of the UK, but he was
:10:33. > :10:37.struggling to persuade his old friend, Stuart.
:10:38. > :10:47.I can understand Frank's point of view. I think he's got a valid
:10:48. > :10:53.point. He argues a good argument. But I'm not right sure. The thing
:10:54. > :10:58.is, though, every Tory Government that we've had has been against what
:10:59. > :11:03.Scottish, the people of Scotland has voted for. We've never voted for a
:11:04. > :11:09.Tory Government, yet that's what we've had, all the Thatcher years.
:11:10. > :11:18.Yes, even Tony Blair was a bloody That's right, New Tory. Labour.
:11:19. > :11:25.At a comprehensive school in Glasgow, Holly Webber represented a
:11:26. > :11:29.new generation of voters, 16 and 17-year-olds had been enfranchised
:11:30. > :11:33.for the first time, more than 100,000 of them. Early on, polls
:11:34. > :11:41.showed the internet generation would vote against independence. But the
:11:42. > :11:48.gap between yes and no was to be narrow. Holly lives in a
:11:49. > :11:53.middle-class area of Glasgow with her parents. Hello. Hello. Whilst
:11:54. > :11:57.they plan to vote no, she became a defiant yes, following the pattern
:11:58. > :12:03.of her age group. I used to be a really strong no. But
:12:04. > :12:08.that was maybe more than a couple of months ago, when I feel like there
:12:09. > :12:11.was less hype, less information about the referendum then and a lot
:12:12. > :12:16.of it was like, "Oh, the referendum again." I thought maybe it was too
:12:17. > :12:20.risky. Now I've looked into it and realised what actually needs to
:12:21. > :12:36.change in Britain, I'm a yes now. No, no, no, no, no. I'm voting no.
:12:37. > :12:40.LAUGHTER That's great fun actually. Both campaigns went viral and it
:12:41. > :12:46.became hard to distinguish what was official and what wasn't. Do you
:12:47. > :12:53.think she's part of the official SNP campaign? She could be.
:12:54. > :12:57.# I want a country run by Tory MPs, I'm voting no... When you listen to
:12:58. > :13:00.some of her words, she was like, although why make your own choice,
:13:01. > :13:04.when we can let, like, the Parliament do it for us. I was like
:13:05. > :13:25.yeah, that's reverse psychology. In Fife despite working on her busy
:13:26. > :13:28.farm, Allison had found time to study the issues around independence
:13:29. > :13:34.and had come down as a firm Yes vote. She believed it would bring
:13:35. > :13:38.about a fairer, more equitable society and that Scotland would be
:13:39. > :13:41.more likely to keep her in the EU, rather than staying with the UK,
:13:42. > :13:53.where some are pushing for a referendum to get out. Hi. She
:13:54. > :13:55.wasn't spooked by warnings that an independent Scotland could find
:13:56. > :14:05.itself in the wilderness. In case there is a new state, coming
:14:06. > :14:10.out of our comurnt member state, it will have to apply and it is very
:14:11. > :14:13.important, the application and accession to the European Union will
:14:14. > :14:15.have to be approved by all the other member states of the European
:14:16. > :14:18.Union... REPORTER: Does that worry you? I
:14:19. > :14:23.think I would be foolish to say it doesn't worry me. The negotiation
:14:24. > :14:26.process will be very difficult, not least because that negotiation
:14:27. > :14:32.process has to take part with Scotland, the UK, and Europe, so,
:14:33. > :14:36.yes, it will be very challenging. The fear of being evicted from
:14:37. > :14:42.Europe was played on repeatedly by the No campaign. And was never
:14:43. > :14:46.satisfactorily resolved. I find it very difficult to see how the
:14:47. > :14:49.European Union could expel the territory and the people of
:14:50. > :14:53.Scotland. Scotland is in the European Union, not as an
:14:54. > :14:57.independent state, but we have been there for 40 years. As a matter of
:14:58. > :15:01.democratic principle, to say you will be excluded because you
:15:02. > :15:05.exercise your democratic right in agreement with the rest of the
:15:06. > :15:11.United Kingdom would give a terrible example to Nationalist movements
:15:12. > :15:15.elsewhere. At the salon in Glasgow, Shaun's
:15:16. > :15:24.political awakening had exposed him to some fresh and uncomfortable
:15:25. > :15:29.truths. I seen something and it is a threat
:15:30. > :15:32.and that is quite scary as well! The removal of nuclear subs was an
:15:33. > :15:39.issue, but not for voters like Shaun.
:15:40. > :15:54.Obviously, I didn't know they were in Scotland before until now.
:15:55. > :16:00.Up at the farm, in Fife, Alison's Yes vote hasn't waivered. Danny
:16:01. > :16:07.remained undecided. But Alison didn't really want to vote Yes, or
:16:08. > :16:12.No. She wanted a third choice, on more devolved powers for Scotland,
:16:13. > :16:18.so-called devo max. Ready? Ready for you. When the
:16:19. > :16:22.referendum deal was signed, the Scottish Government was open to the
:16:23. > :16:28.idea of devo max on the ballot paper, but Westminster ruled it out.
:16:29. > :16:31.Back then, polls showed just 30% of Scots supported independence. David
:16:32. > :16:37.Cameron's decision wouldn't have seemed much of a gamble, but it
:16:38. > :16:42.would come back to haunt him. Yes, I would have gone for devo max,
:16:43. > :16:45.definitely. Are you saying that was a mistake by the British Government
:16:46. > :16:49.not to make sure that was an option on the ballot paper? I think it was
:16:50. > :16:53.an incredibly poor decision not to include devo max. I think even for
:16:54. > :16:56.those people that support independence, they could have
:16:57. > :17:00.recognised that it might have provided a gradual transition
:17:01. > :17:05.towards that. Then, the bombshell. A YouGov poll
:17:06. > :17:11.put the Yes vote ahead for the first time. England awoke. The three
:17:12. > :17:16.Westminster parties panicked and went further than they had ever
:17:17. > :17:22.intended. Vowing to give extensive new powers to Scotland if voters
:17:23. > :17:25.rejected independence. A revitalised Gordon Brown would
:17:26. > :17:29.fast-track it. I'm proud that we are leading the way today in saying a
:17:30. > :17:35.timetable has got to be developed for the Scottish Parliament, so let
:17:36. > :17:42.nobody say that this referendum is a choice between doing nothing and
:17:43. > :17:46.independence. Was it David Cameron's mistake that
:17:47. > :17:49.that wasn't on the ballot paper? Towards the end of the campaign,
:17:50. > :17:52.when the two sides were neck-and-neck, he probably regretted
:17:53. > :17:55.that. The Nationalists wanted a second question because if they lost
:17:56. > :18:00.the first question, they could probably win the second one. So, it
:18:01. > :18:06.was a win-win situation for them. The three party leaders dashed to
:18:07. > :18:09.Scotland to shore up the No vote. I think they should have done it
:18:10. > :18:16.earlier and then again, but the problem is... Cameron got slagged
:18:17. > :18:20.off for it. I know. David Cameron is not being genuine. I would be
:18:21. > :18:24.heartbroken... He will be heartbroken that we break up when,
:18:25. > :18:30.really, he realised that it is a reality. If this family of nations
:18:31. > :18:33.was torn apart... I have more respect for David Cameron but I
:18:34. > :18:37.don't rate him much as a politician after his speech and the fact that
:18:38. > :18:46.he actually was nearly in tears and clearly feels passionate about it.
:18:47. > :18:49.On the one hand, it did show that people at Westminster were taking
:18:50. > :18:54.the issue seriously. On the other hand, there was a lack of
:18:55. > :18:58.realisation that, in a sense, Westminster is part of the problem
:18:59. > :19:08.rather than the solution. And it was a bit of a reminder that all three
:19:09. > :19:12.party leaders looked rather alien figures.
:19:13. > :19:17.But the most high-profile boost for the No vote was to come from outside
:19:18. > :19:21.party politics. There are more questions about the
:19:22. > :19:25.future of Scottish financial institutions in the event of a Yes
:19:26. > :19:30.vote... With seven days to go to the poll, it came out that The Royal
:19:31. > :19:34.Bank of Scotland and Lloyds were making contingency plans to move
:19:35. > :19:39.their HQs out of Scotland in the event of independence.
:19:40. > :19:44.In London, the Treasury said that was understandable. The Yes camp
:19:45. > :19:48.accused it of trying to orchestrate a campaign to save the Union, but
:19:49. > :19:51.the fear that jobs and money were escaping over the border whilst they
:19:52. > :20:03.still could had already stopped the momentum of the Yes campaign.
:20:04. > :20:08.In the frantic final week, Glasgow hosted Scotland's biggest youth
:20:09. > :20:15.debate. Nearly 7,500 teenagers took part. Holly was amongst them. The
:20:16. > :20:20.fear of money and jobs migrating south had reached these first-time
:20:21. > :20:23.voters. Two large Scottish banks have vowed to move their
:20:24. > :20:28.headquarters south of the border if we go independent. How can Nicola
:20:29. > :20:32.say that this will attract more jobs for young people, whereas it has
:20:33. > :20:37.pushed jobs out at the thought of an independent Scotland? RBS said it's
:20:38. > :20:42.moving headquarters... No, it didn't. No, it didn't. Tesco Bank
:20:43. > :20:47.before we came out today said they are moving their headquarters... The
:20:48. > :20:51.banks say they don't involve moving any jobs. If the banks say that,
:20:52. > :21:00.let's not have scaremongering from the No party. What is striking here
:21:01. > :21:03.is the level of political engagement. These youngsters, they
:21:04. > :21:06.are interested, they are really passionate. That is not going to go
:21:07. > :21:13.away whatever the result of the referendum. Their sharpened
:21:14. > :21:25.political awareness is going to shape the future of Scotland.
:21:26. > :21:32.The big day last Thursday. Most of Britain had only appreciated the
:21:33. > :21:38.importance of the referendum in the final days of the campaign. But in
:21:39. > :21:42.Scotland, after unprecedented levels of political engagement, polling
:21:43. > :21:47.stations were going to be busy. Fine. Not particularly complicated.
:21:48. > :22:01.Make sure the cross is very obvious, where it should be. Morning.
:22:02. > :22:05.It's the future that is going to be affecting me for the rest of my
:22:06. > :22:09.life. It is good that I get do have a say in it. Almost 85% of voters
:22:10. > :22:12.went to the polls, the highest turnout in UK history.
:22:13. > :22:19.I'm not that fussed which way it goes. I was swaying more towards
:22:20. > :22:25.Yes. If it is not Yes, no hard feelings. I was surprised how
:22:26. > :22:28.nervous I felt. I suppose a bit emotional, really, with the eyes of
:22:29. > :22:32.the world watching Scotland. I hope we can do ourselves proud and show
:22:33. > :22:37.how we can deal with opposing views respectfully. That is really, you
:22:38. > :22:43.know, my biggest hope. I will be delighted if it is the Yes
:22:44. > :22:48.vote, obviously. If it is a No, then we will have to start all over
:22:49. > :22:52.again. When the polling stations closed,
:22:53. > :23:00.Yes supporters in Glasgow were still in party mood. A majority of the
:23:01. > :23:08.city did vote for independence. I'm not voting Yes, I'm voting aye! But
:23:09. > :23:18.by early morning, it had become clear which way Scotland had voted.
:23:19. > :23:23.The people of Scotland in response to the referendum question - should
:23:24. > :23:36.Scotland be an independent country - were in favour of No. It was a No
:23:37. > :23:39.vote. I'm disappointed, but I'm not shocked. I kind of expected it.
:23:40. > :23:46.There was always that hope that you might get it. Ah! Relieved. I would
:23:47. > :23:50.say that is the biggest feeling I have, relief. It continues. As
:23:51. > :24:04.Union. Thank you. After months and years of emotional
:24:05. > :24:11.campaigning, in the end it was the economic arguments which prevailed.
:24:12. > :24:16.It was long clear from all the polling evidence that if people were
:24:17. > :24:20.going to vote Yes, they had to be convinced of the economic case for
:24:21. > :24:26.independence. That's probably the principle reason why independence
:24:27. > :24:31.did not manage to win the day. With the world's media watching, the
:24:32. > :24:35.United Kingdom has faced its greatest constitutional challenge in
:24:36. > :24:38.300 years and survived, but the Union and the UK's relations with
:24:39. > :24:45.its nation states will never be the same again.
:24:46. > :24:49.Although the Scots had voted against independence, the appetite for
:24:50. > :24:53.change could not be ignored. We are looking at a remarkable
:24:54. > :24:58.moment in the sense that 45% of people in Scotland voted to leave
:24:59. > :25:04.the United Kingdom. The UK does need to be aware that it is a fragile
:25:05. > :25:11.Union. The people of Scotland have spoken. It is a clear result. So,
:25:12. > :25:17.now it is time for our United Kingdom to come together and to move
:25:18. > :25:21.forward. A vital part of that will be a balanced settlement, fair to
:25:22. > :25:29.people in Scotland because now the debate has been settled for a
:25:30. > :25:33.generation. No, it's not. No. Just as the people of Scotland will have
:25:34. > :25:37.more power over their affairs, so it follows that the people of England,
:25:38. > :25:46.Wales and Northern Ireland must have a bigger say over theirs. Standing
:25:47. > :25:50.outside the steps of Downing Street and saying that - it is another
:25:51. > :25:55.thing when he goes into the House of Commons and tries to pull three
:25:56. > :26:01.parties together. They didn't want the same as what he wants. What
:26:02. > :26:05.David Cameron had done was to tie the question of Scottish devolution
:26:06. > :26:11.to much wider, constitutional reform for the whole United Kingdom. A huge
:26:12. > :26:17.project that could make delivering the promise of new powers to
:26:18. > :26:25.Scotland problematic. I think the advice to Westminster is that if it
:26:26. > :26:34.wishes to cement its victory in Scotland, and is concerned to ensure
:26:35. > :26:42.that Scotland becomes a relatively contentive member of the Union, it
:26:43. > :26:50.should avoid adding Mr Cameron's rider. Many voters in Scotland,
:26:51. > :26:54.their interest in democratic politics at an all-time high, remain
:26:55. > :26:59.optimistic. They now expect the politicians to deliver real change.
:27:00. > :27:03.I really hope the result here in Scotland is one that creates change
:27:04. > :27:07.in the rest of the UK as well because I think the democratic
:27:08. > :27:13.process is here and the way that people have engaged in politics has
:27:14. > :27:16.undoubtedly been fantastic. It is an exciting time for Scotland
:27:17. > :27:19.and probably for the rest of the UK. There will be change in Scotland.
:27:20. > :27:25.There will be more powers in the Scottish Parliament. It is an
:27:26. > :27:31.exciting time. I hope that it will all work. But not everyone is
:27:32. > :27:35.convinced. Some think the Prime Minister's commitment to wider
:27:36. > :27:41.reform is designed to serve his own political ends and it seems bound to
:27:42. > :27:49.be opposed at Westminster. He's offered the break-up of the UK, not
:27:50. > :27:55.just in Scotland, but he's offering more power for Wales, Northern
:27:56. > :27:59.Ireland and England. He's gone one step further. If that is, which I
:28:00. > :28:06.think will be the case, undeliverable, then where do we go
:28:07. > :28:12.from here? The Scottish referendum has raised millions of voters above
:28:13. > :28:17.political cynicism. People of all ages have shown a hunger to take
:28:18. > :28:20.part. And a new-found belief they can bring about change. The
:28:21. > :28:29.consequences of disappointing them would be enormous. For me, as
:28:30. > :28:32.leader, my time is nearly over. But for Scotland, the campaign continues
:28:33. > :29:00.and the dream shall never die. I put my arms over my son
:29:01. > :29:09.and I put my leg over my daughter, then the footsteps got closer
:29:10. > :29:10.and closer A year on, those that survived
:29:11. > :29:15.the Westgate Mall attack in Nairobi for curious people like us.
:29:16. > :29:21.They just keep on coming.