:00:00. > :00:20.Welcome to Reporters. From here, we sent out correspondents to bring you
:00:21. > :00:24.the best stories from across the globe.
:00:25. > :00:29.The changing face of Washington, DC, how the city once known as the
:00:30. > :00:51.murder capital of America has undergone a remarkable revival. We
:00:52. > :00:54.learn by $2000 a month. As the new neighbourhoods come in, they were
:00:55. > :00:58.demanding it. If I am paying taxes, I want my neighbourhood safe.
:00:59. > :01:01.Preachers of peace in Pakistan. We report on Sufism, now under threat
:01:02. > :01:04.from hardliners. Men and women coming together to dance and play
:01:05. > :01:09.music with passion and rhythm in a place of worship. These are scenes
:01:10. > :01:17.unthinkable in most of Pakistani today. 100 years on from the start
:01:18. > :01:24.of World War I, Fergal Keane assesses its lasting legacy. Lying
:01:25. > :01:29.in the ruins of this port are 250 men. `` fort. They were among the
:01:30. > :01:38.first victims out of millions in the Great War.
:01:39. > :01:42.Close encounters with a comet. We investigate how the Rosetta
:01:43. > :01:53.spacecraft's $6 billion journey could reveal the secrets of life on
:01:54. > :01:55.Earth. And wine of the Romans. We visit Tuscany to investigate Italy's
:01:56. > :01:58.natural wine movement. But, will wine from the Middle Ages excite
:01:59. > :02:00.modern palates? The natural wine movement is still very small, but
:02:01. > :02:02.they are challenging conventions, raising some awkward questions about
:02:03. > :02:16.the way most modern wine is made. It was once known as the murder
:02:17. > :02:19.capital of America. A quarter of a century ago, Washington, DC was
:02:20. > :02:22.plagued by a crack epidemic and gun violence. Neighbourhoods just blocks
:02:23. > :02:27.from the White House were considered no go areas. It is different today.
:02:28. > :02:33.Washington has enjoyed a remarkable revival of the past decade. We have
:02:34. > :02:36.been looking at that transformation from two people with very different
:02:37. > :02:43.experiences of Washington at its worst. Curtis is a filmmaker who saw
:02:44. > :02:46.friends and neighbours gunned down in turf wars, and another is a
:02:47. > :02:48.former Washington Post crime reporter, who lived a double life as
:02:49. > :02:56.a crack addict. The city was undergoing an horrific
:02:57. > :03:05.wave of violence, as a result of the crack epidemic. DC in the early
:03:06. > :03:12.1990s became known as the murder capital of the country.
:03:13. > :03:25.The crime got so bad, we were losing 400`500 every year. Two a night were
:03:26. > :03:30.being murdered. We were all wondering who would be next. I
:03:31. > :03:33.arrived in DC about ten days after then`President George HW Bush at a
:03:34. > :03:43.press conference, declaring a war on drugs. By Saturday of that week, I
:03:44. > :03:48.had already found a new place to buy crack.
:03:49. > :03:53.It was extraordinarily exhausting to live a double life as a crime
:03:54. > :03:54.reporter and crack addict, who at times covered stories in the same
:03:55. > :04:10.neighbourhoods where I would buy. I was out there on the corner,
:04:11. > :04:19.filming him, as the ambulance was coming. I went to the hospital. The
:04:20. > :04:22.people who did the shooting didn't see that, they had run away. I was
:04:23. > :04:26.capturing it on camera, where I could show the pain that his mother
:04:27. > :04:34.is going through, as she had just lost a second son. I could show the
:04:35. > :04:38.impact that the guns have. Then, things started to change in the late
:04:39. > :04:41.90s, for a number of different reasons. The work of the police and
:04:42. > :04:43.federal law enforcement authorities did in taking down major crack
:04:44. > :04:53.gangs. Arrests and prosecutions had an
:04:54. > :04:55.impact. Federal and local money began to pour into certain
:04:56. > :05:01.neighbourhoods, and these neighbourhoods began to change.
:05:02. > :05:03.The times have definitely changed, but there is still violence going
:05:04. > :05:11.on. Again, when a new neighbour came in,
:05:12. > :05:15.you could see buildings that were once vacant are being fixed up. Park
:05:16. > :05:21.areas, they were getting beautified and looking pretty.
:05:22. > :05:31.Those who were here at first were also sent away because they couldn't
:05:32. > :05:40.afford it. Rent went from $500 to $2000 a month. And, as the new
:05:41. > :05:44.neighbourhood was coming in, they were demanding. If I am paying
:05:45. > :05:50.taxes, I want my neighbourhood to be safe. I want the trash picked up.
:05:51. > :05:53.That was their demand and boy did they get it.
:05:54. > :05:56.You wouldn't think a bunch of Ukrainian soldiers would be welcome
:05:57. > :06:00.in Russia at the moment, or that they would go there of their own
:06:01. > :06:03.free will. But that seems to be what happened to 400 Ukrainian troops who
:06:04. > :06:06.crossed the border into Russia after coming into heavy fire. Russian
:06:07. > :06:12.border authorities say the troops would affect them, but Ukraine
:06:13. > :06:14.denies this. Steve Rosenberg went to the camp where the soldiers are
:06:15. > :06:16.saying on the Russian Ukrainian border.
:06:17. > :06:24.As we approached our destination, security is tight. There have been
:06:25. > :06:29.battles near here, just across the border. This is right on the border
:06:30. > :06:32.with Ukraine, and this is the field camp, which the Russians have set up
:06:33. > :06:41.for those 438 Ukrainian servicemen who came across the border and
:06:42. > :06:44.refuge here. `` took refuge. They say there was fierce fighting going
:06:45. > :06:49.on between the Ukrainian army and militants, and they had no choice
:06:50. > :06:54.but to come here. This is Ukraine's 72nd Brigade. Not everyone here
:06:55. > :07:01.wanted to talk to us about what had happened. Those who did told us they
:07:02. > :07:07.had been under intense pressure. With no ammunition left, and no
:07:08. > :07:09.backup, they retreated to Russia. Despite strained relations between
:07:10. > :07:11.the two countries, they have been allowed in and given food and
:07:12. > :07:23.accommodation. TRANSLATION: If they want to go back
:07:24. > :07:28.to Ukraine, they can. Or, they could apply to remain in Russia.
:07:29. > :07:34.We didn't find anyone here who was keen to stay.
:07:35. > :07:44.Ukraine is my home, he says. It is where I was born and where I belong.
:07:45. > :07:50.Across camp, this man blames Russia for stoking the violence in Ukraine.
:07:51. > :08:02.Our nations should be friends, Yuri says. It is just that politics gets
:08:03. > :08:04.in the way. Russia claims its actions here were humanitarian, but
:08:05. > :08:06.Ukraine continues to believe that this is a conflict which Moscow is
:08:07. > :08:23.fuelling. For centuries, south Asia was a
:08:24. > :08:29.place where the mystical Islamic conflict of Sufism thrived, a
:08:30. > :08:36.practice which goes beyond religion. They have traditionally been known
:08:37. > :08:39.as mythical practitioners of Islam. `` mystical. Sufism has been in
:08:40. > :08:46.retreat, with the spread of other varieties of Islam.
:08:47. > :08:54.They come at dusk, beating the drums and praising their saint. Swirling
:08:55. > :09:00.and chanting, they are hoping to achieve a trend that will bring them
:09:01. > :09:04.closer to God. `` a trance. Families have travelled hours, if not days,
:09:05. > :09:09.to pray at the shrine of a Sufi saint.
:09:10. > :09:18.Men and women coming together to dance, and play music with passion
:09:19. > :09:21.and rhythm, in a place of worship. These are scenes unthinkable in most
:09:22. > :09:28.of Pakistan today, except in Sufi shrines like this one.
:09:29. > :09:33.Hardliners like the Taliban are furious about such practices. The
:09:34. > :09:47.shrines, the devotion to Saints, a heresy, they say. `` are heresy.
:09:48. > :09:53.Sufis are coming under attack. This man is the 12th descendant of the
:09:54. > :09:58.saint. His car was fired at recentlyl. He escaped unscathed, but
:09:59. > :10:05.security has been increased after the shrine received threats. I am
:10:06. > :10:08.worried, but I'm not hopeless. I believe that Sufism has to stay
:10:09. > :10:15.forever and there's no way that terrorism could stand at the end of
:10:16. > :10:17.the day in front of Sufism. Sufis believe their practices are the
:10:18. > :10:29.purest form of communicating with God. But, the pushback against
:10:30. > :10:33.Sufism is also ideological. Just a few hours away in Karachi, they
:10:34. > :10:36.spend hours memorising the Koran. This is an austere, puritanical
:10:37. > :10:39.brand of Islam, and it is being taught that thousands of religious
:10:40. > :10:44.seminaries across the country. `` taught at. Many inspired by Saudi
:10:45. > :10:50.Arabia. TRANSLATION: We reject Sufism and all of these other
:10:51. > :10:56.'isms'. We also reject violence. We are the ones teaching true Islam.
:10:57. > :11:02.But, Sufis feel vulnerable, and the barriers have come up. In Karachi,
:11:03. > :11:08.this novelist says this is also a cultural war. When you come from
:11:09. > :11:11.outside, and you come to a culture as accepting and welcoming as Sufi
:11:12. > :11:14.culture is, and you start telling them that your way of life and way
:11:15. > :11:18.of worshipping God is not just wrong, it is sinful, and that you
:11:19. > :11:21.should be punished, not just in the next world but in this one, for
:11:22. > :11:29.practising your culture and your traditions, I see that as real
:11:30. > :11:31.psychological violence. At the shrine, the celebrations continue,
:11:32. > :11:35.the devotees keep coming, undaunted for now. The Taliban may have their
:11:36. > :11:47.guns, one of them told me, but we have truth.
:11:48. > :11:54.The Taliban may have their guns, one of them told me, but we have truth.
:11:55. > :11:57.It is a conflict that cost millions of lives and redrew borders in
:11:58. > :12:00.Europe and beyond. 100 years ago this week, Britain declared war on
:12:01. > :12:22.Germany, marking the start of the First World War. It also led to a
:12:23. > :12:25.new world order. There was the collapse of the Russian, Hungarian
:12:26. > :12:27.and Ottoman empires. We have been assessing the continuing legacy of
:12:28. > :12:30.World War I. We have only their voices left to
:12:31. > :12:33.tell us of the war. We very soon found ourselves looking
:12:34. > :12:37.at the bodies of the men who had fallen. Wounded men who tried to
:12:38. > :12:39.crawl in the shell holes. They tried to get protection.
:12:40. > :12:46.In August 1914, they marched off to defend neutral Belgium. Whose forts
:12:47. > :12:50.were attacked by German artillery. Like a maligned giant trampling
:12:51. > :12:55.through. At this fort, defenders buried where they fought. The unused
:12:56. > :13:01.coffins waiting for those they could not find. From fife and drum to the
:13:02. > :13:15.Maxim gun, war had changed irrevocably. Lying in the ruins in
:13:16. > :13:20.the fort beside me are 250 men. They were among the first victims out of
:13:21. > :13:22.millions in the Great War. They were soldiers, but they could not have
:13:23. > :13:33.imagined the destructive power that was going to rain down on them.
:13:34. > :13:36.Modern warfare didn't just change the lives of soldiers. For
:13:37. > :13:38.civilians, from 1914 onwards, there came a new age of atrocity.
:13:39. > :13:44.Destruction, famine, massacre, the war shattered humanity. Many
:13:45. > :13:48.millions became refugees. This man from Belfast joined in 1914 and was
:13:49. > :13:50.killed just two weeks before the war ended. For 13 years, his
:13:51. > :13:54.granddaughter and her husband have been custodians of the trenches
:13:55. > :13:59.where he fought. For her, memory is a personal debt.
:14:00. > :14:06.We must always remember and must never forget those men. Or they
:14:07. > :14:10.might as well not have come here. They wasted their time coming if we
:14:11. > :14:20.forget. We have to remember. I am proud to keep remembering.
:14:21. > :14:26.By its end, the war had claimed millions of lives amid untold
:14:27. > :14:29.devastation. The leaders who gathered at Versailles in its
:14:30. > :14:35.aftermath spoke of ending war for all time. But within 20 years,
:14:36. > :14:38.Europe was at war again. And the boundaries that resulted from
:14:39. > :14:41.decisions taken here created fresh conflict, in the Middle East
:14:42. > :14:47.particularly. It is that along with the memory of the dead that makes
:14:48. > :15:01.the Great War our war. We still hear the echoes of the war that began
:15:02. > :15:04.that day. It was incredible. It was like a flock of sheep in their
:15:05. > :15:10.fields. A number of the men were still alive. They were crying out
:15:11. > :15:14.and begging for water. It has been an epic mission going
:15:15. > :15:16.where no spacecraft has gone before. The comet`chasing Rosetta spacecraft
:15:17. > :15:38.has been travelling for over a decade. This week it finally got to
:15:39. > :15:42.its destination. In a historic first, it is now orbiting around the
:15:43. > :15:45.comet. It could offer the answer to one of the biggest questions, where
:15:46. > :15:48.did life on Earth come from? The Rosetta spacecraft has begun its
:15:49. > :15:51.orbit of the comet. It will spend the next few months analysing what
:15:52. > :15:56.it is made from. Its mission is to find out whether a comet might have
:15:57. > :16:07.started life on our planet. They peppered the early Earth 4.5 billion
:16:08. > :16:12.years ago. They brought with them water and some of the ingredients
:16:13. > :16:15.for life. As they cooled, those ingredients mingled to create the
:16:16. > :16:18.chemicals from which life emerged. Charles Darwin described the origin
:16:19. > :16:24.of life in a warm little pond. Somehow water was involved in life
:16:25. > :16:28.getting going. That water could have come from the comet. The carbon in
:16:29. > :16:38.the DNA we are all made from could have come from a comet. The theory
:16:39. > :16:41.is that comets brought with them many of the basic building blocks of
:16:42. > :16:50.life. Molecules such as carbon, water, methane and many other
:16:51. > :16:53.chemical compounds. They all mixed together in a primordial soup to
:16:54. > :16:56.form, at first, very simple organisms which billions of years
:16:57. > :16:59.later went on to evolve into the plants and animals that we see in
:17:00. > :17:01.the world around us today. What started off as pondlife evolved into
:17:02. > :17:10.more context organisms, including us. This man is a researcher working
:17:11. > :17:13.at a space science laboratory here in Surrey. He will be following the
:17:14. > :17:20.results that the Rosetta spacecraft sends back very closely.
:17:21. > :17:29.One of the big questions that Rosetta is addressing is did comets
:17:30. > :17:32.kickstart life on Earth? Did they bring to Earth the key ingredients
:17:33. > :17:38.for this primordial soup that later led to the development of life?
:17:39. > :17:41.Never before will a spacecraft been so close to a comet for so long.
:17:42. > :17:46.Rosetta will spend the next few months taking measurements and
:17:47. > :17:51.pictures. It is up close and personal. We will be able to
:17:52. > :17:53.understand everything there is to understand about the comet, about
:17:54. > :17:57.the chemical composition, about whether the ice on the comet was the
:17:58. > :18:00.source of the oceans on planet Earth.
:18:01. > :18:04.In November, scientists plan to land a probe to see what it is made of
:18:05. > :18:16.and find out whether comets hold the key to how life on Earth began.
:18:17. > :18:19.What do you think wine that like the Romans drank in the Middle Ages
:18:20. > :18:22.would taste like? According to supporters of Italy's natural wine
:18:23. > :18:36.movement, it is better than much of the wine produced today. They are
:18:37. > :18:38.producing natural wine using the additive`free techniques of their
:18:39. > :18:41.forefathers. There are competitors who do not agree and say tastes have
:18:42. > :18:44.changed. We have been to Tuscany to find out if wine from the Middle
:18:45. > :18:46.Ages can really excite modern palates.
:18:47. > :18:49.Doing it the old`fashioned way. Working the vineyard by hand. No
:18:50. > :18:53.machinery here. No polluting engine fumes. No use of pesticides. Wine is
:18:54. > :18:56.being made here just as it was 1000 years ago. Almost untouched by the
:18:57. > :19:16.modern world. This is a quest for the purity of the past. It goes on
:19:17. > :19:18.in the cellar as well. Makers of modern wine are legally allowed to
:19:19. > :19:21.use many additives, including chemicals and gasses. But here,
:19:22. > :19:24.almost nothing is added. They say it is wine the way it tasted in the
:19:25. > :19:30.Middle Ages. It is not just liquid, there is
:19:31. > :19:44.something more. But the natural approach has met resistance from the
:19:45. > :19:48.local wine establishment. This vineyard has been stripped of its
:19:49. > :19:50.ability to use the local name in its marketing. The natural wine movement
:19:51. > :19:53.is still very small. Only tiny numbers of producers are working
:19:54. > :19:56.like this. But they are challenging conventions and raising some awkward
:19:57. > :19:59.questions about the way most modern wine is made. Here they say the
:20:00. > :20:05.natural additive`free product is true wine. The real thing.
:20:06. > :20:16.Wine is produced since 4000 years. Until the Second World War, it was
:20:17. > :20:20.produced without chemicals. So if it was possible for so many years, we
:20:21. > :20:30.know it is possible now. We know that what is called wine today is
:20:31. > :20:38.not wine. But is this so`called natural wine worth drinking? We
:20:39. > :20:47.asked a professional wine taster. TRANSLATION: It is a good wine. It
:20:48. > :20:51.has character and personality. It is a true wine that speaks of the place
:20:52. > :20:54.it comes from. But modern producers argue that the
:20:55. > :21:01.old`fashioned techniques are not necessarily better. That wine`making
:21:02. > :21:07.has evolved, improved, created tastes that are loved today.
:21:08. > :21:12.TRANSLATION: We have many reminders of what the Romans called wine. I
:21:13. > :21:18.would not offer it to my worst enemy. I mean that wine has changed
:21:19. > :21:28.over the years. The taste has changed. What the Romans called wine
:21:29. > :21:30.is not the wine of today. But the makers of additive`free wine believe
:21:31. > :21:36.more and more consumers want natural products. They believe the world is
:21:37. > :21:42.slowly turning in their direction. That is all from us this week.
:21:43. > :22:06.Goodbye for now. And I hope you meet the least of the
:22:07. > :22:11.first part of the weekend.