:00:04. > :00:14.shops were given notice of closure last week.
:00:14. > :00:23.
:00:23. > :00:29.On BBC News it is time for Reporters.
:00:29. > :00:34.Welcome to Reporters. This is part -- the heart of the BBC's
:00:34. > :00:39.international news operations. We sent some of the best
:00:39. > :00:43.correspondents are into the field. This week, Syrian refugees suffer
:00:43. > :00:50.in the bitter winter weather. We meet people struggling to survive
:00:50. > :00:55.in Lebanon. In northern Kenya, we find the trade in ivory has led to
:00:55. > :01:05.the worst slaughter of elephants in decades. We also go inside the
:01:05. > :01:07.
:01:07. > :01:11.Kremlin. We are given rare access to the historical palace.
:01:11. > :01:15.We start this week with the conflict in Syria and some
:01:15. > :01:20.disturbing new evidence, a US-based aid agency, the International
:01:20. > :01:25.Rescue Committee, said they cases of kidnappings, torture and rape
:01:25. > :01:28.against Syrian civilians has reached a horrific level. It is
:01:28. > :01:34.warning of a staggering humanitarian disaster because of a
:01:34. > :01:40.nude -- as a result of the conflict. 600,000 Syrians have crossed the
:01:40. > :01:48.border into neighbouring countries. 3,000 leave every day. 2 million
:01:48. > :01:52.are displaced internally. We have been with refugees in the Bekaa
:01:52. > :01:57.Valley in Lebanon. It has been the worst of winters
:01:57. > :02:02.for people who fled the worst of the wars. Across a blanket of snow,
:02:02. > :02:07.you can see Syrian families in the distance. They have taken refuge by
:02:07. > :02:17.a mosque. All the roads in are blocked by snow. We can only reach
:02:17. > :02:18.
:02:18. > :02:27.them on foot. Two rows of concrete blocks. A home for 38 families. It
:02:27. > :02:33.does not keep the winter snow out. They do not keep any 11. -- anyone
:02:33. > :02:40.warm. The children were everywhere. Their hands are freezing. Their
:02:40. > :02:45.teeth are chattering. They are so cold. This is what it is like day-
:02:45. > :02:55.in and day-out. There is no medicine for the children who get
:02:55. > :02:58.
:02:58. > :03:01.sick. In the night, there are no windows. She has eight children,
:03:02. > :03:06.including an eight-month-old. Her husband was killed by government
:03:06. > :03:10.shelling. Her eldest son fights with the rebels. She tells me that
:03:10. > :03:17.they have no money to take the children to hospitals, no fuel for
:03:17. > :03:24.the heaters, nothing. Would anyone except this kind of life? It is a
:03:24. > :03:29.life that race even the toughest. - - that breaks. Some eight is
:03:29. > :03:36.reaching Syrians in Lebanon. 300 families came to the centre of the
:03:36. > :03:43.day we visited. Here, they get vouchers for food and fuel from the
:03:44. > :03:49.when. But the numbers kid growing. -- from the UN. There is not nearly
:03:49. > :03:59.enough aid to support the tide of people. The Refugees really need an
:03:59. > :04:01.
:04:01. > :04:05.end to the wall. Everyone fears that will not happen any time soon.
:04:05. > :04:10.From the very life conflict in Syria to the consequences of the
:04:10. > :04:14.civil war in the former Yugoslavia. It is two decades since the vicious
:04:14. > :04:19.conflict. The fighting has long since ended but the battle for
:04:19. > :04:23.justice goes on. Two of the highest-profile Bosnian Serb
:04:23. > :04:29.leaders, Ratko Mladic and Radovan Karadzic, I currently on trial for
:04:29. > :04:33.war crimes in the Hague. -- are currently. We are the first news
:04:34. > :04:42.organisation to be given exclusive access to the court building, even
:04:42. > :04:47.down to the cells. Justice is about judging people. In
:04:47. > :04:52.a few moments, Christoph ute, the German judge, would deliver the
:04:52. > :04:57.court's verdict on a Bosnian Serb accused of genocide. -- Christopher
:04:57. > :05:06.Fluegge. He has donned these roads and water is Crowder countless
:05:06. > :05:16.times. -- walked these corridors. His entrance remains a special. The
:05:16. > :05:16.
:05:16. > :05:21.judges decide guilt or innocence of everyone. You are hereby sentenced
:05:21. > :05:29.to life imprisonment. No sense from him that he is now a convicted war
:05:29. > :05:33.criminal and no sense of the gravity of the crime. I asked apish
:05:33. > :05:42.judge how or where he is of the importance of the cases that he is
:05:42. > :05:47.deciding. -- a British judge. the end of the died -- the day, the
:05:47. > :05:54.judges have to call it as they see it. This is where the Q star held.
:05:54. > :06:01.The tribunal's detention unit. -- the accused. One-time bitter
:06:01. > :06:05.enemies are housed, spending most of their days outside these cells.
:06:05. > :06:14.Filming restrictions mean that we cannot show the detainees, the
:06:14. > :06:20.guards or even the common areas. The menu are held here have
:06:20. > :06:24.typically never been in prison here. -- the men who are held. This is a
:06:24. > :06:34.shock to them. Also that the hand of international justice have
:06:34. > :06:36.
:06:36. > :06:45.reached their countries. In these archives, never previously seen,
:06:45. > :06:51.painstaking details of horrific crimes. Little comprehension of why
:06:51. > :06:56.they happened. I cannot understand how you are living next door to
:06:57. > :07:02.somebody, you are married to somebody, and then all of a sudden
:07:02. > :07:08.they are going to commit genocide upon you. This is the former
:07:08. > :07:15.Yugoslavia in the 1990s, places guard the consciousness of a
:07:15. > :07:25.generation. For some survivors, caught repeatedly to give evidence,
:07:25. > :07:27.
:07:27. > :07:34.the past is also the present. Just like they are stuck in the past.
:07:34. > :07:40.They know t They know txpected to testify. They expect to be called
:07:40. > :07:44.in the loca in the loca the witnesses said, I feel that once a
:07:44. > :07:51.witness, you are always a witness. Everybody reacts differently to
:07:51. > :07:56.giving evidence. For this woman, the court has been cathartic. I was
:07:56. > :08:00.telling the truth, she says, so it was not difficult. Even though I
:08:00. > :08:07.was asked some uncomfortable questions, I was here to tell the
:08:07. > :08:12.truth. The biggest ongoing trial is it a trial of Brandt Kay it --
:08:12. > :08:17.Ratko Mladic. He is accused of genocide, extermination, murder,
:08:17. > :08:23.and much more. He has decided to represent himself. He does have a
:08:23. > :08:27.legal advisor. He describes a man far removed from common perceptions.
:08:28. > :08:36.He is very funny, personable, grateful for the work that people
:08:37. > :08:42.do for him. He is a very nice person to work with. It is unlikely
:08:42. > :08:47.that Radovan Karadzic is going to be found anything other than guilty.
:08:47. > :08:54.He may know that in his heart but he is a real optimist so he is
:08:54. > :09:01.fighting every day to tell his side of the story and he has some hope.
:09:01. > :09:08.Do you think that he will ever be freed? If he is ever freed it will
:09:08. > :09:15.be a political decision. Guilty or innocent, it usually creates huge
:09:15. > :09:19.controversy. All sides say that the court is simply unfair. It is also
:09:19. > :09:23.criticised for the length of time it takes to reach a verdict. Trials
:09:23. > :09:28.last many years and cost many millions of pounds. But the people
:09:28. > :09:33.who work in here are adamant that the processes are effective,
:09:33. > :09:40.efficient, and equitable, and that international justice would benefit
:09:40. > :09:49.hugely from the work they had done. It would be easy to rush preceding
:09:49. > :09:57.cent cut corners. -- to rush proceedings or cut. I say that we
:09:57. > :10:04.can go faster, provided we do not cut corners. Our credibility rests
:10:04. > :10:11.on fairness. Why do you think the tribunal has such a questionable
:10:11. > :10:21.reputation? As long as we are criticised by everybody, we must be
:10:21. > :10:25.
:10:25. > :10:31.doing something right. If people did not regard this institution as
:10:31. > :10:41.buyers free, I would not start it - - stay in this one day. -- free of
:10:41. > :10:42.
:10:42. > :10:47.bias. There is another four years for the court to run. Then the
:10:47. > :10:56.first war crimes tribunal since the Second World War will be over. In
:10:56. > :11:01.many ways, the court is about the past. Prosecuting people who are
:11:01. > :11:04.responsible for the deaths of hundreds of people. They want their
:11:05. > :11:08.legacy that be that people of whatever rank, from whatever
:11:08. > :11:18.country, cannot engage in similar crimes in the future, and possibly
:11:18. > :11:19.
:11:19. > :11:21.hope to get away with it. In another exclusive for the BBC,
:11:21. > :11:26.conservationists have revealed their new investigation exclusively
:11:26. > :11:32.to the BBC, which indicates that elephants across Africa are being
:11:32. > :11:38.slaughtered in their thousands. The ivory trade is being fuelled from
:11:38. > :11:48.demand from Asia. -- fuelled by demand. This report contains
:11:48. > :11:53.distressing pictures from the very The elephants for' final moments
:11:53. > :11:57.are traced in blood. They are blackened under the scorching
:11:57. > :12:03.Kenyan sun. By the time we came across the rotting carcasses, the
:12:03. > :12:08.animals had been dead for several days. The poachers had gunned them
:12:09. > :12:16.down with rifles. The Rangers say they have not seen this level of
:12:16. > :12:21.mass slaughter since the 1980s. Nine elephants are killed in one
:12:21. > :12:26.day. Indeed, or across Africa, the number of elements -- elephant
:12:26. > :12:33.being paged is the highest in 20 years. This mass killing is the
:12:33. > :12:37.direct result of a huge increase in price and the demand for ivory. The
:12:37. > :12:43.illegal ivory trade is localised business. It is being fuelled by
:12:43. > :12:48.rising prosperity in East Asia, especially China, where ivory is
:12:48. > :12:53.highly priced. In Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa or, business
:12:53. > :12:57.and investment opportunities have invested -- invited Chinese people.
:12:57. > :13:03.That factor has helped turn the city of Lagos into the largest
:13:03. > :13:07.retail centre for illegal ivory on the continent. There is I've
:13:08. > :13:14.removing all the way from East Africa from Kenya into Nigeria.
:13:14. > :13:21.Nigerians are exporting tusks to China. Ivory tusk he's going in and
:13:21. > :13:28.out. Ivory is being made. At one of the main markets in Lagos, we went
:13:28. > :13:35.to see for ourselves. Wearing a hidden camera, a colleague from the
:13:36. > :13:43.BBC's Chinese service is approached by a number of ivory traders.
:13:43. > :13:48.kilos. One man offers to supply him with tusks and carved ivory in bulk
:13:48. > :13:53.to be smuggled back to China. In Kenya, they take their anti-
:13:53. > :14:01.poaching efforts seriously. Wildlife Rangers are armed. It is a
:14:01. > :14:05.dangerous job. Nervous elephants can charge the protectors. If their
:14:05. > :14:15.income to poachers, it is a question of should all be shot.
:14:15. > :14:17.
:14:17. > :14:22.When we meet a person, they just kill. Despite such drastic measures,
:14:22. > :14:26.elephants are being killed in record numbers. In Kenya,
:14:26. > :14:31.conservationists warned that at the present rate, these animals can
:14:31. > :14:37.disappear from the wild altogether within 15 years. In a country,
:14:37. > :14:47.continent, where gun is spent four and poverty is widespread, the
:14:47. > :14:47.
:14:47. > :14:52.rewards of poaching outweigh the Have you heard of the profane? It
:14:52. > :14:57.is the Venus substance created. It is being hailed as the new wonder
:14:57. > :15:01.product in manufacturing and industry. Two scientists in
:15:01. > :15:05.managers -- Manchester University won the Nobel Prize for Physics for
:15:05. > :15:13.the work in isolating it. The material has not been developed in
:15:13. > :15:16.the UK. Other countries like China are stealing a march on the Brits.
:15:16. > :15:22.Our correspondent has more. The glittering prospect of a
:15:22. > :15:31.strange new substance that could lead to a new industrial revolution.
:15:31. > :15:36.The tiny black specks on this tape are the extraordinary materials.
:15:36. > :15:40.Manchester University in Britain has pioneered the material. It has
:15:40. > :15:50.earned two scientists nibble prizes. It is still early days of discovery
:15:50. > :15:55.like that of atoms. -- Nobel prizes. We have this new world of materials.
:15:55. > :15:59.We were not aware of this before. To understand immaterial, you need
:15:59. > :16:04.to understand the world through new eyes. Not the normal three
:16:04. > :16:10.dimensions we are used to, height wits and Lancs. Imagine one layer
:16:10. > :16:16.of atoms with only two dimensions. That is immaterial. It is so minute.
:16:16. > :16:21.You need a microscope like this one. It is very powerful. Here it is.
:16:21. > :16:28.One single layer of atoms. The thinnest material ever created.
:16:28. > :16:32.Sofian, it only has two dimensions. We use that will reality to get a
:16:32. > :16:38.closer look at this stuff. It has extraordinary properties. If you
:16:38. > :16:43.stretch it, it is stronger than steel or diamond at the same scale.
:16:43. > :16:47.It is useful to make all kinds of things more robust. It conducts
:16:47. > :16:53.electricity more effectively than copper. It is vital for future
:16:53. > :16:57.electronics. It is flexible. You can bend It Anyway you want. You
:16:57. > :17:06.can have a computer screen that can for up a paper. No wonder people
:17:06. > :17:10.are talking about it as a material that can revolution lies the way we
:17:10. > :17:16.make it. This video shows one view of the kind of gadgets that could
:17:16. > :17:23.emerge with his material. Paper- thin, flexible, three-dimensional.
:17:23. > :17:28.It can be used for new batteries or medical devices. That is why there
:17:28. > :17:34.is a global race to exploit the material. Singapore, with this huge
:17:34. > :17:38.laboratory, is part of a surge of interest. A scale of worldwide
:17:38. > :17:44.investment is massive. It is extremely competitive. Asia,
:17:44. > :17:49.especially Singapore, started early. Many things are going on. It will
:17:49. > :17:53.take time to find out who will win the race. A key measure of who is
:17:53. > :17:59.winning the race is revealed by the patterns filed for different
:17:59. > :18:07.aspects of the material. China has more than 2000. Samsung has more
:18:07. > :18:12.than 400. Britain, which led he killed nearly ten years ago, has 42.
:18:12. > :18:18.There is interest from around the world. There is a massive spike in
:18:18. > :18:24.patterned findings. -- filings. Particularly in the USA, Asia and
:18:24. > :18:28.Europe. They are almost too small to see. These tiny fragments of the
:18:28. > :18:37.material at the heart of one of the biggest scientific contest of
:18:37. > :18:41.recent times with a great deal at The word Kremlin in Russian means
:18:41. > :18:46.fortress. The large palace complex at the heart of Moscow is one of
:18:46. > :18:50.the most secretive locations in the world. It is the seat of Russian
:18:50. > :18:55.power one. It started as a small fort about 1,000 years ago. It
:18:55. > :19:01.could be got over the centuries. For most of the past 500 years,
:19:01. > :19:11.Russia's walls have lived there, including Vladimir Putin. -- will
:19:11. > :19:15.
:19:15. > :19:19.Vladimir Putin, Russia's most powerful man, striding into the
:19:19. > :19:24.Kremlin's Grand Palace last year, to be sworn in once more as
:19:25. > :19:29.President of the world's largest country. The Kremlin's history is
:19:29. > :19:33.the official residence of Russia's leaders, the symbol of the
:19:33. > :19:38.authorities, as old as the country itself. We have been given every
:19:38. > :19:48.chance to go behind the scenes into the hidden, ancient parts of a
:19:48. > :19:50.
:19:50. > :19:55.palace that exuded power for over 500 years.
:19:56. > :20:00.This, for example, is the Faceted Chamber, a golden reception room
:20:00. > :20:06.built but Ivan the third in 1490. It was here that his grandson, Ivan
:20:06. > :20:11.the Terrible entertained foreign ambassadors from abroad, including
:20:11. > :20:15.England. In the 19th century, it was being used by the Empress full
:20:15. > :20:20.grand dinners like the Coronation of Alexander II. He biscuit windows
:20:20. > :20:26.through which the Emperor's wife could watch their festivities.
:20:26. > :20:36.Today, Vladimir Putin still uses the rims for small designers. He
:20:36. > :20:36.
:20:36. > :20:46.gold-leaf Channel 4 downstairs for Rims built by the Emperor Michael I,
:20:46. > :20:50.
:20:50. > :20:55.the founder of the Romanov dynasty. It is a much more intimate place. A
:20:55. > :20:59.palace within the palace. The ceramic stoves are a state of the
:20:59. > :21:07.hard central heating system for surviving the brutal winters. Five
:21:07. > :21:13.storeys high, the 400-year-old palace once told over Moscow.
:21:14. > :21:23.those people, this building was a skyscraper. The roof was killed for
:21:24. > :21:27.
:21:27. > :21:30.some period. It was a shining soap, It is a marvellous, splendid palace.
:21:30. > :21:36.When Boris Yeltsin wanted to impress the Queen on her only visit
:21:36. > :21:41.to Russia, this was where he brought her. For 200 years, when
:21:41. > :21:46.the capital was in St Petersburg, the room was practically abandoned.
:21:46. > :21:53.In the 20th century, the Kremlin became the centre of power in
:21:53. > :21:58.Russia. Just here, this is where Stalin was. It is a living palace.
:21:58. > :22:02.There are some parts we cannot show you. At the end of the corridor,