:00:17. > :00:23.From here in the world's news room, we send our correspondents to bring
:00:24. > :00:25.you the best stories from across the globe.
:00:26. > :00:33.Owen Bennett-Jones finds the Pakistan army back in control
:00:34. > :00:36.of the tribal area on the Afghan border, after a huge military
:00:37. > :00:42.operation to clear out Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
:00:43. > :00:45.Around one million people from north Waziristan fled
:00:46. > :00:47.when the conflict was at its height, and the question now
:00:48. > :00:56.Carrie Gracie investigates Beijing's new measures
:00:57. > :01:02.The Chinese economy is still fuelled by coal.
:01:03. > :01:05.And in the one party state there is little the public can do,
:01:06. > :01:11.to force the politicians here to deliver air fit to breathe.
:01:12. > :01:21.Fergus Walsh meets the researchers unlocking the science of thought.
:01:22. > :01:25.The tribal areas on the Afghan-Pakistan border have
:01:26. > :01:29.long been associated with militancy and lawlessness.
:01:30. > :01:33.The ancient tribal customs, with their emphasis on both
:01:34. > :01:35.revenge and hospitality, have been challenged in recent
:01:36. > :01:40.years by violent Jihadis, imposing Sharia, not tribal law.
:01:41. > :01:44.North Waziristan became home to Al-Qaeda, the Taliban,
:01:45. > :01:47.and Jihadists from all over the world, but as Owen Bennett-Jones
:01:48. > :01:50.reports, after a long and bloody military campaign,
:01:51. > :01:56.the Pakistani army is now firmly in control.
:01:57. > :02:00.For years now, these remote areas on the Afghan-Pakistan border have
:02:01. > :02:10.In 2014, the Pakistan army launched a campaign
:02:11. > :02:13.to win back this land, and today virtually all
:02:14. > :02:22.The militants left behind this roadside bomb factory.
:02:23. > :02:29.Capturing facilities like this has made a difference.
:02:30. > :02:32.There used to be thousands of bomb attacks in Pakistan each year,
:02:33. > :02:37.The army reckons its operations here are the most successful
:02:38. > :02:42.anti-Jihadist campaign the world has yet seen.
:02:43. > :02:50.So somewhere it was the IED that was a threat to you,
:02:51. > :02:53.somewhere it was small ambush or different, so different incidents
:02:54. > :03:03.happening in different areas when we were trying to get them.
:03:04. > :03:05.Just like Aleppo and Mosul, the army caused massive destruction
:03:06. > :03:15.When the battle was raging, the entire population left.
:03:16. > :03:20.The effort is now on to get them back.
:03:21. > :03:22.Around a million people from north Waziristan fled when the conflict
:03:23. > :03:27.was at its height and the question now is will they come back?
:03:28. > :03:31.So the army has built facilities like this school,
:03:32. > :03:34.that can take 1,000 children - not open yet - but it is hoped this
:03:35. > :03:37.will attract people to come back thinking there are ways they can
:03:38. > :03:45.live here, and get their children educated.
:03:46. > :03:49.A few hours' drive away in the city of Peshawar,
:03:50. > :03:51.traders say the number of bombs has gone down, but they
:03:52. > :03:58.The survivors say they are determined to resist the militants,
:03:59. > :04:01.If you don't get over it, you don't get to live,
:04:02. > :04:10.because you see, if people become stuck in that psychological
:04:11. > :04:13.depression and that kind of thing, you can't cope with your studies,
:04:14. > :04:16.you can't cope with the world, you can't see the beauty of life,
:04:17. > :04:19.so you have to cope up, and all we did, we all did
:04:20. > :04:21.There is a growing nationalism in Pakistan.
:04:22. > :04:22.Some militant groups remain strong and haven't been
:04:23. > :04:25.challenged by the state, but there is also a rejection
:04:26. > :04:27.of those Jihadis who attack targets on Pakistani soil.
:04:28. > :04:47.Owen Bennett Joan, BBC News, north Waziristan.
:04:48. > :04:58.In China the government wants to invest billions on renewable energy.
:04:59. > :05:01.They want to encourage the use of new vehicles. Carrie Gracie has
:05:02. > :05:13.taken to the streets of Beijing to find out. Everything in China is on
:05:14. > :05:23.a massive scale. The problems... And the solutions. Cars are to blame. It
:05:24. > :05:28.is scrapping the worst offenders. But this ritual in the wreckers
:05:29. > :05:37.Yarde is a losing battle against 30 million new cars taking to the roads
:05:38. > :05:44.this year. If these people want clean air, then they have to change
:05:45. > :05:49.their behaviour. -- clean air. China has two kick its addiction to fossil
:05:50. > :05:56.fuels. For this Beijing couple, the morning commute is a his and hers
:05:57. > :06:08.divide. He is part of the problem. And she is part of the solution.
:06:09. > :06:12.Meek little blue, harmful emissions, zero. To beat the petrol heads,
:06:13. > :06:17.China subsidises electric vehicles and makes them much easier to
:06:18. > :06:22.licence. On smoggy days, little blue does not face restrictions like
:06:23. > :06:29.other car is. This woman is proud to do her bit for a cleaner air.
:06:30. > :06:33.TRANSLATION: The pollution is terrible for our health and for the
:06:34. > :06:36.image of Beijing. But I don't have to feel guilty even on smoggy days.
:06:37. > :06:46.I tell my friends they should get one, too. Gathering winter fuel
:06:47. > :06:54.allowance. To beat the smog, all of the villagers have banned the
:06:55. > :07:00.burning of coal. And this 70-year-old farmer is forced back to
:07:01. > :07:04.the old ways. The fire heats their brick bed. The government did give
:07:05. > :07:14.them an electric heater. But on their pensions they cannot
:07:15. > :07:19.afford to switch them on much. Winters are a sub zero. He tells me
:07:20. > :07:23.he is more worried about his electricity bill than about the cold
:07:24. > :07:30.or the smog. He is wearing thick layers of long johns. Beijing can
:07:31. > :07:34.clean the air when it wants to. Like now for the annual session of its
:07:35. > :07:38.rubber-stamp parliament. But it can't do it for a long because
:07:39. > :07:43.despite the push for a cleaner vehicles and cleaner heating, the
:07:44. > :07:47.Chinese economy is still fuelled by coal. And in the 1-party state there
:07:48. > :07:54.is little the public can do to force the politicians to deliver a fit to
:07:55. > :07:58.breathe. Carrie Gracie, BBC News, Beijing.
:07:59. > :08:02.It's one of the most prestigious awards in the world of science. A
:08:03. > :08:07.prize of almost ?1 million for cutting edge research aimed at
:08:08. > :08:11.understanding the brain. This year it has been won by three British
:08:12. > :08:16.neuroscientists further work on how the brain uses a system of chemical
:08:17. > :08:22.rewards to help us make choices. They have been speaking to Fergus
:08:23. > :08:27.Walsh. How do we motivate ourselves in life, whether it is the choices
:08:28. > :08:35.we make about the food we eat, cream cake or fruit, to the friends we
:08:36. > :08:43.make? Thanks, Fergus. The pleasure of a Hauge, or the goals we set
:08:44. > :08:48.ourselves artwork to succeed or by a better car. What underpins our
:08:49. > :08:52.decision-making is a chemical in the brain called dopamine, which is
:08:53. > :08:56.released whenever there is a reward. This sense of reward, which can
:08:57. > :09:01.sometimes be equated with happiness, pleasure or simply a desire to do
:09:02. > :09:07.something, has been crucial in Newman evolution. The three
:09:08. > :09:12.neuroscientists who shared the prize in Denmark have spent 30 years
:09:13. > :09:18.studying the dopamine reward pathway command say it underpins all our
:09:19. > :09:25.choices. You look at a menu in a new restaurant. Should you explore a new
:09:26. > :09:29.type of cuisine? You make a prediction of what it might be like
:09:30. > :09:34.and you try it. If you try it and it is better, it gives a positive
:09:35. > :09:37.signal. Next time you return to the restaurant, you are likely to choose
:09:38. > :09:45.it. If it is not, you will choose it. There is a dark side. Dopamine
:09:46. > :09:51.can reassert poor decision-making and leads to compulsive behaviour.
:09:52. > :09:57.Parkinson's disease -- disease... Drugs that boast -- boost dopamine
:09:58. > :10:02.levels can sometimes bolster addictive behaviour. Can often have
:10:03. > :10:05.negative effects, leading to excess gambling. I have had numerous
:10:06. > :10:10.patients who, when treated with these drugs, have resorted to
:10:11. > :10:14.gambling, often secretive. This has resulted in the tragedy of them
:10:15. > :10:18.losing their entire life savings. The three prizewinners are all based
:10:19. > :10:22.in the UK, which has a track record of world leading brain research.
:10:23. > :10:26.Their work will help in the development of treatments for
:10:27. > :10:29.patients with psychiatric illnesses, like schizophrenia, where the brain
:10:30. > :10:36.reward system goes wrong. Fergus was, BBC News. That is all
:10:37. > :10:36.from Reporters for this week. From May, Philippa Thomas, goodbye
:10:37. > :11:04.for now. -- from me. Good evening. We had quite a bit of
:11:05. > :11:06.sunshine in the north-west and the South and east today. Where the sun